care of the newborn
TRANSCRIPT
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The 1st 24 hours
of Life
The first 24 hours of life is a very significant and a highly vulnerable time due to critical transition from
intrauterine to extrauterine life
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Immediate Care of the Newborn
• Airway
• Breathing
• Temperature
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Airway & Breathing• Suction gently & quickly
using bulb syringe or suction catheter
• Starts in the mouth then, the nose to prevent aspiration
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051104 Neonatal Care 5
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Airway & Breathing• Stimulate crying by rubbing• Position properly- side lying /
modified t-berg• Provide oxygen when
necessary
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Temperature• Dry immediately• Place in infant warmer or use droplight• Wrap warmly
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APGAR Scoring• Standardized evaluation of the newborn• Perform 1 minute and 5 minutes after
birth• Involves (5) indicators:
1. Activity2. Pulse3. Grimace4. Appearance5. Respirations
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Care of the Newbornin the Nursery
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Components• Anthropometric Measurements• Bathing – Oil bath/ warm water bath• Cord Care• Dressing/ Wrapping - mummified• Eye prophylaxis – Crede’s• Foot printing / Identification• Get APGAR score – 1 & 5 mins• HR, RR, Temp, BP• Injection of Vitamin K
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Components
1. Proper identification –tag/bracelet2. Oil bath/ Warm water bath3. Cord Care/ Dressing4. Measurements
1. Weight2. Anthropometric measurements
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6. Crede’s Prophylaxis7. Vitamin K Administration8. Foot printing/ marking9. Vital signs10.Dressing/ wrapping
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Proper Identification• After delivery, gender
should be determined • Pertinent records should
be completed including the ID bracelet
• Before transferring to nursery, ID tag should be applied.
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Bathing• Oil bath or complete
warm water bath• From cleanest to
dirties part• DO NOT remove
vernix caseosa vigorously
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Cord Care
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Weight/ Anthropometric Measurements
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Crede’s Prophylaxis
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Vitamin K Administration
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Foot Printing
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Vital Signs
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Dressing/ Wrapping• “Mummy”• Wrap in warm
blanket• Cover head with
stockinette cap
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Daily Care1. Nutrition/ Feeding2. Elimination3. Weight4. Bathing & Hygiene/
Grooming5. Obtain vital signs6. Rooming-in7. Note for any
abnormalities
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NEWBORN ASSESSMENT
Assessment of the newborn is essential to ensure a successful
transition
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Major Time Frames
1. Immediately after birth2. Within the 1st 4 hours after birth3. Prior to discharge
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APGAR Scoring SystemA ctivity/ Muscle ToneP ulse/ Heart RateG rimace/ Reflex Irritability/ ResponsivenessA ppearance/ Skin ColorR R espiration/ Breathing
1 2 3 4 5
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INDICATORS 2 1 0ActivityActivity Active,
spontaneous Some flexionof extremities
No movement(flaccid, limp)
PulsePulse >100 bpm < 100 bpm Absent
GrimaceGrimace Pulls away, sneezes, coughs
Facial grimace only
No response with stimulation
AppearanceAppearance Completely pink Acrocyanosis Bluish-gray or pale all over
RespirationRespiration Good vigorous cry
Slow, irregularWeak cry
Absent
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Score Interpretation Nursing Interventions7 to 10 Well baby Rarely needs resuscitation
4 to 6 At riskINFANT NEEDS
INTENSIVE CARE
Requires resuscitationSuctionDry immediatelyVentilate until stableCareful observation
0 to 3 Sick babyPROGNOSIS FOR
NB IS GRAVE
Intensive resuscitationET/ Ambu bagVentilate with 100% O2
CPRMaintain body temperatureParental support
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General Guidelines• Keep warm during examination• From general to specific• Least disturbing first• Document ALL abnormal findings &
provide nursing care
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GENERAL APPEARANCE
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Posture• Full term:
– Symmetric– Face turned to side– Flexed extremities– Hands tightly fisted with thumb
covered by the fingers
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Special Concerns • Asymmetric
– Fractured clavicle or humerus– Nerve injuries (Erb-Duchenne’s Paralysis)
• Breech Presentation– Knees and legs straightened or in FROG
position
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VITAL SIGNS
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TEMPERATURE• Site: Axillary NOT Rectal• Duration: 3 mins• Normal Range: 36.5 – 37.6 C• Stabilizes within 8-12 hrs• Monitor q 30 mins until stable for 2 hrs
then q 8 hrs
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Heat Loss Mechanisms• Convection – the flow of
heat from the body surface to cooler surrounding air– Eliminating drafts such as
windows or air con, reduces convection
• Conduction – the transfer of body heat to a cooler solid object in contact with the baby– Covering surfaces with a
warmed blanket or towel helps minimize conduction heat loss
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• Radiation – the transfer of heat to a cooler object not in contact with the baby– Cold window surface or
air con; moving as far from the cold surface, reduces heat loss
• Evaporation – loss of heat through conversion of a liquid to a vapor– From amniotic fluid; NB
should be dried immediately
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Nursing Considerations• Keep dry and well-wrapped• Keep away from cold objects or outside
walls• Perform procedures in warm, padded
surface• Keep room temperature warm
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Pulse• Awake: 120 – 160 bpm—120 – 140
bpm• Asleep: 90-110 bpm• Crying: 180 bpm• Rhythm: irregular, immaturity of cardiac
regulatory center in the medulla
• Duration: 1 full minute, not crying• Site: Apical
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Nursing Considerations• Keep warm• Take HR for 1 full minute• Listen for murmurs• Palpate peripheral pulses• Assess for cyanosis• Observe for CP distress
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Special Concerns• (+) Prominent radial pulse = CHD• (-) Femoral pulse = Coarctation of aorta
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Respiration• Characteristics:
Nasal breathers, gentle, quiet, rapid BUT shallow; may have short periods of apnea (<15 secs) and irregular without cyanosis—periodic respirations
• Rate: 30-60 cpm• Duration: 1 full minute
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Nursing Considerations• Position on side• Suction PRN• Observe for respiratory distress• Administer oxygen via hood PRN and
as prescribed
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Silverman-Anderson Index• Perform to observe for signs of
respiratory distress– Chest lag– Retractions– Nasal flaring– Expiratory grunting
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Silverman Scoring System
0
1
2
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Example
0
1
2Score: 5
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Score Interpretation
Score Interpretation
0-3 No RDS
4-6Moderate RDS
7-10 Severe RDS
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Blood Pressure• NOT routinely measured UNLESS
in distress or CHD is suspected• At birth: 80/46 mmHg*• After birth: 65/41 mmHg*• Using Doppler UTZ
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ANTHROPOMETRIC MESUREMENTS
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Body Measurements• Weight:
– 5.5 to 9.5 lbs (2500-4300 gms)• Caucasian: 7 lbs• Filipinos: 6.5 lbs
– 70-75% TBW is water– LBW = below 2500 gms; regardless
of AOG
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• Length: – 45 to 55 cm (18-22 inches)– Average: 50 cm– Techniques: using tape measure
• Supine with legs extended–Crown to rump–Head to heel
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• Head Circumference (HC): – 33 to 35.5 cm (13-14 inches)– Technique: using tape measure
• From the most prominent part of the OCCIPUT to just above the EYEBROWS
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– 1/3 the size of an adult’s head– Disproportionately LARGE for its
body– HC should be = or 2cm > CC
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• Chest Circumference (CC): – 30 to 33 cm (12-13 inches)– Technique: using tape measure
• From the lower edge of the SCAPULAS to directly over the NIPPLE LINE anteriorly
– CC should be = or < 2 cm than HC
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SKIN
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Nursing Considerations• Under natural light• Assess for:
–Color–Hair distribution–Turgor/ Texture–Pigmentation/ Birthmarks–Other skin marks
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Skin Color• Velvety smooth and puffy esp. at the
legs, dorsal aspects of hands & feet and in the scrotum or labia
• Pinkish red (light skinned) to pinkish brown to yellow (dark skinned)
• “Ruddy” or reddish due to increased RBC concentration and decreased subQ tissues
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Skin Color• Cyanosis/ Acrocyanosis• Pallor• Jaundice• Meconium Staining
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Acrocyanosis
• Bluish discoloration of palms of hands & soles of feet
• Due to immature peripheral circulation• Exacerbated by cold temperatures• Normal within 1st 24 hrs
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Pallor/ Cyanosis• May indicate hypothermia, infection,
anemia, hypoglycemia, cardiac, respiratory or neurological problems
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Jaundice• Under natural light• Blanch skin over the chest or tip of
the nose
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• Physiologic– FT: after the 1st 24 hrs (2-7 days) – PT:after the 1st 48 hrs– Peaks at 5-7 days & disappears by
the 2nd week– Due to immaturity of liver– Usually found over the face, upper
body and conjunctiva of eyes
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• Pathologic– Within 1st 24 hrs– May indicate early hemolysis of RBC
or underlying disease process– Duration:
• FT: 1 wk• PT: 2 wks
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Management of Jaundice• Monitoring serum bilirubin levels
– Physiologic: not more than 5 mg/dl per day
– Pathologic: more than 15-20 mg/dl (critical levels)
• Maintain hydration• Place in bilirubin lights as needed• Provide emotional support to parents
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Phototherapy units
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Nursing Responsibilities: -cover eyes and sex organ
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Meconium Staining• Over the skin, fingernails & umbilical
cord• Due to passage of meconium in utero r/t
fetal hypoxia
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Lanugo• Found after 20
weeks of gestation on the entire body except the palms & soles
• Fine downy hair that covers the shoulders, back & upper arms
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Nursing Considerations:• More mature, less lanugo• May disappear within 2 weeks• Preterm: woolly patches of lanugo on
skin and head• Post term: parchment-like skin w/o
lanugo
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Vernix Caseosa• Protective cheesy-like, gray-white fatty
substance• FT: skin folds under the arms and in
the groin under the scrotum or in the labia
• Nursing Considerations:– Use baby oil– DO NOT attempt to remove
vigorously
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Desquamation• Dryness/ peeling of the skin• Usually occurs after 24-36 hours • Marked scaliness & desquamation =
signs of postmaturity
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MiliaMilia• Multiple, yellow or pearly
white papules approx. 1 mm wide
• Due to enlarged or clogged sebaceous gland
• Usually found on the nose, chin, cheeks, eyebrows and forehead
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Birthmarks
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Mongolian Spots• Blue-green or gray
pigmentation• Lower back,
sacrum & buttocks• Disappears by
4 years of age
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Salmon Patches• Seen commonly in NB• More on Caucasian• AKA: Naevus simplex,
"angel kisses" (when on the forehead or eyelids), and "stork bites" (over the nape of the neck)
• midline malformations consisting of ectatic capillaries in the upper dermis with normal overlying skin.
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Stork bites• Telangiectatic Nevi• Flat red or purple
lesions• Back of neck, lower
occiput, upper eyelid and bridge of the nose
• After 2 years of age
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Strawberry marks• Nevus Vasculosus or
Capillary Hemangioma• Dark red, raised
lobulated tumor• Head, neck trunk &
extremities• After 7 to 9 years of
age
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Large capillary hemangioma
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Cavernous Hemangioma
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Port-wine stain• Nevus Flammeus or
Capillary Angioma• capillary malformation• Flat Red to purple, sharply
demarcated dense areas beneath the capillaries
• Face• Does not fade with time• Associated with Sturge-
Weber syndrome
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Sturge-Weber syndrome• PWS involving the forehead (V1 area of
the trigeminal nerve), eye abnormalities (choroidal vascular abnormalities, glaucoma), and leptomeningeal and brain abnormalities (vascular malformations, calcification, or cerebral atrophy)
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Other Skin Marks
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Mottling• Cutis marmorata• reticulated pattern of
constricted capillaries and venules due to vasomotor instability in immature infants
• Bluish mottling or marbling of skin in response to chilling, stress or overstimulation
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Erythema toxicum• Newborn rash• Small, white,
yellow, or pink to red papular rash
• Trunk, face & extremities
• Within 48 hrs
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Petechiae• Pinpoint hemorrhages
on skin• Due to increased
vascular pressure, infection or thrombocytopenia
• Within 48 hrs
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Ecchymosis• Bruises• As a result of rupture of
blood vessels• May appear over the
presenting part as a result of trauma during delivery
• May also indicate infection or bleeding problems
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Harlequin Sign• When on side,
dependent side turns red and upper side/ half turns pale
• Due to gravity and vasomotor instability or immature circulation
• Skin resembles a CLOWN’S SUIT
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Café-au-lait spots• Tan or light brown
macules or patches• NO pathologic
significance, if <3cm in length and <6 in number
• If > 3 or 6 = Cutaneous neurofibromatosis
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Neurofibromatosis
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HEAD
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What to assess• For symmetry, shape, swelling,
movement–Soft, pliable, moves easily–With some molding (if VSD);
round & well-shaped (if CS)• Measure HC; HC = or > CC
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• Fontanelles “soft spot”–BAD (12-18 mos)–LPT (2-3 mos or 8-12 wks)–Bulging or sunken
• Sutures–Overriding or separated
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• Head lag– Common when pulling newborn to a
sitting position– When prone, NB should be able to lift
the head slightly and turn head from side to side
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Caput Succeedaneum• Swelling of soft
tissues of the scalp
• Due to pressure• Crosses the
suture lines• Presenting part• 3 days after birth
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Cephalhematoma• Subperiosteal
hemorrhage with collection blood
• Due to rupture of capillaries as a result of trauma
• Does not crossed suture lines
• Several weeks
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Molding• Overlapping of skull
bones• Due to compression
during labor and delivery
• Disappears in few days
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Forcep Marks• U –shaped
bruising usually on the cheeks after forcep delivery
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Craniotabes• Localized softening of the cranial bones• Can be indented by pressure of fingers• MOST common among 1st born babies,
pathological in older child—metabolic disorder
• Caused by pressure of the fetal skull against the mother’s pelvic bone in utero
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Craniosynostosis• Premature closure of the fontanelles
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Face/Eyes/Ears/Nose /Mouth
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What to Assess• Facial movement & symmetry• Symmetry, size, shape and spacing of
eyes, nose and ears
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Eyes• Color:
– white sclera– Slate gray, brown or dark blue– Final eye color: after 6-12 months
• Symmetrical• Pupils equal, round, reactive to light• (+) Blink reflex
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• (+) transient strabismus due to weak EOM
• Able to move and fixate momentarily• (+) Red reflex – if (-), cataract• (+) Edema on eyelids r/t pressure
during delivery or effects of medication• (-) Tear formation (begins @ 2-3 mos)
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Nursing Considerations• Administer eye medication within 1 hr
after birth to prevent Ophthalmia neonatorum
• DOC: Erythromycin 0.5%Tetracycline 1%Silver Nitrate 1%
• From inner to outer canthus of the eye (conjunctival sac)
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Nose• Small & narrow• Flattened, midline • Nasal breathers• (+) Periodic sneezing• Reactive to strong odors• (+) Flaring = respiratory distress• (+) Low nasal bridge = Down’s syndrome
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Ears• Soft and pliable; with firm cartilage
Pinna should be at the level of outer canthus of the eye
• (+) Low set ears = renal or chromosomal abnormalities
• May be congested and hear well after few days
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Low set ears
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Accessory tragus: remnant of 1st branchial arch
Congenital preauricular sinus:ends blindlyrisk for infection
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Mouth• Pink, moist gums• Intact soft & hard palates
– (+) Epstein’s pearls• Uvula midline• Tongue moves freely, symmetrical with
short frenulum• (+) Extrusion & Gag reflexes
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• Small mouth or large tongue = chromosomal problems
• (+) white patches on tongue or side of the cheek = Oral thrush
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Neck• Short, thick, in midline• Able to flex and extend but cannot
support the full weight of head• Creased with skin folds• Trachea midline• Thyroid gland not palpable• Intact clavicle
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Chest
• CC = or < 2cm than HC• Cylindrical; equal AP:T diameters• Symmetrical• Abdominal breathers
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• (+) Bronchial sounds• (+) Breast engorgement ;
subsides after 2 wks • (+)Prominent/ edematous nipple• (+) Accessory nipples• (+) “Witch Milk”
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Abdomen• Umbilical Cord
– 2 arteries; 1 vein– White & gelatinous immediately after
birth– Begins to DRY between 1-2 hrs
following birth– Blackened or shriveled between 2-3
days– Dried & gradually falls off by 7 days
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Daily Cord Care• Keep cord dry and clean & clamp secured• Apply 70% isopropyl alcohol to the cord
with each diaper change and at least 2-3x a day.
• DO NOT cover with diaper• Note for any signs of bleeding or drainage
from the cord and other abnormalities• Sponge bath until cord falls off.
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• GIT:– Capacity: 90 ml, with rapid intestinal
peristalsis ( 2 ½ to 3 hrs)– Bowels sounds; (+) within 1-2 hrs
after birth– Presence of mass, distention
depression or protrusion– (+) Scaphoid = diaphragmatic hernia– (+) Distended = LGIT obstruction/
mass
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• Anus– Check patency– First stool (Meconium) – within 1st 24
hrs• Sticky, tarlike, blackish-green,
odorless material
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Transitional Stool• Within 2- 10 days after birth• Breastfed:
– golden yellow, mushy, more frequent 3-4x and sweet smelling
• Bottlefed:– Pale yello, firm, less frequent 2-3x,
with more noticeable odor
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Nursing Considerations• Breastfeeding can usually begin
immediately after birth• Bottlefeeding may be started with sterile
water to 4 hrs after birth prior to formula feeding
• Burp during and after feeding• Position properly during and after
feeding
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Genitals• Female:
– Labia: edematous– Clitoris: enlarged– (+) Smegma– Pseudomenstruation possible– Visible “hymen tag”– First voiding within 24 hrs
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• Male:– Prepuce covers glans penis
• (+) adherent foreskin = Phimosis– Scrotum: edematous
• (+) enlarged = Hernia– Meatus: central
• (+) ventral/ dorsal = Hypo/epispadias– Testes: descended
• (+) undescended = Cryptorchidism
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•
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Back• Spine
– Straight, posture flexed– Supports head momentarily– Arms & legs flexed– Chin flexed on upper chest– Check for protrusion, excessive or
poor muscle contractions = CNS damage
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Extremities• Flexed, full ROM, symmetrical• Clenched fists; flat soles• With 10 fingers and toes in each
hand• Legs bowed• Even gluteal folds
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• (+) Creases on soles of feet– (-) Creases = prematurity
• Check for hip fractures or dysplasia– (+) Ortolani’s click & uneven gluteal
folds = Hip dysplasia
click
!
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• (+) inward turning of the foot = club foot or talipes equinovarus
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• (+) extra digits = Polydactyly
• (+) web fingers = Syndactyly
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Neurologic System
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Reflexes
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Sucking/ Rooting• Touch the lip, cheek or corner of the
mouth• Turns head toward the nipple, opens
mouth, takes hold of the nipple and sucks
• Disappears after 3-4 mos up to 1 year
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Extrusion• Anything place on the anterior portion of
the tongue will be “spit out’• To prevent swallowing of inedible
substances• Disappears after 4 months• Disappearance indicates readiness for
semi-solid to solid foods
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Swallowing• Occurs spontaneously after sucking and
obtaining fluids• NEVER disappear• Newborn swallows in coordination with
sucking without gagging, coughing or vomiting
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Tonic Neck/ Fencing• While the baby is falling asleep or
sleeping, gently and quickly turn the head to one side
• As the baby faces the left side, the left arm and leg extend outward while the right arm or leg flex and vice-versa
• Disappears within 3-4 mos
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Palmar(Grasping)/ Plantar• Place a finger in the palm of the baby’s
hand, then place a finger at the base of the toes
• Fingers will curl or grasp the examiner’s finger and the toes will curl downward
• Palmar: fades within 3-4 mos• Plantar: fades within 8 mos
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Moro• Hold baby in a semi sitting position then
allow the head and trunk to fall backward to at least a 30-degree angle
• Symmetrically abducts and extends the arms; fans the fingers out and forms a C with the thumb and the forefinger; and adducts the arms to an embracing position & returns to a relaxed state
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• Present at birth; complete response at 8 weeks
• MOST significant singular reflex indicative of CNS problem (>6 mos)
• Disappears after 4-5 mos.
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Startle• Best elicited if baby is 24 hrs old• Make a loud noise or claps hands• Baby ‘s arms adduct while elbows flex
with fists clenched• Disappears within 4 mos
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Babinski• Gently stroke upward along the lateral
aspect of the sole, starting at the heel of the foot to the ball of the foot
• Dorsiflexion of big toe and fanning of little toes
• Disappears starts a 3 mos to 1 year• Disappearance indicates maturity of
CNS
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Stepping/ Walking/ Dancing• Hold baby in a standing position
allowing one foot to touch a surface• Simulates walking by alternately flexing
and extending feet• Disappears after 3-4 mos
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Assessment of Gestational Age
• Dubowitz Maturity Scale– Gestational rating scale– NB are observed and tested
according to the criteria– Help determine whether the NB
needs immediate high-risk nursery intervention
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Usher’s Criteria
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FINDINGS 0-36 WKS 37-38 WKS 39 WKS AND OVER
Sole creases Anterior transverse crease only
Occl creases in ant 2/3
Sole covered with creases
Breast nodule diameter (mm)
2 4 7
Scalp hair Fine and fuzzy Fine and fuzzy Coarse and silky
Ear lobe Pliable; no cartilage
Some cartilage Stiffened by thick cartilage
Testes and scrotum
Testes in lower canal; scrotum small; few rugae
Intermediate Testes pendulous, scrotum full; extensive rugae
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Ballard’s Scoring• Completed in 3-4 min• 2 portions: physical maturity and
neuromuscular maturity
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Physical maturity
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Neuromuscular Maturity
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Scoring
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Physical maturity
19
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Neuromuscular Maturity
17
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Scoring
19+17=36
36 39
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Other Nursing Responsibilities
• Identification band• Birth Registration• Birth record and
documentation
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Newborn Screening
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• The Newborn Screening Reference Center (NSRC) is an office under the National Institutes of Health (NIH), University of the Philippines Manila created under RA 9288– The Newborn Screening Act of 2004
• Performed after 24 hours of life up to 3 days except for patient in intensive care, must be tested by 7 days
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• Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)• Galactosemia (GAL)• Phenylketonuria (PKU)• Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase
Deficiency (G6PD Def)
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Disorder Screened If not screened If screened
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Severe mental retardation
Normal
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Death Alive and Normal
Galactosemia Death or Cataracts Alive and normal
PKU Severe mental retardation
Normal
G6PD Deficiency Severe Anemia, Kernicterus
Normal
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Infant Care Skills• Holding the baby
– Football Hold– Cradle Hold– Shoulder Hold
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Football HoldPurpose: to carry on one hand free
A holding technique in bathing a babyUse for small babies
Procedure:1. slide forearm under his back2. support neck and head with your hand3. press his arm firmly against your side4. his head faces you5. infant’s feet tucked under your elbow
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Cradle HoldPurpose: use for feeding and cuddling a baby Procedure:• support head in the crook of your arm• encircle the body with your arm• press baby firmly against your side• use other hand to support bottom and thigh
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Shoulder HoldPurpose: use for burping Procedure:• draw baby towards your chest with one forearm• bracing his back and your hand cradling his head• support your baby’s bottom and thighs with your
other arm• gently press his head against shoulder
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The end
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