cardiovascular system: blood
DESCRIPTION
Cardiovascular System: Blood. Clinical Anatomy Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Department Misericordia Univ. Blood. Liquid connective tissue Arises from hemopoietic tissue: 1. myeloid tissues (Red bone marrow) 2.lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, etc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Cardiovascular System: Blood
Clinical Anatomy
Tony Serino, Ph.D.
Biology Department
Misericordia Univ.
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Blood
• Liquid connective tissue
• Arises from hemopoietic tissue: 1. myeloid tissues (Red bone marrow) 2.lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, etc.
• In fetus, liver and yolk sac are hemopoietic
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Properties of the Blood
• Volume 4-6L (5-6L men, 4-5L women)based on body size (8% of total body weight)
• pH 7.4 + 0.1
• 5X the viscosity of water
• Hematocrit = 45
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Blood Composition
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Plasma Composition
• 90% water
• 10% suspended or dissolved constituents
• Plasma Constituents (10%)– 0.9% NaCl + other electrolytes– Nutrients– Plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
– Dissolved gases: O2, CO2, N2
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Functions of the Blood
• Transportation media
• Osmoregulation
• Acid-Base balance
• Protection
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Hemopoiesis (RBC development)
• Rate controlled by erythropoietin secretion• Availability of Fe++, folic acid, vitamin B12 and
amino acid precursors for hemoglobin production
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RBC Production Control
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Formed Elements
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RBC (erythrocyte) • Lives 120 days• Non-nucleated
biconcave disc• 4.5-5.5 million/mm3
• 1/3 of cytoplasm is hemoglobin
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Rouleau
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Hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin Metabolism
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Point Mutation in Sickle Cell
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Blood Types
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Blood Typing
Anti-D
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ABO Blood Group Summary
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WBC Development
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WBC Development
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Distribution of WBC
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NeutrophilMost abundant circulating WBC (55-65% of WBCs), highly phagocytic, 1st to arrive at site of infection
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Eosinophil2-4% of WBC, combat irritants that trigger inflammation, phagocytic for Ag-Ab complexes, destroy worm infections, limit inflammation
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BasophilLeast abundant WBC (0.5% of WBC), trigger inflammation, contain vesicles with vasoactive compounds
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Monocyte
3-8% of WBC, highly phagocytic and chemotaxic, arrive second to neutrophils at site of infection but in more massive numbers, can undergo diapedesis; some take up permanent residence in some tissues (often has a C-shaped nucleus)
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LymphocyteSecond most abundant WBC (20-30% of WBC), function in specific immunity, two types: T and B cells
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Platelet Development
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Platelets
• 150-400 thousand/mm3
• 2-4 mcm in diameter• Function in clotting
and vessel repair
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Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding)
• Extravascular Mechanisms– Tightening of skin and muscles around injury– Behavior response (elevate, applied pressure)
• Vascular Mechanisms– Vasoconstriction (vascular spasms)
• Intravascular Mechanisms– Platelets –plug formation and factor secretion (PF3)
– Clotting factors (extrinsic and intrinsic system)
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Platelet Plug and Clotting
The common clotting pathway
Platelet aggregation is increased by the stuck platelets releasing Thromboxane which stimulates vasoconstriction and attracts more platelets to area. Prostacyclin inhibits this and is released by non-damaged endothelial cells
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Plateletstimulated
(PF3)
(TF)
(PF3) or (TF)
(Stabilizing Factor)
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Coagulation Summary1. Coagulation may be triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic
pathway, but in the body the extrinsic path is the one most commonly used.
2. Activated Factors X, V, Ca2+, and PF3 or TF combine to change Xa into prothrombin activator which catalyzes prothrombin to thrombin
3. Thrombin then catalyzes Fibrinogen to Fibrin turning the blood into a gel-like state
4. Activate Factor XIII stabilizes and strengthens the fibrin.
5. Finally the platelets in the clot contract, squeezing the plasma from the clot. (Clot retraction)
6. After 2 days, enzymes in clot activate plasminogen into plasmin with begins dissolving clot
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Fibrin Clot
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Bleeding Disorders• Thrombocytopenia
– –decrease number of platelets
• Impaired Liver Function – responsible for many of the clotting factors in the blood
– Vit. K used as co-factor in many clotting factor syntheses; liver bile salts help in absorbing this vitamin
• Hemophilia –hereditary bleeding disorders– Class A (classical) –deficiency of factor VIII; most common
hemophilia (83%)
– Class B deficiency of factor IX• A & B is sex (X) linked trait; mainly seen in males
– Class C deficiency of factor XI –less severe; seen in both sexes
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