career-eu, limassol, 2010 brain circulation: from brain drain to brain gain dr. shoshana de la...
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CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
Brain Circulation: From
Brain Drain to Brain Gain
Dr. Shoshana de la Fuente
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
EURAXESSPartners: Israel, Iceland, Spain & Ireland
• EURAXESS Services is a network of more than 200 centres located in 35 European countries assisting mobile researchers.
• Among the services offered are assistance with locating accommodations, understanding social security issues and assistance with procuring visas.
• http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/index.cfm
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
EURAXESS JOBShttp://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/index.cfm/jo
bs/index
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
The Euraxess Network and its Service Centres support and promote mobility of researchers.
Why is it important?
• Exchange of scientific knowledge and ideas
• Creating a network of connections among scientists and academics throughout the world
• Promoting Brain Circulation - an almost equal exchange of people AND knowledge between nations.
Mobility of Researchers
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
People does not equal knowledge and therefore must be examined separately.
Developing a uniform questionnaire for distribution to researchers throughout Europe:-why researchers pursue a research career outside Europe & remain there -why researchers choose to return to their home country in Europe
Concept and Objective
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
The Situation Today• The flow is almost entirely one-way toward the
U.S.
• Young EU scientists travel to the U.S., for Ph.D. studies and for post-doctorate appointments.
• Scientists from the U.S., post-docs or others, rarely migrate to the EU.
• This situation has led to an EU 'Brain Drain' – loss of European scientists in favor of the U.S.
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
Percent of Temporary Residents Receiving S&E Doctorates in 2000 who
were in the U.S. in 2005
Country of Origin Foreign Doctorate
Recipients (#)Percent in the U.S. in 2005
Israel 30 33
United Kingdom 68 58
Germany 168 49
Turkey 248 49
Spain 46 56
France 64 59
Greece 68 54
Italy 72 46
Other EU countries 266 60
Other Europe, East 400 82
Other Europe, West 39 42
Source
: Fin
n, M
. G. (2
00
7). S
tay R
ate
s of F
ore
ign
Docto
rate
Recip
ients fro
m U
.S. U
niv
ersitie
s, 20
05
, O
ak R
idge, T
N: O
ak R
idge In
stitute
for S
cience
and E
duca
tion
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
In absolute numbers ~11,000 PhD graduates between 1991 and 2000 from all disciplines stayed in the US .
About 500,000 PhDs were awarded in Europe during the same period.
(Moguérou, 2006)
In quantitative terms,
the European Brain Drain seems marginal!
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
Destinations of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
(DFG) Postdoctoral Fellows in 2007 (in %)
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
Highly-cited Physicists: Gain and Drain by World Region
Source
: Ali e
t al. (2
00
7) E
lite scie
ntists a
nd th
e
glo
bal b
rain
dra
in. P
aper p
rese
nte
d a
t the W
orld
U
niv
ersitie
s Confe
rence
, Shanghai, C
hin
a
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
Quantity Versus Quality
The European Brain Drain, while relatively small in quantity,
appears to be significant in terms of quality.
Research in this field indicates an unbalanced talent flow
between the EU and the U.S.
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
Factors Leading to Brain Drain
Push Factors
Pull Factors
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
Pull Factors
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Host standard of living
Immigration procedures
Family reasons
Social security, pensions
Safe return schemes
Salary
Personal connections
Foreign languages
Career opportunities
See the w orld
Prestige of institution
Career development
Very Important Quite important Somewhat important Not very important Not at all important
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010
Push Factors
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Gender issues
Political unrest/w ars
Low er standard of living in your country
Lack of fair recruitment policies
Low er salaries
Weakness of home country's research
Supervisor's advice
Extensive bureaucracy
Lack of employment opportunities
Lack of funding
Very Important Quite important Somewhat important Not very important Not at all important
CAREER-EU, Limassol, 2010