cardiovascular system - amazon s3 · hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) •reticuloendothelial...
TRANSCRIPT
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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Blood
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Components
• ______ is the only
fluid tissue; complex
_________ _______;
transports _________,
________, and body heat
• Has living _______ ______(formed elements) and nonliving ________ _________(plasma)
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• Breakdown of blood sample
1) Formed elements – __ blood cells, white blood cells, and __________ - 45%
2) Plasma – _______ ________– 55%
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Physical Characteristics and Volume
• ________ to ________ _______in color
• ________ liters normal adult blood volume; 8% of ________ __________
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Plasma
• Straw-colored, ______ ________of blood
• ______ water
• carries numerous _________ __________;
plasma proteins, _____________electrolytes, gases, ____________, wastes, etc.
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Formed Elements
(Blood Cells)
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Erythrocytes (RBCs or Red Corpuscles)
• Carry ______ to all cells via __________, an iron-containing __________
• Biconcave disks with ____ ___________
• ________ day lifespan
• 5 million per cu. mm. of blood – _______ ___________ of the blood cell types
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Pathology of RBCs
• Anemia - ___________ in oxygen-carrying ability of blood (either # of RBCs or ____________ content)
• Sickle-cell anemia -_________
_______; deformed ___________
rupture _______ and _______ small blood vessels; occurs chiefly in ______ of ____
• Polycythemia - ______ _________in # of RBCs;__________ blood ___________
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Leukocytes (WBCs or White Corpuscles)
• 4 - 11 thousand per cu. mm. of blood
• _______ _________by ingesting _______ (phagocytosis)
• Promote _______ ______and __________
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• Two major groups
1) Granulocytes - contain granules
a. __________
b. __________
c. ___________
2) Agranulocytes - lack granules
a. ___________
b. ____________
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Pathology of WBCs
• Leukocytosis – __________ in # of WBCs when _________ substances _________ the body
• Leukopenia - _______ _________in # WBCs
• Leukemia - _________ ______ _______causes huge # of WBCs
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Platelets (or Thrombocytes)
• ________ thousand per cu. mm. of _______
• _________ shaped cell fragments
• Needed for ________ _____________
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Hemopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)
• Reticuloendothelial structures 1) ______ bone marrow - found in bones (_____, pelvis, _____, sternum, _________, and long bones) 2) Spleen - ________ for blood; ___________ site for old _________ 3) Lymph nodes - produces _____________ and ________ ______; destruction site for old RBCs
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• Reticuloendothelial structures (cont’d)
4. Liver - forms ______ ______destruciton
site for old RBCs
5. Thymus gland - produces ____________
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Hemostasis (Stoppage of blood loss from injured blood vessel)
• Three phases
1. _________ ___________
2. ________ _______ formation
3. _________ ________ formation
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Disorders of Hemostasis
• Undesirable clotting
1) Thrombus - _______ _____that forms and
______ in an _________ blood vessel
2) Embolus - a _____ __________ in the
______________
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Bleeding Disorders
• Thrombocytopenia - ________ __________
• Hemophilia - hereditary “_______ ________”
• Liver deficiencies - often caused by _________ ______ deficiency
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Blood Groups
• Human Blood Groups
1) Type O - _______ _________
2) Type AB - _________ _________
3) Type A
4) Type B
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Heart
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Location and Size
• Within the _________ behind the _________
• ______ ________and to the _______, rests on diaphragm at _______ intercostal space
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Coverings and Walls
• Pericardium - _______ ________sac that _________ the _______
1) Visceral pericardium
(epicardium) - ______
layer
2) Parietal pericardium –
______ __________layer
3) Serous fluid - _________
layers in pericardial cavity
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• Myocardium - _________ ________
• Endocardium - inner endothelial lining of ________ and _________
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Chambers and Great Vessels
• Chambers (4)
1) Rt. ________
2) Lt. ________
3) Rt. ________
4) Lt. ________
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• Septum
1) Interatrial septum - between the ______
2) Interventricular septum - between the
_______
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• Great Vessels
1) Superior and inferior vena cava –
carries _________ blood from the
____ and _____body to the ____ atrium
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2) Pulmonary trunk - carries ___________ blood ____ from __Ventricle toward _____
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• Great Vessels (cont’d)
3) Rt. and Lt. pulmonary
arteries - branches of
pulmonary trunk; ________
___________ blood to
_______
4) Pulmonary veins (4) –
carry __________
blood from the _______
to _____ ____________
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• Great Vessels (cont’d)
5) Aorta - carries __________ blood from
Lt. ventricle to _____ _______ _______
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Circulation
• Pulmonary circulation – from the ________
side of heart to lungs and _____to ____ side of
heart
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• Systemic circulation –
_____ ____side of heart
to the body tissues and
_____ to ____side of heart
• Portal circulation - part
of systemic circulation;
from _____ to GI tract
through liver to _______
_______ _________
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Valves (4)
• Atrioventricular(AV) valves - open during ______ _______and closed when ventricles contract
1) Tricuspid valve –
between ___ _______
and ____ __________
2) Bicuspid (mitral) valve –
between ___ _____and
___ ___________
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• Semilunar valves - _______ during heart ________ and ______ when ventricles __________
1) Pulmonary valve –
between Rt. ventricle
and _______ ________
2) Aortic valve - between
__ _______ and _____
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Pathology of Valves
• Incompetent valve – valve_____ ______close properly
• Valvular stenosis - valve flaps become ______; heart beats _______; leads to _______ and ___________
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Blood Flow Through Heart
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• Right side – contains deoxygentated blood
• Flow on right side -
Superior & Inferior
Vena Cava
Rt. Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Rt. Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
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• Left side of heart - contains oxygenated blood
• Flow in left side -
Pulmonary veins (4)
Lt. Atrium
Bicuspid (Mitral)
Valve Lt. Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
All Parts of the Body
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Cardiac Circulation
• Rt. and Lt. coronary arteries -
branch from ______ of _____;
supplies heart with oxygen
______ _________
• Cardiac veins - drains
__________ of blood and
empties into coronary ______
on back of heart
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Cardiac Circulation Pathology
• Angina pectoris - _____ _______that results when myocardium is deprived of oxygen
• Myocardial infarction - _____ ______; heart cells die due to __________
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Physiology of the Heart
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Conduction System of the Heart
• Autonomic nerves
• Intrinsic conduction (nodal) system
1) Sinoatrial (SA) node -
located in Rt. atrium; “_______” of the
heart
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• Instrinsic conduction (nodal) system (cont’d)
2) Atrioventricular (AV) node - at junction
of ______ and _________
3) Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of
His)
4) Bundle branches - in ________ ________
5) Purkinje fibers - ______ within ______
_________
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Pathology
• Heart block - when ____ _______is not _______ by ______ ______
• Ischemia - lack of ________ ________ ______
• Fibrillation - rapid _____________ ________of heart muscle
• Tachycardia - _______ heart rate
• Bradycardia - ______ heart rate
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Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
• Systole - ________ phase
• Diastole - ________ phase
• Heart sounds (lub-dup) - due to_____ of _________
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Cardiac Cycle Phases
1) Atrial Systolic Phase (.1 sec) -
a. Rt. & Lt. atria ________
b. Tricuspid & Bicuspid
valves _______
c. Pulmonary & Aortic
valves ________
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2) Ventricular Systolic Phase (.3 sec) -
a. Rt. & Lt. ventricles
_______
b. Pulmonary & Aortic
valves _______
c. Tricuspid & Bicuspid
valves _______
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3) Diastolic Phase (.4 sec) -
a. Entire heart ______
b. Tricupsid & Bicuspid
valves ______
c. Pulmonary & Aortic
valves ________
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Pathology
• Heart murmur - __________ heart
sounds due to _______ __________
• Congestive heart failure (CHF) - __________ _______ of heart is ___________ ; circulation is _________to meet _________ _________
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Blood Vessels
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Blood Vessels
• Arteries - ______ blood _______from heart
• Arterioles - ________ branches of _______
• Veins - carry blood ________ heart
• Venules - ________ branches of _______
• Capillaries - __________ vessels between ______ and __________
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Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
• Tunica intima - __________
_______ _________lining for vessel
• Tunica media - bulky _______
layer of muscle and elastic
tissue
• Tunica adventitia –
_________ fibrous tissue layer
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• Walls of arteries - ______ ______ in veins; withstand _______ pressures than in veins
• Veins - have valves to prevent __________; have ________ ________than arteries
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Major Blood Vessels
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Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
• Aorta – largest artery of the body
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Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
• Superior vena cava –
______ _______from head,
arms, and chest into Rt.
atrium
• Inferior vena cava –
drains blood from _______
________into Rt. atrium
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Major Arteries of Pulmonary Circulation
• Pulmonary trunk and arteries - _________ branches to ________ ________
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Major Veins of Pulmonary Circulation
• Pulmonary veins (4) –
______blood from _______
to ____ __________
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Special Circulations
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Fetal Circulation
• Umbilical vein (1) -
carries oxygenated
blood from _____ to
________
• Umbilical arteries (2) -
carries deoxygenated
blood from the ______
to the _________
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• Foramen ovale - flaplike
opening in________ ___________
_________; allows blood to
shunt _______ _______ _________
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• Ductus arteriosus - vessel
that connects ________and
_________ ____________ ; causes
blood to ________ _______ ________
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• Ductus venosus –
vessel that connects
______ ______ to the
______ _____ _____;
causes blood to
______ the _______
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Fetal Circulation Pathology
• Patent foramen ovale - the opening between the two atria ____ _____ ______after _____
• Patent ductus arteriosus - the fetal vessel between the ______ ______and the ______ does not close after birth; _____ ______
• Patent ductus venosus - the fetal vessel between the ______ ___and the ________ _______ ______does not close after birth; remains __________
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Physiology of Circulation
• Arterial pulse –
_______ _____ due
to _________ and
_______ of an artery
• Pressure points - felt
over any superficial
artery; ______ _____
most common
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• Blood pressure - pressure that blood exerts against inner walls of blood vessels; keeps blood circulating; _____ in ________, ____ in _______, and _______ in _______
• Measuring blood pressure
1) Systolic pressure - pressure in arteries at peak ventricular ___________
2) Diastolic pressure - pressure when ventricles are ___________
3) Variations in blood pressure - systolic varies between 110 and 140 mm Hg, and diastolic between 75 and 80 mm Hg
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Blood Pressure Pathology
• Hypotension - _____ blood pressure; systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg
• Hypertension - _____ blood pressure; _____ ______ and ________ blood vessels due to __________ ____________
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Vascular Pathology
• Varicose veins - venous valves weaken; ______ _______ ______; common in the obese and people who stand for long hours
• Thrombophlebitis - inflammation of a vein that result when _____ forms in vessel with __________ ___________
• Pulmonary embolism - when ____ ______ and travels to lungs
• Atherosclerosis - filling of blood vessels with ______, _______ ______
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• Arteriosclerosis - _______ of artery(ies)
• Aneurysm – sac-like ______ of an arterial wall
• Anoxia - _______ or ______ of oxygen
• Cyanosis - _______ resulting from _______ _________ of blood
• Infarct - ______ _____due to loss of blood supply
• Stenosis - ________ of an opening or canal
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Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
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Lymphatic Vessels
• Pick up _____ ______ ___(lymph) _____ from blood capillaries and return it to bloodstream
• One-way system, only toward ________
• Porous, __________ lymphatic capillaries
• Have ________
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• Pump-less system - lymph moves by milking action of _______ and __________
• ________, _______, etc. enter lymphatics; detoured through _______ _______
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Lymph Circulation
• Thoracic duct (on left) -
________ ____; drains lymph from
_____ of body
• Rt. lymphatic duct (on right) -
_______ lymph of right _____ of
body
• Both empty into ____________ _______
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Lymph Nodes
• Function to _______ the body
a. Produce lymphocytes (WBCs) -
necessary for the ________ ________
b. Phagocytosis - engulf _________,
viruses, ________ _______, and
foreign materials in lymph
c. Filtration of _______________
from blood
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Other Lymphoid Organs
• Spleen
1. _______ and ________ blood of bacteria, viruses and other debris
2. Destroys worn-out ______ and return some breakdown products to _______
3. Stores __________ and acts as blood _____________
4. Forms lymphocytes in ________
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• Thymus
Produce ___________ for programming lymphocytes to do their protective role
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• Tonsils
______ and ______ bacteria entering the
throat (digestive or respiratory tracts)
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• Peyer’s Patches
_______ _____ in
the intestine from
penetrating ______
into the body
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Body Defenses
• Surface Membrane Barriers
______ and ____ membranes - body’s first line of defense
• __________ response - body’s second line of defense
• The Immune System
The ________ _______- body’s third line of defense