caste away
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
1/40
Caste away?
Unfolding the Mori indian
edwina Pio
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
2/40
Contents
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Prelue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Histrical Interlues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Mixe Ethnicity in the 21st Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Methlgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Finings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Summary Threas an Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Limitatins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Ca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Select Bibligraphy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Enntes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Authr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Acknwlegements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Winsme Sita Emery (ne Grant) an her yunger sister Beatrice Yates (ne Grant) at
the 2009 pening the Unitec wharenui Ngkau Mhaki, carve by their nephew
Linel Grant.
WINSoME SITA EMERY ANd FAMILY
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
3/40
1
Executive Summary
The oce Ethnic Aairs cmmissine this research n the Mri Inian
in July August 2008 with the aim being t pruce a preliminary scping
stuy paper that examines the emergence ientity r the Mri Inian.
This prject is an initial explratin the ientity cnstructin an wrk
experiences the Mri Inian. The 2006 census reprts that there are 2,610
Mri Inian (1,299 males an 1,311 emales). While such wrk can have many
vantage pints, this prject is embee in the bra el ientity an
emplyment, with specic reerence t mixe ethnicity an interracial r
ethnic intermarriages.
Mst the iniviuals interviewe r this stuy ientiy strngly with
the Mri cmmunity, while their links with the Inian cmmunity are
mre tenuus, particularly when there was an Inian an Mri wie. All
the iniviuals enjy Inian an curry was ten mentine amng
special recipes passe wn rm their parents/granparents. Mrever,
sme Inian phrases were use, such as chingwa (Inian jingwa) r craysh/
prawns. Sme the participants als sang Inian sngs which they ha
hear their amily sing. All ha a yearning t cnnect with the lan in Inia
a ew ha visite the Inian subcntinent. The nings can be grupe
int three themes: acceptance, dierence an rejection. Within these three
themes were ur cmmn threas, variusly expresse: Ientity (acceptance
an belngingness, relatives/cmmunity, schl), wrk experiences, cultural
cntext (religin; ; clthing, incluing jewellery; an language), an theuture (mkpuna/granchilren).
The research has ptential implicatins r the mkpuna the uture,
particularly in a bicultural/multicultural natin such as Ateara where
immigrants an Mri have merge in varius ways an at varius mments
in histry. This research has ptential benets r the tangata whenua
in terms a eeper an layere unerstaning their whakapapa, t
urther unerstan an appreciate ur cmbine cultural lineage an thus
acknwlege an mve twars greater enhancement a harmniusNew Zealan. Hence this prject unctins as an invitatin t unerstan the
wven strans in ur lie stries an appreciate the rich iversity peple
within Ateara.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
4/40
2
Prelude
The oce Ethnic Aairs cmmissine this research n the Mri Inian in
July August 2008 with the main aim being t pruce a preliminary scping
stuy paper that examines the emergence ientity r the Mri Inian. The
tw phases this research, which verlap an cmplement each ther, are:
A brie literature review in the area mixe ientity/intermarriage/1.ethnic intermarriage; an
Semi-structure ace-t-ace interviews with up t twenty Mri Inian2.
alng with an analysis the emerging trens an challenges r this
grup.
Mnthly reprts between August 2008 an February 2009 etaile the
prgress this prject an inclue a etaile table with the literature in
this area as well as inrmatin n the qualitative research r this prject.The surces r this reprt inclue three bra mains: a literature search
pertaining t mixe-ientity; inrmatin rm Statistics New Zealan an
qualitative research base n interviews.
In my hans I hel a remarkable phtgraph, a wman great beauty
rape in an Inian sari. The wman was Mri. I try an lk int her
eyes t lk r her emtins. Is she happy an jyus? Is she sa an
grieving? My curisity an imaginatin pique, I venture int that
elusive an enigmatic wrl the Mri Inian.
Many ecaes ag, in 1810, an Inian man, riginating rm Bengal n the
east cast Inia, is sai t have jumpe ship t marry a Mri wman in
Ateara New Zealan1. In the years that llwe, the ral traitin tells
Inian men plying their wares, as part the cuntry trae, alng the
meanering waterways the great rivers in the Nrth an Suth Islan.
Many these men, wh were ew an ar between, merge with the Mri
cmmunities, an eventually they became invisible their Inianness was
absrbe int the inclusiveness the tangata whenua.
In Rtrua, a Mri man wh wrke as a guie spke abut his granather
wh was Inian, an ha been save by Mri rm a shipwreck. N ne
else ha survive. The rescue man was the nly Inian in this Mri amily
an succeeing generatins chse t ientiy with the Mri part their
heritage. A thir-generatin Inian wman recalls hw a number the early
Inian pineer men wul live with an/r marry Mri wmen an have
chilren with them. Saving r the cst a passage n a ship back t Inia
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
5/40
3
tk apprximately ten years, an sme these men ha wives back in
Inia. Immigratin laws in New Zealan in the 1800s an early 1900s i nt
encurage Asians an there was a preerence r men in a pineer sciety.It was als icult r Inian wmen t cme t New Zealan. The istance
seeme rmiable, an as well they were part a cmplex weave the
Inian cultural traitins a patriarchal sciety, respect r elers an lking
ater the lan. A number these early Inian settlers were rm the Gujarat
regin western Inia, an rm the nrthern prvinces, which uner the
British regime inclue the prvince Punjab, a part which tay is
Pakistan.
Black Peter (Ewar Peter), wh was purprtely an Inian man rm Gar Bmbay n Inias west cast an wh helpe n gl in otag, is a
amus example an Inian pineer man. He claime t have riginate
rm Bmbay, Inia, an is sai t have been a Hinu, which cul mean he
was an Inian. one reprt says that he lane in New Zealan in 1853 ater
spening time in Calirnia. While wrking n Run 137, a 5,000-acre arm
between Hrata an Selwyn, Black Peter prspecte successully in the
Shareena Slman (Ngai Tuhe) presente with a krwai anpatu n her 21st birthay.PHoTo TAUHA TE KANI
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
6/40
4
Tuapeka tgether with a mate Jhn Thmsn, later Waipri, an an America
negr. They prspecte arun Evans Flat an the neighburing gullies. He
later live in a cttage at Prt Mlyneux until his health aile an he wasremve t a benevlent institutin in dunein where he ie in June 1893.
His imprtance lies in the act that he ha inicate t thers where success
may be un, thugh he struggle t be reware r his erts. Black Peter
ha wrke n a whaling ship an ha been n gl els in Australia; he
was prbably the rst t set up a claim arun 1858, but was nly recgnise
by the otag Prvincial Cuncil an receive a rewar in 1885.2
In the late 1800s an early 1900s a trickle Inian men an later wmen
starte arriving rm Inia. A number them came irectly t New Zealanbut sme came via Fiji an thers via British clnies such as Burma r n
steamships the Empire, many which were built in Inia an ha Inian
seamen n their ecks. In this grup early Inian pineer men were thse
wh came t New Zealan as chilren (between 12 an 18 years age).
These yung men were generally lke ater by the Mri cmmunity, an
tene t have unins with Mri wmen3. Mst these early migrants were
rm rural backgruns an put in lng hurs physical labur as their aim
was t earn mney t sen back t Inia an then return hme. Wrking as
scrub-cutters, fax wrkers, brick-layers an rain-iggers meant that they
were less a target r racial hstility, ha ewer language an scial custms
prblems an cmpete less with Pkehs. The Punjabis an Gujaratis chse
t express sliarity with each ther as an Inian cmmunity espite caste
ierences which were cnsiere imprtant in Inia. They set great stre
in being g citizens New Zealan an becming sel sucient, while
at the same time maintaining their culture.4 Yet the caste system (Brahmins
the priestly highest class, Kshatriyas the warrir caste, Vaishyas the
merchant class, Shudras the lwest caste)an arrange marriages cntinue an still
cntinue t hl sway within the Inian
cmmunity, thugh such marriages have
been ecreasing in recent years.
Sme authrs argue that ethnic
intermarriage acilitates integratin.5 Yet
until airly recently in a number cuntries,
intermarriage was iscurage by law,6an there was hysteria assciate with
Whanga-a-rangi Grant (ne Fraser) with
Mr an Mrs Ewar Grant n hliay rm Fiji at
Whakarewarewa Rtrua in the 1950s. Ewar
is the brther Whanga-a-rangi's husban
oswal Grant.
WINSoME SITA EMERY ANd FAMILY
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
7/40
5
such marriages.7 Sme recent interpretatins nte that such marriages cul
be viewe as resistance t clnisatin.8 Furthermre, there are numerus
examples pineer migrants, particularly in previus centuries, teningt marry amng thse cnsiere lwer wn in the scial hierarchy, r
thse wh ha similar status t themselves in the eyes the hst sciety,
r example Native Inians with Arican-Americans, r Inian Sikhs with
Mexicans.9 New settler scieties tene t have a high prprtin men.
In sme early migrant cmmunities there were n wmen rm the same
ethnic cmmunity available, an bringing bries rm the hme cuntry was
t expensive. Sme theries n ethnic intermarriage stress the imprtance
status exchange, where members lw-status grups will cmpensate
r their lwer status by marrying int higher sciecnmic status an
cultural resurces.10 Marrying a lcal cul als mean access t resiency an
citizenship in the hst cuntry.
The Mari term r hal-caste (where there is Mri an Pkeh lineage) is
hwhe-kehe, thugh there were als ergatry terms such as utu pihikete
(pai r in biscuits), huipaina (hp irn) an te parra (ut the whalers
barrel).11 It is yet t be ascertaine what terms were use r the Mri Inian,
besies the usual terms use r Inians such as curry munchers, black Hinu
an bly Inians. It is prbable that in the early years such unins, the
mixe heritage serve t bin the tw cmmunities an t give the migrants,
in this case the Inian cmmunity, a sense security in the new cuntry. But
as mre Inian wmen came t New Zealan, such unins were generally
rwne upn an bth anectal evience as well as this research pints
t the act that such hal-caste iniviuals were, by an large, cnsiere
utcasts an were literally cast ut by the Inian cmmunity. Hwever, such
chilren cntinue t be welcme int the Mri cmmunity. When they
were accepte, it generally meant that that the Inian man ha marrie theMri wman. This research pruce a number examples such happy
situatins.
5
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
8/40
6
Historical Interludes
The census classicatins in the early 1900s use the term race alien r
classiying Inians. An alien cul nt be appinte t the Public Service
New Zealan an was therere barre rm entering the army r plice rce
(Public Service Act 1912, s. 36).12 Hwever, an exceptin cul be mae with
the cnsent the Gvernr General. Race aliens were nt pai ol-Age an
ther pensins (Pensin Act 1926, s.91). Table 1 prvies an example race
aliens (Inian wmen) an their gegraphical lcatin in the early 1900s.
Table 1: Race aliens (Indian women) based on provincial distribution,census 191636
1916 1921 1926 1936
AreaFull
BloodMixedBlood
FullBlood
MixedBlood
FullBlood
MixedBlood
FullBlood
MixedBlood
Aucklan 3 2 14 10 23 38 34 48
Canterbury 2 1 6 1 19 2 26
Hawkes Bay 1 3 5 3 12
Marlbrugh 16 1 8
Nelsn 1 2 3 3
otag 1 2 5 2 27 1 12
Suthlan 11 2 4
Taranaki 2 2 4
Wellingtn 1 2 4 4 31 12 40
Source: Williams (1976), Table 9, p 107, census NZ race aliens prvincial istributin 1916-1936
Note: The 1926 an 1936 gures inclue Inian-Mri uner mixe bl; race aliens were
ene as ull r hal caste, rm 1926 they were ull r mixe bl (Census NZ 1921 an
census 1916-1936).
Mri chilren, irrespective their bl purity, were ten care r by the
Mri cmmunity thrugh varius amily members an they were aware
their lineage r whakapapa. But icult ecnmic cnitins at particular
times cause sme men wh ha chilren with Mri wmen t esert them;
r example, sme Eurpean men went t the gl els, leaving their
wives an chilren in a icult psitin. As the gangs r grups Inian
wrkers mve t varius lcatins, they t may have let their part-Mri
chilren, reerre t in the census as mixe bl. Thus in the early years
settler New Zealan, estitute, neglecte, rphane Mri an hal-caste
chilren were care r in baring schls uner Gvernr Grays inustrial
schl system, r New Zealan classie hal-caste chilren in the same
categry as neglecte an estitute.13 In this early peri hal-caste chilren,
particularly when there was a Eurpean ather, were seen as requiring
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
9/40
7
eucatin t civilize them s that
they cul apprpriately unctin
in Eurpean sciety.14
Researchals inicates that British settlers
intermarrie with hal-caste an
quarter-caste aughters whalers
in otag which was clnise rm
1848 nwars, ushering in a new era
intermarriage, r intermarriage
was seen as a way welcming an
integrating newcmers.15
Mechanisms exclusin an inclusin
have always existe in Inia. The caste
system initially serve t elineate
ccupatinal grupings, but later
became ssie, particularly with
reerence t marriages which ha t
be between members the same
caste an smetimes even the same
sub-caste. other rms exclusin,
such as racism, abun in the histries natins. In New Zealan r
example, Mri experience racism, as i als Asians, Yugslavs an Pacic
Islaners in the late nineteenth an twentieth century. A 1929 Cmmissin
Inquiry by Mri Minister Parliament Sir Apirana Ngata was set up
t ascertain hw many emale Mri were living with Chinese r Hinus,
whether lawully marrie r nt, an t etermine whether it be in the
interest public mrality that the emplyment Mri wmen an girls
by Chinese an Hinus shul be permitte.16
The Cmmissin cnemnesuch unins, as miscegenatin wul result in an inerir ppulatin
being pruce, an recmmene that Mri wmen must be 21 bere
accepting emplyment by Asiatics n the market garens.17
Histrically, in varius parts the wrl, chilren mixe unins were
reerre t as mestiza/mestizo, r mixe ancestry r mixe bl. This
was a Eurpean term erive rm the Spanish/Prtuguese mulatto.18 Such
iniviuals were ten marginalise. Census classicatins smetime use the
wr miscegenatin r chabitatin persns ierent races t reer tthe chilren mixe unins. An Inian wman in New Zealan spke abut
her hal-siblings wh were Mri, saying:
When I was a chil an we went shpping with my a, sme yung
Mri chilren wul cme up t him an call him da they have
the same amily name as us, an apparently my a prvies r them
an lks ater them well. Hwever, my mum is still alive an s we
ten nt t talk abut this
Mther an sn, Janie an Jhnny Emns,
Pukekhe, 1956.EdMoNdS FAMILY
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
10/40
8
other Inian wmen narrate similar instances. Fr example, ne wman sai:
When I was a teenager cming hme rm schl, this Mri wman
apprache me when I was staning at the bus stp an she sai that
she was my cusin I lke clsely at her an she lke just like
ne my as sisters
Categrisatin by ethnicity is immensely cmplex in mixe marriages/unins,
particularly when there is a histrical lineage ierent ethnicities. When
cmpleting cial surveys, incluing the census surveys, New Zealan allws
respnents t chse mre than ne ethnic grup. Hence, while images
impermeable ethnic grups may be useul r plitical purpses, they isguise
the true cmplexity New Zealan sciety.19 Intermarriage, with its ual an
multiple ethnicities, necessarily implies that multiple wrl-views r hybri
ientities may infuence what is cmmnly seen in plicy ebates as a Mri
perspective as als a Eurpean perspective r perhaps a Pacic, Chinese
r Inian perspective. Yet, regarless the theretical merits r therwise
ethnic targeting, intermarriage an cmplex ethnicity creates sme challenges
r implementatin plicies.20
The questins t be aske are: Hw es ethnic ata help ientiy the tensinsbetween avantages an isavantage? Hw can avantages be extene
t the isavantage? Hw can this sprea avantages be implemente
withut taking away rm the avantage? Hw can the avantage be
nuge int serving as rle mels/mentrs/leaers, s pprtunities are
create r resurce sharing? Ethnic ata cllectins can be use psitively
t help ientiy an vercme isavantages. Hwever, they can als create
negative steretypes an an emphasis n bra ethnic-base isparities can
isguise wier, but mre cmplex, class-base inequalities.21
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
11/40
Mixed Ethnicity in the 21st Century
Mori Indian snapshot in 200622
The 2006 census reprts that there are 2,610 Mri Inian (1,299 males an
1,311 emales).
Interestingly, there are 567 Mri Inian reprte between the ages 04years an 6 iniviuals are between the ages 7579 years; 24 speak French
an 12 speak Japanese; 219 are Anglican an 99 are Muslim; 15 are in the
categry CEo/GM/Legislatr; 111 wrk r the central gvernment, an
15 r the lcal gvernment; 30 have a persnal incme between $70,001
$100,000; 300 are marrie an 33 have 6 r mre chilren.
Summary o literature review process
In the area the brie literature review, the keywrs utilise r the search
were the llwing: exgamy; interracial ientity, marriages, relatinships,
chilren; Mri-Inian marriage, racial hybris; mixe ientity, marriages,
chilren, parentage, cuples; blurre ientity, ethnic mixing, hybri race,
Chinese-Mri, In-Mri, Mri, Mri-Hinu, Mri Inian, New Zealan,
Pkeh-Mri, hal-caste.
The time rame r this search was January 2000 June 2008 (with a ew
exceptins surces publishe bere 2000). The atabases searcheinclue the llwing: Multisearch (Business, AUT catalgue, general interest,
scial sciences, theses an issertatins), Prquest 5000 Internatinal,
Ebsc megale premier, cial websites Statistics NZ, Ministry Scial
develpment, oce Ethnic Aairs, department Labur, Ministry
Wmen Aairs). There was a search at three levels. Level ne inclue the
9
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
12/40
10
initial search using key wrs. This resulte in a ttal apprximately 800
cuments (apprximately 20 items per search). Level tw cnsiste
scanning thrugh these cuments t lk r issues pertaining t mixeientity an interracial ientity. The nal stage cnsiste elving urther t
lcate cuments with a relevant New Zealan cntext. A select bibligraphy
r this literature is presente at the en this reprt (pages 2933).
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
13/40
11
Methodology
Treaty o Waitangi/Te Tiriti o Waitangi
The Treaty Waitangi/Te Tiriti Waitangi in its preamble herals the issue
immigrants t New Zealan, cuple with the nee r sustenance in a
new cuntry the cuntry resettlement, New Zealan. Inians in New
Zealan wul all uner the categry immigrant (migrant). It is pssiblethat with their interactin with the Mri they erive emtinal an material
sustenance an this sustenance may have fwe bth ways. Hence, this
research has a thematic link t the Treaty.
The Partnership Principle has been implemente thrugh cnsultatin with
bth Mri an Inian cmmunities in rer t apprpriately refect the
spirit this principle. This principle has als been implemente when ne
cnsiers the linkages in terms bl an the mixing cultures between
the Mri Inian. The research is explratry an therere there will cntinuet be an nging iscussin with the Mri an the Inian cmmunities in
rer t have an nging relatinship pertaining t the cllectin, analysis
an interpretatin ata.
The Participation Principle has been implemente thrugh the reem given
t iniviuals t chse t be a part this prject as well as thrugh the
pen-ene questins which acilitate the cntrl which the participant
has n the inrmatin sharing. Thus, r example, sme Inian amilies an
sme Mri amilies preerre nt t talk abut certain tpics cvere by the
research an this was respecte.
The Protection Principle has been implemente thrugh the practice cultural
sensitivity r each the participants an by ensuring that cnentiality
an ecrum are maintaine thrughut the research prcess. Furthermre,
pprtunities will be sught t enhance the inrmatin sharing with
participants in this research thrugh nging cmmunicatin with them.
This research is thus sensitive t the values, practices an belies the MriInian participants, as bth a cultural an scial grup. The research has
been carrie ut with a humble heart (he ngkau mhaki), an with integrity
(kia tika mahi).
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
14/40
12
Qualitative research
A qualitative apprach has been use in rer t explre the layers ientityan seek eeper engagement in hw ientity rmatin takes place as well as
emplyment experiences the Mri Inian. Participants were invite t take
part in an interview apprximately ne hur. Therere, bth micr an
macr perspectives have intermeshe t she light n large-scale scietal
prcesses an phenmena. In this cntext the task the researcher is t
eeply appreciate hw an why peple cnstruct their lie stries an in the
prcess experience their ientity. Furthermre, r a researcher wh is als
cmmitte t cnnecting schlarship t scial struggle an transrmatin
there is bth an intellectual an plitical purpse in making linkages betweenhistry, structures an iniviual lives.
The research is abut the Mri Inian, an thus it is pertinent t nte that the
researcher-authr is Inian rigin. This ienticatin as an ethnic minrity
Inian has pssibly acilitate a layere unerstaning an perhaps a richer
class lie experiences the participants, while at the same time generating
tensin in being cnsciusly critical research as a site struggle. In this
quest r cgnizance, as the viceless gain vice, base n the writings
schlars clur an minrity-grup perspectives, the pignant hpe is
that this initial explratry stuy n the Mri Inian will serve as a meium
awareness an sensitisatin r the macr an micr wrls wrk an
perceptins ientity.
The interview prtcl was evelpe base n the literature ethnic
intermarriage, management, ethnic stuies, an iversity at wrk. The main
aim the research was t explre the live-in an live-thrugh experiences
pertaining t wrk an ientity the Mri Inian. The iscussin guie ha
questins which range rm hw iniviuals see their ientity t perceptins
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
15/40
13
by ther peple in the envirnment with reerence t ientity, as well as hw
wrk is secure an sustaine in the emplyment trajectry.
Participants were recruite base n their mixe ethnicity an being
intruce t the researcher by a member either the Inian an/r Mri
cmmunity, an/r persns Mri Inian ethnicity. Hence the snwball
meth was utilise r recruiting participants. Participants were aults 20
years an abve. The interviews were cnucte in hmes, cmmunity
centres, at AUT University an in public places such as caes.
In-epth, semi-structure interviews were cnucte with 12 Mri Inian
iniviuals, with the average interview time being 100 minutes an the
lngest interview being three an a hal hurs. In the recruitment these
participants it is crucial t nte that since yung chilren an babies were
lke ater by varius members the Mri cmmunity, bl an scial
relatinships were tw crucial aspects mixe-bl iniviuals being
mkpuna r being brught up by varius elers in the Mri cmmunities.
Hence at times a persn may ientiy with a particular ethnicity base mre
n scial relatinships than n bl.
The age range the participants was rm 30 t 60+ years. Interestingly,the majrity the participants in the research shwe the researcher
phtgraphs an cuments their Mri an Inian cnnectins. The
12 iniviuals wh were interviewe in the current sample were lcate in
Wellingtn, Pukekhe, Aucklan an Rtrua. They belnge t a number
key amilies amng the Mri Inian an their prgeny tay wul be
upwars 50 in each the amilies, with a range rm 50 t upwars 300
iniviuals. It is acknwlege that there are a number ther key amilies
t be interviewe in varius parts New Zealan an it is hpe that this
prcess will take place in 201012. Within the shrt time rame available rthis part the prject (apprximately 12 mnths) it was challenging t lcate
Mri Inian iniviuals. While a number have been lcate, the next issue is
time t interview them an this is particularly relevant as the varius amilies
are sprea in varius parts New Zealan.
Analysis the transcripts was ne thrugh a cmbinatin manual cing
themes an cmputer analysis using Leximancer as stware.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
16/40
14
Findings
Themes & interwoven threads
Three general themes, which intertwine in the iniviuals stries, emerge
rm the interviews:
Theme ne acceptance the mixe heritage with a spirit inclusivenessan eagerness t embrace ierence.
Theme tw eeling ierent an as a cnsequence struggling t cme
t terms with the larger cmmunity as the cmmunity sent signals which
inicate that being ierent was nt k.
Theme three eeling rejecte but still lnging t be embrace equally by
bth cmmunities.
Within these three themes were ur interwven threas, expresse variusly:ientity (acceptance an belngingness, relatives, schl); wrk experiences;
cultural cntext (religin, , clthing incluing jewellery, an language);
an the uture (mkpuna).
overall there are strng inicatins histrically that, t use the wrs a
participant: The Pkeh treated all o us equally badly the Mori, the Indians and
the Chinese. Hwever, as ierence melte int ierence, the current century
sees mixe ientity as a enite avantage, r ne can have a treasure
huse mre than ne culture an its mres. An as anther participantsai: We can legally play rugby or two, three and our nations!Hwever, it is
imprtant t learn rm the past an t mve twar a uture where wism,
intelligence an peples all clurs can truly be themselves, nurture by
a cuntry which accepts an values ierence.
Sotware analysis
Using stware analysis Leximancer, a thematic analysis was ne the
participants in this research. As an illustratin, ne the Mri Inian wmans
analysis (age range 3040 years) inicate the imprtance the Inian sie
the amily, which was a largely unexplre area an r which there was
harly any belngingness. Yet there was yearning r knwing that part the
sel which is Inian. The granmther wh is Mri wre a sari an this was
a clear memry this Mri Inian wman. She ienties as Mri, but als
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
17/40
15
acknwleges the act that i things in her amily ha been ierent, the Inian
sie her lie wul be mre easily acknwlege.
Anther illustratin is that a Mri Inian man (age range 4050 years)
whse analysis inicates the imprtance the amily an the granather
wh is Inian, as well as the aunties wh are Mri, alng with the mix
varius ethnicities. In speaking abut his wn upbringing as well as that his
chilren he spke the market garens, Inian bys wanting t assciate
with the Mri bys as they wul be prtecte by the Mri bys,
wrking har rm an early age as ne i what ha t be ne t cntribute
t the amily nances, an the mixe heritage recent chilren which is
acknwlege wiely by amilies as well as schls.
Each the ur interwven threas mentine abve is presente belw
thrugh extracts rm the interviews.
Identity
Sme nt like t acknwlege their Inian sie as they were
brught up by Mri.
All brught up uner ne r, an i there were any isagreements
we ha t srt them ut. Fining ut nes true sel, ten cmes with
maturity in years an experience.
He (ather) i nt really tell us much abut his Inian sie.
I nt min peple knwing me as Inian an Mri.
Althugh I nt practice it (Inian culture), when we are arun ur
Inian relatives we respect the culture.
We take ur Mri hat an respect the Inian culture.
da never encurage us t g t Inia he always sai negative
things abut Inia an sai we wulnt be able t hanle it.
It is a bnus being mixe.
Sme the granchilren lk like Inians.
one girl ha an Inian ather but she never accepte him aneveryby thinks she is ur (Mri Inian) sister we nt min, as
we have a number hal siblings.
Names such as: curry, Hinu, black Hinu, curry muncher, rag hea,
bly Hinu.
In my heart I have ha n pririty r being Mri r Inian, I am bth.
We i nt knw anything much abut being Mri an we nt
want that r ur chilren.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
18/40
16
I was aware that smething was ierent but i nt knw what.
The Inian part is always there an has t be acknwlege.
The Mri are easily pru whm they are an hw they g abut
things an they can be quite erce.
We are pucca [true] Brahmins.
I became seriusly pru my Inian sie.
We were nt allwe t g t the marae.
We are prbably relate t 70 percent peple in the area.
Being a Mri an an Inian gave me the skills t practically
anything.
We ha Mri an Inian names.
Figures 1 an 2 present aspects ientity thrugh ethnic grup cmpsitin
the Mri Inian, age range.
Figure 1: The Mori Indian based on ethnic group composition (total = 2,610)
Note: Cnentiality rules have been applie t sme ata where there are very ew
iniviuals. All graphs prepare by Statistics New Zealan rm census 2006 ata r dr Ewina
Pi, Re EWJ 21504.
Mixe ientity seems t be prnunce amng this grup Mri Inian
with many iniviuals acknwleging mre than tw ethnicities. Ethnicity is
base n a respnent inicating they are bth Mri an Inian ethnicity,
regarless any ther ethnicity they may ientiy with.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
19/40
17
Figure 2: Ethnic groups by age
Work experiences
He was a taxi river.
da use t clean buses.
da was emplye by the Mri gangs wh cut scrub etc.
da wante t wrk r himsel an he starte a small sawmillemplying Mri, Pkeh an Inians.
da ha racehrses an was knwn as a maharajah (king)
our amily ha tp jckeys.
Wrke r Lan Inrmatin.
Wrke as a laburer.
Wrke as an executive assistant.Wrke as a chie executive.
We ha market garens.
on a number bars in the cuntry.
My a was a cnjurer, a magician an my mum ha a beautiul vice
an playe the pian.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
20/40
18
Aspects wrk pertaining t the Mri Inian peple.
Figure 3: Work and labour orce status by gender (total = 1,284) (aged >15)
While there seems t be a mre r less matching number men an wmenwh are unemplye, there are mre wmen in part-time wrk than men an
als mre wmen nt in the labur rce than men.
Figure 4: Industry by gender (total = 904) (aged >15)
Large numbers bth men an wmen wrk in business services. Hwever,
there seems t be a cncentratin wmen in business services, eucatin,
health services, accmatin, caes an restaurants.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
21/40
19
Figure 5: Personal income by gender (total = 1,284) (Aged >15)
Mre wmen seem t be in the lwer incme brackets than men.
Figure 6: Employment status o the Mori Indian and total peoplein New Zealand
The prle the Mri Inian clsely matches that the ttal peple in
New Zealan with reerence t emplyment status.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
22/40
20
Cultural context
We i nt llw ur a (Muslim), we srt llwe ur mum(Christian).
We speak English an Mri.
My a save my mum rm beatings with her rst husban wh was
Mri an s he was always welcme by my mums Mri amily.
da knew a bit Mri but when he mae mistakes they (Mri)
wul laugh an he i nt like that as he was a very pru man.
My a i nt eat prk.
My a wul ck his kai rst an then my mum wul make prk
curry.
Inians arun here, i they wante anything they wul cme t my
a.
My a never pushe religin n us.
Peple cul cunt n us, we ha market garens r the cmmunity
an peple cul cme there an take what they neee.
We knw sme Inian nursery rhymes an i anyne asks i I can speak
Hini, I just rattle it .
I am calle the spice girl as I sing an always say that I am hal Inian.
I the Mri wman marrie an Inian man, she wre a sari.
Inian clthes are pretty, clurul an eminine.
Inian culture is quite guare an suspicius thers.I want my chilren t be aware an acknwlege all parts their
heritage.
The Mri are always accmmating.
Naming yur chil Inia is cl.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
23/40
21
Figures 7, 8 an 9 present varius cultural ata.
Figure 7: Languages spoken (n, 1 or more language = 2,541)
English is the mst cmmnly spken language, llwe by Mri, espite
the large ierence in numbers thse wh speak Mri, as inicate in
Figure 7. This prbably ties in with the histrical act that Te Re was nt
allwe t be spken in schls an als t the qualitative research carrie
ut r this prject n the Mri Inian, where a number iniviuals werevery keen that their chilren spke Mri. In the abve gure the varius
languages als inicate the pssibility mixe lineage varius ethnicities.
21
Mo
ri
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
24/40
Figure 8: Religious afliation (n, 1 or more religion = 2,181)
N religius aliatin seems t be the preerre me, llwe byCathlicism, as inicate in Figure 8.
Figure 9: Smoking status
Figure 9 shws that mre Mri Inian men an wmen smke cmpare t
the general ppulatin.
22
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
25/40
23
Future
I actually think the uture is very g r peple mixe heritage.I think its g t see Inians, Mri, Chinese, Pkeh, an Aricans
intermarry.
Im nt a prejuice persn an this is the uture with mixe peple.
The past was ierent, we have t pen urselves an nw Inian
peple have pene themselves t an the reasn is that this is t
survive.
But the uture t can be like the early ays the past when theMri an Inians mixe an there were mvies shwn nce a mnth
r all t atten an the chilren playe tgether an it was a amily
event.
Nicknames nt wrry me, they inicate acceptance.
My chilren have ur ierent ethnicities an in schl they speak a
mixe language with their riens.
My granchilren think its cl t be Inian.
We have Mri an Inian names.
Slman whanau celebrate Shareena's 21st birthay at Mataatua Marae, Rtrua.PHoTo TAUHA TE KANI
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
26/40
24
Summary of Threads and Themes
Table 2 epicts the intersectin the threas an themes as a summary
the nings this research.
There was a strng esire amng the participants t respect bth sies
their amilies an t learn abut their mixe heritage an with this a esire
t llw the apprpriate prtcls. overall the Mri cmmunity seemet be mre accepting mixe heritage than the Inian cmmunity in the
perceptin the participants, which was als linke t their chilh
memries. Hwever, it must be stresse that the participants als emphasise
that in the New Zealan tay there is a tremenus mix ierent
ethnicities an that this may be the way the uture, espite the nee t
always have a space r nesel within a cmmunity which gives ne the right
an respnsibility t sit by the re.23
Theme 1: Acceptance Theme 2: Diference Theme 3: Rejection
CULTURALCONTEXT
Enjys bth Mri an Inian s,
respects the cultural nrms bth
cultures. In general es nt practise
religin, but remembers each
the parents perrming their wn
separate religius rites: e.g. Mther
Mri Christian, Father Inian Muslim
r Hinu.
Enjys bth Mri an
Inian s, but ienties
mre with ne r ther
culture, epening n
which sie the amily,
the Mri r the Inian,
was respnsible r their
upbringing.
Enjys all kins , but
remembers the Inian
when there were specic
instances acceptance by the
Inian sie the amily.
The wmen lve wearing the sari
an Inian jewellery an ten t
wear them r cultural unctins an
weings.
The wmen lve wearing
the sari an Inian
jewellery an ten t wear
them r cultural unctins
an weings.
The wmen wul like t n
ut mre abut their Inian
rts but are nt sure hw t
g abut this as they nt
eel a sense belnging r
cnnectin with their Inian
sie hence aware the sari
but have nt trie wearing it.
At schl remembers teasing, but
sees that as part grwing up an
chilrens behaviur, remembers
names such as rag hea, but mae
n ierence t the security their
cultural cntext. In these instances
the Inian sie was usually a well-
acknwlege member the
cmmunity.
At schl remembers
being calle terms such
as Black Hinu, Curry
muncher, Hinu
At schl ientie mre
with Mri, but i air skinne
elt that Mri teachers i
nt view them kinly as they
preerre the arker skin
chilren wh lke mre
Mri.
Table 2: Depiction o the threads and the themes
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
27/40
25
Theme 1: Acceptance Theme 2: Diference Theme 3: Rejection
IDENTITy
Eager t embrace mixe ientity
an enjys having mre than neethnicity, eels accepte by bth the
Inian an Mri relatives an thus
enjys the ual/mixe heritage.
Eager t embrace mre
than ne ethnicity, but alevel iscmrt as eels
ierent an therere nt
ully accepte by either
ne cmmunity r bth
cmmunities the Mri
an Inian.
Eager t embrace all parts
the sel in terms ethnicity,but has elt rejecte by ne
cmmunity (generally Inian)
an thus has elt mre an
utcaste with Inians, but has
been accepte by the Mri
cmmunity.
Has been able t carve ut a space
r sel base n mixe ethnicity,
but in general has chsen t ientiy
mre with the Mri part sel,while als acknwleging the Inian
part. Hwever, where the Inian
cmmunity has been accepting, the
iniviual can either wear the Mri
r the Inian hat epening n the
cntext.
Has elt an urge t search
r rts an n ut
the heritage an lineage
rm rebears. This hassmetimes resulte in
visits t Inia as well as
the ancestral sites the
marae rm the Mri sie.
Has a lnging t belng
t the Inian an Mri
cmmunities. Has nstalgia r
stries tl abut Inia basen the athers/granathers
memries. Nees a acilitatr
t transitin sel int the Inian
cmmunity. In many cases has
strngly ientie with the
Mri cmmunity wh have
been much mre inclusive
mixe ientity.
WORk
Being Mri Inian has nt
necessarily given an avantage risavantage at wrk. Hwever,
the mixe heritage has ten been
cnsiere special r example
has the brains the Inians, but the
cultural capital the Mri
Being Mri has given an
avantage at wrk, anbeing Inian as t the
nvelty value.
Strng ienticatin with the
Mri cmmunity an withMri rganisatins.
With increasing ethnic intermarriages, such unins are viewe as an inicatr
integratin by ethnic an hst cuntry cmmunities.24 In the schlarship
n this area, stuies inicate that ethnic exgamy tens t ccur mre
requently amng secn-generatin immigrants an thse wh have arrive
in the hst cuntry at a yunger age as well as thse wh are mre highly
eucate.25 Mrever, pprtunities t meet peple ther ethnicities
an the rle the amily, religin an the state als play their part in the
cmplexity interracial marriages.26 In preminantly white cuntries, arker
skins are nt viewe avurably27 an there is a cus n racial bunaries.
Furthermre, when immigrants have iculties speaking the hst language,there are ewer pprtunities r scial interactin an hence cultural istance
may be maintaine.28 Age migratin is als a actr that is pertinent t
mixe marriages, as the yunger the migrant, the less likely they are t be
scialise in their hme cuntry.29 Yet the ppsite cul als be true in that
ethnic cmmunities are particularly careul t instruct an scialise yunger
members their grup int the mres their culture. Fr example, there is a
perceptin that sme sectins the Inian cmmunity in New Zealan ten
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
28/40
26
t be mre culturally cnscius their Inian rts, as shwn bth in their
behaviur an strng traitins.
Secn-generatin migrants generally have mre sciecnmic resurces
than their parents, leaing t gegraphical mbility an resience in nn-
ethnic neighburhs, as well as higher levels eucatin, ten resulting
in higher level emplyment. Such mvement results in mre pprtunities t
meet peple the hst sciety an the pssibility less requent interactin
amng c-ethnics. Yet interracial marriages can be a surce r psychlgical
istress as the cuple may experience intense isapprval an scial pressure
rm bth their ethnic cmmunities.30 Traitinally, mutually exclusive
ientities i in act marginalise the multiracial persn an the interracialcuple by prmting the assumptin that the ieal amily was racially an
ethnically hmgeneus.31 Yet, current research inicates that marginalisatin
r such marriages is eclining, an questins the ntin that exgamus
marriages are very ierent rm engamus nes.32
Tay in areas New Zealan which are hrticultural, a number the
rchar wrkers are Inians wh ten t marry amng the lcal Mri
ppulatin, as well as ccasinally have unins with Pkeh. Fr example,
2,613 ientiy as Mri Inian in the 2006 census, which 1,311 are emales.33It is ntable that rates intermarriage are especially high r well-eucate
Mri an Pacic peples.34 Accring t the 2001 census, Asian iniviuals
ten t marry amng Asians (88%); marry Eurpeans (8.4%); marry Mri
(1.7%) marry Pacic peples (1.6%).35 Thus unins where partners are rm
ierent ethnic grups r exgamus unins transmit mre than ne
ethnicity t their chilren. Mrever, ierences in timing migratin als
have an infuence n the interethnic marriages. Chilren rm such unins
have the ptential t align with mre than ne ethnic grup. The New
Zealan census recgnises this, allwing iniviuals t tick mre than ne
bx r their ethnicity, r t ientiy with multiple ethnic grups. Hwever
ethnicity is nt nly bilgically transmitte but als scially transmitte an
hence can be a fui prcess an a signicant mechanism r change.36
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
29/40
27
Limitations
despite the integrity an epth this prject within the cnstraints the
timerame an ther resurces, a number limitatins have t be mentine.
Firstly, it is necessary t have mre cntact with the Mri cmmunity an t
spen mre time with them t urther iscuss this research. Secnly, mre
resurces are neee t interview a number leas which have evelpe
thrugh this research, as well as the imprtance having cnversatins
with senir members bth the Mri an Inian cmmunities. Finally,
a eeper unerstaning the census ata wul be mae pssible thrugh
cmparisns the Mri Inian with the general ppulatin, the Inian
ppulatin an the Mri ppulatin.
Future Research
The limitatins presente abve pint t exciting pssibilities r uture
research. There is nee r urther interviews, eeper analysis an mre
cnversatins with elers within the Mri an Inian cmmunities.
A cumentary Mri Inian iniviuals ging back t Inia t the village their Inian ancestr is an interesting cncept that cul be explre.
A cnerence presentatin, jurnal entries an a bk are ther pssibilities,
epening n availability resurces.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
30/40
28
Coda
drawing n The Bill Rights r Racially Mixe Peple,37 a number rights
have been evelpe r iniviuals mixe heritage:
I have the right not tojustiy my existence in the wrl, keep the
races separate within, be respnsible r peples iscmrt with
my physical ambiguity, nt t justiy my ethnic legitimacy;
I have the right to identiy myselierently than strangers expect me
t, ientiy ierently than hw my parents ientiy, ierently
than my brthers an sisters, ierent in ierent situatins;
an nally
I have the right to create a vcabulary t cmmunicate abut being
multiracial, change my ientity ver my lietime an mre than
nce, have lyalties an ientiy with mre than ne grup peple, reely chse whm I berien an lve.38
And so as the wind blows through the blood-red phutukawa, I look again at the
picture o the Mori woman in the Indian sari. I know her heart is happy or her
story has been told and she has been acknowledged in her love o two cultures.
Jhnny an Elaine Emns an amily, Wellingtn, 2009.
EdMoNdS FAMILY
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
31/40
29
Select Bibliography (on interracial/mixed identity)
Ali, S. (2003). Mixed-race, post-race: gender, new ethnicities and cultural practices.oxr, Unite Kingm: Berg.
Athll, A. (1991). Race against time: the early Mori-Pkeh amilies and thedevelopment the mixed-race population in southern New Zealand. dunein,New Zealan: Hcken Library, University otag.
Ballantyne, T. (2002). Orientalism and race: Aryanism in the British Empire.
New Yrk, Unite States America: Palgrave.
Barn, R. & Harman, V. (2006). A cnteste ientity: an explratin thecmpeting scial an plitical iscurse cncerning the ienticatinan psitining yung peple interracial parentage. British Journal oSocial Work, 36 (8), 1309-1324.
Basran, G. S. (1993). In-Canaian amilies histrical cnstraints ancntemprary cntraictins. Journal o Comparative Family Studies 24(3),339-353.
Bentley, T. (1999). Pkeh Mori: the extraordinary story o the Europeans wholived as Mori in early New Zealand. Aucklan, New Zealan: Penguin.
Blan, L. (2005). White wmen an men clur: miscegenatin ears inBritain ater the Great War. Gender & History, 17(1), 29-61.
Byes, S. (2006). Mai i ng A e Rua Frm Tw Wrls: an investigatin theattitues ace by the hal-caste. Phd iss., University otag, dunein,New Zealan.
Bratter, J. L. & Eschbach, K. (2006). What abut the cuple? Interracial marriagean psychlgical istress. Social Science Research, 35(4), 1025-1047.
Brkes, B. (2007). Gener, wrk an ears a hybri race in 1920sNew Zealan. Gender & History, 19(3), 501-518.
Brubaker, R. (1998). Migratins ethnic unmixing in the New Eurpe.International Migration Review, 32(4), 1047-1065.
Callister, P. (2003). Mri / Nn-Mri ethnic intermarriage. New ZealandPopulation Review, 29(2), 89-105.
(2007). Special Measures t reuce ethnic isavantage in New Zealan:an examinatin their rle. Institute Plicy Stuies, Victria University Wellingtn, New Zealan.
Callister, P., diham, R. & Ptter, d. (2005). Ethnic intermarriage in New Zealand.Retrieve rm Statistics, New Zealan: www.stats.gvt.nz/~/meia/Statistics/Publicatins/Analytical-reprts/Review%20%20the%20
Measurement%20%20Ethnicity/ethnic-intermarriage-in-nz.ashxChin, K. (1994). out twn bries: internatinal marriage an wie abuse
amng Chinese immigrants.Journal o Comparative Family Studies, 25(1),53-70
Cpe, J. (2005). Researching entrepreneurship thrugh phenmenlgicalinquiry. International Small Business Journal, 23(2),163-189.
darity Jr, W.A., Masn, P.L., Stewart, J.B. (2006). The ecnmics ientity:the rigin an persistence racial ientity nrms. Journal o EconomicBehavior & Organization, 60(3), 283-305.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
32/40
30
denzin, N. (2004). The art an plitics interpretatin. In S. Hesse-Biber &P. Leavy (Es). Approaches to Qualitative Research: a reader on theory and
practice. New Yrk: oxr University Press, pp. 447-472.
dua, E. (2007). Exclusin thrugh inclusin: emale Asian migratin in themaking Canaa as a white settler natin. Gender, Place and Culture:a journal o eminist geography, 14(4), 445-466.
Emery, d. (2008). E Hki Ki T Maunga: the quintessential elements hme.Unpublishe Phd thesis, Waikat: University Waikat.
Fraser, L. & Pickles, K. (Es) (2002). Shiting centres: women and migration inNew Zealand history. dunein, New Zealan: University otag Press.
Fu, X. (2006). Impact sciecnmic status n interracial mate selectin anivrce. The Social Science Journal, 43(2), 239-258.
(2007). Interracial marriage an amily sci ecnmic status: a stuyamng Whites, Filipins, Japanese an Hawaiians in Hawaii.Journal oComparative Family Studies, 38(4), 533-554.
Funerburg, L. (1994). Black, white, other: biracial Americans talk about race andidentity. NewYrk, Unite States America: William Mrrw an Cmpany.
Gage, S.L. (2007). Pure mixed blood: the multiple identities o Amerasians in SouthKorea. Retrieve rm Prquest 5000 Internatinal. dctral issertatin,Iniana University, Iniana, Unite States America, February 2007, UMI3253643).
Gaskins, P. (1999). Multiracial an pru. Scholastic Choices, 14(4), 10-14.
Glberg, d.T. & Slms, J. (2002). A companion to racial and ethnic studies.oxr, Unite Kingm: Blackwell publishers.
Glen, J. (1959). Facilitating Factrs in NegrWhite Intermarriage. The PhylonQuarterly, 20(3) (3rd Quarter), 273-284.
Gyer, A., okitikpi, T. (2007). .But, but I am brwn, the ascribecategries ientity: chilren an yung peple mixe parentage.Child Care in Practice, 13(2), 83-94.
Green, A.C. (2008). Grey girls: biracial ientity evelpment an psychlgicalajustment amng wmen. Retrieve rm prquest 5000 internatinal.dctral issertatin, Wright Institute grauate schl psychlgy,
January 2008, UMI 3306485.Grimshaw, P. (2002). Interracial marriages an clnial regimes in Victria an
Ateara / New Zealan. Frontiers, 23(3), 12-28.
Hall, T. (1931). Status aliens in NZ. Pacifc Aairs, 4(8), 700-710.
Harre, J. (1966). Mori & Pkeh: a study o mixed marriages in New Zealand.Aucklan, New Zealan: A.H. & A.W. Ree.
Havighurst, R.J. (1973). Future time perspectives and attitudes o New ZealandMori and Pkeh adolescents. Wellingtn, New Zealan: New ZealanCuncil r Eucatinal Research.
Hesse-Biber, S. & Leavy, P. (2004). Approaches to qualitative research. New Yrk,Unite States America: oxr University Press.
Hwar, S. & diham, R. (2005). Ethnic intermarriage and ethnic transerenceamongst the Mori population: implications or the measurement anddefnition o ethnicity. Retrieve rm Statistics New Zealan: www.stats.gvt.nz/~/meia/Statistics/Publicatins/Analytical-reprts/Review%20%20the%20Measurement%20%20Ethnicity/ethnic-intermarriage-an-ethnic-transerence-amng-mari.ashx
Hyslp, J. (1995). White wrking-class wmen an the inventin aparthei:Purie Arikaner natinalist agitatin r legislatin against mixemarriages, 1934-9. The Journal o Arican History, 36(1), 57-81.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
33/40
31
Ip, M. & Murphy, N. (2005). Aliens at my table: Asians as New Zealanders see them.Aucklan, New Zealan: Penguin Bks.
Ip, M. & Pang, d. (2005). New Zealan Chinese ientity: sjurners, melminrity an multiple ientities. In, J.H. Liu, T. McCreanr, T. McIntsh & T.
Teaiwa (Es), New Zealand identities: departures and destinations (pp. 174-190). Wellingtn, New Zealan: Victria University Press
Ip, M. (2003). Mri-Chinese encunters: inigine-immigrant interactin inNew Zealan. AsianStudies Review, 27(2), 227-252.
Jacbsn, C.K., Amateng, A.Y. & Heatn, T.B. (2004). Interracial marriages inSuth Arica. Journal o Comparative Family Studies , 35(3), 443-458.
Jin, Y. (2007). Asian American citizenship through interracial relationships.Retrieve rm prquest 5000 internatinal. dctral issertatin,University Minnesta.
Jhnstn, R., Frrest, J. & Pulsen, M. (2002). Are there ethnic enclaves/ghettsin English cities? Urban Studies, 39(4), 591-618.
Kalmijn, M. & Tubergen, Van F. (2006). Ethnic intermarriage in the Netherlans:cnrmatins an reutatins accepte insights. European Journal oPopulation, 22(4), 371-397.
Kawharu, I.H. (Es) (1989). Waitangi: Mori and Pkeh perspectives o the Treatyo Waitangi. Aucklan, New Zealan: oxr University Press.
Keell, E. (2007). Cultural ientity an the Chilren, Yung Persns, an theirFamilies Act 1989: Ielgy, plicy an practice. Social Policy Journal o New
Zealand, 32, 49-71.Kenney, R. (2003). Interracial intimacies: sex, marriage, ientity an aptin.
New Yrk, Unite States America: Panthen Bks.
Khawaja, M., Bingtn, B. & diham, R. (2007). Growing ethnic diversity inNew Zealand and its implications or measuring dierentials in ertility andmortality. Retrieve rm Statistics, New Zealan: www.stats.gvt.nz/~/meia/Statistics/Publicatins/Analytical-reprts/Review%20%20the%20Measurement%20%20Ethnicity/grwing-ethnic-iversity.ashx
Kukutai, T.H. (2004). The prblem ening an ethnic grup r public plicy :wh is Mri an why es it matter? Social Policy Journal o New Zealand,
23, 86-108.Kukutai, T.H. (2007). White mthers, brwn chilren: ethnic ienticatin
Mri-Eurpean chilren in New Zealan. Journal o Marriage and Family,69(5), 1150-1161.
Lee, J.B.J. (2007). Jade taniwha: Mori-Chinese identity and schooling in Aotearoa.Aucklan, New Zealan: Rautaki Lt.
Lee, S.M. & By, M. (2008). Marrying ut: cmparing the marital an scialintegratin Asians in the US an Canaa. Social Science Research, 37(1),311-329.
Maning, F. (1996). How we began: the true story o a Pkeh Mori. Aucklan,
New Zealan: Seascape Press.Ministry scial evelpment. (2008). Work areas: cross-sectoral work:
connecting diverse communities. Retrieve rm www.ms.gvt.nz/wrk-areas/crss-sectral-wrk/cnnecting-iverse-cmmunities/inex.html.
Mir, R. & Mir, A. (2002) The rganisatinal imaginatin: rm paraigm wars tpraxis. Organisational Research Methods, 5(1), 105-25.
Mura, N.L. (2005). The plitics mthering in a Mixe amily:An autethngraphic explratin. Identities: Global Studies in Culture andPower, 12(4), 479-503.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
34/40
32
Newman, E. (2007). Mri, Eurpean an hal-caste chilren; The estitute, theneglecte an the rphane an investigatin int the early New ZealanEurpean cntact peri an the care chilren 1840-1852. dissertatin
submitte in partial ulllment the requirements r the Bachelr Artswith Hnurs in Mri Stuies, University otag, dunein.
Pi, E. (2008). Sari: Indian women at work in New Zealand. Wellingtn,New Zealan: dunmre Publishing.
Piper, N. (1997). Internatinal marriage in Japan: race an generperspectives. Gender, Place and Culture, 4(3), 321-338.
Plane, A. (2000). Colonial intimacies: Indian marriage in early New England.Ithaca: Crnell University Press.
Qian, Z. (1997). Breaking the racial barriers: variatins in interracial marriagebetween 1980 an 1990. Demography, 34(2), 263-276.
Qian, Z. & Cbas, J. (2004). Latins mate selectin: natinal rigin, racial annativity ierences. Social Science Research, 33(2), 225-247.
Qian, Z. & Lichter, d.T. (2007). Scial bunaries an marital assimilatin:interpreting trens in racial an ethnic intermarriage. American SociologicalReview, 72(1), 68-94.
Rbinsn, L. (1999). Racial ientity issues amng black an mixe parentagealescents in Britain: a brie verview. Child care in practice, 5(4), 387-395.
Rbsn, B. & Rei, P. (2001). Ethnicity matters: Mori perspectives. Retrieve rmStatistics New Zealan: www.stats.gvt.nz/~/meia/Statistics/Publicatins/
Analytical-reprts/Review%20%20the%20Measurement%20%20Ethnicity/ethnicity-mari-main.ashx
Rncarti, A., Perez, J.A., Marcella, R. & Pertusa, E.N. (2009). Mixing againstculture vs mixing against nature: ntlgizatin prhibite interethnicrelatinships. International Journal o Psychology, 44(1), 12-19.
Rt, M. (E.) (1992). Racially mixed people in America. Newbury Park, Calirnia.Unite States America: Sage Publicatins INC.
Rwe, A.C. (2007). Feeling in the ark: empathy, whiteness an miscege-natinin Mnsters Ball. Hypatia: a Journal o Feminist Philosophy, 22(2), 122-142.
Rupa, M. (2002). Tamara Sangam. Vie, New Zealan.
Sanberg, J. (2005). Hw we justiy knwlege pruce withininterpretive appraches? Organisational Research Methods, 8(1),41-68.
Segwick, C. (1984). The rganisatinal ynamics the New Zealan Chinese:a case plitical ethnicity. In P. Spnley, C. MacPhersn, d. Pearsn &C. Segwick (Es), Tauiwi: racism and ethnicity in New Zealand(pp. 44-67).Palmerstn Nrth, New Zealan: dunmre Press
Simn, J.A. (1990). The place schling in Mri-Pkeh relatins.(dctralthesis, University Aucklan).
Shni, d. (2002). Untangling the knt: immigratin, intermarriage anassimilatin Asian ancestry grups in the Unite States. Retrieve
rm prquest 5000 internatinal. dctral issertatin, University Washingtn, 2002, UMI 3053557.
Statistics New Zealan (2006). Quick stats about culture and identity. Retrieverm Statistics New Zealan: www.stats.gvt.nz/~/meia/Statistics/Publicatins/Census/2006-Census-reprts/QuickStats-Abut-A-Subject/Culture-Ientity/qstats-abut-culture-an-ientity-2006-census.ashx
Trappenburg, M. (2003). Against segregatin: ethnic mixing in liberal states.The Journal o Political Philosophy, 11(3), 295-319.
Tregear, E. (1995). The Aryan Mori. Christchurch, New Zealan: Kiwi Publishers.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
35/40
33
Try, A.B. & Lewis-Smilt, J. (2006). Interracial an intra-racial rmanticrelatinships: the search r ierences in satisactin, cnfict, anattachment style. Journal o Social and Personal Relationships, 23(1), 65-80.
Tucker, M.B. & Mitchell-Kernan, C. (1990). New trens in Black Americaninterracial marriage: the scial structural cntext. Journal o Marriage andthe Family, 52(1), 209-218
Turner, C. (2002). Wmen clr in acaeme: living with multiple marginality.The Journal o Higher Education, 73(1),74-93.
Uskul, A.K., Lalne, R.N. & Cheng, L. (2007). Views n interracial ating amngChinese an Eurpean Canaians: the rles culture, gener, anmainstream cultural ientity.Journal o Social and Personal Relationships,24(6), 891-911.
Vignali, C. (2004). An actin research apprach r internatinalisatin. InL-P dana, (E), Handbook o research on international entrepreneurship.Unite Kingm: Ewar Elgar, 748-764.
Wallace, K.R. (2001). Relative/Outsider:the art and politics o identity amongmixed heritage students. Cnnecticut, Unite States America: Ablex.
(2004). Situating multiethnic ientity: cntributins iscurse theryt the stuy mixe heritage stuents. Journal o Language, Identity andEducation, 3(3), 195-213.
Wanhalla, A. (2004). Transgressing boundaries: a history o the mixed descentamilies o Maitapapa Taieri, 1830-1940. Phd iss., University Canterbury,Christchurch, New Zealan.
(2008). One white man I like very much: intermarriage an the culturalencunter in suthern New Zealan. Journal o Womens History, 20(2), 34-56.
Williams, J. V. (1976). A stuy the Gujarati cmmunity in NZ against thebackgrun immigratin legislatin t 1930. BA Hns thesis, University otag, dunein, New Zealan.
Wilsn, S.B., McIntsh, W.d. & Insana, II, S.P. (2007). dating acrss race: anexaminatin Arican American internet persnal avertisements. Journalo Black Studies, 37(6), 964-982.
Ziv, A. (2006). Breeding between the lines: why interracial people are healthier andmore attractive. NJ: Barricae bks.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
36/40
34
Notes
1 Nancy Swarbrick. Inians, Te Ara the Encyclpeia New Zealan, upate April 9, 2008.www.TeAra.gvt.nz/NewZealaners/NewZealanPeples/Inians/en Retrieve March 21, 2009
2 Mayhew, W.R. (1949). Tuapeka: The land and its people A social history o the borough o Lawrenceand its surrounding districts. dunein: Whitcmbe & Tmbs. p.21); Rea, Gabriel (1966), rmAn Encyclpaeia New Zealan, eite by A. H. McLintck, riginally publishe in 1966.www.TeAra.gvt.nz/1966/R/ReaGabriel/en Retrieve September 16, 2007 rm www.TeAra.gvt.nz/1966/G/Gldiscveries/en; www.intune.c.nz/gl.html
3 Pi (2008)
4 Base n numerus iscussins with rst an secn generatin Inians arun New Zealan
5 Hwang, et. al. (1997)
6 Fr example in Suth Arica especially uring the aparthei era (1948-1994); see darity, Masnan Stewart (2006) an in Australia in 1901 in the newly cnstitute state Queenslan marriagebetween inigenus wmen an nn-inigenus men were restricte; see McGrath (2005); Rbert(2001). In the USA r example 29 states pssesse laws which prhibite intermarriage, an aNegr in these laws was ene as ne-urth r mre Negr bl t persns with any trace Negr bl; Glen (1958)
7 Hyslp (1995); See als Beaglehle, A. Immigratin regulatin. Te Ara the Encyclpeia NewZealan, upate September 21, 2007 www.TeAra.gvt.nz/NewZealaners/NewZealanPeples/ImmigratinRegulatin/en where the esire t keep NZ white an prejuice against the Asianswas accmpanie by a sense the angers miscegenatin, r interbreeing ierent races.
8 Plane (2000)
9 Basran (1993)
10 Qian (1997)
11 Byes (2006)
12 Hall (1931)
13 Newman (2007)
14 Newman (2007)
15 Wanhalla (2004)
16 Lee (2007)
17 Lee (2007)
18 Mestiz (2007). In Encyclpeia Britannica, retrieve Nvember 29, 2007 rm EncyclpeiaBritannica nline: www.britannica.cm/eb/article-9052254
19 Callister (2007), p. 15520 Callister (2007), p. 152
21 Callister (2007), p. 153
22 Tables specially prepare by Ewan Jnasen, Statistics New Zealan, r the authr. Ewj21921 MriInian
23 Emery (2008)
24 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006); Neckerman et. al. (1999)
25 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006); Glen (1958, 1959)
26 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006)
27 Qian an Cbas (2004)
28 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006)
29 Kalmijn an Tubergen (2006)
30 Bratter an Eschbach (2006); Piper (1997)
31 Bratter an Eschbach (2006), p. 1027
32 Bratter an Eschbach (2006)
33 Census 2006, inrmatin prvie by Rbert diham rm Statistics NZ, Christchurch
34 Callister (2007), p. 150
35 Callister et. al. (2005)
36 Hwar, S. an diham, R. ethnic intermarriage an ethnic transerence amngst the Mrippulatin: implicatins r the measurement an enitin ethnicity (www.stats.gvt.nz//0/EthnicintermarriageanethnictranserenceamngMri.p retrieve 29 Nv 2007).
37 Rt (1992)
38 Byes (2006)
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
37/40
35
Author
Dr Edwina Pio (PhD, BEd, MNZAC) is Assciate Pressr
at the Business & Law Schl AUT University,
Aucklan, New Zealan, Visiting Pressr at Bstn
Cllege, Massachusetts, USA, an Visiting Acaemic
at Cambrige University UK, with research interests
at the intersectin management, psychlgy
an spirituality. She travels extensively n research
an isseminatin her wrk an has been invite
t Austria (University Vienna), The Netherlans
(Rabu University), Spain (ESAdE) an Sween
(Jnkping Internatinal Business Schl). She is
n the eitrial bar a number jurnals an
has wn awars at the Acaemy Management
USA an in Japan at the internatinal cnerence
the Sciety Glbal Business & Ecnmicdevelpment. She is n the Phd/M Phil Cmmittee
an MBA Avisry Bar at her university an n the bar Hme & Family
Cunselling, Aucklan. She is a registere cunsellr an wrks n a vluntary
basis with migrants. Ewina has Inian rts.
Acknowledgements
With happiness t Alisn Nrman, Yashika Vijai, Paul Mn, Kate Biggs,
Berlina Chin, Kate Mitchell, Ewan Jnansen an Rbert diham r
jurneying with me n this pathway; t the wnerul participants in this
wrk; an especially t my sn Isaac, r his upbeat, inspiratinal presence an
cnstant supprt.
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
38/40
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
39/40
-
8/6/2019 Caste Away
40/40