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Science and Technology in the Environment
Unit D
Define terms relating to science and technology and environmental science,
natural resources and conversation.
Terms
_________________________: any living thing
_________________________: the study of living organisms
_________________________: the basic building block of life
_________________________: the period of life of an organism
_________________________: a function or activity essential for the living
condition.
_________________________: the presence of life processes in an organism.
_________________________: the process of an organism increasing in size
_________________________: the replacement of worn or damaged parts.
_________________________: a science that deals with the earth and the area
surrounding it.
_________________________: the process of growth development and change.
_________________________: the air that surrounds the earth
Describe basic life processes in relation to structures of living organisms
Cells
o All organisms are made of _________________________, similar to a
building being made of blocks.
o A cell is the _________________________ building block of life.
o Structure
_________________________: rigid cover that gives a cell shape and
protects it.
_________________________: thin structure that separates the cell
from its surroundings and controls movement of materials
in and out of the cell
_________________________: controls cell functions
_________________________: bodies within the nucleus that
contain protein and RNA
_________________________: material _________________________ the
cell between the cell membrane and nucleus
Life Span
o The period of life of an organism
o Life spans _________________________. They may range from a few
minutes or hours to thousands of years, depending on the
organism.
Stages of Life
_________________________: when life begins
_________________________: when young organisms grow quickly by
increasing the number and size of cells.
_________________________: when an organism Is fully developed; growth
stops except for repair and replacement of cells;
_________________________ occurs
_________________________: after _________________________, when an
organism begins to lose its ability to maintain itself. Also called
aging.
_________________________: when life processes stop; Death occurs.
Life Processes
o Intro: A life process is a function or activity that is essential for the
living condition.
Growth and Repair
o Needed for an organism to mature and remain healthy
o _________________________: the process of changing food substance
into new living material
o _________________________: the process of an organism increasing in
size.
o _________________________: when cells divide to produce cells for
growth and repair
o _________________________: the replacement of worn or damaged parts.
Food Acquisition and Use
o All organisms must have food
o _________________________: all the chemical reactions in the body
o _________________________: process of animals taking in food
o _________________________: the process that changes food into simpler
forms that can be absorbed by the cells.
o _________________________: transfer of nutrients from digestive system
to bloodstream.
o _________________________: the removal of an unabsorbed food remain
from the body
Solid: feces
Liquid: urine
o Digestive system types
_________________________: stomach with _________________________
compartment: needs more concentrated foods.
Birds, monkeys, swine
_________________________: stomach with multiple
compartments; has different forms; enables animals to
digest roughages.
Movement and Locomotion
o _________________________ means to change location through an
outside factor or to move parts
o _________________________: the ability to move from one place to
another
_________________________: the movement of metabolic material from one
location to another in an organism
o Most animals have blood being circulated by a heart and vessels.
o Plants have vascular systems
_________________________ conducts water and nutrients
_________________________ conducts food from where it’s made
to throughout the plant.
_________________________
o Process that involves two main functions
External
Internal
_________________________: exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide by an organism with its environment, often
simply called “breathing.” Also called mechanical
respiration.
_________________________: occurs inside the organism and
is the movement of gasses across living tissues by
diffusion. In animals, it happens in the lungs.
_________________________
o Process of releasing _________________________ from a living cell or
glands
Tears from eyes
Saliva from mouth
_________________________
o Removal of _________________________ from a cell or an organism
o Wastes from _________________________ are eliminated as
_________________________
o Wastes from _________________________ system are removed as
_________________________.
Reproduction
o Process of _________________________ new individuals
o Most reproduction is by sexual means, involving male and female
Structures of Living Organisms
o _________________________ -cellular: carry out life within a single cell.
o _________________________ -cellular
All have many cells, most have millions
o Not all cells are alike
o _________________________ _________________________: cells are different so
they can do specific functions
o _________________________: a group of cells that are alike
o _________________________: a collection of tissues that work together to
perform certain functions
o _________________________ _________________________: organs working
together to perform an activity
Animal Structure
o Animals are alike in 3 important ways
Made of _________________________ cells
Can _________________________ about
Get their food from _________________________ sources
o The following structures help distinguish between the species
_________________________ system: part of the body made of
bones, etc. Two main types are:
_________________________: animals with backbones
(human/deer)
_________________________: animals without backbones (insects,
shrimp, earth worms)
Vital organ systems: needed for an animal to live
Muscular
_________________________
Circulatory
_________________________
Excretory
_________________________
Reproductive
Plant structure
o _________________________ parts work together to carry out life
processes.
o _________________________: anchor plant and take in water and
minerals
o _________________________: support plant and transparent material
o _________________________: make food by photosynthesis
o _________________________: plants can reproduce sexually and
asexually.
_________________________ reproduction involves seed formation
in the flower
_________________________ _________________________ involves using
a plant part (other than the seed) to produce another plant.
Classify living things by their scientific name and environmental role
Scientific Classification
o Organisms are classified by their _________________________ and
_________________________.
o The system shows the biological relationship and differences of
organisms
o The divisions become more specific from kingdom to specie.
o The major divisions or stages are
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
o All organisms are classified into 5 kingdoms
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
o Kingdom
_________________________ (Monerans)
_________________________ one-celled organisms
Are _________________________ (lacks nucleus)
Examples are bacteria and blue-green algae
_________________________ (Protists)
_________________________ celled organisms
More advanced than monerans
Examples are amoeba and paramecia
_________________________ cells (has nucleus)
_________________________
More _________________________ than monerans or protists
_________________________ make food on their own, absorb
from surroundings
Examples are yeast, mildew, mushrooms
_________________________
Many (multi) celled organisms
Makes _________________________ food by photosynthesis
Small examples are moss and duckweed
Large examples are trees
Cells have cell walls
_________________________
Many _________________________ organisms
About a million species
Small examples are spiders and wasps
Large examples are whales and elephants
Unlike plants, cells do not have cell walls
Food is obtained by _________________________
plants/animals
Can move about, called _________________________
o Nomenclature
System of _________________________ organisms
Assigning two names is called _________________________
_________________________
_________________________ name is _________________________
_________________________ name is _________________________
Written in italics or underlined
System is used to prevent confusion with other organisms
Used _________________________
Examples:
Sugar maple: Acer saccharum
Blue spruce: Picea picaungens
_________________________: Cardinalis cardinals
Some species are further divided to denote minor
differences within a species
_________________________: a way to separate plants that are
similar, but not identical
_________________________: specific group within a specie that
are different, but will breed true.
_________________________: species of animals with
_________________________ identifiable characteristics
Environmental Role Classification
o Organisms have different roles in the environment
o Classified as:
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
o _________________________
Organism that takes nutrients and energy from non-living
sources and makes them into food
Called _________________________
Plants are best examples
o _________________________
Organism that feeds on producers
_________________________ make own food
Animals are great examples
Called _________________________
o _________________________
Organism that breaks down the bodies of dead plants and
animals
Bacteria and mushrooms are common examples
All _________________________, to some extent, are decomposers
Some animals have more active roles as
_________________________
_________________________ Lions
Squirrels
Discuss earth science and its relation to the environment
Earth Science
o A science that deals with the earth and the area
_________________________ it.
o Importance of Earth Science
Includes the major areas of natural environment
Includes both materials and natural events
o Natural materials make life, as we know it, possible.
Areas of Earth Science
o _________________________: study of the structure of the solid part of
the earth and how the earth was formed.
o _________________________: the study of water found in the land areas
of the earth
o _________________________: study of water found in the oceans.
o _________________________: study of all aspects of the earth’s
atmosphere
o _________________________: the study of life universe
_________________________ the earth
o _________________________: study of _________________________ waves or
movements produced by _________________________ or explosions.
o _________________________: deals with the physics of the earth.
Evolutionary Development
o _________________________ is a process of growth, development and
change
The Earth in Outer Space
o _________________________: boundless area beyond earth
o _________________________: everything that exists
Standard _________________________ Model
o Theory used by scientists to explain the formation of the universe
o Universe began about _________________________ years ago from a hot
dense sea of energy and matter
o Living organisms are more recent
The Earth’s Formation
o Formed from _________________________ of the _________________________
material
o _________________________ is that all land was once one mass
o The mass split and formed continents. This theory is called
_________________________
The Earth as a Planet
o _________________________: made up of the sun and the planets that
revolve around it.
o Shape and Size:
Earth is _________________________, but not a
_________________________ sphere
Earth is _________________________ at the _________________________
than at the poles.
Planet Movement:
o _________________________: The spinning of the earth on its axis, takes
24 hours-1 day
o _________________________: The movement of Earth in space around
the sun; one complete rotation takes 1 year
o _________________________: When the sun is directly over the equator
o _________________________: When the Earth’s axis tilts at the greatest
single toward or away from the sun.
o _________________________: Earth’s orbit is oval shaped
Earth Materials and the Environment
o _________________________: the study of the earth’s crust and forces
that change it.
o The Lithosphere:
_________________________ has 3 layers- surface, mantle and core
_________________________: The outer layer is called the
crust
_________________________ - crust beneath ocean
_________________________ - part on land
o _________________________ - the point at which the surface of the water
and land naturally meet
o _________________________: located between the crust and the core
o _________________________: the center of the earth
o _________________________: all the water on the earth, including liquid,
frozen, and gaseous
Water goes through the _________________________ cycle
_________________________ of water from one part of the
hydrosphere to the other
Process cleans and restores water for future use.
Rivers and lakes contain _________________________
_________________________
Have big influence on environment
Play _________________________ role in climate
Home for fish, seaweed, and other aquatic life
Action of water changes land areas
_________________________ water-water beneath the surface
Formed by rain, melted snow, and other water
sources.
Water may form an _________________________, which is an
_________________________ stream or pool in sand or gravel
layers
Earth Materials and the Environment
o _________________________: air that surrounds the earth
o Contains:
_________________________: mixture of gases:
_________________________, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and others
Other materials include water (_________________________) and
_________________________ (particles). Moisture in the air is
called humidity.
o Atmosphere
Structure (4 layers)
_________________________ -1st layer
o Gases
o Weather
_________________________ - above the troposphere; extend
about 30 miles about the earth
o Contains the ozone layer
o _________________________ layer filters out harmful
ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
_________________________ - 3rd layer, extends about 50
miles above the earth.
o _________________________ layer
o Winds blow west to east in the winter and east
to west in winter
_________________________ -_________________________ layer of
earth’s atmosphere
o _________________________
Water changes the earth’s surface
o _________________________: chemical and physical process that changes
solid rock into small particles
o _________________________: masses of snow and ice that move slowly
over the land
o _________________________: natural horizontal air movement
o Internal Movements
_________________________: plates on the earths surface that
move
_________________________: shaking of the ground caused by
movement in large sections of the earths crust.
_________________________: opening in earth through which
ashes, steam and lava are expelled
_________________________: large wave of water caused by an
earthquake or volcanic eruption near the water.
o Atmospheric movements
_________________________ winds: air movements that affect the
entire planet
_________________________ winds: winds that are confined to a
local area; sea and land breezes.
_________________________
o Act of _________________________ making
o Remote Sensing and other systems
o Gathering and recording information from a distance
o Satellites are often used to gather info.
o _________________________ - Global positioning system: uses satellites
to accurately locate positions on the earth.
Aerial photos are also used to record information.
Onboard mapping systems in motor vehicles utilize GPS and
satellites to establish locations
o _________________________: image of some type that represents an
attribute of the earth.
o _________________________: round map
o _________________________: earths features on flat surface.
o _________________________: shows measurements of water depth in
large bodies of water
o _________________________: shows elevation of the land areas of the
earth
o _________________________: specific features of the earth, such as areas
of forest or human population.
o _________________________: specific feature and its exact location.
o _________________________: shows the routes to take from 1 location to
another.
Define Terms and the state, properties, and classification of matter related to
density and the Environment
Examine the relationships between chemistry and environmental science,
natural resources and conservation.
General Chemistry Terms
o _________________________: A substance produced by or used in a
chemical process.
o _________________________: The study of the composition of matter and
the energy created by the interaction of matter.
o _________________________: anything that has mass or volume
o _________________________: The ability to do work or cause change.
o Mass
The quantity of _________________________ of an object
A measure of an object’s resistance to moving or being
moved
Often determined by weighing with a scale
Weight and mass can be different in differing places
o _________________________: means that something occupies space.
o Energy
_________________________: the energy of matter because of its
position or compositions; it is _________________________ in the
matter
_________________________: the energy of an object in
_________________________
States of Matter
o Solid:
_________________________ shape and volume
Wood, stone, glass, etc.
o _________________________
_________________________ volume and takes the shape of its
_________________________
Water, oil, etc.
o _________________________
Neither _________________________ shape or volume
Can expand and contract and move around
Air- example
Why States of Matter Change
o Matter may change from one state to another.
o Usually relates to temperature and pressure
o When water is _________________________, it turns to ice, a
_________________________
o When water is _________________________, it turns to steam, a
_________________________.
o The properties do not change
Properties of Matter
o A characteristic or feature that makes it possible to
_________________________ between kinds of matter.
o _________________________ property: a characteristic that can be
observed or measured without altering the matter
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
o _________________________ property: a characteristic that describes the
changes matter goes through when its _________________________ is
altered or changed to create substances in different forms; a
characteristic of matter that describes the changes it undergoes in
altering its identity.
o Burning wood is an example. Wood becomes ash and carbon
dioxide, as well as heat and light.
Classification of Matter
o _________________________ substances
Matter that has _________________________ and
_________________________ composition and properties from one
sample to another.
Salt
Sugar
o Mixtures
Combination of _________________________ or more different
kinds of matter, and it is _________________________ definite in
the proportions of its contents.
o _________________________: a _________________________ (uniform
throughout) mixture. Can be solid, liquid, or gas.
o _________________________: when particles are dispersed (mixed) in a
fluid medium. Water in a stream is an example.
Discuss Chemical elements, compounds, reactions, formulas, and equations
Elements form Compounds
o Pure substances are either elements or compounds
o Elements do not _________________________
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down
into other substances
Gold, Silver, Iron
Chemical Elements: The Ingredients of Matter
o Chemical Elements
_________________________: a substance consisting entirely of
_________________________ of the same atomic number
_________________________ on earth is made of chemical
elements
114 chemical elements have been identified
92 are natural elements found on earth.
The rest are made in a laboratory.
o Names and Symbols
All elements have a name
Organizing the Elements
Elements are _________________________ in the Periodic Table
_________________________ is an arrangement of chemical
elements in the order of increasing atomic numbers.
Rows and columns
o Names and symbols, cont.
All elements have a _________________________
Most are either 1 or 2 letters
Some officially unnamed have 3 letters
Letters used are often letters from the _________________________
spelling of the word
_________________________ for aluminum
_________________________ for Nitrogen
_________________________ for oxygen
_________________________ for Carbon
Some are from _________________________
_________________________ for silver; old name was
argentum
_________________________ for potassium
_________________________ for iron
Type of Elements
o _________________________
Metal- an element with metallic luster
Can be shaped
Are _________________________ conductors
_________________________, Aluminum, and Copper are examples.
o _________________________
An element that is a _________________________ conductor of heat
and electricity
_________________________, Nitrogen, _________________________, and
Sulfur are examples.
Eleven elements are classified as nonmetallic
o _________________________
Elements between _________________________ and
_________________________ both in the periodic table and in
properties
_________________________ is an example
Six elements are classified as metalloids
o _________________________:
Do not normally _________________________ with other elements
_________________________ and helium are examples
Six elements are classified as noble gases.
Atoms, Atomic Number and Masses
o _________________________: smallest part of an element that can take
part in a reaction
o _________________________: the arrangement of the parts of atoms
o _________________________: the number of _________________________ in the
nucleus
o _________________________: the total number of _________________________
and _________________________ in the nucleus of an atom.
Chemical Reactions and Compounds
o _________________________ reaction: what occurs when a substance
becomes another substance with different characteristics
o Types of Reactions
_________________________: when 2 or more substances react to
form a more _________________________ product.
_________________________: when chemical compounds
_________________________ down
_________________________ replacement: when 1 element
_________________________ another in a compound
_________________________ replacement: when 2 compounds
_________________________ elements.
o Compounds
A compound forms when _________________________ or more
_________________________ unite to form a substance with
qualities _________________________ from the element alone.
Chemical bonding
New compounds are formed when elements bond
Chemical bonding is _________________________ or more
elements _________________________ together to form a
compound
o Molecules:
_________________________ amount of a substance that can exist
independently and keep the properties of the substance
Example is water, two _________________________ atoms and one
_________________________ atom.
Other examples
Calcium Carbonate (limestone) C2CO3
Carbon dioxide CO2
Glucose C6H12O6
Formulas and Equations
o A chemical formula is the combination of chemical symbols and
number that depict a compound.
o A chemical equation shows the _________________________ symbols and
_________________________, the _________________________, and the
_________________________ of a chemical reaction.
o Example: _________________________
6H2O + 6CO2 + light = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Demonstrate the ability to determine the pH and salts of material and relate it
to environmental conditions
pH
o The strength of _________________________ ion concentration is
measured as potential hydrogen or pH
o A _________________________ point scale is used
o Water is _________________________ and has a pH of
_________________________
o Solutions below 7.0 are _________________________
o Solutions above 7.0 are _________________________
o The greater the distance from 7.0/neutral, the
_________________________ the substance
o 9 is more _________________________ than 7.1
o 5 is more _________________________ than 6.9
o Plants need the correct pH to grow properly
o Different plants have different requirements
o The range of _________________________ is the best for most plants
o pH is important for proper animal environments as well,
especially fish
o pH relates to _________________________
o Microorganisms cannot survive well in an _________________________
pH, and decay will be stopped
o _________________________ are used to preserve food like pickle in
vinegar
o pH measurements are normally performed with:
pH or _________________________ paper
pH meter
o Most acids contain _________________________
o Sulfuric acid is H2SO4
o Acetic acid (vinegar) is CH3CO2H
o _________________________ produce _________________________ (OH) ions
o React with acids to produce salt
o Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) NaHCO3 and limestone
(calcium carbonate) CaCO3 are examples
_________________________
o Formed when acids and bases are combined
o Common example is table salt (NaCl)
o Concentrations can build up in soil and water
o Often by soil and water reacting
o An example is when irrigation water containing water containing
a base is used on an acidic soil; can be on fields or in a container
o Can result in _________________________ land
o Can also result from using certain fertilizers
Discuss chemical sources of environmental hazards
_________________________
o An element with a _________________________ atomic weight or mass
o Examples are _________________________, mercury and cadmium
o Are poisonous in small amounts
_________________________ Compounds
o _________________________: In the past, many detergents had
phosphates in them that caused phosphate build-up and damaged
ponds.
o _________________________: Materials used to control pests, such as
insects, rodents, weeds, and fungi.
o _________________________: fossil fuel used in making gasoline, diesel
fuel, lubricants, and other products.
_________________________
o Materials containing hydrogen and carbon
o _________________________ from hydrocarbons when burned.
_________________________
o Referred to as CFC’s
o Were used in _________________________ and refrigerants
o May have contributed to the damage of the ozone layer.
_________________________
o Are elements whose oxides form _________________________
o _________________________ forming into sulfur oxide and then reacting
with water to form _________________________ acid, is a common
example.
S + O SO2 or SO3 + H2O H2SO4
o May cause air pollution
_________________________
o It is the radioactive nature caused by the instability of the atomic
nucleus of certain atoms.
o A common example is _________________________ decaying into
_________________________, which can enter building and cause injury
to people.
Hazards
o _________________________ pose a serious threat to our environment.
Humans must use chemicals in a responsible manner to assure
our quality of life.
Summarize how ecology and the environment affect an organisms ability to
adapt or change
16:00- Interpret Ecological concepts to environmental science, natural
resources and conservation
General Terms
o _________________________: where living things are found on earth.
o _________________________: the area of the earth that supports life
o Ecology and Ecosystems
_________________________: study of how living organisms exist
in their natural environment
Ecosystems
Living organisms interact with themselves and with
nonliving parts of their environments
These environments form communities
The _________________________ within a community forms
an ecosystem.
Ecosystem factors
o _________________________: the _________________________ things in an
ecosystem
o _________________________: the _________________________ things in an
ecosystem
Natural Selection and Succession
o Ecosystems change and organisms must adapt to these changes.
If they do not change, they will not survive.
o Change and Adaption
Living organisms vary in many respects
_________________________ help organisms survive
o Natural selection is the survival of life forms that are
_________________________ adapted to their environment.
o _________________________ is the ability of an individual or a species to
tolerate changes in their environment.
o _________________________
The replacement of one community by another.
Two types:
_________________________: on land
_________________________: in water
o Homeostasis
_________________________ in a varying environment
_________________________ is the process by which an organism
maintains a fairly constant internal environment when the
external environment changes.
_________________________, moisture, temperature, light,
_________________________, and periodicity affect homeostasis in
living organisms.
o _________________________
The occurrence of things at regular intervals or periodically
Two types:
_________________________: includes night and day
_________________________: season of the year
o _________________________ Adaptations
Based on how an organism responds to
_________________________ changes.
_________________________: an animal that maintains near
constant internal body temperature. Also is called warm-
blooded.
_________________________: animal that has a body temperature
that is more or less in equilibrium with its environment.
Are incorrectly called cold-blooded
Their body temperature varies with the environment
Also known as ectotherms.
Examples are reptiles, such as snakes, turtles and fish.
Discuss population ecology as it relates to living conditions, population,
ecology, food chains, and biomes
Communities
o A collection of plants and animals that live _________________________
in a certain _________________________.
o Growth and Life
May be on land or water
Land species are called _________________________
Water species are called _________________________
Interaction occurs between terrestrial and aquatic species
o Species Dominance and Diversity
_________________________ species: one that is stronger or has
some advantage over another species
_________________________: the number of different types of
living things in a community
Community Organization and Structure
o Habitat and Niche
_________________________: the natural _________________________ of
a plant or animal. May be aquatic, terrestrial or
combinations.
_________________________: The _________________________ of role of a
living thing within its habitat or community.
o Vertical and Horizontal Structures
_________________________: depends on plants. Tall trees
_________________________: The arrangement of communities
over the land area.
Population _________________________
o The study of how populations of plants and animals affect each
other in a community.
Population Attributes:
o _________________________ _________________________: a measure of how
crowded organisms are in their environment
o _________________________: populations are characterized by age.
o _________________________: how organisms are distributed over the
space they use.
Population Growth
o _________________________: the _________________________ of a new
individuals in a population
o _________________________: the _________________________ rate in a
population
Population Ecology
o _________________________
The use of the same resources by different organisms to live
Can cause _________________________ in the population
o _________________________ One living organism serving as food for
another.
The organism that consumes the other is called a predator
The organism that is consumed is called the prey.
Food Chain and Feeding Groups
o Food Chains
A _________________________ in which the living organisms in a
community get their food.
Differs among species
The interlinking of a food chain forms the food web.
o Feed groups
_________________________: eats only _________________________ foods
_________________________: eats only flesh of other
_________________________
_________________________: eats _________________________ plants and
animals
o Living and Nonliving Feeders
_________________________: eats living plants and animals
_________________________: eats nonliving matter
o Major Food Chains
_________________________ chain: When animals eat plants, and
in some cases, humans or other animals eat these.
_________________________ chain: When animals and plants eat
detritus- _________________________ plant and animal matter.
o Biomass
The _________________________ of living organisms in an area
Forests or water with much life has a _________________________
biomass
Deserts have a _________________________ biomass.
Ecosystems Diversity: Biomes
o _________________________: a distinctive combination of plants and
animals
o Aquatic biomes:
_________________________ - inland depressions containing
freshwater
_________________________ - flowing water ecosystems
_________________________ - Large bodies of salt water
o Wetlands and Estuaries
_________________________: called swamps, important as wildlife
habitat and to aid the environment
_________________________: where streams flow into oceans.
Important as breeding ground for some saltwater species
o _________________________ Biomes
Tropical forests: near the equator
_________________________ and Savanna
Where grasses grow naturally
_________________________ areas are examples of
grasslands
_________________________ are found in soil with low
fertility that has more rainfall than grasslands.
o Tundra and Taiga
_________________________: has low temperatures and short
growing season. Often has permafrost, a permanently
frozen ground.
_________________________: cold climate areas covered with large
conifer forests
o _________________________: little or no rainfall, _________________________
temperatures, may be covered with sand or rock.
Define terms related to weather and climate
17.00: Examine the effects of weather and climate on environmental science,
natural resources, and conservation
Terms
o _________________________: the current condition of the atmosphere,
including temperature, wind, moisture, and atmospheric pressure.
o _________________________: The weather that prevails generally; the
temperature, wind and moisture that generally are in an area; an
average of all the weather conditions in a location.
o _________________________: the imaginary lines that run east to west on
the earth, parallel with the equator
o _________________________: the imaginary lines drawn north and south
on maps.
o _________________________: The point on the elevation of land, which
lies above sea level.
o _________________________: any form of moisture that falls on the earth.
o _________________________: devices used to measure temperature
o _________________________: A measure of the amount of heat in
something.
o _________________________: Amount of water in the air.
o _________________________: the temperature of the air when dew
begins to form
o _________________________: Water that falls from the atmosphere in
liquid forms as drops
o _________________________: frozen raindrops
o _________________________: precipitation as large lumps or balls of ice.
o _________________________ Humidity: A comparison of the amount of
moisture in the air with the ability of the air to hold moisture.
o _________________________ Pressure: Pressure exerted by the
atmosphere at a certain location
o _________________________ front: the meeting of a warm air mass and a
cold air mass.
o _________________________: a visible aggregate of tiny water droplets
or ice crystals in the atmosphere
o _________________________: a cloud with its base at/near the ground
Climate and Weather
o Weather and climate go together
o The kind of weather a location has determines its climate.
Relate weather information as to the affects on the environment, natural
resources, and conservation
What scientists use…
o Scientists use latitude and longitude, altitude, moisture, and
temperature measurements in studying the effects of weather on
the environment.
o Latitude is the distance north or south from the equator. It is
shown on globes by imaginary lines that run
_________________________ to _________________________.
The _________________________ latitudes are near the
_________________________ and have hot, wet tropical climates
(tropical climate region).
The _________________________ latitudes have a temperate
climate
Much of the earth’s population, agricultural
production and mineral deposits are here.
Most of North America is in this _________________________
climate region.
The higher altitudes are near the poles
The climate is much _________________________
Water in the soil remains frozen year round. This
condition is _________________________.
Areas of near the North and South poles are covered
with ice caps that have remained in place for years.
Latitude helps scientists understand the climate.
o _________________________ is the distance between any location on
earth and the prime median line that passes over Greenwich,
England.
Longitude lines are drawn north and south on a globe or
map
_________________________ is based on longitude, with 24 hours
being equal to one revolution of the earth or 360 degrees
longitude.
o _________________________ is the distance a point on the continental
crust lies above sea level.
_________________________ is the elevation of the land
_________________________ or altitude is a major factor in the
temperature of areas in the tropical and temperate regions.
o Moisture:
Warm areas and those near large areas of water typically
have _________________________ precipitation.
Areas long distances from oceans have
_________________________ precipitation.
o Temperature
Land cools and heats _________________________ than the water
in the ocean
_________________________ stays near the same temperature year
round.
Land areas near the ocean have _________________________
extreme temperatures that those inland or away from the
ocean.
Temperature differences between land and water are
important in causing _________________________ as the air moves
from water to land and vice versa.
Weather and the Environment
o Weather determines the _________________________
o It affects the environment and the organisms that live on earn in
many ways.
o People can plan vacations and crops from year to year because
weather repeats itself.
o Extreme weather conditions cause considerable damage to
_________________________, livestock, and _________________________. (food
shortages, higher energy use)
o There are four commonly measured weather elements
_________________________ Temperature- measure of heat in the
atmosphere
Thermometers measure temperature.
_________________________ and _________________________ are
the most commonly used temperature scales.
Using the Celsius scale, water freezes at
_________________________ and boils at
_________________________
Using Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at
_________________________ and boil at
_________________________.
Temperature has impact on life in our environment
_________________________ and migration of animals
represent ways that animals cope with temperature
changes.
Trout live in cold water, while tilapia live in warm
water.
Plants grow best in temperatures between
_________________________
Many wildlife build nests or other protective areas to
combat low temperatures.
_________________________
Water in the air as vapor is known as
_________________________
_________________________ humidity: comparison of the
amount of moisture in the air with the ability of the
air to hold moisture
o _________________________ Relative Humidity means
the amount of water vapor the air can hold is
_________________________ 100%
o _________________________ Relative Humidity means
that the air can hold more water and that
precipitation is _________________________ likely.
Cool air can hold less water than warm air.
_________________________ Humidity is the density of the
water vapor in the air.
_________________________ is measured with several
different devices.
o _________________________
o _________________________
o _________________________ psychrometers
_________________________ Pressure
It is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere at a
certain location; _________________________ at sea level
and in cool air.
Measured with a _________________________
_________________________ air exerts more pressure
Lower air pressure is a sign of warmer air.
Air pressure is important in weather
_________________________
_________________________ air pressure often means that
storms may be approaching
High air pressure indicates fair weather.
_________________________ is moving air caused by areas with
high atmospheric pressure and low atmospheric pressure
The planetary winds and jet stream have major
influences on the weather.
Wind is measured in two ways
o _________________________ is the location the wind
comes from and it measured with a wind vane
o _________________________ is measured with an
anemometer.
Fronts, Clouds and Storms
o _________________________ front: the meeting of a warm air mass and a
cold air mass
Causes most of the changes in the weather
o Some weather fronts stop moving, called _________________________
fronts
o _________________________ and large bodies of _________________________
have the greatest influence on weather fronts. For example, warm
air cools as it moves over mountains and as it cools, precipitation
is formed as rain or snow.
Clouds
o A visible _________________________ of tiny water droplets or ice
crystals in the _________________________
o Clouds are classified by _________________________ and height or
_________________________ from the grounds.
High clouds are white
Low clouds are _________________________ and have more water
vapor
Three kinds
_________________________: clouds are white, high and thin
_________________________: large, dense, billowy clouds
with flat bases and a towering _________________________ -
like appearance; associated with heavy rain, thunder,
lightning, tornadoes, and hail.
_________________________: large layers or sheets of clouds,
usually covering much of the sky and giving overcast
weather.
Storms
o Storms are forms of _________________________ weather, such as high
winds, heavy rain, and _________________________
o 4 kinds
_________________________:
Typically occurs in _________________________ weather
Violent _________________________ of gusty winds, hail,
lightning, thunder and rain.
_________________________ storms
Occur in cold weather and typically involve snow,
freezing rain, and sleet.
Heavy snow and wind is called a
_________________________
___________________________________:
Large, whirling storms that typically develop over
_________________________
Usually weaken rapidly once they reach land
___________________________________
The most powerful and _________________________ type of
storm
Winds move in a circular direction at speeds up to
200 miles per hour, destroying everything in their
paths.