The cardiovascular system

Structure of the heart

The cardiac cycle

Structure and organization of blood vessels

What is the cardiovascular system?

The heart is a double pump

heartarteries arterioles veinsvenules capillaries

Fungsi sistem kardiovaskular

Penghantar-Menghantar oksigen dan nutrient ke setiap sel di dalam badan melalui darah yang dipam oleh jantung.

Pengeluar-mengeluarkan karbon dioksida dan sisa hasil metabolism daripada setiap sel dalam badan.

Pengangkut-mengangkut hormone dari kelenjar endokrin ke sel-sel sasaran melalui plasma darah.

Pengekal-membantu mengekalkan suhu dalam badan.

Penghalang-menghalang dehidrasi dan infeksi dengan mengekalkan tahap cecair pada kadar yang sesuai.

The double pump

Chambers of the heart; valves

Blood supply to the heart

Coronary artery and vein system

Right and left coronary arteries branch off ofaorta

Branch into smaller vessels

Cardiac veins deliver blood to coronary sinus,and back to the right atrium

Coronary artery disease results when coronaryarteries cannot deliver blood adequately

Usual cause: plaques in arterial walls

Angina pectoris (pain) when body is notreceiving adequate oxygen

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) whenblood supply to heart is completelyblocked; muscle dies

Coordination of chamber contraction, relaxation

Conduction system of the heart

Heart contracts as a unit

Atrial and ventricular syncytia help conductelectrical signals through the heart

Sinoatrial (S-A) node is continuous with atrialsyncytium

S-A node cells can initiate impulses on theirown; activity is rhythmic

Regulation of heart rate

Blood pressure and its control

What is hypertension and how is it treated?

The heart rate and exercise

Characteristics of arteries and veins

Organization of the vascular system andresponses to physiological needs

Regulation of the cardiac cycle

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervoussystems

Parasympathetic: from medulla oblongata(vagus nerve)

Nerve branches to S-A and A-V nodes, andsecretes acetylcholine (slows rate)

Parasympathetic activity can increase (slowheart rate) or decrease (increase heartrate)

Sympathetic nervous systemthrough celiac plexus to heartsecretes norepinephrineincreases force of contractions

Cardiac control center in medulla oblongatamaintains balance between the two

Normally both sympathetic and parasympatheticfunction at a steady background level

Blood pressure

Blood flow is generally equal to cardiac output

Blood flow affected by pressure and resistance

Blood pressure: the force that is exerted by bloodagainst blood vessel walls

Resistance depends on size of blood vessel andthickness (viscosity) of blood

THANK YOU

MR.RAMESH MR.SHAHIR

MRS. SUMRANIEMR.JAYA