SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTEDFROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’SCONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT

IN MARITIME CUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFFAND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST

BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987AND 14 MARCH 1990

by

Peter V. Hobbs and Arthur L. Rangno

Research Supported byDivision of Atmospheric Sciences

National Science Foundation

September 1990

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWARD

Page

1

TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROMTHE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131ARESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIME CUMULIFORM CLOUDSOFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 1990 3

FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 1

SOUNDING DATA FOR THE FLIGHTS

10

13

FOREWORD

Since 1978 we have carried out 118 research flights in various types of clouds offthe Pacific Coast of Washington State and in western and eastern Washington State. Theprincipal goals of these studies have been to measure the concentrations of ice particles inclouds at various stages in their life cycles, to relate the ice particle concentrations to othermeasured parameters, and to determine the mechanisms responsible for the formation of theice (particularly high ice particle concentrations in clouds with tops >-20’C commonlyreferred to as ice multiplication or ice enhancement).

Accounts of these studies through May 1984, including tabulated data (similar to

the tables presented here) as well as detailed descriptions of case studies andinterpretations, may be found in J. Atmos. Sci.. 42, 2523-2549 (1985) and Atmos. Res..22, 1-13 (1988). Descriptions of some of our principal findings since 1984 will appearshortly in the Quarterly Journal of the Roval Meteorological Society and the Journal of the

Atmospheric Sciences. However, these latter two papers do not contain tabulated datasummarizing our more recent measurements. In view of the relative sparsity of informationon the microphysical structures of clouds, particularly as it pertains to ice particles, wepresent here tabulated data summaries for all of our research flights since 1987 in maritimecumuliform clouds that formed (with one exception) in westerly polar maritime airstreams.

A few further comments are needed to place this tabulated data in context. Someimportant differences exist between the clouds listed in this report and the maritimecumuliform clouds discussed by Hobbs and Rangno (J. Atmos. Sci.. 42, 2523, 1985).Although many of the cumuliform clouds in the latter study were shallow, they were oftencontiguous complexes, with median and average widths of 7 and 11 km, respectively. Incontrast, the maritime cumuliform clouds listed in the following tables were isolated andhad median and average widths of 1.1 and 2.1 km, respectively. There are two main

reasons for these differences. Firstly, improved data resolution permitted us to look at

smaller clouds and, secondly, in our more recent studies we have deliberately targetedsmaller, isolated clouds. The higher data resolution has also permitted us to look at smallerturrets nearer cloud top (< 30 m from cloud top, compared to 50-100 m in our earlierstudies).

The overall characteristics of the clouds tabulated here, such as cloud basetemperature (3.5 +/- 3’C), the temperature at which significant concentrations (^ 1 L-*) of icewere first detected (-4 to -7C), total droplet concentrations (-80 +/- 20 cm-3), were

relatively stable from day-to-day in the westerly polar maritime airstreams in the vicinity ofthe Washington Coast However, since the vertical distributions of moisture, temperature,

and wind in these airstreams varied, so did the organization of the cumulus clouds. Forexample, stratocumulus cumulogenitus was often present at cloud top (e.g. UW Flightnumbers 1331, 1336, 1371), cumulus tops sometimes protruded through a widespreadlayer of stratocumulus (e.g. UW Flight number 1424), and, when an especially stronginversion layer was present, protruding cumulus tops sank back below the stable layer into

stratocumulus clouds after remaining at their maximum altitude for only a few minutes (e.g.UW Flight number 1331). One important parameter that was not measured (due to lack ofsuitable instrumentation) was the vertical air velocity. However, for the relatively smallmaritime cumulus clouds listed here, the vertical velocities were generally in the range 1 to

5 m s-1.The maritime clouds described by Hobbs and Rangno (1985, 1987) and in this

report are virtually identical in overall composition and behavior to those studied in theAustralian Pacific by Mossop et al. and his coworkers. For this reason, we believe thatthese data are representative of polar maritime cumulus clouds in general.

We hope that the data tabulated here will be found useful for a variety of purposes,including basic cloud structural studies, hypothesis testing, and as input and verification

data for numerical models. In the near future, we will issue a similar data tabulation forcontinental-type cumuliform clouds.

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM TOE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIMECUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 1990^ (SEE PAGE 10 FOR FOOTNOTES)

UW OK Qoul Nontai TmfIhghi (YiMo unto ofihe uoflmfmuter Dy) lorfl he|Kl

P- OocJ

Ibi HrMBdoud S<c)

r.-.3\ 1-kni of mor p-dM

10)04

143649

1109531M9S9

110304110304

M0309

9424194(32

94117

0309

113150113207113326

1331

134C33

135312135910141317

D--a Qom Quid Fhtht Flifhl Qoul Euau-l Qoud Wid6d Wdlbot MB- Wilthd 1M3H2offlKhl ^J t-e Ifri tetl Bp upxl dom hqod 35-GHl chotewl inqw- p-iae aqw. ckNd up bulb (MET ^pdUo* (hPl) Wfa. of. Bin) dour -tel echo

de-lip (<kl<?1 (defO5 (*tC^ lhhl nifhl bf tin (1m)(m) ^^ y^ kl level drol

(km) (km) (tan)

162

300 761 -9.7

711

Tod COOK COBB-

J^ kf,<14 >20 Mm

t-V-" ^Sf

0--. TBiol Cam Ai-n (to- MB- Mj> MB- MB- Typurf Acft WNttrf Pft Mu- Uss- D-ty Qyal Proper. DonamoElf teHnp MfBrf ;.W Pfl vape otcrfUl Decaf utmost<kp> VKVm <JRf hqad JW ;-W pnckj auoBOf Ofus Ade iiphai |lu Kh nek

>23mn DT >IO)MB h^d l>|ad fnm2-D fSftS (m)" P*V^ fsmat np-1 onglu j^l; cr^tti ternifnui (M’U’ --r ofxe ofx* of >1 >1 lodoad i^kll luhiloB ml

(cm9)" (L’) pmdM pnck> prah. &HM di--tr cahBr (S) ibdt Bfhthid"l dm-3! ow2SO <>-r2SO fron2-D [ron2D yB ^j21

pcte fn2D n^ ^ (L-i)15 (L-^6 (L-I)"V tttttw fzsa2-D fsom

(.-3) a--1)’.13 -y cwc(L-l)9 (L-1)1’

1.9 2,3,4 Cll.r.

1,2

1,2

2,3,4

2,3,4

2,3,4

2.3,4

2,3,4

2,3.4

3,4

2,3,4

2,3,4

3,4

1,3

2,3,4 Clf.n.S’-

2,3,4

1,2,3

0,1

1,3

1,2

0,2

1,2,3,41,2,3,4

Clf,Nl?

H.

n.cr 99/1

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIMECUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 19901.2 (SEE PAGE 10 FOR FOOTNOTES)

UW DK Qood Nimte TinaOi|hl (YrMc im&r Jdf um(lm(i-te Dy) Mart be^B

p- (locJtteDoChihu HiMn.daud &c)

1333 1(0311

1331 01110321

1113

141712

1S1103151240151151151451IS1517161901

IH151

11111311 0121 112042

112301

11012}

1114

14115

133411012} 141401

144114

152744

151237

110123

110123155024

141010133( 141114

1336

141537141501

1111 141S47141551

142120

1424K142100142101142M114115114125*143527

111114131*151H727

111140

1117K111751131(1]

111(45

n,,^. ciBBd Omi FlitU Pliillt Clond Enmd doni WKthrf Wdtof Mm- Widftaf 35<3Hi Tolll CCBBB-

otffiihl ... IM le-l tell lP iqi-i doud liqud 35-GHi icho A^ iwrf

M W- P-- V- f- ^t"f bulb (-- A,* Mtl iyp.8 .tambekiw (tff^ ea^R- u^r. ada) cloudA icxted echo <14Hm

cy ^ ^ ^ ^ -^ ^ ^ ^ <-1/-" ^(to) (kill) (1m)

-1.1 -11.5

122

121

-14.5

HI -15.5

6U7H -H.77157H

-12.2.5

100100

755

-11.5 -11.5

751-.7

711 -12.*

20 -10.1-10.*

-t.l-<

-7.5

7M -12

-1.2-t.l-S.i

500

f

715-t.O

7727M

-1.7-t.O

-11

0.5

2.5

Cafh

tlBaf*q>

>20

(a.3)9

’^ ^

0.4 1.0

1, l~l

QaaB-

dnp.>23 HIDfhry^T

wV

Tuld Conn. Awnr Mw- Mm- Ma- MB. Mn. TypMOt Amw WuUaf PtA Ms- MEB- Douy CryU Pmpx- DuKtinittedrop ctf J-W ym^fi KO- afawM luuxloa Qcaaf ofaKiJilinanm iteix liqn4 IW ;W pidc avumal TffKia ouraf link Kpfax gta> diDT >l(um hqud bqud ImmiD twit f-n)" PVH naiaar erpl-d cm[li j,^19 crfim reljav

(>>""’ dUDDr da oia afn s^n^ >\ >1 lodoad ^,1S hjlllai

ff \f pOTdM pOTcle. prah. duo-- dumr aims (S) ilidl ufliihl’’""d (im3) awW mctlSO ImmIrO furl-D ^JO hv^l((m’3) laB mot nurf pmcln

pmcle fr<m2.D nnl Eixl (L-1)1S (L-1)16 rt-l)17Tepaa imxgBly Erom2-D fmm(1B3) (L’1)9’13 ""I")’ OTC

^f (L-l)9

os 2.3,42.3,<

3.<2.3,< 0.15 100

1"

2,3,1 0.112,3,1 0.25

’cl;

;,3,<

;

^ C"(

2,3

1,3

2.3.4

3,4

2.3.4

0.2

3.1 cl(, 10/10I.2.3 "/I

2.3,4

2.3.42.3,4

2.3.<

1,1

3,1

2,3,1 S102,3,4

M/103.4 100

1,2

3,<

1,2

1,2

1,2

1.2

2.32,3,1

1.2

1,2

2,3 0.012,1

0.2 0.1

1.

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIMECUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 19901’2 (SEE PAGE 10 FOR FOOTNOTES)

LW DM Cloud Nimtar Tin. Duff

Ol^ (Yrtto odte umflfflf offhfluamta Dft uojt tec Ind

p- (loc. trio.

Ihniocli cloydbpihu Hritfc- ;m)doul SB:)

pd> from D ml nri (L-i>15 (,.-1)16 ^"T’n"itl inmeiT fran2D from

K1121 100100SO*

110411UK 110411

13K

12 14515(

14S(10

151120

151305

152012152301

1S27K1317 IIOS04 1521S4 10

I311S2

132100

132721

13S7 110705 142254 300142111

1107051357 142414 500

11070513S7

143347

I1S7

1157 110705 141157<00

I1S7 1107051117 11070S 144(12

1117 110705

110705

0ml dad Fli|lu

^3 t- Inri

(hP)(*C14

122

101

121

710715

754

III111

727727

727

721

7016(7

Fh|hl Oat E.UU1 Omt Widtof Widlhof M-- WxUrf i5GHl Tom G- CODOB. QD. Tnlcf Cte A--. Mm. Mn- MB- Vte- MB T.oftel up top- dot I|i.d 35-GHi ,cho *, ,< niunof .<mof tedroi. , 7w mSi ^ " ^^ A--; writaf pe*

’2T ’2:’ ’S^ 1 ^ cloT. *. S W8 -^ *^ -^ P" ^ 1^- IW JW ca^- ca-S- p^l ^ ’2? ^ttnpr- tcf- Kdn) doodx ndxd edu <l4(u >20 MB >23|im DT >100yni hiud liqud ^>-b,0 (d,0’ iBtta tliih. byto (ta,) (.^ ^ ^J ^ ,^,. ,t^ .S; ^ "^ "^ hmw wrt <">" "’^ w S S ^ -v41 ^ ^ ^ ’- p-^. p^-S. *S *-S ca>IJm) (km) w d-, (in.-1) 250 o,S .^^ f^To

(.a-3) km o( mot

(tB-3) (L’l)9-13 iniW OIPC(L’l)9 (L-1)SI

-3.*

-3.1-3.1-3.1

-10.7-5.7

-3.

-5.1-5.* -7.5

.7 .5

-t. -1-11.

1.5

0.3

-7.5

-11.2

11

S ^ ^ ^ ^ S:2 0:: 0:; ,:: o:: ;:, ^ ;,; ;:;;.,2.3 2? 100

3’l’2’1,1,

31 2,3’.

,"11 0.01

’i’

15140

107757

30

II*31*

3.2.3.

0.12

2.3.4’<’< 01,?," ;;^ Clf.n.lt 15/14/1,4

Clf.

0.21

0.11

Wm- Mno- 0am, Cryl PKipB-- DiiKtaa^ crcrjiul hibrcr of afiarft.hk iqhc fl- +/- n+/-

nfrf np-d onti- ril*19 crim Kiwlodoud ,1,^,18 luyiaa tomd

(s) link fli|lu.. ()-’ li^l

100

;00

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH ATRrp AFT TN ^APTTTA.CCUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 199Q1.2 (SEE PAGE loTo^OT^TE^UW Drii Qoiri Numtar Tunenifta (YrMo (tfdK uniflfflimitol Dy) uart tec

p- (locj

itni HritfB-doid S4C)

110705

130154

111104

122512

1301DI

135301

111117

141151

OubnoBof flightlevel

belimcloud lap

(m)

Qoud aoud Fbghl

^3 t-- ]CT1

(lift)

(delO4

781

Fh(hl Qoud EinmMd dott Width o<1ml lop up- doid

lEO-r fiq- cloud Bp bulb (w-rva^s- Kiiqr- adst)

(..03 ^ ^ ^ ^(km)

-10.5 -13.5

-4.3

-5.5

-10.51.0

Widlhc-f

L^md

cloud..!nigtelevd

(km)

MJD- Wnth of3S-GHi

otinh

bv thu GOD)doud

iTmi)

350HI TomBctao AmIvpB^

(-V

QIEB- Caiom-(rf of

dR^u drDf<14Hm >20

1-’)’-" (crn^

QimB.

drof>23nniAmu

fan-^

Til of Csmc- Amipibnp W

ipectnsD dn]c lu)ud^Ty

(H-)10.’2 (kttr

fl.1)9cloxl

(g"’3)

39

M*JD-

JWhquid

(Am3)

M.BO-

JWhqud

pnc..i

TglCB

(Am-3)

Mn- Mi

ofTWUCJU p-nicl.f

250Ion of

from2-D trivet

im-iiai^ from 2-D1)^,13 unjiyry

(L’)!’

Ml- T.perf ATO^ W;lUlo< Pat Mm- Mno.grxupel xovt

pxudel uvsoaot Kpaa uncaof ilideImm 1-D wi fm)^ SW^ awcmct eiraol

afK* E^tt^4 >1 [odoiMlpnide cunx4R dmm isil"r250 ’n>m2.D inim2-D

tl g.l)U g,-])16 (,.i,i7froOIPC

t-1)9

^

2,3,4

\

2, \

340

430

OenBty Crylulacmul hjIniioD

tl- A*"liite-8

---l’,P.,Sl

Pl,Cll-,Sc

Clf,

Clf,Nl.i,r>.

Clf,PI

Clf,PI.HI.

cK.n.m.

Clf.Nl*.?Clf,111.

Clf.St.PIClf,III

Clt,Hl,Pi

OfEffa

crt1hjClan

ikdt

(1)2

B5.10.

DuRCtloa

iclalivLownnd

ilfh^illevOl^l

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT TN MARTTTMFCUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH 199C^?(S^G^TO?F^O^UW Dk Qood Nimtar TimDi(k (YrMo mater ofte umplm|

mmter D) uojt be^I- (lool

Ihniuthihj HiMa-dgud &E)

1171 1441111171 I44}0<

144411

111117141401

31

1U141

111111

111111111121

1372 111121

133114111101

111711

111(1*

IHIK1372 111121

111*1(

14001t140404140107

140917

141110

1377 1)010}

1*0203

141011142017142111142101142441

1)0101

1377 1)0201

142*101)020] 14114(

144311

1*0101

377 1)0101 144UI377 110*41177 151014

151114151221111111

41 1117011)0101

177 1*0201377 112001

1520241520SO152311

Out-- Qood Qod FH|ht Flifhl acnd ElBf-d Qauoffli|hl ^ b IrnI leni Ufi nyIwtl fay- iirai Rqr. M^r- claidop bulbbdo. (hP EI^T. w.

cloudBp (d.,o4 ((t,,c>S (il^Q6(m) lB,C)7 (lt>C)

2.5 -t.l

70

7001000

-20,0

-11

1570

-21.

-10

-10

-1.1

-11 120

-It.-K.

-7.1

-4.1-5.5

772

-21.-21.

71*

-21.-24-21

-24.1

WiAhtt Widths Mu- Widaardoul liqad 35-OHl(w ifcpA Hkndi.) cladB nctad ecbanfhfht fliihl bvdiu (km)IMJ k-1 dadfm) (knu cm)

l.t

0.5

..- ’ ’’’I’"*

M,C1.,C1,

2.2

.3

.71.}

VWz Tom Co. Canfr Qua. Tlrf Cma- Axaf Mu. Mn- Mrt- A, ra-rf no( MK.J ite*,, rt JW ; M"" ^"^ A’-- v’M"t PIE* M- -A- Oam, C^ttI fto-lyp. d>ap <tqx diqx qxanm drof liqud J.W JW nj^. "1". Fm^ "’ ^ajml tibrog Daaof

<14|iB >20|liB >23tun I>r >100 hmd IM,KIpretoi aitsmnl refxxi trancnof link icfkm il-

t-’>’"l, ’"? d"" -7"1 *-- -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ faaw

^ ^ ’"^ ""- "’-- ^S ^9 ^1l-V-" (a.->)9 ta.^ n.-l)9 pmcto p^. p.^ "-"1 >lo. iDdoad ,,^i8 ^^dad ^3) o2SO o,2SO fn,M ,^D "^ fs) ’h*("-) 1km mot mof jo

P-lri. fr2D M nrt n7^ T3 ^""1"ie| imupy fnn2D fn^i

<L C-’1)17dm3) fL-1)’1-13 I(BT OIPC

0-1)9 (1.1)51

: ; - 0-

^ ^ ^ 0:; ;:; ;; ^ ,; -:: ^. ^

’. 0:: o-’ 0-? ^ 0-"

;S ^ ;0 3; 2. S-: ^.; -" ";

o:4 0’ l^:>4 -0’

^ 3;: 3" S:, ;; ,L2" ’- 3’; ;;3 0:0; ^ ^

" " " ;; ,;; ;:; ::; ;:; !.:; ;:; ;:;:: ::;i ;;: ::;; ;:: " "-:;; ,; = ^ ::; ::; ; ;3 .;; ’:;:: :::: ^ - : ^ -;;;

110

270

’2’-

r,ci,c-

n.spi

Pl.Clg

n.cii.ci.n.cifl.ci*Pl.Clq.Cl.

rl,Cl.,clii

1*0

110l70

S:2 2:1 0:5 3::n,ci.ci.

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ;:; ^ o-; ^?’2 ll< ""

^ ^ ^ ;:! ^ o-i ^ ^ ^ ^ !, ^ S

^ ^ ^ ^ 7-; ^ S:; ’; ----^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ’1 0-5 ;’ ^ ..S /^;:

^ ^. ;.;

^ 3;: oo; a^ ^ ^ ^ ^; ;-;; ’" :f ? ; 2; 2-3-; -; -; ^ ;;

ci,,c;

! F1,C1,,C1.

1.,C1.,C.

H.Cl.Clq".C1..C1,

..:0 2, """.H,C1.,C1,

H.C1..C1,3’ H.C1..C1,

0.1 ;,’’!’4

:5

DiMCtlOBorICTrfln*

iel4BVlonal3ini|ht

Icv^l

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OFAIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OFWASHINGTON’S CONVAIR r n A PPWi ^u ^, . r^CUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30JANUARY"S"ScHll^S^^F^SNimbr Tint Duff doitl dad Fll(hl Fli|ta arirflf Mio^fflf oflh|lu i^3 t- ;eid Inj 109Ha ber levri caf. pK_ Bif. Bgpr. doBiUpp- (teal bdow (hPt)

^ H^,- "y ^’^ ’^O5 W^doil be)

Qood

uipoM

bulb

WiAhrf Widibrf MM-dcul liqoj

(<ltC)7 (*C) lewlUfhfhlInJ(kB)

ni|ht

leni(tan)

by Ihudoulfm)

Wid&of 35CHi35-GHl cho

S: waOm)

Tom QmB. Caxi- CCODR- Tulrf Ctxnittp nrrt trauoBof itcdn^i

<SR^ +/-1^1 drqB ipwinBl di^x<14mn >20(un >Z3 l>r >1(X) |im

sm^ ^’im>r ’""’" ’t"

AWJWbqud

Mm-

IWiqud

Mn. M-- MB- Tyi-W A<, Widhrf Pat

(CB^ a--’)’

;W

bqoj

pncbKrai

froni2.D

cw2M 250tan ot of

fnxD 2-D Iriwl UUMiinupir &om2.D fttim

OIPC(L-l)i>

(tin3) (L’l)9-13(̂L’)

re^oB of(m)" SWi

Min>- DnBiy Cryil Propn. Dina

"^ acryul lubron goBdf oficrtfiJ’* itl*c |lw exb iKt

’"I- ih*19 cr.1 xlm

2-0

lodoiri(S)

lick18

(L-1>U (L-l)"pilDCiM

g..l)17

iluk

(H)30filth!

lm|21

IS]404-21.1-21.

3.4

H.Cl,cli,H,Cl.clgH,C1.,CI,F1,C1,C1

121741122017122051 l.<

1.3,4

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF AIRBORNE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON’S CONVAIR C-131A RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IN MARITIMECUMULIFORM CLOUDS OFF AND NEAR THE WASHINGTON COAST BETWEEN 30 JANUARY 1987 AND 14 MARCH \990^ (SEE PAGE 10 FOR FOOTNOTES)

D Qood NIB- T Dm-n Cloud CKBl Fli(ht FUfbl Oarf Eanul Cloud Widlhof Wutthrf Ml. Widttof 35<iHl Tal

<^1 (^o ^ ofd. ^< fn4kt ^ b- 1- l~t - ^d-1 ^ swt "3 *

n^tor Dy) "nrt te^ teri t-- "V- "V- cloalBp bulb (wr (kpH uk iypn^ i^, (hPU B^T- of- nif) clouilB ~cfad e<+/-o

^ ddl, (*,C)- (*.C)S (*C)’ "WU af b^ (tan) ,-’,"ihu HiMo- (ml (<hC)7 ^tO Ic’tl lewl doal

dmi SB;) (km) ^ (km)

1211 170110 13H11 10. 3.1 -4.. ^2.7 2.; ; ;^

""" 0’4"’ 1"*" :; :3 3;1211

1110 ^ ^ 2.^.71121 11410. "";’.71221 114714 0.7

132( 71221 120744 100 720 ^1471121 11173. 7" -"; ’;;

132. .71221 111*"

71221 111141 -..;"

132. 11H10 ;-2 -^ ^112t 111755

13 121MO ;; ;;124010 100 ^124220 -3.0 ;-2124.10 -3-3 o’l

132. 131340 -3-t \-1 Q’?131740 ^.2 ;;

^-’133154 -14

115.0. 350 77, -;5.5 ^12021 11^ ^;327 :7;2.2 ;21:47 50; ^ :^ -1^ 1 .0:

^ E iE 2 -1 i; i; n SiS ^ S S :s2 ^ ;: ;:; ^1117 71222 132711 10 ^.1327 132715 ’’; ; i’1317 1321.

1127 11W .7 -^ to;111421

1327 ! ..:1327 /’ 0’.

134711 100 -7.5

1327 114.11 ISO -." 0;1327

3( -^- .; ’. ’2 tol1327 135105 ^..S tS1327 135715 1.^ ^.71327 140730 1000

1121112111211321

1321

1321 110120

1321 110120IIOllO

1321 .101201321

1101201311 110120

1321

1321 11011013211321 0120

1.0110112> 01201111

1111IIOllOIIOllO

110120

lOSir

^447,^3 -10.0;.^0; 2;. -1... -1-;5 ^120110 -. ?!120505 -(.7

2074; .^ ^121057120711 400 .10

.3*"H 3;. ^0.5 -4.1;.; .; ";-11.1

14143 10 730

24^2 727

21001Gl4>-12.5

130001 10

0111^l5tl4 10 .5iSIH -10. O.t ’;^; 10

111115 -10.1

1111H 712 -10. -11 -17

Hoi 110 .5 71, -12 -It ’ ;100 711 -11.5 l.

HH; 3;; 747 ;.7 2.^ ^10 .1 -11. -11.1 .1

71. -11. -12.1 -1..1 ^10 -12.1

Hoio .1 -12. -12.1 -lt.1

\ ;3l^l -11.1 -11

Car

a"-<14HB

-’/"

12

Om-

*T.>20|un

^?

35

CCHB- TillntuBd ttafd

cteT. va>23|un Ch

!as^>

24

111

J Cac Awn|i Mm. Mltvp msisct }-w

djq> hqud ;.w J.>IOO |im bind Isf

SS ^ ^((m"-)P"

(is

0.1

1.2

1.01.10.10.1

.2

MX- MB Ma- TyfMaf A-r Widllrf

W pmdM vmmsl nfssad fa2-D pm^ /mfif a(m n--14 ST-pmer pBtcl- pwdu j

mv]SO <KT250 !nm2Dkm mar mot WEte

EraBZO nri a-I y-\fSiin^ll) tea2-D froni

B3) (L1)’.13 -7 OIFCa-’1)!’ ^

2,3.4

1.2,1 0.211,2 C.04

2,3,4

2.3.4

1,2

1,2

1.1

1.2.J

2,3,4

1.0

2.3,4

3,<

3,4

1,1,1

2.1,4

3,1

2,42,3,42,3,4

3,4

2,3

2,3

PMk MR- Mco- Dmiy Cryim Preptr- Dinct-leap ofa^m h^faB licorf of-zrfl

Iluaid llnte sftcm |lr o* nek(Ifl muaar lf-d oniliK f^W cryral nl--,lma lodoul ^A18 luhKB uwmtIrnni (S) ihik ufli|hthvm],D ,%)C b.j21

(L-l)16 (L-l)17

n.ci:H.C1;

Pl.df H/1

CK, ii/

FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 1

Contact: Professor Peter V. Hobbs, Atmospheric Sciences Department, AK-40,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.

2. General Comments

a) Dashes indicate that no data were available.

b) The data presented are for those clouds in which a cloud top temperature wasknown precisely or could be estimated within bounds not exceeding +/- 3’C.

c) A cumuliform cloud is defined by a cloud penetration with a contiguous region ofdroplets in concentrations >. 10 cm-3 or ice panicles >. 100 \im in maximumdimension in concentrations ^ L-1 or both. These minimum criteria eliminatewispy, transparent regions of clouds that may have been sampled. Stratiformclouds, such as stratocumulus and altocumulus, are not included in this Table.

d) During the course of this study, it became evident that the very highest portions ofthe cloud tops either had little ice or ice panicles there were too small (100 [im inmaximum dimension) to be measured reliably with the available instrumentation.Hence, in later flights there is a tendency for the aircraft flight level to descendsomewhat relative to the highest cloud top.

e) University of Washington (UW) flight numbers 1281, 1326, and 1327 were testflights in which ice-producing clouds were mostly avoided. UW flight number1424 was also a test flight in which only the highest portions of several nearlyglaciated small clouds that rose out of a solid stratocumulus deck were sampled.

0 Many of the cloud turrets listed in the table were partially obscured from view priorto penetration because they were situated behind the cloud initially targeted forsampling. Consequently, for these clouds, the most vigorous region with thehighest liquid water content, or the region of highest maximum ice particleconcentration, may not have been sampled. This causes more variability in themeasurements than would be the case if each cloud could have been seen in itsentirety prior to penetration. Sample variability is also introduced by penetrating theclouds at various stages in their life cycles, although some of this variability isreduced by upwind/downwind cloud penetrations.

3. Cloud age is an estimate based on the appearance and motion of the cloud. Rising,bulging cloud tops are considered younger than ragged, fraying and usuallydescending cloud tops. High liquid water content (>1 g m-3) is generally indicative ofa younger cloud and low liquid water content of an aging cloud. A high liquid watercontent (>0.5 g m-3) coincident with maximum of ice particle concentration isconsidered indicative of a younger cloud than one in which the liquid water is muchsmaller or absent when the ice particle concentration peaks. Frozen drops and smallgraupel are associated with younger clouds than those containing aggregates of icecrystals and/or large graupel. The oldest region sampled in each pass through a clouddetermines the cloud age, which is classified as follows: 0 young, 1 mature, and2 old. This means that multiturreted clouds are usually classified as "aging" cloudssince one or more of the turrets was in the dissipating stage.

10

4. This is the base temperature of the cloud during its building stage. At the time ofsampling, particularly in aging clouds, there may have been no well-defined cloudbase due to precipitation or downward motion.

5. The lowest temperature measured (in 1 sec intervals) during the pass through thecloud.

6. If an airborne measurement was not obtained at cloud top, we assume that apseudoadiabatic temperature lapse rate existed between the highest flight level and theheight above the aircraft where the cloud top was estimated to be. This value isrounded to the lower 0.5’C increment (e.g., a measured cloud top temperature at-7.rC is rounded to -7.5’C).

7. If a value is not shown, estimated error is <, 0.5’C.

8. Radar echo types are: 0 no echo, 1 echo observed but did not reach the surfacebeneath the aircraft, and 2 echo observed and it reached the surface beneath theaircraft

9. Values between 5 and 25 cm"3 are rounded to the nearest whole number. Valuesbetween 26 and 100 cm-3 are rounded to the nearest 5 cm-3. Values above 100 cm-3are rounded to the nearest 10 cm-3.

10. For clouds containing appreciable ice particle concentrations (>. 1 L-1) and/or littleliquid water (< 0.3 g m’3), values are estimated from measurements made on youngerclouds sampled at or near the same height in which ice particle concentrations werelow (< 1 L-1). Such estimates are indicated by the letter "a" following the number.

1 1. The concentrations of small ($ 14 ^m diameter) drops for UW flight number 1330,1331, 1333, 1336 and 1337 are erroneously high due to a "threshold bias" settingproblem in the PMS FSSP.

12. I>r is defined as the drop diameter for which the total concentration of drops (asmeasured with the PMS FSSP)) with diameters ^ DT is 3 cm-3.

13. Computed only for those clouds with widths S 3 km at flight level.

14. Types of ice particles are indicated by: 0 no ice particles, 1 liquid or frozen dropsand/or small (< 1 mm in maximum dimension) graupel, 2 graupel with maximumdimension ^ 1 mm diameter, 3 single (apparently vapor-grown) crystals, 4aggregates of ice crystals.

15. Measured over the cloud region where the first graupel particles were observed to thepoint where the last graupel particle was observed.

16. The highest concentration of graupel with maximum dimension >. 1 mm measured bythe PMS 2-D precipitation probe for a time interval of 1-5 sec or for flight segmentsbetween 80 and 400 m distance over which the highest concentration could becalculated.

17. Probably accurate to +/- 15%.

n

18. Assumes that the entire glass slide was covered with Formvar. Categories are: 0 noice crystal replicas, 1 10-101 ice crystal replicas, 2 lO^lO2 ice crystal replicas,3 lO^lO3 ice crystal replicas, 4 103-104 ice crystal replicas. Probably accurateto within one category.

19. Symbols used for crystal habits are from Magono and Lee’s classification (J. Fac.Sci.. 2, No. 4, November 1966).

20. Probably accurate to +/- 20%.

21. Categories are: 0 cross wind, (i.e., cloud penetrated along a line that made an angleof > 45’ to the prevailing wind direction at that level), 1 upwind to downwind (i.e.penetration with the wind), 2 downwind to upwind (i.e. penetration against thewind).

I?

SOUNDING DATA FOR FLIGHTS

The following pages provide temperature, dewpoint and wind information, frommeasurements made aboard the aircraft, for each of the flights listed in Table 1. In eachcase, data are both tabulated and plotted graphically.

Measurements were generally made from about 15 m above the surface to thehighest cloud tops. Horizontal passes were made through one or more clouds at verticalincrements of ~300-500 m. Therefore, at these levels many measurements of temperatureand dewpoint were obtained. Large variabilities in the dewpoints at any one level are dueto sampling both in clouds and in the clear air surrounding the clouds, particularly nearcloud tops.

13

3 0 J a n u a r y 1 9 8 7

700

0

^0

(9

0 0 %-*

800

900

o oo o

o

o

0 0

cas^ f o^S>S

1 000-40 30 -20 1 0 0 1 0

t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c )

Figure 1. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulus congestus clouds on 30 January 1987 between 1045 and 1345 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

14

TABLE 2. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 30 JANUARY 1987.

Flightlevel teir

pressure(hPa)

temperature(deg C)

(deg C)

752762772782792802812822832842852862872882892902912922932942

Averageperature(deg C)

-9.0-8.0-7.2-6.5-6.1-5.5-5.0-4.8-4.0-3.5-3.2-2.2-1.5-0.6-0.10.5

1.62.53.63.8

Standarddeviation

fromaverage

0.480.440.250.190.260.190.100.160.660.460.420.280.270.270.330.510.610.390.250.13

Averagedewpoint

temperature(deg C)

-19.2-25.7-29.6-29.2-25.0-21.1-17.0-12.3-12.2-10.1-7.7-5.5-4.0-3.7-2.7-2.5-1.8-2.5-0.60.1

Standard Av<deviation

from directionaverage (deg

dewpointtemperature

6.375.660.562.282.801.290.991.373.731.651.401.661.531.191.291.271.611.480.940.81

ragewind

true)

217223228216212218214250228249250238247207221224208182180239

Averagewind

speed(m s-1)

14.012.811.613.311.211.212.412.813.713.313.410. 611.810.09.0

12.29.26.5

11.510.4

15

2 1 D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 7

WKJ

700

Q

CDL 800

(/)

cnCDLQ

900

1 fTllTICT

^ ""^^^^ :(^^^^^^^1’ ’^/^ /’Ujt’ -A’

^ (C)^ffi^^^l^ t^0 ++n 0^0

Z \00 ^’3D*A: ’^^t :

; ^s^ :

-30 -20 1 0 0

t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c

Figure 2. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 21 December 1987 between 1130 and 1330 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

16

TABLE 3. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 22 DECEMBER 1987.

Flightlevel te

pressure(hPa)

721731741751761771781791801811821831841851861871881891901911921931941951961

Avera’mperat’(deg

-13-13-12-11-11-10-9-9-8-7-7-6-5-4-4-3-2-2-1-00

1122

geure d<C)

ter

.4

.1

.5

.7

.0

.5

.7

.1

.3

.7

.0

.29

.911

.8

.0

.36

.5

.2

.8

.7

.9

itanda

sviatifr

avera

uperat(deg

0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.

rdonom te

geureC)

33363644293350324645

472642393026402434333434233312

Averagdewpoinmperatu(deg C

-17.-17.-19.-18.-16.-15.-14.-13.-11.-11.-10.-10.-9.-8.-8.-7.-6.-5.-5.-4.-4.-3.-2.-2.-1.

e Stt devre

ade

temp

862413179784871055053660

4

andaiatifro

vera

wpoieratdeg

1.2.4.3.4.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.

rdon

m dige (dentureC)23222540566276568160266469181020152902189368966648

Averagewind

.rectionsg true)

328335338338337332331334339339342344347347342350344343344334.315315348345342

Averawii

spe.(m s-

101011121111121212121412131313171513

141088

12109

gended1)

.0

.9

.1

.2

.8

.2

.5

.6

.4

.2

.0

.6

.1

.2

.1

.4

.6

.6

.2

.9

.4

.1

.9

.9

.1

17

2 2 D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 7

600

700 \-

800

900

o %0

%:*V% J?^D ^fcf0 Ct)

1 000-30 -20 1 0 0

t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c

Figure 3. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 22 December 1987 between 1150 and 1400 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

18

TABLE 4. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 20 JANUARY 1988.

Flightlevel

pressure(hPa)

(deg C)(deg C)

720730740

,750760770780790800810820830840850860870880890900910920930940950960970980990

Averagetemperature

(deg C)

-9.7-10.3-11.0-10.4-9.7-9.1-8.3-7.8-7.0-6.2-4.3-4.5-4.1-3.8-3.0-2.3-1. 7-0.90.0

-0.10.10.82.83. 64.35.05.86.5

Standarddeviation

fromaverage

temperature

1.201.160.700.520.640.410.370.550.470.381.890.730.560.360.520.290.330.120.310.861.280. 930.250.420.200.260.270.24

Averagedewpoint

temperature(deg C)

-31.4-23.3-15.1-14.0-13.8-11.3-10.9-11.1-11.2-11.8-11.9-9.0-7. 6-6.1-8.0-7.0-4.8-4.2-2.7-3.2-2.7-0.6-0.40.40.51.21.41.3

Standarddeviation

fromaveragedewpoint

temperature

8.197.672.702.092.251.851.982.171.512.403.103.042.933.102.901.300.581.021.581.231.511.561.120.310.700. 650.770.42

Averagewind

direction(deg true)

303305300299290292307313304308296310315336310302299292293248205240286232286292282274

Averagewind

speed(m s-1)

12.615.715.014 .413.712.110.911.610.511.98.59.39.39.1

10.914.113.511 .512.07.95.12.44.34.24.76.87.69.2

19

2 0 J a n u & r y 1 9 8 8

o3i<y

750

Q

E

(D

L 850

(/)[/)

CDLCL

950

i r?ic;CT

-00^&C^D^ ^fe^^^V^^^ffisik^^^^^^B-’1’’1": ^: ^c.0 ^ :

OQ % + + +o % i? ^+.

0 QO^W ^^P4"0 0^+0 OQ ^0 d- +

: ^ ^ :000^5^-

^ ^^00 "M’^A0 .^ %

-&: 0^ \ :U 7’0 0 ++9^ t

^ \0 -’i-cP \-^p +-

"1 1’-40 -30 20 1 0 0

t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c

Figure 4. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 20 January 1988 between 1120 and 1345 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

?n

TABLE 5. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 4 MARCH 1988.

Flightlevel t

pressure(hPa)

667677687697707717727737747757767777787797807817827837847857867877887897907917927937947957967977987997

Averagemperatu

(deg C

-13.-13.-12.-12.-11.-10.-9.-9.-8.-7.

-6.-6.-5.-5.-4.-4.

-3.-3.-2.-1.-1.-0.0.1.1.2.2.3.4.4.5.6.6.7.

e

re d<

ten

96700380066212758

25702414172054388

;tanda

sviatifr

avera

nperat(deg

0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.

rdon

om te

geureC)

0624443938353431522627244115

2119243134232129202616221921264852424195

Averagdewpoinmperatu(deg C

-29.-27.-26.-22.-21.-17.-18.-16.-15.-14.-16.-14.-23.-8.-7.-7.-6.-6.-5.-4.-4.-3.-3.-3.-2.-2.-1.-1.-0.1.1.1.0.1.

e

t d<re

ter

5630041847543459

215829606594242498

itandasviati

fraveraiewpoinperat(deg

0.1.1.3.4.3.3.3.3.3.3.1.5.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.1.1.1.

rdonom di

ge (dent

ureC)

09161528169248692014746298580497

220532202008

171908254940059898051475

Averagewind

rectiong true)

246254246243247251254253267253243244245253252248252253253252251250248248247246246245251254259259262246

Averaiwii

spe<(m s-

16151719211615151416171716151518161616161516161515151515131212121212

gended1)

.7

.7

.8

.5

.8

.8

.8

.1

.1

.6

.9

.7

.2

.1

.5

.0

.3

.0

.0

.0

.7

.0

.0

.7

.0

.0

.0

.0

.6

.0

.0

.2

.1

.9

21

4 M a r c h 1 9 8 8

0->W

750

nE

(D

L 850

(n[D(D

L0,

950

i rTiRCT

: ^^ o0

"^~v^ &>: ^^ ^ffQSMSSsyyo cEnxa

s^ ^ ^Stt^^kf ^^ ^0

w

^^9 "1 :CD -^0 0 *fl^aD&o i^

0 +

OGI0^ i :c@ ^0 +

0 +

^ t0 +& +*- :o ^% ^0 ^0 +

0 +c^> +-^0 +0 -’-0 t0 +0 +

^ * :

-40 -30 -20 1 0 0

t e m p e r A t u r e ( d e g c

Figure 5. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 4 March 1988 between 1345 and 1550 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

22

TABLE 6. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 9 MARCH 1988.

Flightlevel

pressure(hPa)

(deg C)(cleg C)

703713723733743753763773783793803813823833843853863873883893903913923933943953963973983993

Averagetemperature

(deg C)

-12.4-12. 6-11.9-11.1-10.5-9.6-8.9-8.8-9.0-8.8-8.5-7.6-7.6-6. 9-6.2-5.3-4.7-3.8-2.9-2.6-1.7-1.2-0.20.51.01.92.83.54.35.0

Standarddeviation

from temperatureaverage

temperature

0.000.220.260.310.260.630. 670.930.820.620.710.620.230.320.230.340.220.270.190.210.220.300.230.300.310.330.410.300.300.33

Averagedewpoint

(deg C)

-42.6-42.6-42.5-42.6-42.5-34.8-36.2-31.7-23.3-18.6-13.3-11.8-11.3-11.8-11.0-10.3-9.4

-12.7-10.0-7.8-6.0-5.9-5.2-4.8-4.1-3.8-4.2-3.9-3.8-3.5

Standarddeviation

fromaveragedewpoint

temperature

0.000.180.380.430.547.886.76

11.1610.126.703.362.392.142.171.821.831.831.202.271.891.671.801.111.111.490.500.550.610.750.78

Averagewind

direction(deg true)

346342342340340339321325329337333318340338338341336332337334331332332332322328324323324323

Averagewind

speed(m s-1)

23.022.819.921.421.718.815.115.615.717.915.814.415.116.817.416.915.614.014.513.616.115.513.612.111.014.413.813.613.914.1

23

9 M a r c h 1 9 8 8

650

750

Q

E

CDL 850

(n

01CDLCL

950

1 050-50 -40 -30 -20 1 0 0

t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c

-" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 1^

’- 1 ^ :1 6 "^

n ^a? S o ^o ^ID s a ^H :0 ^ o o 0 o 0 ^W ^: ^^ ^(ngg^

0 (0 /CT -TY Tfc^^ ai^SAca^^Bo ^o^S^fe

: sLV :rioi SBu’O ^E.

Q^t^vI-UBO ^tti

o +0 0 Q, 4o does’ ep o T

0 0oo ^0 O(R) ^’e. ’i-0% ^-Qa^ A

(Q%,.o o%

^ $-eg, -i.oo. -fr(PO VQD -H-(5)

r. ’to 0 -i-

1 o ^+ :oc^&d^D "N^

"1

Figure 6. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 9 March 1988 between 0930 and 1140 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

24

Flightlevel te

pre5sure

(hPa)

584594604614624634644654664674684694704714724734744754764774784794804814824834844854864874884894904914924934944954964974984994

Averagmperatu(deg C

-18.-18.-17.-17.-17.-17.-17.-16.-16.-15.-14.-13.-13.-12.-11.-10.-9.-9.-8.-7.-7.-6.-5.-5.-4.-4.-3.-2.-2.-1.-0.0.0.1.2.2.3.4.5.6.6.7.

reire

:)

t<

40384516058922599077148040

4502528549311087

Standardleviation

fromaverage

imperature

(deg C)

0.070.280.260.780.810.260.200.230.290.350.290.420.330.240.280.360.220.340.370.450.260.440.420.320.300.280.240.200.200.220.230.290.300.200.220.200.270.300.280.250.240.26

Averagedewpoint

;emperature(deg C)

t

-20.3-20.4-20.1-24.1-23.1-23.9-23.8-23.1-22.6-20.9-20.0-20.1-20.0-19.0-18.5-18.1-18.5-20.2-19.6-18.0-18.6-16.8-17.7-16.1-9.3-12.8-12.7-11.7-8.0-7.2-8.5-4.9-4.7-4.3-2.1-1.4-1.3-0.2-0.0-0.20.40.9

Standadeviati

fravera

dewpoi.emperat

(deg

0.0.1.4.3.1.1.0.2.2.2.1.2.2.1.2.3.3.3.4.4.5.5.3.2.3.1.1.2.1.2.1.1.0.1.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.

rdonom di,ge (dent

ureC)

193116117697497337647492184769281127986056272598852071912316197630764839158788807066

Averagewind

rectiong true)

274274279275275273276271265265267266262264268265255259259266264263266264263263264273250253248256263270263257243243257250241243

Averawi

spe(m s-

14151716161616

14989

11101011117

1111877778676

87977

6.6.7.7.6.4.5.6.7.

gended1)

.8

.8

.1

.3

.6

.3

.0

.2

.6

.8

.8

.2

.3

.5

.6

.5

.9

.4

.6

.3

.9

.4

.6

.4

.6

.9

.5

.2

.6

.5

.9

.9

.4396918769448161655

25

2 1 M a r c h 1 9 8 8

DDIfl

650

Q

E

750

(D

LJCO

^ 850CDLQ-

950

i rTiRrTi

^ c o ^ :

L ^ o -V .Jjc? o ^oW^c&sP ^fc0 +,

: ""o \ :ooco (soS^Qp o o^fc,0^%%^ ^1

0 \ z-- 1 \ --"OQ 0 \,-- 0 0 +h.a9^oo0 o GD ^~- ^o o \ :

: ^0 00 ^ :"0 0 ^o ff^o o\

^ o3 ^+0 "OO \0 o n -t-

0 O(R) 0 o0 -<F<-0 % ^^pp ^

oil "%-0-6 ^o o +

: ^g0 "Y(^fifflBO y.

:, 1

-30 -20 1 0 0

t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c

Figure 7. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 21 March 1988 between 1440 and 1600 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

26

Flightlevel te

pressure(hPa)

567577587597607617627637647657667677687697707717727737747757767777787797807817827837847857867877887897907917927937947957967977987997

Avera’mperat’(deg

-22-22-22-21-20-19-18-18-17-16-15.3-15-14-14-13-11-11-10-10-9-8-8-7-6-6-5-5-4-4-3-2-1-1-00112334567

ge Sti

ure dev:C)

a’

tetnp<(<

9.7.0.4.7.7.7.2.1.3

.0

.8

.1

.6

.6

.2

.9

.0

.4

.7

.2

.59

.6

.9

.2

.5

.0

.1

.1

.9

144

.1

.7

.4

.2

.8

.7

.5

.2

.1

indai-ati

fr/era

rat

deg

0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.520.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.

rdonom t’geureC)

053255312739193241565153253031

75453335422630334533352531283133292326192426282424232425

Avera’dewpoi:emperat’

(deg

-44-44-42-38-35-35-33-31-30-29-30-30-26-17-21-30-26-23-19-21-18-14-15-14-12-10-9-8-8-8

-10-6-6-4-3-3-1-2-1-1-0000

ge Stnt devureC) a

detemp

.6

.3

.3

.6

.8

.5

.5

.9

.0

.0

.0

.0

.2

.6

.4

.5

.1

.1

.3

.0

.3

.7

.5

.6

.3

.6

.5

.9

.7

.7

.2

.4

.9

.9

.5

.1

.8

.1

.6

.5

.3

.0

.1

.3

andaiati

frverawpoieratdeg

0.0.1.2.2.1.2.1.0.4.1.0.4.2.4.6.6.5.4.6.4.3.3.4.3.2.1.1.2.3.3.2.2.2.1.1.1.1.0.0.1.0.0.0.

rdonom di]

ge (decntureC)

1999632514250375531245920175030257335387637596594464778664126813871954851347778700695654

average A^wind

cectiony true) (;

291291288289293294292295298292293292290294292287288290296276297289298298300307300297301308307314309307311298293294296295294297296297

/erage

windspeed

n s-1)

16.016.317.518.018.217.717.318.219.419.319.016.816.218.618.315.315.315.816.116.916.014.414.614.714.215.914.714.315.416.016.016.816.717.417.113.714.214.916.516.517.017.316.216.1

27

2 3 M a r c h 1 9 8 8

550

650

750

850

950

1 050

Figure 8. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 23 March 1988 between 1300 and 1540 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

28

Flightlevel t

pressure(hPa)

667677687697707717727737747757767777787797807817827837847857867877887897907917927937947957967977987997

Average St

emperature dev(deg C)

atemp

-16.1-15.6-14.8-13.0-12.6-11.8-10.9-10.5-9.3-8.5-7. 9-7.7-7.2-6.6-5.8-5.3-4.8-4.0-3.0-2.6-2.0-1.1-0.50.20.91. 61.72.73.23.84.65.56.57.5

.andardration

from tei

iverage

>erature;deg C)

0.000.240.230.490.330.370.290.260.490.260.510.440.350.430.320.350.400.330.330.250.340.330.250.290.270.210.420.390.310.310.320.250.270.22

Averag’dewpoin’mperatu(deg C

-21.-21.-19.-19.-17.-15.-15.-16.-16.-16.-14.-12.-11.-9.-7.-6.-7.-6.-5.-5.-4.

-4.-4.-3.-3.-2.-1.-0.0.0.0.0.

1.1.

e St dere

cten

2088359783032896

282163270301137711

;tandard

iviationfrom d

average (dlewpointiperature

(deg C)

0.000.400.631.832.161.902.031.290.901.011.991.811.661.300.830.740.900.780.840.841.111.320.740.511.020.980.940.830. 630.540.530.570.790.73

Average A’wind

irectioneg true) (i

265242218227227236277248246252260258264265267268270273278282277276275275274273279276280275280285286287

ireragewindspeed

Tl S-1)

11.012.217.713.711.410.710.211.38.68.08.99.29.69.09.69.69.49.18.98.79.7

10.110.510.310.710.38.69.18.16.86.36.87.07.0

29

2 9 A p r I 1 9 8 8

650

750

850

950

1 050-30 -20 1 0 0

t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c

Figure 9. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 29 April 1988 between 1405 and 1520 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

30

Flightlevel te;

pressure(hPa)

646656666676686696706716726736746756766776786796806816826836846856866876886896906916.926936946956966976986996

Averagemperature d<

(deg C)

ter

-17.0-16.7-15.5-14.7-13.9-13.2-12.4-11.7-10.6-10.1-9.1-8.4-7.7-7.0-6.3-5. 6-4. 9-4.1-3. 6-3.1-2.5-2.2-1.4-0.7-0.20.61.11.82.43.13.64.44.95.86.37.2

Standard’viation

from teaveragenperature(deg C)

0.060.250.350.360.380.240.250.340.390.290.200.280.320.290.170.320.390. 430.340.280.290.230.330.240.220.240.220.260.310.270.280.170.410.260.310.39

Averagdewpoinmperatu(deg C

-21.-23.-21.-20.-19.-19.-19.-18.-18.-17.-17.-15.-14.-14.-12.-13.-10.-8.-7.-7.-6.-5.-5.-5.-4.-4.-3.-2.-1.0.0.

-0.0.0.0.1.

et

re

t

904930430365168088843842465920571877

Standarddeviation

fromaveragedewpoint

emperature(deg C)

1.692.361.971.591.861.691.911.721.472.581.551.941.880.691.701.372.392.602.201.971.991.491.441.601.160.701.091.361.251.281.131.220.750.620.890.70

Averagewind

directiondeg true)

235169209217212187197214239222199201198217214217199183183187210188208212210182177174164173177174202208231217

Averawi:

spe(m s-

221122321125564436733356633333323343

gended1)

.8

.8

.5

.7

.4

.9

.8

.8

.9

.3

.7

.1

.5

.6

.3

.7

.2

.4

.0

.8

.3

.7

.2

.0

.6

.6

.4

.2

.2

.6

.3

.8

.3

.1

.3

.7

31

3 M a y 1 9 8 8

550

650

750

850

950

1 050-30 -20 1 0 0

t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c

Figure 10. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulus andcumulonimbus clouds on 3 May 1988 between 1320 and 1540 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

32

TABLE 11. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 5 JULY 1988.

Flightlevel

pressure(hPa)

(deg C)(deg C)

515525535545555565575585595605615625635645655665675685695705715725735745755765775785795805815825835845855865875885895905915925935945955965975985995

Averagetemperature

(deg C)

-23.2-22.6-21.7-20.3-19.5-18. 6-17.6-16.4-15.5-14.3-13.1-12.3-11.4-10.6-10.1-9.3-8.6-7.9-7.2-6.7-5.6-5.0-4.1-3.4-3.1-2.3-1.9-1.5-0.7-0.5-0.00.61.21.62.33.03.54.35.05.76.57.07.77.98.99.6

10.311.212.0

Standarddeviation

fromaverage

temperature

0.060.400.610.510.280.300.460.360.320.370.450.260.270.230.120.360.220.160.310.420.580.480.430.460.460.370.330.39

0.270.270.280.260.220.210.300.200.240.290.250.170.230.210.310.250.250.270.290.310.26

Averagedewpoint

temperature(deg C)

-34.5-33.0-31.5-30.1-24.9-25.6-21.7-21.6-22.1-21.3-21.2-18.9-19.7-18.8-17.1-14.3-13.5-12.3-10.4-10.3-10.5-9.4-9.1-8.2-8.0-7.3-6.9-5.1-4.6-3.6-3.3-3.3-2.8-1.8-1.4-0.60.8

-0.3-0.50.01.12.34.65.15.76.57.06.86.9

Standarddeviation

fromaveragedewpoint

temperature

0.001.110.521.283.624.542.971.671.110.811.652.330.860.891.221.741.781.191.241.070.721.371.161.791.521.141.060.801.071.111.280.760.620.710.621.151.200.870.730.781.021.061.201.351.010.880.600.680.62

Averagewind

direction(deg true)

351354359359356357355358

1357343345346345355360342276343336340337290289285316308322320311299305301295307298287300283277303278282294304306303277262

Averagewind

speed(m 3-1)

12.312.212.311.911.510.89.4

10.910.910.59.2

10.17.56.56.36.86.84.96.15.87.05.46.77.94.65.73.84.6

6.26.55.07.67.66.66.16.25.63.62.72.94.73.13.44 .34.44.05.34.86.3

33

J u l y 1 9 8

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

950

1 000

1 050-40 30 20 1 0 0 1 0

t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c

Figure 1 1. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand cumulonimbus clouds on 5 July 1988 between 1315 and 1600 PST. Crosses denotetemperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

34

Flightlevel te

pressure(hPa)

576586596606616626636646656666676686696706716726736746756766776786796806816826836846856866876886896906916926936946956966976986996

Averagmperatu(deg C

-16.-15.-15.-14.-13.-13.-12.-10.-10.-9.-9.

-7.-6.-6.-5.-4.-3.-3.-2.-1.-1.-1.-0.0.1.2.3.3.4.5.5.6.7.7.8.8.9.

10.11.11.12.13.13.

e

re d(

ten

78458019030

578588167

013673

27

318606586536

418

itandaiviati

fravera

nperat(deg

0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.

rdon d<om temigeureC)

00426459322948

21243334764937

2529291117241365696558533871475858626280494953534141352511

Averagswpoin^eratu

(deg C

-20.-18.-22.-22.-17.-15.-13.-18.-14.-13.-10.-11.-11.-9.-9.-8.-8.-8.-6.-7.-6.-6.-4.-4.-5.-4.-2.-0.-0.-0.-0.-0.1.1.

2.4.5.6.8.9.

10.10.10.

et dre

c

ten

91689376988648

16786165980576576718900210107

itanAwiat:

f:aver.iewpo.Bperai(deg

02552223121221000000022222121100

22210111000

ard Average Averageion wind windcorn direction speedage (deg true) (m s-1)intLureC)

.00

.49

.87

.65

.88

.24

.42

.41

.91

.24

.58

.50

.04

.23

.82

.63

.54

.70

.62

.78

.91

.29

.75

.10

.15

.03

.83

.66

.8965

.99

.61

.11

.17

.32

.54

.85

.17

.33

.31

.53

.35

.29

35

4 N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 8

550

650

750

850

950

1 050-30 -20 1 0 0 1 0

"b e m p e r ck t u r e d e g c

Figure 12. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand cumulonimbus clouds on 4 November 1988 between 1145 and 1330 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

36

Flightlevel ten

pressure(hPa)

694704714724734744754764774784794804814824834844854864874884894904914924934944954964974984994

Average Siperature de

(deg C)

tem

-11.3-11.0-10.1-9.7-9.3-8.2-7.4-6.6-6.0-5.3-4.7-4.5-4.2-3.3-1.8-2.8-2.2-1.4-0.6-0.00.41.22.33.03.74.65.46.27.18.08.8

tandardviation

from t(

averageperature(deg C)

0.000.200.380.380.460.420.420.520.390.650.780.880.801.131.320.340.220.380.420.400.320.280.240.210.240.350.280.300.290.220.24

Average Stdewpoint devsmperature

(deg C) ade

temp

-34.5-32.7-31.8-22.5-23.0-25.7-26.7-25.5-23.3-20.2-18.7-14.2-11.2-10.4-14.7-4.5-3.4-3.2-3.2-2.2-1.3-0.4-0.4-0.7-0.10.41.01.51.72.22.0

andardiation

from di

verage (de’wpointeraturedeg C)

0.912.753.295.585.765.545.753.823.206.345.915.564.786.487.511.551.641.500.801.010.770.851.201.071.200.700.520.560.510.440.74

Averagewind

rectiong true)

360329

4352300340333295311338323309310311340350

423-31

356333344341350354355353342353

Averagewindspeed

(m s-1)

17.215.315.640.922.733.054.036.824.520.225.118.014.814.212.317.725.525.025.324.926.319.313.916.915.113.313.214.712.010.114.7

37

1 7 N o v e m b e r 1 9 8

650

750

850

950

1 050-35 -25 1 5 -5 5

t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c

Figure 13. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand cumulonimbus clouds on 17 November 1988 between 1245 and 1510 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

38

Flightlevel tern]

pressure(hPa)

674684694704714724734744754764774784794804814824834844854864874884894904914924934944954964974984994

^veragoeratu

(deg C

-9.-9.-9.-9.-8.-7.-7.-6.-6.-5.-4.-4.-3.-2.-2.-1.-0.-0.0.1.1.2.3.3.4.5.5.6.7.8.8.9.

10.

ere de

ten

25338917378

2572982489208539541966

Standardsviation

from te

averagenperature(deg C)

0.000.350.630.530.270.350.370.450.320.320.400.430.230.300.260.070.400.400.440.770.480.200.240.270.190.210.240.210.230.240. 170.220.19

Averagedewpoint de

mperature(deg C)

cten

-36.7-35.4-27.0-19.8-21.1-21.4-24.2-17.4-11.5-12.3-8.9-9.4-9.5-8.8-7.6-4.6-5.0-4.1-3.5-2.8-2.5-2.4-2.3-1.6-1.02.03.11.92.03.54.24.95.3

Standardsviation

from daverage (d

iewpoint[iperature(deg C)

0.002.607.028.337.884.524.956.283.862.812.932.422.642.462.791.291.681.271.060.831.030.420.620.580.821.941.281.991.920.830.690.630.72

Average flwind

irectioneg true)

248255247261257264259252262272273265263258241304270296297301305320315316324309293294324334337328312

iverage

wind

speed;m s-1)

13.013.213.211.912.012.810.69.6

11.410.48.47.87.99.79.46.37.27.97.47.28.1

11.511.612.915.911.68.58.6

15.619.920.616.75.4

39

2 1 N o v e m b e r 1 9 8

650

750

850

950

-cp dfc

^^Q^> ffo^ B^0% o Q?o

’B o 00 GDO 9

00 % O ^^ ^ O^ oJOo o ’a^ ^e 0

1 050-40 35 -30 -25 20 1 5 1 0 -5 0

t e m p e r a t u r e d e g

Figure 14. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand cumulonimbus clouds on 21 November 1988 between 1310 and 1430 PST. Crossesdenote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

40

TABLE 15. AVERAGE AIRCRAFT-DERIVED SOUNDING PROFILE FOR 3 FEBRUARY 1989.

Flightlevel

pressure(hPa)

(deg C)(deg C)

763773783793803813823833843853863873883893903913923933943953963973983993

Averagetemperature

(deg C)

-23.2-20.7-21.1-21.7-21.5-20.3-19.5-19.3-18. 6-17.5-16.8-16.0-15.4-14.4-13. 6-12. 9-12.0-11.3-10.2-9.5-9.1-8.3-7.4-6.5

Standarddeviation

fromaverage

temperature

0.001.221.581.130.760.570.500.370.390.430.360.300.430.530.420.350.460.280.290.330.430.280.370. 49

Averagedewpoint

temperature(deg C)

-26.2-25.5-24.7-23.6-22.5-22.0-20.8-20.1-19.5-19.1-19.1-18.9-18.7-18.4-17.4-17.4-17:6-17.5-17.7-17.3-17.4-17.3-16.5-16.7

Standarddeviation

fromaveragedewpoint

temperature

0.000.911.371.541.301.211.000.740.820.750. 940.780.050.230.510.280.350.340.430.330.890.830.540.51

Averagewind

direction(deg true)

941141101071041029398

10010910494889191938773748077828887

Averagewind

speed(m s-1)

13.028.918.620.320.219.117.520.918.817.816.917.621.420.919.117.918.817.118.717.319.720.519.317.5

41

3 F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 9

V)V)

750

800-Q

E

850CDLD

^ 900

(D

LQ-

950

1 000

1 ITIKCT

: jfcg .^^^^ .,, :(BL^^t^^^^t^^-^’^ ^.

: "^^^^f^ 4" :: ^^^fer+ :

o (^1^|+" o^^^fe^li^S’^^w^&cco +"^L

0 + +q9 + ^OQ) + -N’..o 8 o ^t

^ eg0 ^g %0 +^0. ^ t^% o ^+

O Q +." S o ^0 0 + ’̂ t.% ^ ^o 0 T..o ag ^fi’cS^ggQ ^fr

~,-30 20 1 0

t e m p e r a t u r e d e g c

Figure 15. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritime cumulusand stratocumulus clouds on 3 February 1989 between 1330 and 1600 PST. Crossesdenote temperature arid circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 s intervals.

d?

Flightlevel

pressure(hPa)

(deg C)(deg C)

720730740750760770780790800810820830840850860

870880890900910920930940950960970980990

Averagetemperature

(deg C)

-7.8-8.2-7. 6-6.9-6.4-6.5-5.1-5.1-4.1-3.1-2. 4-2. 1-1.7-1.1-1.4-1. 1-0.8-0.8-0.8-0.10.91. 62.33.03.64.45.25.8

Standarddeviation

fromaverage

temperature

0.060.470.220.090.170.100.300.390.730.210.200.300.320.370.610.580.330.490.310.370.270.240.180.240.160.240.210.17

Averagedewpoint

temperature(deg C)

-20.5-14.7-15.3-18.0-16.4-12.1-14.7-9.3

-11.3-11.8-10.8-8. 6-7.9-7.4-5. 6-4.6-3.9-3.8-3.1-2.9-2.2-2.5-1.8-1.1-0.50.60.80.4

Standarddeviation

fromaverage

dewpointtemperature

6.002.673.180.601.411.891.812.202.700.681.371.170.950.931.621.260.991.110.690.640.770.520.620.750.800.841.181.37

Averagewind

direction(deg true)

225234254243233227231219239226262335267323307305299319316

110131295

3481

167

Averagewindspeed

(m s-1)

12.013.114.711.310.010.016.615.111.99.1

12.744.138.822.229.428.522.131.827.247.958.352.349.057.055.645.054.834.7

43

1 4 M a r c h 1 9 9 ^/ kyifl

750

800-Q

0^B50

LD

^ 900

CDLQ-

950

1 000

i r7ic;r7i

0 0 ^pasgfsQo o^ff)o %0 0

o80 ^&w"0 ^0

^0̂0

" ^ ;

0̂

0

0

0 ^ :’"d^^:^ \ :^8?% -h-^^^^S0 ^^1"

:̂

0 ^ T"

0 +,Q +

0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +o (C)tf \

~\-30 -20 1 0 0

t e m p e r a t u r e ( d e g c

Figure 16. Aircraft-derived sounding profile obtained while sampling maritimestratocumulus and cumulonimbus clouds on 14 March 1990 between 1210 and 1430 PST.Crosses denote temperature and circles the dewpoint temperature measured at 15 sintervals.

44