cassava as a surrogate for corn how ... - watt global media · 6/5/2017 · varying dosages of...
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Cassava as a surrogate for corn – how high can we go in broiler diets?
Dr. David Akinde
Fusion Biosystems GmbH, Lohne Germany
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2 2A typical broiler diet
Feed cost
energy cost protein cost residual•Feed is 65 to 70%
of expenditure
•Driven by energy
and protein
•Corn preferred for
human
consumption and
ethanol industry.
•Wheat or barleydiets suffer reduced
DM, CP, and ME
digestibility,
lowering BW
gain/fcr
Structure of feed cost in broiler feeding
• Can we progress from energy grains?
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3 3
Cassava –Manihot esculenta
•most important rootcrop in the tropics•Recent increasedtrade in cassava: flour, chips•High in starch(61 – 72 %)•starch digestibility > corn starch, being > in amylopectin (Gomes et al., 2005).
Photos are courtesy of Trade Suppliers at Alibaba.com
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4 4
Major cassava feed ingredients
WHOLE ROOTS
• Normally fed to cattle and pigs, either raw or boiled. However, fresh tubers may cause cyanide toxicity, depending on the cyanide content in the tubers. For use in poultry, the moisture level is the key.
CHIPS
• Chopped and sun-dried cassava for application in alcohol and animal feed production. Extensively produced in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Nigeria. The fresh roots are machine sliced into small pieces and sun-dried for 2-3 days. Export specifications are 65% (minimum) starch, 5% (maximum) fibre, 3% (maximum) soil & silica contaminants and moisture ≤14%.
PELLETS
• Are obtained from dried cassava chips passed through pellet machines. Cassava pellets enhance animal performance, reduce pollution, are less bulky, and so transportation cost is lower.
MEAL
• is the powdered residue of chips and roots from extraction of edible starch. Thus quality is inferior and has lower starch content. In Africa, cassava meal is produced from the whole root, which may be peeled or unpeeled. This meal is higher in starch compared to meals produced in Asia where cassava is mainly used for starch production.
Mathur et al., 1969; Philips, 1974; Balagopalan, 2002; Chauynarong et al., 2009
Photos are courtesy of Trade Suppliers at Alibaba.com
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5 5
11,0
11,5
12,0
12,5
13,0
13,5
14,0
14,5
15,0
15,5
16,0
Me
tab
olis
able
en
erg
y co
nce
ntr
atio
n, M
J/kg
DM
Wheat Barley Triticale Rye Corn Cassava
Metabolisable energy concentration
The Feed Directory
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Crude protein level
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
cru
de
pro
tein
leve
l, g
/kg
DM
Corn Wheat Barley Triticale Rye Cassava
The Feed Directory
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Crude fiber
The Feed Directory
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Corn Wheat Barley Tritical Rye Cassava
% D
M
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Amino acid level
0,00,51,01,52,02,53,03,54,0
g/k
g a
ir d
ry
corn cassava
•cassava is almost bereft of N•corn supplies 25 – 30% dietary CP •Cassava protein is higher in Lys, thr, arg, val but lower in met, cys, ile, leu, his, phe, & gly
Values obtained by Fusion Biosystems GmbH, Lohne
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Traditional inclusion levels of cassava and major ingredients in Holland and UK, g/kg
Sources: Wood, 1992; Tewe 2004
Broiler Layer Finisher pigs
Holland UK Holland UK Holland UK
Cereals 220 690 70 600 - 540
Cereals-byproducts - 10 150 70 180 90
Proteins/AA 480 250 420 240 365 310
Cassava 205 - 245 - 370 -
Oil & fat 75 40 30 10 25 20
Others 20 10 85 100 60 40
• Mostly below 40% of diet in Netherlands
• Is this theoptimum?
• Can we gohigher?
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Challenges with cassava
Linamarin
Lotaustralin
H―C≡NHydrolyzed to CN
under alkaline conditions of the small intestine
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Liver mitochondrial rhodanase is
able to detoxify HCN to SCN using
sulfhydryl group (SH) sulphur (from
methionine/cysteine). Arising
thiocyanate is then excreted
through the urine.
Methionine is involved in
detoxification primarily because its
SH possesses affinity for charged
toxicants.
Illustration of the hypothesis that free methionine may lessen the toxicity of high cassava diets, to upgrade the nutritive value of cassava to that of corn
Friedmann, 1994; Rosling, 1994
sulfur + HCN SCN-
rhodanese
Kidney
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Dietary layout
Objectives 3 × 5 factorial
Cassava chips
(g/kg corn in
standard diet)
DL-Methionine
(g/kg)
0 1 2
0 T1 T6 T11
250 T2 T7 T12
500 T3 T8 T13
750 T4 T9 T14
1000 T5 T10 T15
To study effect of graded
ingestion of cassava chips
in starters/finishers
To characterise the role of
methionine
supplementation at different
inclusion levels of cassava
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Table 7: Chemical composition of cassava chips
Parameters Cassava Chips
Moisture (%) 8.77±0.2
Crude protein (%) 1.10±0.0
Crude fat (%) 0.70±0.0
Ash (%) 2.21±0.1
Crude fibre (% ) 1.81±0.04
Metabolisable Energy (Kcal/kg) 3033.0 ±33
Free Hydrogen Cyanide (mg/kg) 20.2±0.1
Total Hydrogen Cyanide (mg/kg) 377 ±0.1
Aflatoxin (ppb) 5.5±0.1
• Proximate analysis (AOAC,1995)
• HCN determination (Chhay-Ty et al., 2007)
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Basal composition of the experimental diets (g/100g DM)
Feed ingredients Starter Finisher
Maize 59.00 59.00
Cassava Chips 0.00 0.00
Soyabean Cake 36.00 30.00
Wheat Bran 2.00 7.00
Calcium carbonate 1.00 1.00
Salt 0.22 0.22
Enzyme complex 0.03 0.03
Di-Calcium Phosphate 1.50 1.50
Vitamin-Mineral Premix 0.25 0.25
DL-Methionine 0.00 0.00
Toxin Binder 1.00 1.00
Total (Kg) 100.00 100.00
Calculated Nutrients
Lysine (%) 1.21 0.98
Methionine (%) 0.41 0.35
Calcium (%) 1.20 1.00
Available Phosphorus (%) 0.50 0.40
Crude Protein (%) 22.44 20.59
ME (Kcal/kg) 3224.06 3000.06
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RESULTS
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BW gain in 28 d broilers fed incremental levels of cassava chips at varying dosages of free methionine
The effects of CC, methionine and their interaction were highly significant (P < 0.001). unsupplementedCC was similar between 25 to 100 % of corn replacement (P >0.05).1 or 2 kg DL-Met restored BW gain back to that of all corn basal diet.
ab c cd cd cdab b abc ab abca ab ad abc
-100
100
300
500
700
900
0 25 50 75 100Ave
rage
BW
gai
n (
g/ 2
8 d
)
Dietary cassava level (% of corn inclusion)
Met 0 g/kg Met 1 g/kg Met 2 g/kg
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Feed conversion ratio in 28 d broiler starters fed varying levels of cassava chips and supplemental methionine
d c b cd bd cd cd bc cdd cd d a cd
0.00.30.60.91.21.51.82.12.42.7
0 25 50 75 100
fcr
in 2
8 d
bro
ile
rs
Dietary cassava level (% of corn inclusion)
Met 0 g/kg Met 1 g/kg Met 2 g/kg
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0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 2 0 0
1 4 0 0
1 6 0 0
1 8 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 2 0 0
2 4 0 00 g / k g 1 g / k g 2 g / k g D L - M e t h i o n i n e
( s e e a b s t r a c t f o r p a r a m e t e r f i t s )
C a s s a v a c h i p s , g / k g d i e t a r y c o r n i n c l u s i o n
BW
g
ain
,
g/
56
d
0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 . 5
2 . 0
2 . 5
3 . 0
3 . 5
4 . 0
C a s s a v a c h i p s , g / k g d i e t a r y c o r n i n c l u s i o n
FC
R,
5
6
d
Akinde and Etop, 2017
unsupplemented
CC was similar
between 250 to
1000 g/kg corn (P
> 0.05).
1 kg DL-Met
restored BW gain
back to all corn
basal diet.
Except at 250
and 500 g/kg CC,
2 g/kg DL-met
was toxic
Effects of methionine supplementation in 56 day broilers at varying levels of
cassava chips
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0 200 400 600 800 1000
550
850
1150
1450
1750
2050
starting broilers
finishing broilers
If X cassava tolerance,
y 28 d = 587 - 0.6 (384 - X)2; else, y = 587; r2: 99.9; Sy.x: 4.7
y 56 d = 1422 - 0.9(582 - X)2; else, y = 1422; r2: 94.7; Sy.x: 79
Cassava (g/kg of corn inclusion)
28 o
r 56 d
BW
gain
(g/b
ird)
tolerance
for cassava
inclusion
was
1000 - 384 or
1000 - 582
g/kg of corn
in starting or
finishing
broilers
Starter diets can
use more
cassava than
finisher diets- the
reason being the
higher protein and
methionine levels
in the former than
the later
Broken line response to cassava chips inclusion
levels in starting or finishing broilers
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20 20
0 20 40 60 80 100
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 g/kg DL-Met
1 g/kg DL-Met
2 g/kg DL-Met
y 0 g/kg DL-Met = 4.1 + 0.06x - 0.0005x2
r2: 0.56; sy.x: 0.8
y 1 g/kg DL-Met = 5.5 + 0.009x - 0.0003x2
r2: 0.56; sy.x: 1.8
y 2 g/kg DL-Met = 5.6 - 0.03x + 0.0004x2
r2: 0.25; sy.x: 1.8
Cassava (% of corn inclusion)
seru
m th
iocy
anat
e
(SC
N, µ
g/m
L)
Serum thiocyanate responded to free 1 g/kg methionine
Significant CN-detoxification
to SCN occurred as CC dominated the
diet, in the presence of 1 g/kg DL-Met.
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Neither cassava nor methionine supplementation
affected meat organoleptic traits
Flavour
TendernessTexture
Juiciness Colour
Acceptability
0.10
0.30
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
0 2 4 6 8
An
ova
Sig
nif
ican
cele
vels
Organoleptic traits
Probility levels were > 0.05, suggesting no effect of treatment
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Bone chemistry
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
CC 0 CC 25 CC 50 CC 75 CC 100
Bo
ne a
sh
co
nte
nt,
g
CC 0 CC 25 CC 50 CC 75 CC 100
ab a a b ab
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Reported cassava studies in broilers
Investigators Cassava Type Age Concluded replacement value for corn
Panigrahi et al. (1992) root meal
• cassava root meal with a total cyanide
content less than 40 mg/kg, can be fed to broiler chicks at 500 g/kg without
any adverse effects
Panigrahi (1996)• low-cyanide cassava root meals may be incorporated in nutritionally-
balanced poultry diets between 500 and 600 g/kg without any reduction in
weight gain or egg production.
Panigrahi (1996) • Cyanide content at 100 mg/kg diet adversely affects broiler performance,
while threshold level in laying hens is as low as 25 mg total cyanide/kg diet.
Carrijo et al. (2010) root meal 1 – 84 d• 45% inclusion will not reduce performance, carcass and cuts
• Cassava was also beneficial to abdominal fat accretion
Boonsinchaia et al. (2016) pellets 1 – 42 d
cassava could substitute corn at the level of 50% without impairing any
variables. The diets they used contained 22 % CP diets, iso energetic
Lys, Met, Thr & Trp balancing
Brum et al. (1990) Root meal • up to 660 g/kg cassava meal can be used without compromising growth
Bhuiyan and Iji (2015)It is possible to close to 50% of the diet using supplementation of enzyme
products containing carbohydrases, protease, and phytase
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Conclusions – unsupplemented cassava cannot fully replace corn
under the study conditions.
– free methionine is efficacious to upgrade cassava fully to the nutritive status of corn under the study conditions.
– A value of 1 g/kg DL-Met was determined as optimum in this research
– Further studies are needed to clarify why the efficacy of a 2 g/kg DL-Met faded at cassava level beyond 50% of the corn inclusion level
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Thanks for your attention