care of clients in the home setting copyright ©2008 by pearson education, inc. upper saddle river,...

Care of Clients in the Home Setting

Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.Community Health Nursing, 5/eMary Jo Clark

21CHAPTER

Community Health Nursing, 5/eMary Jo Clark

Copyright ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Home Visit

• A nursing care visit in a client’s residence



Advantages of Home Visits

• Convenience

• Access

• Information

• Relationship

• Cost

• Outcomes



Convenience

• Clients often prefer to be seen in their homes

• Reduced transportation costs

• No waiting for services



Access

• Clients may be immobile or lack transportation

• Community health nurse has access to clients that may not necessarily present themselves for services in other settings

• A home visit permits the nurse to identify clients in need of services



Information

• The home visit permits the nurse to obtain information not readily available in other settings

• Valuable information is obtained about family dynamics, physical environment, psychological and sociocultural factors present that may have a bearing on the client’s health status



Relationship

• In the home setting, the client exerts autonomy and control

• The nurse may foster a sense of empowerment• Permits a sense of privacy • Clients may offer more information especially

about sensitive issues• The home visit fosters a sense of continuity in

the nurse-client relationship, especially if there are repeated visits, or a long-term purpose for the visits.



Cost

• Home visits and home care are less expensive than hospital care or long-term facility placement



Outcomes

• Home visitation programs have been documented to achieve a variety of health-related outcomes for many different populations



Challenges of Home Visiting Programs

• Client diversity– Multiplicity of client problems



Need for Balance between Opposing Agendas

• Intimacy and professional distance

• Dependence and independence

• Risk and safety

• Cost containment and quality

• Health restoration and health promotion services

• Task orientation and meeting client needs



Need for Balance between Opposing Agendas



Purpose of Home Visiting Programs

• Four categories– Case finding and referral– Health promotion and illness prevention– Care of the sick– Care of the dying



Case Finding and Referral

• Identify clients needing additional services

• Provide referrals to appropriate sources of services



Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

• Focuses on specific populations– Examples:

• New mothers• Children needing child developmental interventions



Care of the Sick

• Providing direct services

• Examples:– Elderly – Populations with chronic conditions– Recent hospital discharges



Care of the Dying

• Specialized services to people with terminal illnesses– Palliative care– Education and information for family members– Caregiver respite services– Physical therapy– Counseling and spiritual care– Assistance with specialized equipment needs



Planning a Home Visit

• Review previous interventions

• Prioritize client needs

• Develop goals and objectives

• Consider acceptance and timing

• Delineate nursing activities

• Obtain necessary materials

• Plan for evaluation



Review Previous Interventions

• Determine the efficacy of the interventions

• Identify successful and unsuccessful interventions



Prioritize Client Needs

• Potential threat to their health

• Degree to which the health threat concerns the client

• The ability to resolve the health issue



Develop Goals and Objectives

• Goals– Stated general expectations

• Example: Develop effective parenting skills

• Objectives– Specific/tangible outcomes desired

• Example: client will display effective communication skills in relating to their children



Consider Acceptance and Timing

• Client’s readiness to accept intervention– Build rapport and trust

• Timing of the visit– Client must be open to the visit

• Introduction of the interventions



Delineate Nursing Activities

• Nursing diagnosis utilizes:– Practice guidelines– Agency procedures/protocols– Clinical pathways

• Examples: health promotion, referral, education, technical procedures



Obtain Necessary Materials

• Supplies and materials for home visit– Educational materials– Health care equipment– Wound care supplies– Physical assessment equipment



Evaluation Planning

• Evaluation criteria obtained from outcome objectives– Long-term evaluation criteria

• Client’s receptiveness or response to nursing interventions

– Short-term evaluation criteria• Actual accomplishment of objective



Implementation of the Home Visit

• Validate assessment and diagnosis

• Identify additional needs

• Modify the plan of care as needed

• Perform nursing interventions

• Deal with distractions



Distractions

• Environmental

• Behavioral

• Nurse-initiated



Environmental Distractions

• Background noise

• Crowded surroundings

• Interruptions



Behavioral

• Client behaviors – Explore reasons for behaviors– Work to establish trust



Nurse-initiated

• Fears– Bodily harm– Client rejection– Lack of control

• Personal reactions to different lifestyles



Evaluative Criteria

• Intervention outcomes not immediately apparent

• Need to determine if subsequent visits are needed

• Need to evaluate if appropriate level of prevention was implemented



Resources

• Nurse-Family Partnership is an evidence-based nurse home visitation program the improves the health, well-being and self-sufficiency of low-income, first-time parents and their children following the David Olds model, Registered Nurses visit the home from the time the woman is pregnant until the baby is two years of age. Outcomes have been measured for over 25 years.



Resources

• The National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) is the largest nonprofit membership organization representing hospice and palliative care programs and professionals in the United States. The organization is committed to improving end of life care and expanding access to hospice care with the goal of profoundly enhancing quality of life for people dying in America.



Resources

• Home Health Agency Center, a section of Health & Human Services. This site links to current home health policies and regulations as well as home health prospective payment system rate updates. Links to payment systems, legislation, manuals, research, publications.



Resources

• HEDIS is a set of standardized performance measures designed to ensure that purchasers and consumers have the information they need to reliably compare the performance of managed health care plans. The performance measures in HEDIS are related to many significant public health issues such as cancer, heart disease, smoking, asthma and diabetes. HEDIS also includes a standardized survey of consumers' experiences that evaluates plan performance in areas such as customer service, access to care and claims processing. HEDIS is sponsored, supported and maintained by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA).

care of clients in the home setting copyright ©2008 by pearson education, inc. upper saddle river,...

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