case studies-residential buildings

8/6/2019 Case Studies-Residential Buildings

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Eurobui ld in Steel

Case Studies - Residential Buildings


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MODULAR CONSTRUCTION

OPENHOUSE


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Case study : Modular Construction, the OpenHouse system, Sweden

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The aim of the OpenHouse Production is to provide Better housing for more people at a lower cost with an industrialized building process and is a cost-effective way to build apartmentswith 3D-modules. The system provides an industrialised building process

MODULAR CONSTRUCTION - OPENHOUSE

Annestad in Malm, Sweden, is a very largedevelopment as to Swedish standards. A totalof 1500 apartments will be built during a

period of four years. The development isdivided into medium sized 2 1/2 to 5 storey

blocks. The project will be completed in 2006.

The development uses the OpenHouse systemfor framing and modules. The size of theapartments varies from one room plus kitchento four rooms plus kitchen. Faade materialsused in this project have been a combination of

bricks, boards, insulated render and wood.Modules are positioned in an off-setconfiguration to create a variable faade line.

The development is a combination of rentalapartments and tenant-ownership apartments.The rental cost of an apartment isapproximately 110 per m/year.

Fully equipped modules in light gauge steelhave been used and complemented at site with

roofs and facades. Initially the prefabricationrate was 40% but this will be increased byintegrating facades in the modules and byusing separate roof modules.

The modules use light gauge steel framing;light gauge steel profiles in combination with

mineral wool and gypsum boards. Exterior walls have slotted light gauge steel studs,mineral wool and gypsum boards, providing agood thermal performance of the walls. Theroof and floor of the module use light gaugesteel beams, mineral wool, gypsum board andtrapezoidal steel sheets. The module carries itsown weight.

The OpenHouse system provides anindustrialised building process and has beenused in several projects. Presently a largenumber of small apartments for students are

being planned for the Stockholm-Uppsala area.


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Case study : Modular Construction, the OpenHouse system, Sweden

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Application Benefits: Project Team:

Adaptability by both flexibility and generality Sustainability by recycling and reuse of material, low

use of materials, a generous life cycle and adaptation

to local environmental conditions Risk minimizing by industrialization, dry

construction and planning principles Good quality is provided by secure performance, dry

construction, excellent dismounting properties, goodoccupational health and safety conditions

Can be used up to eight floors with cladding and roof of the clients choice

The largest modular housing project in Europecurrently.

Client: Hyreshem Malm/OpenHouse Production

Architect: Landskronagruppen/OpenHouse Production

Main Contractor: OpenHouse ProductionSupplier of Modules: OpenHouse Production

The faades are adapted to local conditions

Construction Details:

The modules are arranged in a framing systemwith steel columns. The weight of overlying

modules is taken in SHS columns with space3,9 m. Each module rests on six columns.

The inner measurements of the modules are3,6 m by up to 11 m. The modules cancantilever 1,7 m from the exterior framecolumn. Typical weight of a module is 5 to8 tonnes.

The modules are constructed to transmit thehorizontal loads to stabilising elements e.g.staircases using steel or concrete. The systemhas a possibility to build up to eight or ten

storey buildings.The modules are almost fully equipped asdelivered from the production plant. At site

only some additional work is performed;connections of installations, completion of

flooring and completion of insulation and boarding between modules. As for the previous buildings also facades, roofs and balconieshave been constructed at site. The more recent

buildings have prefabricated roof elements,and the goal is to integrate faades in themodules.


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STEEL FRAMED APARTMENTS

IN SOUTHAMPTON


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Case study : Admiral's Quay, Southampton

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Admirals Quay in Southampton is a harbour-front project consisting of eight apartment buildings,seven of which are in composite construction with light steel separating walls. Excellent acoustic

performance was confirmed by on-site tests.

STEEL FRAMED APARTMENTS IN SOUTHAMPTON

A new model for city living is where home,work and play are just a short distance apart.Admirals Quay by developer Wilson Bowdenexemplifies this notion by new additions toSouthamptons waterfront to a consistent style ,designed by architects Broadway Malyan.Composite construction was chosen for thestructure in order that floor spans couldaccommodate communal facilities, car parkingand retail outlets at ground floor, and all floors

could be partitioned to suit a range of apartment layouts.

Eight buildings are planned for this prestigewaterfront site at Ocean Village, the firstcompleted buildings being a metrosupermarket and two apartment buildings.This 80 million redevelopment project is wellunderway and is currently one of the largestcity centre residential projects in the UK.Eventually, 400 apartments will be created,each with private balconies and terraces.

Seven of the eight buildings of 5 to 9 storeysheight are constructed using steel frames, andcomprise 500 tonnes of structural steel andover 50,000 m 2 total floor area. The ground

floor provides for retail outlets by usingapproximately double the storey height of theresidential levels, which is typically 3.15 m.Typically, five apartments of 80 to 140 m 2 floor area are arranged in a cluster around acentral steel core, containing a lift and accessstairs. Excellent acoustic insulation of thecomposite floor was achieved, which was over 10 dB better than required by Part E of theBuilding Regulations.

The faade materials were chosen to emphasisethe nautical feel, being a mixture of cedar wood, white insulated render and brickwork.Full height glazing provides for panoramicviews. The cantilever steel balconies areattached directly to the supporting steelstructure, which also included an isolatinglayer to minimise cold bridging. This projectemphasises the wide range of faadetreatments that is possible using steelconstruction.


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Case study : Admiral's Quay, Southampton

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Construction Benefits: Project Team:

Freedom of internal partitioning by use of UC sections as composite beams

Developer: Wilson Bowden City Homes

Excellent acoustic performance Architects: Broadway Malyan

Edge beams permit full height glazing Structural Engineer: Robert West Consulting Steel balconies attached to edge beams Steel Fabricator: Robinson, Midland Steel Structures,

Bone Steel, Carnaby Structures Retail outlets at ground floor Decking Suppliers : SMD, Ward, PMF

Speed of construction

Courtyard view showing the 7 storey apartments and their balconiesConstruction Details:

The steel frame of the building is designedusing composite construction. UniversalColumn (UC) sections are chosen for all beamsin order to minimise their depth in spans of 6to 9 m. The composite slab used holorib -typedecking and is generally 170 mm deep, to meetthe current UK Building Regulationsrequirements for acoustic separation of theresidential units. A battened floor andsuspended ceiling provide the requiredacoustic insulation, which was confirmed byon-site tests (see table).

Separating walls use light steel frames and theexternal walls were masonry cavity walls, or insulated render onto brickwork, or cedar wood boarding. The cladding is supported bythe structure at alternate floor levels.

The column grid is governed by the groundfloor car-parking layouts, and as such, is notalways on the building perimeter, resulting in1.2m cantilever beams supporting the cladding.

Generally the centre bays have columns at 7.8m centres in both directions, with the smaller edge bays having bays at 7.8 m x 3.9 m. Theedge beams were also designed to be of minimum depth to provide full height glazingand walkthrough balconies and terraces.

The cantilever steel balconies are attached tostubs or brackets which in-turn are directlyconnected to the edge beams, that aretorsionally restrained by the composite slab.An isolating layer was introduced to minimisecold bridging of the extended steelwork.


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MODULAR LIVING FOR

ASHORNE HILL


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Case study : Ashorne Hill, Leamington Spa

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Terrapin and Corus Living Solutions team up to manufacture and construct a new wing of the AshorneHill Management College using the Prospex modular system and Corus Celestia metallic cladding.

MODULAR LIVING FOR ASHORNE HILL

The Ashorne Hall Management College near

Leamington Spa required high qualityaccommodation for its residential courses, andturned to Terrapin for the design andconstruction to meet the tight windowavailable for construction. The building alsohad to be designed to complement the existingGrade II listed Mansion House, and a recentlyfinished extension to the main building.

The Terrapin Prospex system has been widelyused in hotels and sheltered housing, and this

project gave the opportunity to work withCorus Living Solutions who manufactured,fitted out and supplied the 27 modular

bedrooms and single plant room for this twostorey residential building. The modules are3.8 m 6.3 m external plan dimensions, whichincluded a generous bathroom with bath,shower and toilet. The modules are arrangedeither side of a 1.2 m wide central corridor with a large staircase module at one end.Service connections were made in a verticalriser between pairs of modules.

Large steel cassette panels were manufacturedin a metallic grey colour from Corus ColorsCelestia range. These rain screen panelswere pre-fabricated in sizes to match the

window pattern and are supported on vertical

rails attached to the modules. The clientwished to use this metallic finish to blend inwith the traditional grey slate of the main

building. The windows were recessed from theouter face of the cladding to create a boldvertical shadow-line.

The roof comprises a V shape with internalguttering using down-pipes located in theservice zone between pairs of modules. It isclad with composite panels manufactured byKingspan, which were installed rapidly tocreate a water-tight envelope.

The construction period took only 5 monthsfrom start of site and importantly, the 28modules were installed in only 3 days to createa weather-tight enclosure. The building wasdesigned to high standards of energy efficiencyand comfort and to higher standard acousticinsulation to meet the 2003 UK BuildingRegulations.


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Case study : Ashorne Hill, Leamington Spa

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Application Benefits: Project Team:

Speed of installation Good acoustic performance Cassette cladding installed as lightweight

panels Light weight reduces foundations costs Ease of servicing between the modules

Client: Ashorne Hall ManagementCollege

Architects: Osborn Bennett PracticeContractor: Terrapin by DesignModular Supplier: Corus Living SolutionsCladding Supplier: Superclad

Modules ready for transport to site Large colour-coated steel cladding panels

Construction Details:

The room-sized modules is based on theTerrapin Prospex system and uses 100 mm 1.6 mm C sections for the walls and 150 mm 1.6 mm C sections for the floor joists. Thewalls comprise fire resistant plasterboard andlarge Fermacell panels internally. On theexternal walls, closed cell insulation is directlyfixed to moisture resistant plasterboard, andthe modules are protected to provide resistanceto rain penetration during transport andtemporarily on-site.

The floors comprise 19 mm plasterboard panels below 22 mm chipboard with polystyrene blocks on mineral wool placed between the floor joists for acoustic insulation.OSB board provides the top covering whichsupports installation loads. The total depth of the floor and the ceiling is 450 mm.

The construction process first involvedaccurately levelling the concrete stropfoundations, and then the corridor cassettefloor was placed on cast-in brackets. Theground floor modules were then supported bythe cassette floor. The modules were guidedinto place by a chamfered pin attached to the

brackets. The process was repeated byattaching the first floor corridor cassette to the

lower modules. This also providedwater-proofing in the temporary condition.The whole process of installation of a moduletook less than an hour.

The 3.83 m wide 10 m long stair moduleswere supplied as open-topped and the flight of stairs was supported by a cross-beamconstructed as part of the top of the module.The floor of the upper module formed the stair landing.

The modules were later clad by attachingvertical steel rails in Corus Colorcoat MerlinGrey through the external insulation fixed tothe modules. The steel cassette panels of up to2.3 m length and 1 m width were manufactured

by Supaclad in the Celestia colour, Orion. The panels were attached by nylon pins to the railsto form a rain screen with hidden fixings.


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SOCIAL HOUSING IN EVREUX


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Case study : Social collective residential building, Evreux*

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Steel construction industry provides a wide range of material and systems that can be mixed together based on various degrees of pre-fabrication in factory. Combined with the advantages of a steel framedstructure this new way of construction will provide fast track erection, flexibility in use andsustainability.

SOCIAL HOUSING IN EVREUX

This building is promoted by the SocialHousing Agency and Public Development and

Construction Service of Eure (OPAC de l'Eure)in cooperation with France's Ministry of TownPlanning and Housing. Architect team Dubosk & Landowski are involved in the promotion of steel intensive use in building from many yearsand has proposed an innovative design conceptfor this 51 rental residential housing plus adistric t library.

The design process has been completely re-thinked using intensive steel dry constructionapproach. The use of concrete is limited to a

minimum for basements and ground floor.Steel construction provide efficient material toallows for dry construction, factory made

products with efficient productivity andquality, improved job site organisation and fast

track logistic.The project consists of five four storeyadjoined buildings, with 51 social housing flatsranging from 56 m to 106 m, two to fiverooms plus a 328 m district library on twolevels. The upper flats are two level duplexwith terraces and large openings to theoutdoor. 22 covered parking are part of the

building?

This project remains at human scale and

participate to the urban renovation approach let by the city of Evreux Normandy.

.Developer:Architect:Design Office:Contractor:

Application Benefits

OPAC de l'EureDubosc & LandowskiBohicQuille

Fast track construction Intensive use of steel components Sustainability approach

Lightweight construction and limitedfoundation work

Reconfiguration and refurbishing approach Flexibility of space organisation Good acoustic insulation

Easily disassembled Aesthetic and urban quality


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Case study : Social collective residential building, Evreux*

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Mixing of material steel frame and woodencirculation and posts

Intermediate platform showing wide open space for flexiblearrangement of partitions intensive use of steel elements

Construction Details

Frame: The entire structural frame ismade with hot rolled steel sections.Bracings are made with flat cross bar system and integrated in partition wall for vertical bracings and in the slab's depth for horizontal bracing. This structural framecan be seen from many points of the

building, both outdoor and indoor showingthe radical new approach of design.

The envelope is a mix of wooden panelsand steel sheethings giving an architecturalcontrast in colours and texture.

Roof's envelope is made from arched steelsheeting.

Slabs are dry mixed system called PCIS"Plancher Composite Interactif Sec" fromARCELOR made from a relevantcombination of profiled deep steel

sheethings for the structural aspect,mineral wool for sound and thermalinsulation, plywood panels and a floatingscreed for circulation. Ceilings are madewith two plasterboards panels. Thestructural beams are integrated in the slab'sdepth gaining thickness from the level tolevel height.

All those materials are widely available onthe market. The can be handled and erected

by a well skilled workers team in a fasttrack construction process.

Slab's performance: The slab is 32 cmthick, weight daN/m and can span upto 6 meters for a live load of 150 daN/m

plus distributed load of 100 daN:m(partition and finishing's).

Fire resistance is 30' with two 13 mm plasterboards for the ceilings.

Thermal and acoustic performances are better than required one, allowing for aquality label in France "EDF-Innov'elec"

Concrete is used on limited area, mainly inthe basement and ground floor.

The lightweight of the slabs, combinedwith the structural frame has deeplyreduced the gross weight of the buildingallowing for limited ground foundation.This was convenient for the constructionsite of poor bearing load.

This building has been erected in less than9 months.

Large parts of the elements were producedin factory allowing for precise work,quality delivery, economical and fast track erection process.

This construction process is competitive onthe housing market in France. Final cost isless than 775 Euro/m. The steel frame costshare is less than 20 %.

This building meets all the criteria for aneconomical and sustainable construction.Flexibility and recycling are keywords


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RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

LA FENETREIN DEN HAAG


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Case study : La Fenetre, Den Haag

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A novel construction system was used to create a 16 storey apartment building in the city centre of Den Haag, Netherlands. The steel super-structure is supported on inclined tubular l egs and the

building is designed to be transparent.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGLA FENETRE

INDEN HAAG, NL

An exciting steel structure, called La Fenetre forms a landmark at a busy road inter-sectionin The Hague (Den Haag) close to Rotterdam.Its 16 storeys of apartments are supported on amyriad of inclined tubular legs. It uses a novelstructural system called INFRA+ , which is

based on a series of I beams at 0.6 to 0.9 m

spacing, in which a concrete slab is pre-castaround the bottom flange of the beam. Thecoverage of the inverted pre-cast slab is 2.4 m,which is suitable for transportation andinstallation.

The inverted slab is typically 70 mm thick andis exposed on its underside. Services arelocated on the slab and also provide for under-floor heating and cooling. The floor ingattached to the top flange spans between the

beams, and may use a gypsum screed placed

on floor boarding or shallow decking.

The construction system may also be used for offices and hospitals where there is a need for

under-floor distribution of services. In this building, water pipes were also embedded inthe slab to provide heating, and the invertedslab is able to radiate heat or coolth to thespace.

The faade is fully glazed and with its 20 m

long tubular legs, the building appears to betransparent. The structure is braced internallyand also consists of strategically locatedtubular members.

Fire tests have been carried out at TNO inDelft to justify 120 minutes fire resistance of the otherwise unprotected steel beams due tothe thermal insulation provided by the invertedslab. Excellent acoustic insulation was alsoachieved. Constructed started in early 2004and was completed in late 2005.


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Case study : La Fenetre, Den Haag

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Application Benefits: Project Team: Stability provided by inclined tubular

columnsClient: Latei projectontwikkeling

Transparent faade with minimal floor zone Architect: Architectenbureau Uytenhaak Exposed concrete slab with embedded water

pipesSuperstructure Oostingh Staalbouw

Fire resistance of 120 minutes Project Engineers Adams Under-floor services distribution Flooring Contractor: PreFab Limburg BV Excellent acoustic insulation Sevices contractor Heijmans

Under-floor servicing in INFRA+ Building during constructionConstruction Details

In the INFRA+ system, a variety of steel beams may be used depending on their spanand loading. Although the top flange of the

beam is not laterally restrained, torsionalrestraint is provided by the sla b cast around the

bottom flange. A typical beam span : depthratio is 20, and so a 450 mm deep I beam canspan up to 9 m.

The form of construction is illustrated for the La Fenetre project in the above figure.Services can be passed through elongatedopenings formed in the web of the beams, anda floor of minimum depth of 600 mm iscreated.

The inverted concrete slab is designed tosupport its own weight and loads fromservices, and is typically 70 mm thick. Thefloor comprises a gypsum screed poured onfloor boarding or shallow (20 mm) deckingand is 60-80 mm thick. The structure isdesigned to support the imposed floor loading

of up to 3 kN/m2

.The INFRA+ precast floor panels may besupported by perimeter steel beams placed

below the floor panels. The slab is cast 100

mm short of the edge of the beams. Thesupporting beams align with internalseparating walls. Heating/cooling pipes mayalso be cast into the slab, depending on theapplication, and radiate into the space below.

In La Fenetre , the inclined tubular legs arelocated below column positions on a 6 m 9 mgrid and are brought down to 8 discrete

positions at ground level to optimise on thefoundation requirements. Fire protection costsare minimised by the thermal insulation

provided by the inverted slab, and the use of tubular members with high massivity. Thetubular columns provide for stability of the

building together with internal tubular bracing.


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SIX STOREY HOUSING

IN FULHAM LONDON


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Case study : Lillie Road, Fulham

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The Peabody Trust chose light steel framing for this 6 storey social housing development in Fulham,London, because of their experience on other projects, and the requirements for quality and reliability,and speed of construction.

SIX-STOREY HOUSING IN FULHAM LONDON

Mixed light steel framing and modular construction was selected for The PeabodyTrusts housing project at Lillie Road, Fulham,

because it satisfied the clients requirementsfor speed of construction, improved qualityand reliability by off-site manufacture.Specialist constructor, The Forge Company,and consulting engineer, Michael BarclayPartnership, conceived a mixed panel andmodular structure in which all the components

were pre-fabricated using light steelC sections.

The project consists of 65 apartments, each of approximately 50 m 2 , constructed in three

blocks, the largest of which is 6 storeys high. Itis on the site of a former school, and for thisinner city locality, minimum disruption due tothe construction operation was an importantclient criterion in the choice of methods of construction.

The construction period was reduced to68 weeks, a saving of 16 weeks on blockwork or concrete construction. Bathrooms were

pre-fabricated as modules,

which were fully fitted out before delivery tosite. The blocks all have a semi-basement car

park in Slimflor construction. Some exposed or expressed steel elements were used, but themajority of the structure was pre-fabricatedusing light steel wall and floor panels.

This high level of pre-fabrication allowed the building to be constructed rapidly, and safely, by using the floors as working platforms.

All partners in the project operated under thenew PPC 2000 agreement, which encouragesopen book and non-adversarial relationships.A high level of thermal and acoustic insulationwas provided in the building fabric to meetParts E and L of the revised BuildingRegulations (2002).

Architects, Feilden Clegg Bradley, alsocontinued the theme of pre-fabrication bychoosing a lightweight stack-bonded terracotta

tiling system as a rain-screen faade. Asedum roof on the lower blocks reinforces thegreen landscape.


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Case study : Lillie Road, Fulham

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Application Benefits Project Team

Modular bathrooms are fully fitted out

Entirely panel and modular constructionspeeds up construction

Robustness for multi-storey application High level of thermal and acoustic insulation

provided

Less disruption to the urban locality

Lightweight cladding

Client:

Architect

Structural Engineer

Constructor

Light Steel Framing

Design of bathroompods

The Peabody Trust

Feilden Clegg Bradley

Michael Barclay Partnership

Walter Llewellyn

Forge Llewellyn Ltd(now The Forge Company)

MTech

Courtyard View Pre-fabricated bathrooms and braced walls


The 6-storey building courtyard now is madefrom pre-fabricated light steel panels, floor cassettes and bathroom modules, all usingstandard light steel C sections. The wall panelsresist vertical and horizontal loads applied tothe building, making this building the tallest inthe UK using light steel framing as the load-

bearing structure. Robustness issues areimportant for this height of structure, andvarious accidental loading scenarios were alsoexamined, involving removal of whole panels,and the analysis showed that the structure wasstable and robust to extreme events.

Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) memberswere introduced as expressed steelwork onthe end faades, and also in the balconies.They were installed along with the light steelframing panels.

The bathroom modules were also designed to be structural so that their walls and floorscontribute to the resistance to loads. The floor elements used 200 mm deep C sections, and

the wall elements used 100 mm deepC sections in 1.2 mm to 2.4 mm thickness,depending on the loads applied. Floors were

pre-assembled as cassettes. Cross-walls were braced by cross-flats for stability.

The separating floors and walls achieve anairborne sound reduction of over 63 dB, by useof mineral wool and sound resistant

plasterboard. Resilient bars support two layersof plasterboard ceiling.

The external walls achieve a U value of 0.2 W/m 2o C for excellent energy efficiency by

placing mineral wool between the studs andalso external to the wall.


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SOCIAL HOUSING IN REIMS


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Case study : Social housing in Reims*

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Steel construction industry provides products that can be mixed with other materials to provideefficient building construction. The performance of a steel framed structure allows for wide open spacethat can be flexible and reconfigurable for client requirements and future changes in use. Steel also

provide quality factory made elements with fast track erection on site. These two arguments deal withflexibility in use and sustainability.

SOCIAL HOUSING IN REIMS

The Residence Jeanne de Champagne buildingis a 6 storeys, 18 apartments building for social

housing with a commercial level at groundfloor. Floors 5 and 6 are more luxuriousapartments for private owners. A car park with26 places is provided in the basement. The

building construction uses the PRISM system base on a steel frame and steel roof.

The commercial level requires a wide-openspace without any columns and a steel portalframe achieve this within the floor dept above.Steel beams are integrated in the slabs to createa shallow floor construction.

Due to urban requirements, the street sitefacades are precast concrete panels which are

point-connected to the frame work. The back faade is made of concrete blocks supported onthe slabs edge and steel sheeting. Render givesa continuous appearance on the facade Slabsare composite steel sheetings and concrete.The supporting beams are imbedded in theconcrete thickness to allow for thin elementand extra penthouse level at top floor. The

partitioning use light steel framing and plasterboard panels. The roof is made fromcurved steel sheeting. The thermally efficientenvelope system and electric heating meets the

high VIVRELEC label in France

Developer:Architect:Design Office:Contractor:

Application Benefits :

OPAC de ReimsHenry DumontIngebat and CTICMBton SILVEX

Fast track construction Intensive use of steel components Speed of construction On site storage of materials Basement car park

Highly energy efficient Long span commercial area at ground level Environmental benefits Easily disassembled Low building cost (896/m excl tax)


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Case study : Social housing in Reims*

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Back faade made with steel sheeting

and stucco

Intermediate platform showing wide open space

for flexible arrangement of partitions intensiveuse of steel elements


Frame: The entire structural frame ismade with hot rolled steel sections.Bracings are made with flat cross bar system and integrated in partition wall for vertical bracings and in the slab's depth for horizontal bracing.

Shallow slabs are provided in a compositesteel concrete structural behaviour that has

been optimised for long span and fireresistance. Beams are embedded inconcrete. The structural frame and slabs

provide wide open platform to allow sitestock during erection of the building. Thisis a major advantage when incongestionned urban area where space islimited.

The envelope is a mix concrete panel at

street faade and steel sheeting at back faade giving an architectural contrast incolours and texture.

Roof's envelope is made from arched steelsheeting.

This building has been designed to allowfor efficient thermal performances , bothon envelope with limited thermal bridgesand for the heat production anddistribution. The entire building frame is

thermally protected with an externalthermal protection envelope made of

prefabricated concrete panels, weather protection sheet and air ventilation,mineral wool and plasterboards.

The thermal design shows that the performance related to the thermal loosesthrow the envelope of the building fittedwith light steel gauge element andexternal thermal insulation is reached atUBt = 0.803 W/m.K less than the requiredreference value of UBt-ref = 0.868 W/m.K.

Gain is 8%. The same gain can beobserved on energy consumption needed torun the building. C = 277908 kWh equivOil with the reference set to 317 102 kWhequiv Oil. The gain is now 12%.

This performance can be upgraded withvery few materials, mainly extra mineralwool. As standards will require more andmore thermal performances in the nextdecade, steel as light material can complywith these new requirements with fewefforts.

All those materials are dry mixed systemthat allows for safe and fast track work onsite. Erection period has been limited to aminimum. They are widely available onthe market.


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Rudolstdter Stahlhaus


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Case study : Rudolstdter Stahlhaus*

1

Modern architecture is characterized by transparent structures. With steel it ispossible to realize such requirements also for residential buildings. The intension of the development of the Rudolstdter Stahlhaus is to bring architectural principlesinto the rather conservative individual residential building sector in Germany.

Rudolstdter StahlhausResidential buildings made of steel by Rudolstdter Stahlbau GmbH, Germany

Residential building in Weinheim (Germany)Architect: Ulrike Schmitt, Weinheim, Steel Construction: Rudolstdter Stahlbau

Building Technology

The characteristic feature of this SteelHouse consists of the separation betweenconstruction and cladding. The architect

can use the separated parts of the buildingto solve different demands from the client.

A good example is the possibility of largespans inside the house. The architect cancreate big rooms without any singlesupport. In this case you have also thepossibility to use steel for architecturalelements. Whether steel is visibly usedoutside or inside, it always has the specialcharm to emphasize the function of specialdesign for modern architecture. Theoutside structure is connected to thebeams inside the house with a specialthermal separation connection which isdeveloped by Rudolstdter Stahlbau

GmbH in a common research project withTechnical University of Darmstadt andFOSTA.

The walls inside the house do not haveany supporting function. Because of this,the wall construction can be optimized for their initial function to insulate the building.This means that it is possible to usedifferent materials which are very good for the realisation of low energy houses. For example sandwich panels as they up tonow are only common for industrialbuildings. Even the combination of loamwalls and a structure made of steel wasrealized by Rudolstdter Stahlbau. They

have used loam plan stones for the wallsoutside and inside the building. Here thewell known properties of loam as building


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Case study : Rudolstdter Stahlhaus*

2

material were used for modern andhealthy living.

Because of the steel structure the architecthas the possibility to optimise the thermalbehaviour for floors and the roof.

An essential property of the steel housesystem is the optimal adaptability ondifferent requirements. It is possible tovary the cladding outside the building, tocreate a new ground plan or to realize anew energy concept during the use of thebuilding.

A very important advantage of theresidential steel building is the fact thatyou use a standard construction whichhas the advantage of creating anindividual building but keeping the costs atlow level. This is made possible throughthe application of most modern CAD-technology from the first draft phase up tothe pre-fabrication in the works. Becauseof this it is possible to realize anarchitectural design without reflecting inincreased costs. The price of the steel

house is not higher than that of a massivehouse with comparable equipment.The low weight of the steel structureincludes further advantages. If the groundconditions of the site are bad, it is possibleto build the steel structure with a simplefoundation.

A high quality dimension is achievedthrough pre-fabrication in the workshopapart from building site. The constructiontime can be held extremely short. Periodsof 6 to 8 weeks are possible from theground-breaking procedure up to thecompletion of the building.

The consequent separation of thestructure and the (non-supporting) wallsoffer further new ideas for residentialbuildings with steel structure. In a commonresearch project between the BauhausUniversity Weimar and Rudolstdter Stahlbau GmbH a static calculation modelwith the suitable construction details for economical steel houses in earthquakeregions were developed..

Application Benefits

Separation between constructionand cladding

Use of sandwich panels for insulationis possible Walls do not have any supporting

function Construction with the best thermal

behaviour for floors can be chosen Large spans inside the house Flexibility of the ground plan High quality of construction Recyclability of the building Short construction time New application in earthquake regions

??? Impressions from the residential building Wohnhaus in Keilbach (Germany)

Architect Martin Cleffmann - schaudt architekten, Konstanz, Steel Construction: Rudolstdter Stahlbau


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SMART HOUSE IN ROTTERDAM


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Case study : Smart House, Rotterdam*

1

A novel steel-intensive construction system has been developed for residential buildings, small officesand health centres. It is based on a tubular structure and pre-fabricated light steel floors and walls.

SMART HOUSE IN ROTTERDAM

Architect Robert Winkel has developed a newform of open building system called SMART

HOUSE , based on Rectangular HollowSections (RHS) as beams and Square HollowSections (SHS) as columns. The RHS beamssupport a light steel floor cassette that is pre-fabricated using light steel C sections, andthere are no downstand beams. It is based onIFD or Industrial F lexible Demountabletechnology, which is promoted by the DutchGovernment.

An innovative hidden connection detail isused to connect the RHS beams to the SHScolumns, so that the beams can be visuallyexposed for architectural effect. The light steelwall panels are attached between the SHScolumns to produce a wall of minimum width.Any type of faade material may be attached tothe outside, and one or two layers of

plasterboard are required internally, dependingon the fire resistance required.

A demonstration building was constructed inthe suburbs of Rotterdam using thistechnology. The developer, BAM wished todemonstrate the flexible configuration for amixed office-house. All services are located ina central core and the open usable space is

placed around it. A high level of glazing can be provided. The building is clad in a mixtureof board materials.

The demonstration building is 3 storeys high, but can be extended up to 5 storeys, dependingon fire resistance and stability requirements. Itcan be used for many applications, such asresidential or commercial and health buildings.Spans are based on a 5.4 m grid, but in

principle the system can be extended in spanrange. The structure is installed as a dryconstruction process and is very fast andefficient, and can be assembled and dismantledeasily.


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Case study : Smart House, Rotterdam*

Application Benefits Project Team

Flexible space use Developer: BAM Exposed steel structure Architect: MEI Architects Shallow floors and walls Contractor: BAM Adaptable to future uses

Fast construction process Good acoustic insulation Easily disassembled

Hidden connection detail in RHS beams Central service core in Smart House


The floor beams use 200 100 RHS sectionswhich have a span capability of 5.4 m, whichis the preferred grid for residential buildingsand small offices in the Netherlands. Thecolumns are 100 100 SHS. The hiddenconnection uses a single bolt placed fromabove, so that the beams and columns can beexposed (see Figure). The steel thickness of the tubular members can be increaseddepending on the loading and building he ight,

without changing their external dimensions.The pre-fabricated floor cassette consists of 200 mm deep C sections in pairs at 400 mmcentres that also span up to 5.4 m. The cassetteis manufactured in 2.7 widths for ease of transportation, and is suspended from the topof the RHS beams. Two layers of fire resistant

plasterboard are placed below the joists and aresilient floor covering provides the necessaryacoustic insulation. The overall floor depth is300 mm. The span range can be increased by

using deeper RHS members and floor joistswithout affecting the basic system.

Services are concentrated in a central core at

type of faade material may be used. In thedemonstration project, marine grade painted

plywood was used on the walls with metalliccladding for the roof. The stairs were also pre-fabricated in steel.

Stability is provided by X-bracing in the walls,which can be strategically placed to avoidwindows. Walls may be fully glazed if required. All floors and walls can be removedeasily to adapt to future uses. The service corehouses the bathrooms, kitchen and major equipment and services from which theelectrics, data comms and pipes are distributed.The structure can be easily dismantled and re-used.

case studies-residential buildings

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