cardiovascular disorders
TRANSCRIPT
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
BY;Mr. M.K LAMBA M.Sc. Nsg
The cardio vascular disorders includes the disorders related to heart and blood vessels like infections of heart layers and heart, valvular disorders, arithmetic disorders etc.
HEART DISORDERS
PERICARDITISIt is an inflammation of the pericardium
the outer most covering the heart. It may be primary illness or a variety of medical and surgical disorders. It is an acute and chronic illness.
CAUSES OF PERICARDITIS: • Infections: viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal• Myocardial injuries: cardiac trauma, surgery• Collagen diseases: Rheumatic fever,
scleroderma (connective tissue disease that involves changes in the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs), rheumatoid arthritis
• Drug reactions• Radiation therapy• Cobalt therapy• Anemia• Neoplasm
PAHOPHYSIOLOGY:Due to any of the above reason
↓ Either from infection or any other reason there
will be increased WBC and chance of fluid accumulation in the cavity
↓ Leads to dyspnea and pain aggravated by breathing due to pericardial compression
↓ Results in decrease cardiac output and cardiac
temponade
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS• Pain: over precordium and may felt beneath of
clavicle, in neck and pain left to scapular region.
• Pain aggravated by breathing, relieving by sitting
• Dyspnea may occur as a result of pericardial compression which leads to decreased cardiac output
• Fever may be present. • ↑ WBC count
• Echocardiogram: accurately detects all pericardial effusions and provides clinically relevant information about their size and hemodynamic.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in detecting pericardial thickening/ constriction and calcification as well as small loculated effusions is extremely useful in these conditions.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT: Analgesics to relieve pain NSAID (Non steroidal anti- inflammatory agents): eg.
Spirin, Indomethacin (Indocin) These drugs with analgesic and antipyretic effects and which have, in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects.
Corticosteroids: are two types; 1. Gluco-corticoids such as cortisol control carbohydrate, fat
and protein metabolism and are anti-inflammatory by preventing phospho- lipid release, decreasing eosinophil action and a number of other mechanisms.
2. Mineralo-corticoids such as aldosterone control electrolyte and water levels, mainly by promoting sodium retention.
MYOCARDITISIt is an inflammatory process of myocardium It
may cause heart dilation, thrombi on the heart wall, infiltration of blood cells around the coronary vessels and between the muscle fibers and degeneration of the muscle fibers themselves.
CAUSES
• Infections• Rheumatic fever• Immunosuppressive therapy• Infective endocarditis• Dilated cardiomyopathy
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
FatigueDyspnea PalpitationOccasionally discomfort in chest and abdomenMay have sudden congestive cardiac failure
due to the damage of myocardial tissues.
DIAGNOSTIC FINDING
Auscultation; it shows faint heart sound and systolic murmur.
Pulsus alternans (a pulse in which there is regular alteration of weak and strong beats).
Fever TachycardiaSymptoms of CHFEndomyocardial biopsy
MEDICAL MANAGEMENTBed rest the patient to decrease cardiac work load
and to decrease myocardium damage.Penicillin antibiotic to treat streptococciIf CHF Treatment;
• ACE (angiotension converting enzyme) promote vasodilation which leads to diuresis.• Digitalis like digoxin, medication increase the force of
myocardial contraction and slows down the conduction through AV needs• Dobutamin which increases cardiac contractility
ENDOCARDITISEndocarditis is an inflammation of endocardium,
especially the valves. It is common in old age due to the decreased immunologic response.
The types;i. Sub acute bacterial endocarditis: develop
gradually in several weeks to months caused by streptoccus viridans.
ii. Acute bacterial endocarditis: develop in days to weeks caused by staphylococcus aurens.
iii. Native valve endocarditis: Caused to a damaged valve.
iv. Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis: caused by thrombotic lesions.
ETIOLOGY• Infection by an organism; staphylococcus,
streptococci and fungi etc.• Structural abnormalities of heart and great blood
vessels.• History of infective endocarditis.• Rheumatic fever• Valvalar dysfunction• Cardiomyopathy
Some procedures may cause bacterial entry;• Dental procedure• Tonsillectomy• Bronchoscopy• Esophageal varices• Esophageal dilation• Gall bladder surgery• Cystoscopy• Urethral catheterization• UTI surgery
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Micro organism enter into the blood stream through any way
Once the colonization of bacteria begins on endothelium and within layers of platelets
Bacteria stimulate immune system to produce antibodies
But bacteria protected by fibrin and form clots
Bacteria severely damage heart valves by deforming leaflets
The amount of damage depends on the type of organism causing infection
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS• Due to infection the symptoms are; Fever Chills Weakness Anorexia Wt loss Pallor Backache Splenomegaly Headache Joint pain
• Due to complications; Systemic embolization occur in 30-40% of clients with left
sided endocarditis. Stroke, aphasia (impaired speech), ataxia (lack of muscular
coordination). Loss of vision due to embolization of the brain or retinal artery. Petechiae (hemorrhagic spots) on neck, conjunctiva, chest,
abdomen and mouth. Pulmonary embolus Finger clubbing Cardiac murmur Finally heart failure.
DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGPhysical examinationAuscultation – cardiac murmurBlood cultureECG and echoCBCChest x- ray
MEDICAL MANAGEMENTEradicating the infective organism- by antibioticsProper treating complicationAnti micro bacterial therapy - Penicillin - Gentamicin