Career Decision-Making Career Decision-Making

Discuss:Discuss: Three approaches to CDMThree approaches to CDM

D. Tiedeman’s Process ApproachD. Tiedeman’s Process Approach A. Tiedeman’s Spiritual ApproachA. Tiedeman’s Spiritual Approach G. Peterson’s Cognitive ApproachG. Peterson’s Cognitive Approach

Video ClipVideo Clip Class ActivitiesClass Activities

Introduction to Career Introduction to Career Decision-Making ApproachesDecision-Making Approaches

Descriptive (2)Descriptive (2)- - Describes/explains the choices Describes/explains the choices

that an individual makes when that an individual makes when deciding on career choicesdeciding on career choices

Tend to be based on studies of Tend to be based on studies of adolescent or adult decision adolescent or adult decision makingmaking

(Sharf, 2002. pg. 374)(Sharf, 2002. pg. 374)

Introduction to Career Introduction to Career Decision-Making ApproachesDecision-Making Approaches Prescriptive (1)-Prescriptive (1)-

Focus on an ideal approach to Focus on an ideal approach to decision makingdecision making

Originate with psychological Originate with psychological decision-making theory or decision-making theory or observations of cognitive decision observations of cognitive decision making processes.making processes.

**The above categories lead to 2 extremely **The above categories lead to 2 extremely different ways of viewing career decision different ways of viewing career decision making**making**

(Sharf, 2002. pg. 374)(Sharf, 2002. pg. 374)

Tiedeman’s PerspectiveTiedeman’s Perspective

Influenced by:Influenced by: White’s individualistic approachWhite’s individualistic approach Erickson’s study of ego DvlpmntErickson’s study of ego Dvlpmnt Super and Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Super and Ginzberg, Ginsburg,

Axelrad, and Herma’s Axelrad, and Herma’s developmental approach,developmental approach,

to career development. to career development. Worked closely with O’HaraWorked closely with O’Hara

(Sharf, 2002. pg. 376)(Sharf, 2002. pg. 376)

Tiedeman’s Perspective Tiedeman’s Perspective (cont’d)(cont’d)

Gradual Gradual DevelopmentDevelopment and and CommitmentCommitment to choice in two to choice in two stages:stages: Anticipation (4 stages):Anticipation (4 stages):

Exploration- unsystematic leadsExploration- unsystematic leads Crystallization- definition of thoughtCrystallization- definition of thought Choice- (un)conscious awarenessChoice- (un)conscious awareness Clarification- time to reassessClarification- time to reassess

(Sharf, 2002. pg. 376-379)(Sharf, 2002. pg. 376-379)

Tiedeman’s Perspective Tiedeman’s Perspective (cont’d)(cont’d)

Adjusting (3 stages):Adjusting (3 stages): Induction- implements choiceInduction- implements choice Reformation- belonging vs rejectionReformation- belonging vs rejection Integration- normalcy sets inIntegration- normalcy sets in

(Sharf, 2002. pg. 380)(Sharf, 2002. pg. 380)

Research (pg 381)Research (pg 381)

Spirituality Spirituality

Life is one’s career; a career is Life is one’s career; a career is not a job.not a job.

Each individual is his or her own Each individual is his or her own theory maker.theory maker.

(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)

Spirituality- Spirituality- Personal & Common RealitiesPersonal & Common Realities

Personal realityPersonal reality refers to an refers to an individual’s sense of what is individual’s sense of what is right.right.

Common realityCommon reality is what others is what others say the individual should do.say the individual should do.

(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)

Spirituality Spirituality

ChangeChange- change is inevitable, - change is inevitable, occurring at many times throughout occurring at many times throughout one’s life career.one’s life career.

BalanceBalance- circumstances in our lives - circumstances in our lives cause us to seek a balance among cause us to seek a balance among the many roles that we may play.the many roles that we may play.

EnergyEnergy- in order to bring about - in order to bring about change and balance in one’s life change and balance in one’s life there must be energy.there must be energy.

(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)

Spirituality (continued)Spirituality (continued)

CommunityCommunity- there are three types of - there are three types of communities that individuals are communities that individuals are likely to participate in: communities likely to participate in: communities of companionship, communities of of companionship, communities of culture and the cosmic community.culture and the cosmic community.

CallingCalling- refers to finding one’s ideal - refers to finding one’s ideal work.work.

(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)

Spirituality (continued)Spirituality (continued)

HarmonyHarmony- finding the work that will - finding the work that will bring about a true sense of bring about a true sense of appreciation and understanding.appreciation and understanding.

UnityUnity- unity of career refers to feeling - unity of career refers to feeling a sense of flow or being totally a sense of flow or being totally involved in one’s work, to be a part involved in one’s work, to be a part of the work, not apart from it.of the work, not apart from it.

(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)(Sharf, 2002, pg 382-388)

Cognitive ApproachCognitive Approach A.A. Gary Peterson, James Samson, Gary Peterson, James Samson,

Robert Reardon, and Janet Robert Reardon, and Janet LenzLenz

B. The Pyramid of Information B. The Pyramid of Information Processing (pg.393)Processing (pg.393) 1. Knowledge Domains1. Knowledge Domains

Self-KnowledgeSelf-Knowledge Occupational Knowledge Occupational Knowledge

2. Decision-Making Skills Domain2. Decision-Making Skills Domain A. CASVE (pg.397)A. CASVE (pg.397)

(Sharf, 2002, pg 391-404)(Sharf, 2002, pg 391-404)

Cognitive Approach (cont’d)Cognitive Approach (cont’d)

3. Executive Processing Domain3. Executive Processing Domain A. Self-TalkA. Self-Talk B. Self-AwarenessB. Self-Awareness C. Monitoring and ControlC. Monitoring and Control

C. Career Thoughts InventoryC. Career Thoughts Inventory 1. Decision-Making Confusion1. Decision-Making Confusion 2. External Conflict2. External Conflict 3. Commitment Anxiety3. Commitment Anxiety

(Sharf, 2002, pg 391-404)(Sharf, 2002, pg 391-404)

Cognitive Approach-Cognitive Approach- 7-step Service Delivery 7-step Service Delivery SequenceSequence Initial interview Initial interview Preliminary Assessment Preliminary Assessment Define problem and analyze causesDefine problem and analyze causes Formulate goalsFormulate goals Develop individual learning planDevelop individual learning plan Execute individual learning planExecute individual learning plan Summative review and Summative review and

generalizationgeneralization (Sharf, 2002, pg 404-5)(Sharf, 2002, pg 404-5)

Career Decision-Making Career Decision-Making Approaches:Approaches: Applied to Women & Diverse CulturesApplied to Women & Diverse Cultures

Lack of research offers little Lack of research offers little information information

Spiritual and Cognitive Spiritual and Cognitive Counselors would try to apply Counselors would try to apply their approach to all genders & their approach to all genders & cultures.cultures.

Potential for researchPotential for research (Sharf, 2002, pg 407)(Sharf, 2002, pg 407)

Video Clip – Nothing to LoseVideo Clip – Nothing to Lose

Career Decision-Making RelatedCareer Decision-Making Related Did you hear positive or negative Did you hear positive or negative

self-talk? What was it?self-talk? What was it? Do you think he has a personal or Do you think he has a personal or

common reality? common reality? Later in the movie, he finds a job Later in the movie, he finds a job

that is in the field of computers!!that is in the field of computers!! Provide a bit of Comic-ReliefProvide a bit of Comic-Relief ActivitiesActivities

Video Clip – Nothing to LoseVideo Clip – Nothing to Lose

Cognitive Decision MakingCognitive Decision Making

1.  Separate into three groups. 1.  Separate into three groups.

2.  One group member will take on the role of client, and 2.  One group member will take on the role of client, and the rest of the group will be counselors.the rest of the group will be counselors.

3. Client is to improvise as needed.3. Client is to improvise as needed.

4.  Counselors- this is the third session, and rapport has 4.  Counselors- this is the third session, and rapport has been established. been established.

5.  Help client become aware and explore negative self-5.  Help client become aware and explore negative self-talk. ex: "I am a loser." talk. ex: "I am a loser."

"When one is aware of one's decision making, "When one is aware of one's decision making, negative self-talk can be labeled and then negative self-talk can be labeled and then changed” (Sharf, 402). changed” (Sharf, 402).

Spiritual Decision MakingSpiritual Decision Making

Personal realityPersonal reality refers to an individual’s refers to an individual’s sense of what is right.sense of what is right.

Common realityCommon reality is what others say the is what others say the individual should do.individual should do.

1.1. Get into groups of two and Get into groups of two and discuss your own personal and discuss your own personal and common realities.common realities.

2.2. Class processing of Class processing of conclusions.conclusions.

Process PresentationProcess Presentation

Review:Review: Questions from Video:Questions from Video:

Did you hear positive or negative Did you hear positive or negative self-talk? What was it?self-talk? What was it?

Do you think he has a personal or Do you think he has a personal or common reality? common reality?

Later in the movie, he finds a job Later in the movie, he finds a job that is in the field of computers!!that is in the field of computers!!

Reason for ActivityReason for Activity