cardiovascular disease inequalities: causes and consequences
DESCRIPTION
Cardiovascular disease inequalities: causes and consequences. Capewell S. Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (Madrid: Ministry of Health and Social Policy; 2010).TRANSCRIPT
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2009
European Society of Cardiology
&European Heart Network
Cardiovascular disease risk factorsCardiovascular disease risk factors CVD InequalitiesCVD InequalitiesCauses, ConsequencesCauses, Consequences && ChallengesChallenges
European Society of Cardiology
& European Heart Network
Simon CapewellSimon CapewellProfessor of Clinical EpidemiologyProfessor of Clinical Epidemiology LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITYLIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY UKUK
Madrid, 18Madrid, 18thth February 2010February 2010 TThanks:hanks: Susanne Logstrup, Sophie OSusanne Logstrup, Sophie O’’KellKelly,y, MuriMuri elel
MioulMiouleet, Lars Rt, Lars Rydydeen, Ilarn, Ilaria Lia Leggeri,eggeri, Robin Ireland,Robin Ireland, PPhhilip Jamilip Jameses,, MM aartinrtin OO ’’Flaherty,Flaherty, JulJuliia Critca Critchley,hley, RosalindRosalind RaiRai nne, Hie, Hilarlary Graham,y Graham, MadMadddy Bajeky Bajekaal,l, MargaretMargaret WhWh iteheiteheaad, Peterd, Peter WhWh iinncupcup,, EarEarll FF ord,ord, PedrPedroo MarquesMarques--Vidal, Sarah Wild,Vidal, Sarah Wild, Ann CapewellAnn Capewell
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Cardiovascular disease risk factorsCardiovascular disease risk factors CVD InequalitiesCVD InequalitiesCauses, consequences & challengesCauses, consequences & challenges
THIS TALKTHIS TALK Big inequalities CVDBig inequalities CVD burdenburden of diseasedisease
Big inequalities in CVD risk factorsBig inequalities in CVD risk factors
Choices for CVD prevention:Choices for CVD prevention: ⇑⇓⇑⇓ InequalitiesInequalities
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WHOWHO
CommissionCommission
onon
SocialSocial
DeterminantsDeterminants
of Healthof Health
20082008
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Life expectancy at birth (men) Glasgow, Scotland (deprived suburb) 54Glasgow, Scotland (deprived suburb) 54
IndiaIndia 6161 PhilippinesPhilippines 6565 LithuaniaLithuania 6666
PolandPoland 7171
MexicoMexico 7272
CubaCuba 7575
USUS 7575
UKUK 7676
WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health 2008
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Life expectancy at birth (men) Glasgow, Scotland (deprived suburb)Glasgow, Scotland (deprived suburb) 5454 IndiaIndia 6161 PhilippinesPhilippines 6565 LithuaniaLithuania 6666
PolandPoland 7171
MexicoMexico 7272
CubaCuba 7575
USUS 7575
UKUK 7676
Glasgow, Scotland (affluent suburb)Glasgow, Scotland (affluent suburb) 8282
WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health 2008
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WHO Commission onWHO Commission on Social Determinants of HealthSocial Determinants of Health
ThreeThree overarchingoverarching recommendationsrecommendations
• Improve conditions of daily life
• Tackle the inequitable distribution ofpower, money & resources
• Measure & understand the problemand assess the impact of action
http://www.euro.who.int/socialdeterminants/publications/publications
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WHO Commission onWHO Commission on Social Determinants of HealthSocial Determinants of Health
ThreeThree overarchingoverarching recommendationsrecommendations
• Improve conditions of daily life
• Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money & resources
• Measure & understand the problem andassess the impact of action
http://www.euro.who.int/socialdeterminants/publications/publications
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Poverty rates before & after income transfers (direct tax & welfare benefits) EU & USA 2000
Smeeding 2005
H Graham 2009
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Poverty rates before & after income transfers
(direct tax & welfare benefits) EU & USA 2000
40
30
20
10
0
US UK Sweden
Smeeding 2005before after H Graham 2009
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WHO Commission onWHO Commission on Social Determinants of HealthSocial Determinants of Health
ThreeThree overarchingoverarching recommendationsrecommendations
• Improve conditions of daily life
• Tackle the inequitable distribution ofpower, money & resources
• Measure & understand the problem & assess the impact of action
http://www.euro.who.int/socialdeterminants/publications/publications
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors CVD InequalitiesCauses, consequences & choices
Big inequalitiesBig inequalities inin CVDCVD burdenburden ofof diseasedisease
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Inequalities in CVDInequalities in CVD
disease burdendisease burden
Poverty (Deprivation)Poverty (Deprivation)
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DeprivationDeprivation & Heart Attack IncidenceHeart Attack Incidence
(patients(patients agedaged <65<65 Scotland 1990Scotland 1990--2000)2000)
2525
HospitalHospital admissionsadmissions Deaths by 30 daysDeaths by 30 days
55 PrePre--hospitalhospital
deathsdeaths00 (Deprived)(Deprived)(Affluent)(Affluent)
even
t rat
e pe
r 100
0ev
ent r
ate
per 1
000 2020
1515
1010
11 22 33 44 55
deprivation quintiledeprivation quintile MacIntyre et al BMJ 2000
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Inequalities in CVDInequalities in CVD
disease burdendisease burden
AgeAge
MenMen && WomenWomen
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CVD Patients: AGECVD Patients: AGE UK 2006
1
10
100
1000
10000
<34 35-44 45-54 55 -64 65-74 75-84 85+
MEN
Mortality rate/100,000 (log scale)
AGE (years)
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CVD Patients:CVD Patients: SEXSEX & AGEAGE 10000
1000
Mortality rate/100,000
(log scale)
100
10
1
<34 35-44 45-54 55 -64 65-74 75-84 85+
UK 2006
MEN WOMEN
AGE(years)
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Inequalities in CVDInequalities in CVD
disease burdendisease burden
GeographyGeography
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North/South
Inequalities in
CVD
www.heartstats.org
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SDR per 100000
Cardiovascular mortality (up to 65 years) in the WHO European RegionBig CVD inequalities across Europe
< 300 < 240 < 180 < 120 0 - 60 No data
Most recent data
….the main contributor to a 20 year difference in life expectancy across EU
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Inequalities in CVDInequalities in CVD
disease burdendisease burden
TrendsTrends
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Most Deprived
Inequality ratio = 1.9 Most Affluent
Inequality ratio = 1.7
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EUROPE Total mortality INEQUALITIES (inequality ratios)
INEQUALITIES increased between 1980s and 1990s in many EU countries
Mackenbach et al. IJE 2003 32:830
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factorsCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors
CVD InequalitiesCVD InequalitiesCauses, consequences & choicesCauses, consequences & choices
THIS TALKTHIS TALK
Big inequalitiesBig inequalities in CVD disease burdenin CVD disease burden
Big inequalitiesBig inequalities inin CVD risk factorsCVD risk factors
Choices for CVD preventionChoices for CVD prevention
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CVD risk factorsCVD risk factors
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MODIFIABLEMODIFIABLE
CVD risk factorsCVD risk factors
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17.5
Five year CHD death ratesFive year CHD death rates inin
British menBritish men aged 35aged 35--6464 (British Regional Heart Study)
10.8
10
6
1111
66 44
22
Smokers NON-Smokers
High Cholesterol
Low Cholesterol
17
12
20
15
10
5
High Low High Low BP BP BP Blood Pressure
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CVD causation pathways
Upstream
risk factors
Downstream
Risk factors
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CVD causation pathways
Upstream
risk factors
Downstream Risk factors
Smoking Blood Pressure Lipids Diabetes
CVD events
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BMI
CVD causation pathways
Upstream
risk factors
Diet Activity
Smoking Blood Pressure Lipids Diabetes
CVD events Downstream
Risk factors
Obesity
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CVD causation pathways
Diet Obesity Activity
Smoking Blood Pressure Lipids Diabetes
CVD events
Deprivation
Downstream risk factors
Upstream risk factors
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GRADIENTS INGRADIENTS IN
CVD risk factorsCVD risk factors
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GRADIENTS INGRADIENTS IN CVD risk factorsCVD risk factors
SMOKINGSMOKING
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Smoking
Place &
Social Class
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60
20
30
40
50
Trends in Cigarette smoking among womenAffluent & Deprived groups Britain, 1958-2000
Affluent
Deprived
0
10
1958 1978 1998
w omen-professional w omen-unsk manual Goddard 2008
Graham 2009
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Socio-economic inequalities
• Five fold social gradients in premature CVD mortality rates
• Mostly explained by gradients in smoking & diet
& other pathways [stress, adrenaline etc]
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Nigel Unwin
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AffluentAffluent
DeprivedDeprived
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CVD causation pathways
Diet Obesity Activity
Smoking Blood Pressure Lipids Diabetes
CVD RISK
Deprivation
Downstream risk factors
Upstream risk factors
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Higher CVD risk in deprived groupsHigher CVD risk in deprived groupsProportion of men exceeding 10% risk of CVD death within one decProportion of men exceeding 10% risk of CVD death within one decade (Qrisk database)ade (Qrisk database)
Hippisley-Cox Heart 2007 Quintiles of the Townsend score DeprivedAffluent
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factorsCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors
CVD InequalitiesCVD InequalitiesCauses, consequences & choicesCauses, consequences & choices
THIS TALKTHIS TALK
Big inequalitiesBig inequalities in CVDin CVD
Big inequalities in CVD risk factorsBig inequalities in CVD risk factors
Choices for CVD preventionChoices for CVD prevention
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CVD process:CVD process: in anin an individualindividual 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
0%0% BirthBirth YouthYouth Middle AgeMiddle Age AgeAge (years)(years) ⇒⇒
Capewell et al 2009
AtheromaAtheromaArteryArtery ThrombosisThrombosis
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NNaattuurraall CCoouurrssee ooff CCVVDD
CVD process:CVD process: in anin an individualindividual 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
0%0% BirthBirth YouthYouth Middle AgeMiddle Age AgeAge (years)(years) ⇒⇒
Capewell et al 2009
AtheromaAtheromaArteryArtery ThrombosisThrombosis
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NNaattuurraall CCoouurrssee ooff CCVVDD
CVD process:CVD process: in anin an individualindividual 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
First StrokeFirst Stroke oror Heart AttackHeart Attack
0%0% BirthBirth YouthYouth Middle AgeMiddle Age AgeAge (years)(years) ⇒⇒
Capewell et al 2009
AtheromaAtheromaArteryArtery ThrombosisThrombosis
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NNaattuurraall CCoouurrssee ooff CCVVDD
CVD process:CVD process: in anin an individualindividual 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
First StrokeFirst Stroke oror
NO SymptomsNO Symptoms Heart AttackHeart Attack
SymptomsSymptoms
SuddenSudden DeathDeath TypicalTypical Lucky (common) declinedecline
0%0% YouthYouthBirthBirth Middle AgeMiddle Age AgeAge (years)(years) ⇒⇒
Capewell et al 2009
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NNaattuurraall CCoouurrssee ooff CCVVDD
CVD process:CVD process: in anin an individualindividual 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
First StrokeFirst Stroke oror
NO SymptomsNO Symptoms Heart AttackHeart Attack
SymptomsSymptoms Health servicesHealth servicesSecondary prevention
SuddenSudden DeathDeath TypicalTypical
declinedecline Lucky
(common) 0%0%
YouthYouthBirthBirth Middle AgeMiddle Age AgeAge (years)(years) ⇒⇒
Capewell et al 2009
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NNaattuurraall CCoouurrssee ooff CCVVDD
CVD process:CVD process: in anin an individualindividual 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
First StrokeFirst Stroke oror Heart AttackHeart Attack
Health servicesHealth services
Lucky
0%0% YouthYouthBirthBirth Middle AgeMiddle Age AgeAge (years)(years) ⇒⇒
SuddenSudden DeathDeath (common)
TypicalTypical declinedecline
NO SymptomsNO Symptoms
SymptomsSymptoms
PrimaryPrimary PreventionPrevention
Secondary prevention
DiseaseDisease PromotionPromotion
Capewell et al 2009
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CVDCVD PreventionPrevention in ain a POPULATIONPOPULATION 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
First StrokeFirst Stroke oror Heart AttackHeart Attack
0%0%
70706060 AgeAge (years)(years) 8080 Natural Course of CVDNatural Course of CVD
AdvertisingAdvertising
PrimaryPrimary PreventionPrevention
Capewell et al 2009
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NNaattuurraall CCoouurrssee ooff CCVVDD
CVDCVD PreventionPrevention in ain a POPULATIONPOPULATION 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
First StrokeFirst Stroke oror Heart AttackHeart Attack
0%0%
70706060 AgeAge (years)(years) 8080 MoreMore advertisingadvertising
PrimaryPrimary PreventionPrevention
Capewell et al 2009
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CVDCVD PreventionPrevention in ain a POPULATIONPOPULATION 100%100%
SurvivalSurvival
DELAYED First StrokeDELAYED First Stroke Heart AttackHeart Attack
0%0%
70706060 AgeAge (years)(years) 8080 Natural Course of CVDNatural Course of CVD
AdvertisingAdvertising EgEg ⇑ tobacco controltobacco control
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE PrimaryPrimary PreventionPrevention oror
Capewell et al 2009
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NNaattuurraall CCoouurrssee ooff CCVVDD
CVDCVD PreventionPrevention in ain a POPULATIONPOPULATION
EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE PrimaryPrimary PreventionPrevention
HEALTHHEALTH PROTECTIONPROTECTION100%100% Eg byEg by tobaccotobacco oror saltsalt
legislationlegislationSurvivalSurvival
First StrokeFirst Stroke oror HeartHeart AttackAttack PREVENTEDPREVENTED
0%0% 70706060 AgeAge (years)(years) 8080
Capewell et al 2009
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CVD prevention strategiesCVD prevention strategies •• High Risk Individual ApproachHigh Risk Individual Approach •• PopulationPopulation--based Approachbased Approach
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CVD prevention approachesCVD prevention approaches
Prevalence %
30
Blood PressureBlood Pressure distribution in thedistribution in the populationpopulation
20
10
0
110110 130130120120 160160 Systolic BPSystolic BP
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CVD prevention:CVD prevention: High risk individual approachHigh risk individual approach
Prevalence %
30
20
10
0
Blood PressureBlood Pressure distribution in thedistribution in the populationpopulation
SBP >140SBP >140 mmHgmmHg
110110 130130120120 160160 Systolic BPSystolic BP
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CVD prevention:CVD prevention: High risk individual approachHigh risk individual approach
Prevalence %
30
20
10
0
Blood PressureBlood Pressure distribution in thedistribution in the populationpopulation
BP >140BP >140 mmHgmmHg
MedicationsMedications
110110 130130120120 160160 Systolic BPSystolic BP
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PopulationPopulation--based CVD prevention strategybased CVD prevention strategy
Prevalence %
30
20
10
0
ShiftingShifting BloodBlood Pressure distributionPressure distribution
110110 130130120120 160160 Systolic BPSystolic BP
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PopulationPopulation--based CVD prevention strategybased CVD prevention strategy
Prevalence %
30
20
10
0
ShiftingShifting BloodBlood Pressure distributionPressure distribution
110110 130130120120 160160 Systolic BPSystolic BP
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PopulationPopulation--based CVD prevention strategybased CVD prevention strategy
Prevalence %
30
Fewer BP >140Fewer BP >140 mmHgmmHg20
Less treatmentsLess treatments 10
0
ShiftingShifting BloodBlood Pressure distributionPressure distribution
110110 130130120120 160160 Systolic BPSystolic BP
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WholeWhole--population approach forpopulation approach forpreventing CVD: successfulpreventing CVD: successful policiespolicies ––Farmers subsidies to stop dairy &Farmers subsidies to stop dairy &
beef , startbeef , start fruit & berry productionfruit & berry production (Finland)(Finland)
––Support food reformulationSupport food reformulation (All)(All)
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WholeWhole--population approach forpopulation approach forpreventing CVD: successfulpreventing CVD: successful policiespolicies ––Farmers subsidies to stop dairy &Farmers subsidies to stop dairy &
beef , startbeef , start fruit & berry productionfruit & berry production (Finland)(Finland)
––Support food reformulationSupport food reformulation (All)(All)
––Banning transfatsBanning transfats (Denmark)(Denmark)
––Halving dietary saltHalving dietary salt (Finland)(Finland)
–– PromotingPromoting smokesmoke--freefree public spacespublic spaces (Ireland, UK ,Italy(Ireland, UK ,Italy etc))
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Ireland: modelling reductions inIreland: modelling reductions in cardiovascular risk factorscardiovascular risk factors
Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention
Population Approach
⇓ Risk Factors in everyone
Versus
High Risk strategy
using statin & blood pressure medications
BMC Public Health 2007 7 117
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Population secular BP
trends
TreatingHigh Risk
Blood Blood PressurePressure
CHD prevention in Ireland 1985-2000:
Population v. High Risk Strategies
Deaths prevented or postponed (Sensitivity analysis )
C h o l e s t e r o l
Population diet
change
High Risk
Statins
Diet change
in CHD
patients
BMC Public Health 2007 7 117
BMC Public Health. 2007; 7:117.
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CHD prevention in Ireland 1985-2000:
Population v. High Risk Strategies
Deaths prevented or postponed (Sensitivity analysis )
High Risk TreatingPopulation
Statins Highsecular BP Population Diet trends Risk
diet changechange in BloodBlood
CHD patients PressurePressure
C h o l e s t e r o l BMC Public Health 2007 7 117
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NICE Programme Development Group:NICE Programme Development Group: CVD prevention in populationsCVD prevention in populations
Will CVD preventionWill CVD preventionwidenwiden healthhealth inequalities?inequalities?
Simon CapewellSimon Capewell 2525th June 2009th June 2009
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TheThe UK high risk approachUK high risk approach forfor preventing CVDpreventing CVD
UKUK Department of Health programme:Department of Health programme: NHS Health ChecksNHS Health Checks
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TheThe UK high risk approachUK high risk approach forfor preventing CVDpreventing CVD
UKUK Department of Health programme:Department of Health programme: NHS Health ChecksNHS Health Checks –– All adults aged 40+All adults aged 40+ screenedscreened for CVD riskfor CVD risk –– If 20%+ risk CVD event in the nextIf 20%+ risk CVD event in the next
ten years, treat with:ten years, treat with:
•• lifestyle advice pluslifestyle advice plus •• tablets to reduce cholesterol & blood pressuretablets to reduce cholesterol & blood pressure
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Evidence thatEvidence that high risk approachhigh risk approach may increase social inequalitiesmay increase social inequalities
Tudor HartTudor Hart’’ss ““Inverse Care LawInverse Care Law””
TugwellTugwell’’ss ““staircase effectstaircase effect””
J Tudor Hart . The inverJ Tudor Hart . The inverse care law. Lancet 1971;se care law. Lancet 1971; 1;1; 405.405. PP TugTugwwell; Bell; BMJ 20MJ 2006;06; 3333 2; 32; 35588
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Evidence thatEvidence that high risk approachhigh risk approach may increase social inequalitiesmay increase social inequalities
Tudor HartTudor Hart’’ss ““Inverse Care LawInverse Care Law””
•• The availability of good medical care tends toThe availability of good medical care tends to varyvary inverselyinversely with actual needwith actual need
TugwellTugwell’’ss ““staircase effectstaircase effect””Disadvantage can occur at every stage:Disadvantage can occur at every stage: –– Health beliefs, health behaviour,Health beliefs, health behaviour, presentationpresentation participation, persistence or adherenceparticipation, persistence or adherence
J Tudor Hart . The inverJ Tudor Hart . The inverse care law. Lancet 1971;se care law. Lancet 1971; 1;1; 405.405. PP TugTugwwell; Bell; BMJ 20MJ 2006;06; 3333 2; 32; 35588
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Evidence thatEvidence that high risk approachhigh risk approach may increase social inequalitiesmay increase social inequalities
PrescribingPrescribing gradientsgradients
Long term adherenceLong term adherence
Smoking cessationSmoking cessation
Nutrition interventions in individualsNutrition interventions in individuals
Oldroyd J. JECH 2008; 62:Oldroyd J. JECH 2008; 62:573. Thomsen R W,573. Thomsen R W, Br J Clin Pharm. 200Br J Clin Pharm. 2005; 60;534;5; 60;534;
Ashworth, M, QJof Amb CareAshworth, M, QJof Amb Care Management: 2008; 31; 220;Management: 2008; 31; 220;
VrijeVrijens B, BMJ 200ns B, BMJ 2008;338;336:16:1111144;; Morisky D.Morisky D. Clin HypertensionClin Hypertension 2008; 10; 3482008; 10; 348
JJoohnell K BMhnell K BMC PublicC Public HealtHealt hh 2005,2005, 5:5: 1717 Chaudhry HJ. Current Ather.Chaudhry HJ. Current Ather.
Rep 2008; 10; 19;Rep 2008; 10; 19; BoucBouchard MH, Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007hard MH, Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 63(6)63(6): 69: 6988
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Evidence thatEvidence that whole POPULATIONwhole POPULATION CVDCVD preventionprevention reducesreduces social inequalitiessocial inequalities
Kivimaki, MarmotKivimaki, Marmot et alet al Lancet 2008
15 year risk of CHD death15 year risk of CHD death •• calculated in British men aged 55calculated in British men aged 55 •• quantified the benefits of decreasing riskquantified the benefits of decreasing risk
factors uniformly across populationfactors uniformly across population [systolic blood pressure ⇓10mmHg total cholesterol⇓ 2mmol/l & glucose ⇓ 1 mmol/l ]
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Evidence thatEvidence that whole POPULATIONwhole POPULATION CVDCVD preventionprevention reducesreduces social inequalitiessocial inequalities
Kivimaki, MarmotKivimaki, Marmot et alet al Lancet 2008
15 year risk of CHD death15 year risk of CHD death •• calculated in British men aged 55calculated in British men aged 55 •• quantified the benefits of decreasing riskquantified the benefits of decreasing risk
factors uniformly across populationfactors uniformly across population [systolic blood pressure ⇓10mmHg total cholesterol⇓ 2mmol/l & glucose ⇓ 1 mmol/l ]
•• WouldWould reducereduce thethe absoluteabsolute mortality gapmortality gapbetween affluent & deprived bybetween affluent & deprived by ≈≈70%70%
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Evidence thatEvidence that whole POPULATIONwhole POPULATION CVDCVD preventionprevention reducesreduces social inequalitiessocial inequalities Diet interventionsDiet interventions •• Folic acid fortification of cerealsFolic acid fortification of cereals (USA population1996)(USA population1996)
DoDowdwd IJIJE 2008E 2008; 37; 37(5(5):):10105959
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Evidence thatEvidence that whole POPULATIONwhole POPULATION CVDCVD preventionprevention reducesreduces social inequalitiessocial inequalities Diet interventionsDiet interventions Folic acid fortification of cerealsFolic acid fortification of cereals (USA population1996)(USA population1996)
Blood folate levels: Social gradientsBlood folate levels: Social gradients ⇓⇓⇓⇓ ≈≈ 70%70%
DoDowdwd IJIJE 2008E 2008; 37; 37(5(5):):10105959
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Evidence thatEvidence that whole POPULATIONwhole POPULATION CVDCVD preventionprevention reducesreduces social inequalitiessocial inequalities SmokingSmoking•• cigarettecigarette price increasesprice increases more effective inmore effective in
TowTownnsensendd BMJ 1994;BMJ 1994; 309; 923309; 923deprived groupsdeprived groups ““increase inincrease in tobacco pricetobacco price may have the potentialmay have the potential
to reduce smoking related health inequalitiesto reduce smoking related health inequalities””
Main MetaMain Meta--analysis. Banalysis. BMMC Public Health 2008; 8; 178C Public Health 2008; 8; 178
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CVD preventionCVD prevention & health inequalities& health inequalities VERDICTVERDICT
♥High Risk Strategies to screen & treat individuals typically widen social inequalities
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CVD preventionCVD prevention & health inequalities& health inequalities VERDICTVERDICT
♥High Risk Strategies to screen & treat individuals typically widen social inequalities ♥Population wide policy interventions
usually narrow the inequalities gap
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CVD population preventionCVD population prevention
⇒⇒ €€ COST SAVINGSCOST SAVINGS
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CVD populationCVD population--wide preventionwide prevention
⇒⇒ €€ COST SAVINGSCOST SAVINGS
•• USAUSA Trust for AmericaTrust for America’’s Healths Health •• AustraliaAustralia AbelsonAbelson •• UKUK Wanless ReportWanless Report 20042004
(save(save €€ 4040 billion)billion) NICE GuidanceNICE Guidance 20102010 [Draft][Draft]
(save(save €€ 55 billionbillion –– €€1010 billionbillion))
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factorsCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors
CVD InequalitiesCVD InequalitiesCauses, consequences & choicesCauses, consequences & choices
Social InequalitiesSocial Inequalities
in CVDin CVD treatmentstreatments??
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Deprived patients get less treatment Those who need most care get least care
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Deprived patients get less treatment
Those who need most care get least care –– Management & drugsManagement & drugs (Roland 2009)(Roland 2009)
–– Referral from primary careReferral from primary care (Dixon; McBride & Raine)(Dixon; McBride & Raine)
–– UnderUnder--useuse ofof diagnosticsdiagnostics (H(Hippislippisley Cey Coox)x)
–– Less RevascularizationLess Revascularization BJGP 2000; 50: 449;BJGP 2000; 50: 449; BMJ 1997;BMJ 1997; 314: 257314: 257
–– Less rehabilitationLess rehabilitation
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Deprived patients get less treatment
OLD patients get less treatment
WOMEN get less treatment
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factorsCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors
CVD InequalitiesCVD InequalitiesCauses, consequences & choicesCauses, consequences & choices
CVD Inequalities in UKCVD Inequalities in UK
HowHow bigbig are theare the inequalitiesinequalities inin YOURYOUR country??country??
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CVD prevention in EUCVD prevention in EUWHATWHAT WE HAVE ACHIEVEDWE HAVE ACHIEVED •• European Heart Health CharterEuropean Heart Health Charter ((EHHC)EHHC)
•• Spanish Presidency Declaration 2002Spanish Presidency Declaration 2002
•• Council Conclusions 2004Council Conclusions 2004
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CVD prevention in EUCVD prevention in EUWHATWHAT WE HAVE ACHIEVEDWE HAVE ACHIEVED •• European Heart Health Charter (European Heart Health Charter (EHHC)EHHC) •• Spanish Presidency Declaration 2002Spanish Presidency Declaration 2002 •• Council Conclusions 2004Council Conclusions 2004
WHATWHAT WE CAN DO NOWWE CAN DO NOW •• ⇑⇑ Tobacco ControlTobacco Control [[&& price]price] •• ⇑⇑ fruitfruit && vegetable consumptionvegetable consumption •• ⇓⇓ meatmeat && dairydairy [& HELP climate change][& HELP climate change] •• BanBan junk food advertisingjunk food advertising •• BanBan trans fatstrans fats
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Cardiovascular disease risk factorsCardiovascular disease risk factors CVD InequalitiesCVD InequalitiesCauses, consequences & challengesCauses, consequences & challenges
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS Big CVD inequalitiesBig CVD inequalities burdenburden of diseasedisease
-- Social, Age, Sex, Place, EthnicitySocial, Age, Sex, Place, Ethnicity
Big inequalities in CVDBig inequalities in CVD risk factorsrisk factors
-- SmokingSmoking & DietDiet (Blood Pressure & Cholesterol)
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Cardiovascular disease risk factorsCardiovascular disease risk factors CVD InequalitiesCVD InequalitiesCauses, consequences & choicesCauses, consequences & choices
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS Big CVD inequalitiesBig CVD inequalities burdenburden of diseasedisease
-- Social, Age, Sex, Place, EthnicitySocial, Age, Sex, Place, Ethnicity Big inequalities in CVDBig inequalities in CVD risk factorsrisk factors
-- SmokingSmoking & DietDiet (BP & Cholesterol)
Choices forChoices for CVD preventionCVD prevention:: --Individual approachIndividual approach ⇑⇑CVD InequalitiesCVD Inequalities⇑⇑
--Population approachPopulation approach ⇓⇓CVD InequalitiesCVD Inequalities⇓⇓
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