cardiovascular - heart

8/14/2019 Cardiovascular - Heart

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CARDIOVASCULARCARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEMSYSTEM


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HEART

A hollow muscular organ The heart weighs between 7 and 15

ounces (200 to 425 grams) and is a

little larger than the size of your fist. Heart is located between your lungs in

the middle of your chest, behind and

slightly to the left of your breastbone(sternum)


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SURFACES OF THE HEART

1. STERNOCOSTAL SURFACE- Formed mainly by the RA and

RV

2. DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE

- Formed by RV and LV

3. BASE OF THE HEART

- Formed by the LA

- Directed posteriorly, superiorly

and to the right


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**APEX OF THE HEART:

Formed by he LV

Lies at the level of the 5th Left

Intercostal space, 3 1/2 inches frommidline.

Directed downward, forward and to

the left.


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BORDERS OF THE HEART:

(INTERNAL BORDERS) Right Border

Formed by RA

Left Border

Formed by Left auricle

Lower Border Formed by LV


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(EXTERNAL BORDERS)

Anterior Surface

Sternum and ribs

Inferior Surface

Part of the heart between apex andright border, diaphragm

Right Border

Right lung

Left Border

Pulmonary border (Left lung, baseto apex)


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PERICARDIUM

Fibroserous sac that encloses theheart the roots of the great vessels.

Lies within the middle mediastinum

FUNCTION:

1. Restrict excessive movement

of the heart as a whole

2. Serves as a lubricated

container in which the different

parts of the heart can contract.


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2 TYPES OF PERICARDIUM

1. FIBROUS PERICARDIUM

- Strong fibrous part of the sac

- Attached to the central tendon of thediaphragm

- Attached in front to the sternum bysternopericardial ligament.

FUNCTIONS:

1. Prevents overstretching of the heart

2. Provides protection

3. Anchors the heart in the

mediastinum


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2. SEROUS PERICARDIUM

2 Layers:

I. Parietal Layer:

- lines the fibrous pericardium

- reflected around the roots of thegreat vessels

II. Visceral Layer:

Closely applied to the heart

A.k.a. EPICARDIUM


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THE HEART WALL:

3 LAYERS:

3. Epicardium external layer

4. Myocardium middle layer

5. Endocardium inner layer


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EPICARDIUM:

Visceral layer of the serouspericardium

The epicardium is the outer layer of thewall of the heart.

The visceral pericardium apparentlyproduces the pericardial fluid, whichlubricates motion between the inner and

outer layers of the pericardium.FUNCTION:

Provides an outer protective layer forthe heart.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardial_fluid


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MYOCARDIUM

Myocardium is the muscular middlelayer of the wall of the heart.

It is composed of spontaneouslycontracting cardiac muscle fiberswhich allow the heart to contract.

FUNCTION:

Stimulates heart contractions to pumpblood from the ventricles and relaxesthe heart to allow the artria to receiveblood.
http://biology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/VAn308/cardiac.htmhttp://biology.about.com/library/organs/heart/blventricles.htmhttp://biology.about.com/library/organs/heart/blatria.htmhttp://biology.about.com/library/organs/heart/blatria.htmhttp://biology.about.com/library/organs/heart/blventricles.htmhttp://biology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/VAn308/cardiac.htm


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ENDOCARDIUM:

The endocardium is the innermost

layer of tissue.

Provides a smooth lining for the

chambers of the heart

Covers the valve of the heart

FUNCTION:

Controls myocardial function Purkinje fibers are located in the

endocardium. They participate in the

contraction of the heart muscle.
http://biology.about.com/library/organs/heart/blpurkinje.htmhttp://biology.about.com/library/organs/heart/blpurkinje.htm


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HISTOLOGIC APPEARANCE OF

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

type of involuntary striatedmuscle found inthe walls of the heart, specifically themyocardium.

Cardiac muscle cells are known as cardiac

myocytes. Cardiac muscle is one of three major types ofmuscle, the others being skeletal and smoothmuscle.

The cells that comprise cardiac muscle aresometimes seen as intermediate betweenthese two other types in terms ofappearance, structure, metabolism,

excitation-coupling and mechanism ofcontraction.

C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_musclehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomere


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Cardiac muscle shares similarities withskeletal muscle with regard to its striatedappearance and contraction, with both

differing significantly from smooth musclecells.

Coordinated contraction of cardiac muscle

cells in the heart propel blood from theatria and ventricles to the blood vessels ofthe circulatory system.

Cardiac muscle cells, like all tissues in thebody, rely on an ample blood supply todeliver oxygen and nutrients and toremove waste products such as

carbon dioxide.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_contractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_contraction


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CHAMBERS OF THE HEART:

1.LEFT ATRIUM

2.RIGHT ATRIUM

3.LEFT VENTRICLES

4.RIGHT VENTRICLES


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ATRIA

Upper 2 chambers

VENTRICLES Lower 2 chambers

A wall of muscle called the septum separates

the left and right atria and the left and rightventricles.

The left ventricle is the largest and strongest

chamber in your heart. The left ventricle's chamber walls are only about

a half-inch thick, but they have enough force to

push blood through the aortic valve and into

your body.


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RIGHT ATRIUM

receives oxygen-depleted(deoxygenated) blood from the body

via the superior vena cava,

inferior vena cava and coronary sinusand pumps it through the

tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

Tricuspid valve a.k.a. Right

Atrioventricular Valve
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cava


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RIGHT VENTRICLE

Forms most of the anterior surface of

the heart.

receives oxygen-depleted blood from

the right atrium and pumps it through

the pulmonary valve into the lungs via

the pulmonary artery.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valve


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LEFT ATRIUM

Forms most of the base of the heart

receives oxygen-rich blood from the

lungs via the pulmonary veins and

pumps it through the mitral valve intothe left ventricle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_vein


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LEFT VENTRICLE

Forms apex of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the

lungs via the pulmonary veins and

pumps it through the mitral valve intothe left ventricle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_vein


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Chordae Tendineae

Tendons linking the papillary muscles to

the tricuspid valve in the right ventricleand the mitral valve in the left ventricle.

As the papillary muscles contract and

relax, the chordae tendineae transmit theresulting increase and decrease in tensionto the respective valves, causing them toopen and close.

The chordae tendineae are string-like inappearance and are sometimes referredto as "heart strings."


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Papillary Muscles

The papillary muscles attach to the

lower portion of the interior wall of theventricles.

They connect to the chordae tendineae,

which attach to the tricuspid valve in theright ventricle and the mitral valve in the

left ventricle.

The contraction of the papillary musclesopens these valves. When the papillary

muscles relax, the valves close.


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Tricuspid Valve

The tricuspid valve separates the right

atrium from the right ventricle It opens to allow the de-oxygenated

blood collected in the right atrium to

flow into the right ventricle

It closes as the right ventricle contracts,

preventing blood from returning to the

right atrium; thereby, forcing it to exitthrough the pulmonary valve into the

pulmonary artery.


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Mitral Value

The mitral valve separates the left

atrium from the left ventricle. It opens to allow the oxygenated blood

collected in the left atrium to flow into

the left ventricle.

It closes as the left ventricle contracts,


left atrium; thereby, forcing it to exitthrough the aortic valve into the aorta.


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Superior Vena Cava

The superior vena cava is one of the

two main veins bringing de-oxygenated

blood from the body to the heart.

Veins from the head and upper body

feed into the superior vena cava, which

empties into the right atrium of the

heart.


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Inferior Vena Cava

The inferior vena cava is one of thetwo main veins bringing de-

oxygenated blood from the body to

the heart. Veins from the legs and lower torso

feed into the inferior vena cava, which

empties into the right atrium of theheart.


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Pulmonary Valve

The pulmonary valve separates theright ventricle from the pulmonaryartery.

As the ventricles contract, it opens toallow the de-oxygenated bloodcollected in the right ventricle to flow tothe lungs.

It closes as the ventricles relax,preventing blood from returning to theheart.


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Aortic Valve

The aortic valve separates the left

ventricle from the aorta.

As the ventricles contract, it opens to

allow the oxygenated blood collected

in the left ventricle to flow throughout

the body.

It closes as the ventricles relax,


heart.


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BLOOD FLOW (in a nutshell)

Blood enters the right atrium and passes through

the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs

where it becomes oxygenated.

The oxygenated blood is brought back to theheart by the pulmonary veins which enter the left

atrium.

From the left atrium blood flows into the left

ventricle.

The left ventricle pumps the blood to the aorta

which will distribute the oxygenated blood to all

parts of the body.


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The ventricle on the right side of your heartpumps blood from the heart to your lungs.

When you breathe air in, oxygen passes fromyour lungs through blood vessels where itsadded to your blood.

Carbon dioxide, a waste product, is passed

from your blood through blood vessels to yourlungs and is removed from your body when youbreathe air out.

The atrium on the left side of your heart

receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. Thepumping action of your left ventricle sends thisoxygen-rich blood through the aorta (a mainartery) to the rest of your body.


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Heart Contraction and

Blood Flow

cardiovascular - heart

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