carrier networks (chapter 4) long haul/core network metro network access network technologies...
TRANSCRIPT
Carrier Networks(Chapter 4)
Long Haul/Core NetworkMetro NetworkAccess Network
TechnologiesConvergence
SignalingDigital Hierarchy/SONET
Public Network Categories• Core• Long Haul – hundreds of miles between sites• Very high capacity
• Metro Networks• City – wide• Connect to Core
• Access/Local Networks• Last Mile/Local Loop• Connects Buildings and Homes
Core: Long Haul
• High Bandwidth• 100G • DWDM• Some TDM – mostly converted to IP
• Technologies• SONET• Ring
• GigE• MPLS
Core: Long HaulNetwork Convergence
• TDM to IP convergence• Why Core first?• Fewer nodes/switches• Higher bandwidth, better efficiency• End customers convert to IP at different times
• Metro Networks• Access/Local Networks• Customer’s staying TDM
• Investment in equipment• Security• Slow to adop
Network Convergence
• Hybrid networks still during transition• Gateways/Softswitches/Class 5 TDM switches• Optical Transport Network (OTN)• Legacy SONET/TDM traffic + New GigE/IP
traffic• Encapsulation of legacy SONET traffic in OTN
frames• Synchronous (evenly spaced) – SONET, TDM (T1,
T3)• Asynchronous (irregular intervals/dynamic) – GigE
• All done in one box
Metro Networks• Middle bandwidth• 2.5G, 10G• Redundancy• Connect COs together• Aggregate Local traffic onto Core
Access/Local Networks• Local loop• Still mostly copper• Trending to fiber• Expensive• Bandwidth bottleneck• POTS• DSL• T1/T3• Ethernet• Cable Operators• Passive Optical Network (PON)• Similar to SLC (1 pr. Fiber/ 32 sites)
Signaling• Control communications between network
nodes• Signaling System 7 (SS7)• SIP• Call setup/disconnect; Features; Billing;
Roaming; Access/security• In-Band• Out of Band
Digital HierarchySONET
Electrical• DS0 – 64KB• DS1 – 1.544MB (24 DS0s)• DS3 – 45MB (28 DS1s)
Optical (SONET)• OC3 – 155MB (3 DS3s)• OC12 – 622MB (12 DS3s)• OC48 – 2.5GB (48 DS3s)• OC192 – 10GB (192 DS3s)• OC768 – 40GB (768 DS3s)