FURNITURE DESIGNCASESTUDY OF WOOD

INTRODUCTION TO WOODWHAT IS WOOD..?• Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and

roots of trees and other woody plants.• It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a

construction material.• In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody

plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves.

• It also mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the leaves and other growing tissues.• Wood may also refer to other plant materials with

comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fibber.• The earth contains about one trillion tonnes of wood, which

grows at a rate of 10 billion tonnes per year.• Woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of

renewable energy.• In 1991, approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were

harvested.• Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction.

• Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material.• It is composed of cells, and the cell walls are composed of

micro-fibrils of cellulose (40%-50%) and hemicelluloses (15%-25%) impregnated with lignin (15%-30%).• The structure of hardwood is more complex. the water

conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels.

SEASONING• It is a process of removing moisture content from wood .• It is done to minimize structural problems when used in

construction or to provide less smoke and more uniform combustion when used as firewood.• Cutting of wood is done first .• Then , it is vaccumed in room and is steamed.• Then it is left for 1 week.• Then it is dried.• If we require natural seasoned wood then it requires 2-3

yrs.

TYPES OF SEASONING• Air Seasoning• Solar Kiln Seasoning.• Microwave seasoning.

AIR SEASONING• The traditional method for drying wood , air seasoning is also

the longest , taking six to nine months .• To air season wood , stack logs or planks outside on pallets in

such a manner that air can circulate vertically and horizontally through the timbers.• The raised pallets protect wood from vegetation and damp

ground.• Plank and log ends are often wrapped or sealed to prevent

excessive moisture loss through these areas.• Protect the drying wood from the elements with an overhead

canoy.

SOLAR KILN SEASONING• This method combines the speed of seasoning with the low energy of air

drying .• Solar kilns have single-thickness windows on south side of the structure that

works as collectors to trap the sun’s energy.• Heat collectors , made from black metal are attached near the top of the

window sashes .• Various method force the heated air to circulate through the kiln to dry the

wood .• Some solar kilns have insulation to retain heat at night .• This process takes approximately twice as long as traditional kiln seasoning.• Because of its gentle nature , it is well suited to producing wood for furniture

fabrications.

MICROWAVE SEASONING• It uses energy directed into timbers that drive out moisture

from wood.• This method provides advantages such as high speed and

high quality and is well suited for seasoning lumber , blocks , veneer , chips , paper and wood based composite material.• Areas in the wood with moisture absorb the most energy

resulting in even temprature during the drying process and a uniform moisture content .• This factors enhance quality and reduce timber checking

and warping.

CALCULATION OF WOOD• For eg: If the length of door is 210 cm , 90 cm width and 5

cm depth.• We have to convert all cms to inches.• 85 * 36 * 2 = 6048 • Then it is to be divided by 6048/144 = 4.2• Then if we take burma teak 6000 rs cubic / ft then 6000 *

4.2 = 25200 rs .• Is wages is 750 rs * 7 ft * 3 ft = 15750 rs • Then total cost is 25200 + 15750 =40950 rs.

USES OF WOOD• FUEL• MAIN ARTICLW : WOOD FUEL:-• Wood has a long hiostory used as fuel, which continues to

this day, mostly in rural area of the world.• Hardwood is prefered over softwood because it creates less

smoke and burns longer.• Adding a wood stove or fireplace to a home is often felt to

add ambiance and warmth.•

CONSTRUCTION• Wood has been an important construction material since human shelter, houses and

boats. Nearly all boats were made of wood until the late 19th century and reamain in common days today also in boat construction.

• Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in north america. In medievial europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction , including9beams , walls , doors and floors.

• Today may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as aesthetic materials.

• Today a wider variety of woods is used : solid wood doors are often made from popular, small knotted pine and douglas fir.

• The building made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material especially in roof construction in interior doors and their frames and as exterior cladding .

• Wood is also commonly used as shuttering material to form the mould into which concrete is poured during reinforced concrete construction.

STAINING

• A wood stain consists of a colorant suspended or dissolved in a vehicle or solvent. The suspension agent can be water , alcohol , petroleum distillate, or the actual finishing agent .• Two types of colorant are used pigments and dyes.• Dyes are microscopic crystals that dissolve in the vehicle

and pigments are suspended in vehicle and are much larger.• Dyes will color very fine grained wood, like cherry or

maple , which pigments contains a binder to help attach themselves to the wood.• Dyes are translucent and pigments are opaque.

FURNITURE AND UTENSILS• Wood has always been used extensively for furniture , such as chairs and beds . Also for tools

handles and cutlery such as chopsticks , toothpicks , and other utensils like the wooden spoon.

• IN THE ARTS • These products include glued laminated timber , wood structural panels (including plywood ,

oriented strand board and composite panels ) laminated veneer lumber (LVL)and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products , parallel strand lumber , and I joists.

• Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991.• The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.• Wood unsuitable for construction in its native from may be broken down mechanically (into fibers

or chip or chemically into cellulose ) and used as a raw material for other building material such as engineered wood, as well as chipboard , hardboard,, and medium density fiberboard (MDF)

• Such wood derivatives are widely used : wood fibers are an important component of most paper and cellulose is used as a component of some synthetic material.

Wood derivatives can also be used for kinds of flooring eg. Laminate flooring.

SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT• Many types of sports equipments are made from wood.• Baseball bats re made of ash wood , hickory and in recent

year is made from maple.• Many other types of sports and recreation equipments such

as skies , ice hockey sticks , archery bows were made of wood in past but have been replaced by modern materials like aluminium , titanium , etc.

There are two types of woods.

Hardwood Softwood

HARDWOOD• WHAT IS HARDWOOD..?• It comes from deciduous trees.• These tress are also known as the broad leaf trees and

leaves of these trees fall in autumn and new once appear in spring season.• The wood for engineering purpose is mostly derived from

deciduous trees.• These trees yellow hardwoods which are usually closed

grained, strong, heavy, dark coloured, durable and non resinous.• Examples: Oak, Walnut, Teak, Mahogany, Maple.

HARDWOOD• OAK• MAPLE • MAHOGANY• TEAK• ROSEWOOD

• CHERRY• WALNUT• VALSADI SAG• GHANA TEAK• BURMA TEAK

OAK• Oak is most widely used hardwood.• There are 60 species of wood which can be separated in

white and red.• Variety is also known as black oak.

•PROPERTIES: • It is heavy , strong , light coloured hardwood.• It is porous.• Prominent ring and large pores gives it a course texture and

prominent grain.

•USES:• Used to craft american and english country designs.• Also to make expensive indoor and outdoor furniture.

• PRICE : 2400 RS / CUBIC FT.

MAPLE• There are 175 species from which only 5 species are commerciall

used which grow in U.S.• Out of five two are hardwood maple and sugar maple.

• PROPERTIES:• It is so hard and resistant to shocks that it is used for alley

bowling floors.• Its diffuse evenly sized pores give the wood a finetexture and

even grain.• Maple that has curly grains are used for violin back.

• Bird’s eye figure in maple is the result of stunted growth and is quite rare.

• COLOUR:• Light tan to brown hardwood .• Sapwood is creamy white to gray.

• USES:• Flooring , paneling ,barrels , bucket tools , handles etc.

• PRICE:• 1500 RS CUBIC / FT.

MAHOGANY• It is also known as honduras mahogany.• It is a tropical hardwood indigenous to south america ,central

america and africa.• There are many different grades and species sold under this

name which varies in quality and price.• This mahogany comes from caribbean is thought to be the

hardest , strongest and best quality.• Philippine mahogany has a similar color , but is not really

mahogany at all.• It is a much less valuable wood,being less strong , not as durable

or as beautiful when finished.

PROPERTIES• Strong , uniform pore structure and poorly defined annual rings.• It has a reddish brown color and display stripe, ribbon, broken

stripe , rope , ripple , mottele fiddleback or blister figures.• It is an excellent carving wood and finishes well.

• USES :• Modern furniture , bedroom furniture , office furniture , etc.

• PRICE :• 1450 RS / CUBIC FT.

TEAK• True teak comes from Southeast Asia , but similar species

comes from Africa , Burma , Thailand.

• PROPERTIES:• Heartwood is brownish red in colour.• There are dark patches on it.• Strange scent in newly cut wood.

• USES:• Used for making furniture , boat decks , indoor flooring ,

doors , house windows, etc . • PRICE : 6000 RS CUBIC / FT.

ROSEWOOD• PROPERTIES:• Very hard and dark reddish brown color.• Fragrant and closed grained .• Hard to work with and require high polish .

• USES :• Musical instruments , piano cases , tool handles , art projects ,

veneers and furniture.

• PRICE :• 940 RS / CUBIC FT.

CHERRY• Grow in eastern half of U.S .• Sometimes called fruitwood.• Used to describe a light brown finish on other woods.

• PROPERTIES :• Moderately hard , strong , close grain , light to red brown

wood .• It resist warping .• Ease to carve and polish.

• USES:• Cherry veneers are used in variety of styles.• Used to make colonial and french provincial designs.

• PRICE :• 7 $ CUBIC/FT Approx.

WALNUT• Most versatile and cabinet making woods .• Grows in America , Europe and Asia .• It has many different varities.

• PROPERTIES :• Strong , hard and durable , without being excessively heavy.• Light to dark brown chocolate in color with straight grain in

trunk.• Wavy grains is present towards root .

• USES :• Al type of fine cabinet work.

• PRICE:• 2700 RS / CUBIC FT.

GHANA TEAK• It has same weight as saalwood.• Its colour is reddish white.• Price:- RS1500 CUBIC/FT.

SOFT WOOD • What is soft wood ?• It comes from coniferous tree.• These trees are also known as evergreen trees and leaves

of these trees do not falll till new ones are grownn.• As these trees bear cone-shaped fruits, they are given

name coniferous.• These trees yield softwoods which gnerally is of light colour

, resinous , light in weight and weak.• They show distinct annual rings.

SOFTWOOD• PINE • ASH• HICKORY• BEECH • SPRUCE

• CEDAR• REDWOOD• HEMLOCK• FIR

PINE• It is a soft wood which grows in most areas of the northen

hemisphere.• There are more than 100 species worldwide.

• PROPERTIES• Pine is a soft , white or pale yellow wood which is light in

weight , straight grained and lacks figure.• It resists shrinking and swelling .• Knotty pine is oftenly used for decorative effect.

USES• Paints and all finishes are used on this wood.• Exterior millwork , furniture,molding,panelling,carvings,turning and

pattern making.

• COLOUR• Sapwood is yellowish white to cream colour, heartwood is reddish brown

to creamy tan.

• PRICE : 750 RS CUBIC/FT.

ASH• There are 16 species of ash which grow in the eastern united states .• White ash is the largest and most commercial wood.

• PROPERTIES• It is hard, heavy and porous wood.• It has a prominent grain that resembles oak, and a white to light brown

colour.• Ash can be differentiated from hickory which also resembles,by white

dots in the darker summerwood which can be seen with the naked eye.• Ash burls have a twisted interwoven figure.

USES• Ash is widely used for structural frames and steam bent

furniture pieces.• It is often less expensive as compared to hardwoods.

• PRICE• 300$ - 500$ CUBIC METRE.

HICKORY• There are 15 species of hickory in the eastern united states

, eight of which are commercially important.

• PROPERTIES• It is one of the hardest and heaviest wood available.• Pecan is a species of hickory sometimes used in furniture.• It has close grain without much figure.

USES:• It is used for the structural parts, especially where strength

and thinnes are required.• Decorative hickory veneers are also commonly used.

• PRICE• $1.65 CUBIC METRE for 2’ – 5’.

BEECH• The American beech is a single species which grows in the

eastern half of the united states.

• PROPERTIES:• It is hard , strong ,heavywood with tiny pores and large

conspicuous medullary rays, similar in appearance to maple.• This is relatively inexpensive wood has reddish brown

heartwood and light sapwood.

USES:• Beech is often used for frames and variety of bend and turn parts.• Quarter sliced and half round cut beech veneer are commonly

used .• It is also used in chair parts ,furniture, flooring , toys etc.

• COLOUR:• Pink to reddish brown heartwood and sapwood is creamy pink

• PRICE – 1800 RS CUBIC/FT.

CEDAR

• COLOUR – Mostly red heart wood , thin whitish sapwood.

• USES :• Cedar chest , closet , furniture etc.

• PRICE• 6 X 6 X 8’ = $ 31.20 CUBIC MT.

REDWOOD• Indigenous to the pacific united states , redwood tree grows to

more than 300 ft tall and 2500 years old.

• PROPERTIES:• The best quality redwood comes from the heartwood which is

resistant to deterioration due to sunlight , moisture and insect.• It is used to craft outdoor furniture and decorative carvings.

• PRICE• 2 X 6 “ = 6.49 $ /SQ FT.

HEMLOCK:• Light in weight and uniformly textured.

• It is used in construction , planks , door , boards , paneling , sub flooring etc .

• PRICE

• Length upto 16’ = $1.03.

• FIR :

• Works easy and finishes well.

• Uniform in texture and non resinous.

• Has low resistance to decay.

• Used in furniture , doors , frames, windows, plywood, veneer , general milwork and interior trim.

• PRICE:

• 2” x 3” x 96” = 2.17 $ / each.

SPRUCE• Strong and hard.• Finishes well and has low resistance to decay . Has

moderate shrinkage and light in weight.• Used for masts and spars for ships.

• PRICE• 5 $ – 18 $ / SQ MT.

SAAL WOOD• It is stronger than pine wood .• Used as joints in door.• It is yellowish white.• It is available in kutch.• Its density is high.• Its price is Rs.1300 RS CUBIC/FT.

CASE STUDY Marsova sal -1.Origin - Malasiya and south Africa. 2.Application – Construction field. 3.Types of wood – Hardwood. 4. Rate – 1050 RS CUBIC / FT. Mernty Sal – 1. Origin – Malasiya and South Africa. 2. Application – Building and construction field. 3. Types of wood – Hardwood. 4. Rate – 1000 RS CUBIC / FT.

Kaastha wood– 1 . Origin – Surat . 2. Application – Furniture field and articial wood . 3. Types of wood – Hardwood. 4. Rate – 2500 RS CUBIC / FT. It is artficial wood . The wood is made by same

manufactured as ply. The layers of wood are glued together and

pressurised.Red mernty – 1. Origin – Malasiya and South Africa. 2. Application – building and construction field. 3. Types of wood – Hardwood. 4. Rate – 1100 RS CUBIC / FT.

Sycamore – 1.Origin – Europe. 2.Application – Furniture field and veneers. 3.Type of wood – Decorative wood. 4. Rate – 1850 RS CUBIC /FT. Steam beach – 1.Origin – Europe . 2.Application – Furniture field and

veneers. 3.Type of wood – Decorative wood. 4. Rate – 1300 RS CUBIC /FT.

White Beach - 1. Origin – Europe. 2. Application – Furniture field and

veneers. 3. Types of wood – Hardwood. 4. Rate – 1350 RS CUBIC / FT. Sapeli - 1.Origin – South Africa / Europe. 2.Application – Furniture field and veneers. 3. Types of wood – Decorative wood. 4.Rate – 1850 RS CUBIC/ FT.

CASE STUDY• KAASTHA:

• DENSO:

GROUP MEMBERS:• 1414-Gajjar Dhaval• 1416-Galiawala Priyashi• 1420-Jariwala Dipesh• 1421-Jariwala Jinal• 1432-Mewada Abhishek• 1447-Patel Vivek• 1448-Sadiwala Kuldeep• 1453-Sheth Saloni Submitted to: Bankim Dave Umang Dalal Ami Merchant

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