CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTIONS (Vital signs) Pre-Lab Guide

EKG Pulse

Blood Pressure Heart Sounds

Body Temperature

NOTE: A very useful “Study Guide” !

This Pre-lab guide takes you through the important concepts that where discussed in the lab videos. There will be some “conceptual questions” on the lab practical … it will not be all “anatomy”!

Study Guide

Check Your Knowledge, before the Practical: 1. Know the definitions of all key terms. Use your word list as a guide. 2. From the electrocardiogram, be able to: - ID all deflection waves and intervals, using your word list as a guide. Know what the waves and intervals represent regarding the heart and the cardiac cycle. - know where systole and diastole (atrial and ventricular) are located on a normal EKG - know what an artifact is, and what might cause it. - be able to determine heart rate from an EKG. Understand “resting” versus “exercise” heart rates. 3. Understand the 2 procedures for determining blood pressure, and what they are based on (that is...what are you actually measuring?). Know what the “Sounds of Korotkoff” represent. Understand that rising blood pressure is a natural part of aging. 4. Know the pulse sites by name. 5. Know what normal heart sounds are, and what they represent. Know the positions used for listening to heart sounds, and why we use them. Know what murmurs are, and what they represent.

I. Elec

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II. Blood Pressure.

Introduction The contractions of the ventricles of the heart exert a propelling force on the blood which manifests itself as blood pressure in vessels throughout the body. Since the heart acts as a pump that forces out spurts of blood at approximately seventy times a minute while at rest, the pressure during a short interval of time will fluctuate up and down. The force on the walls of the blood vessels is greatest during systole and is called the systolic pressure. When the heart relaxes (diastole) and fills up with blood in preparation for another contraction, the pressure falls to its lowest value. The pressure during this phase is called the diastolic pressure. As a convention, we are always referring to “left ventricular” when we say “systole” and “diastole”, because we can measure those at the extremities, such as the arm. The "blood pressure" varies tremendously from one end of the circulatory system to the other (from arteries to veins). "Blood pressure" as usually expressed, however, refers to the arterial pressure as taken at an extremity. Clinically, blood pressure is obtained from the artery of the upper arm (brachial artery). The blood pressure of the arteries is remarkably similar to the blood pressure in the ventricles during contraction, so we are using the arteries to tell us something about the heart. There are 2 main methods to determine blood pressure: 1. Auscultatory method: Blood pressure is usually determined in people by listening for sound in an artery which has been deformed (The “auscultatory method”). This listening device is called a stethoscope, the deforming device is called a sphygmomanometer, and consists of a rubber cuff covered with cloth, an inflating bulb, a mercury manometer, and rubber tubing connecting the cuff and the bulb to the manometer. The cuff is firmly wrapped around the arm above the elbow, so that no wrinkles are present. When the needle valve (on the inflating bulb) is closed, air is forced into the cuff by pressing on the bulb. The pressure in the cuff is balanced by a column of mercury in the manometer, which is calibrated in millimeters. To release the air from the cuff, open the needle valve. Figure 9 (next page) goes through the image that was in the lab videos.

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eck (carotid aartery), at thartery), behnt (posterior

r the count ouring the hea

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Figure 111 – Pulse Pooints

IV. Hea

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