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Causes of Atrial Fibrillation: PIRATES

Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary disease, post-operative

Iscemic eart disease, idiopatic !"lone atrial fibrillation#$

Reumatic valvular disease !mitral stenosis or

re%ur%itation$

Anemia, alcool !"oliday eart#$, a%e, autonomic tone

!va%al atrial fibrillation$

Tyroid disease !ypertyroidism$

Elevated blood pressure !ypertension$, electrocution

Sleep apnea, sepsis, sur%ery

Findin%s in acute limb iscemia: Te & P's

Pain

Pallor

Pulselessness

Paralysis

Paraestesia

Atrioventricular node !A( node$ bloc)in% a%ents: A*C+

Adenosine, amiodarone

*eta-bloc)ers

Calcium cannel bloc)ers+i%oin

Cardiac auscultation listenin%

posts: All Pysicians Ta)e oney

From ri%t upper sternal border, to left upper sternal

border, to left lo.er sternal border, to cardiac ape/

Aortic valve listenin% post

Pulmonic valve listenin% post

Tricuspid valve listenin% post

itral valve listenin% post

Cardioselective beta-bloc)ers: *eta-

bloc)ers Actin% Eclusively At yocardium

*etaolol

Atenolol

Esmolol

Acebutolol

etoprolol

Side-effects of ACE inibitors: CAPT0PRI1

Cou%

An%ioedema

Potassium ecessTaste can%es

0rtostatic ypotension

Pre%nancy contraindication2Pressure drop !ypotension$

Renal failure2Ras

Indometacin inibition

1eu)openia !rare$

Contraindications to ACE inibitors: PAR3

Pre%nancy

Aller%y2An%ioedema

Renal artery stenosis2Renal failure

3 - yper)alemia !potassium 4 &/&$

EC5 Causes of ST se%ment elevation: E1E(ATI06

Electrolyte abnormalities

1eft bundle branc bloc)

Aneurysm of left ventricle

(entricular ypertropy

Arrytmia disease !*ru%ada syndrome, ventricular

tacycardia$

Ta)otsubo2Treatment !iatro%enic pericarditis$

In7ury !myocardial infarction or cardiac contusion$

0sborne .aves !ypotermia or ypocalcemia$

6on-aterosclerotic !vasospasm or Prin8metal's an%ina$

Treatment of acute coronary syndromes: 06A *

orpine

0y%en

6itratesAspirin

*eta-bloc)ers

Cyanotic con%enital eart disease !ri%t to left

sunts$: Te & T's

Truncus arteriosus

Transposition of te %reat arteries

Tricuspid atresia

Tetralo%y of Fallot

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Tetralo%y of Fallot: PR0(e

Pulmonary stenosis

Ri%t ventricular ypertropy

0verridin% aorta

(entricular septal defect

Secondary ypertension causes: A*C+EF

Apnea !obstructive sleep apnea$, Acrome%aly, Accuracy

!incorrect measurement$

*irt control, *ad )idney

Coarctation of te aorta, Cusin%'s syndrome, Conn's

syndrome, Catecolamines

+ru%s !alcool, nasal decon%estants, estro%ens$

Endocrine disorders, erytropoietin

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Amiodarone Side-Effects 9 Toicity: *ITC

*radycardia2*lue man

Interstitial 1un% +isease

Tyroid !yper and ypo$

Corneal !occular$2Cutaneous !s)in$

epatic2ypotension .en I( !due to solvents$

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(entricular Tacycardia Treatment: 1A*

1idocaine

Amiodarone

eiletine2a%nesium !for polymorpic (T or Torsades$

*eta-bloc)ers2*an% !cardioversion$

Causes of elevated 7u%ular venous pressure: P;RST

Pericardial effusion !causin% cardiac tamponade and

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C)1: causes of e2acerbation1AI#(RE:1or%ot medicationArrytmia2 AnaemiaIscemia2 Infarction2 Infection#ifestyle: ta)en too muc salt(pre%ulation of C0: pre%nancy, ypertyroidismRenal failureEmbolism: pulmonary

Murmurs: s&stolic vs. iastolic$ASS: $ulmonic

Aortic StenosisDSystolic/$AID: $ulmonic Aortic InsufficiencyDDiastolic/

Murmurs: s&stolic vs. iastolicSystolic murmurs: MRAS: S?$ normalSymptomlessSpecial tests normal !J-ray, E35$Standin%2 Sittin% !vary .it position$Sternal depression

Murmur attributes

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)eart murmurs

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Atrial fibrillation: causes$IRA-ES:$ulmonary: PE, C0P+Iatro%enicReumatic eart: mirtral re%ur%itationAterosclerotic: I, CA+-yroid: ypertyroidEndocarditisSic) sinus syndrome

Atrial fibrillation: managementABCD:

Anti-coa%ulateBeta-bloc) to control rateCardiovertDi%oin

Anti5arr&thmics: for A, noes