castel gandolfo

Castel Gandolfo

Comune

Città di Castel Gandolfo

The town of Castel Gandolfo overlooking Lake Albano

Coat of arms

Location of Castel Gandolfo in Italy

Coordinates: 41°44′48.29″N 12°39′2.11″E

Castel GandolfoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Castel Gandolfo (Italian

pronunciation: [kasˈtɛlɡanˈdɔlfo] Latin: CastrumGandulphi, colloquiallyCastello in the CastelliRomani dialects) is a townlocated 15 miles (24kilometres) southeast ofRome in the Lazio regionof Italy.[1] Occupying aheight on the Alban Hillsoverlooking Lake Albano,Castel Gandolfo has apopulation ofapproximately 8,834residents and isconsidered one of Italy'smost scenic towns.[2]

Within the town'sboundaries lies theApostolic Palace of CastelGandolfo which serves asa summer residence andvacation retreat for thepope, the leader of theCatholic Church. Althoughthe palace is locatedwithin the borders ofCastel Gandolfo, it hasextraterritorial status asone of the properties ofthe Holy See and is notunder Italian jurisdiction.

The resort communityincludes almost the wholecoastline of Lake Albanowhich is surrounded bymany summer residences,villas, and cottages builtduring the 17th century. Ithouses the StadioOlimpico that staged the

CastelGandolfo

Coordinates: 41°44′48.29″N 12°39′2.11″E

Castel Gandolfo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castel...

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Country ItalyRegion LazioProvince Rome

Frazioni Mole di Castel Gandolfo, Pavona

Government • Mayor Maurizio Colacchi (May 2002‒present)

Elevation 426 m (1,398 ft)

Population (2008) • Total 8,834

Demonym Castellani

Time zone CET (UTC+1) • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)

Postal code 00040Dialing code 06

Patron saint St. Sebastian (San Sebastiano)Saint day January 20

Website Official website(http://www.comune.castelgandolfo.rm.it)

rowing events during theRome Olympics.

Castel Gandolfo hasseveral places ofarchaeological interestincluding the Emissariodel Lago Albano and theremains of the Villa ofDomitian. The area isincluded within theboundaries of the ParcoRegionale dei CastelliRomani (Regional Park ofCastelli Romani). Thereare also many points ofartistic interest, such asthe Collegiate Church ofSt. Thomas of Villanova,designed by Gian LorenzoBernini.

Contents

1 Geography1.1 Territory

1.1.1 Hydrography1.1.2 Topography

1.2 Climate2 Etymology3 History

3.1 Ancient (3000 BC‒476 AD)3.2 Medieval (476‒1604)3.3 Early Modern (1604‒1870)3.4 Italian unification to the present (1870‒present)

4 Points of interest4.1 Religious architecture4.2 Civil architecture4.3 Archaeological sites

5 Natural areas6 Schools7 Art

7.1 Theatre7.2 Cuisine


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7.3 Video games8 Notable citizens9 Events10 Geography anthropogenic

10.1 Urban10.2 Frazioni10.3 Administration

11 Economy11.1 Agriculture

12 Services13 Tourism14 Sports

14.1 Canoeing/kayaking14.2 Football/soccer14.3 Golf14.4 Rugby

15 Twin towns/sister cities16 See also17 External links18 References

18.1 Notes

Geography

Territory

The boundaries of the town extend obliquely in a north-northeast turn around the hillyarea of the Alban Hills and the plains of Agro Romanus. It is included and protected bythe Regional Park of Castelli Romani, formed in 1984. Most of the soil is of volcanicorigin, with prevalence of materials such as tuff and pozzolana.[3] Its seismicclassification is rated a Zone 2 (medium-high seismicity) [4]

Hydrography

The main water body is Lake Albano, often called Lake Castel Gandolfo. The provinceof Rome currently manages the lake. Up to 1802, it was the property of the Abbey ofSaint Nilus Grottaferrata, the Apostolic Camera (Catholic Church FinancialAdministration) and then owned by Prince Stanislaus Poniatowski in 1870.[5]

Topography

The maximum altitude that is registered in the territory is 425 m (1,394 ft) above sealevel, at the Collegio di Propaganda Fide adjoining Villa Barberini. On the crown of thehills around the Lake Albano, stand only 400 m (1,312 ft) above sea level, elevation of


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Lake Albano

the summit of Monte Cucco, borderingMarino.[6]

Towards the Tyrrhenian Sea, the land slopesgently, so from 250 m (820 ft) from the CasaleSanta Cristina, below Castel Savello borderingAlbano, goes to 217 m (712 ft) above sea levelat Colle Lilli, to 200 m (656 ft) above sea levelat Pozzo di Valle, to 155 m (509 ft) QuartoSanta bordering Marino, to 130 m (427 ft)above sea level of the Laghetto di Turno. Thelowest altitude of the territory is 101 m(331 ft) above sea level at the village ofPavona.[6]

Climate

In terms of climate, the area falls within the domain of the temperate Mediterraneanclimate with mild winters, autumn temperatures higher than those of spring andventilated summers. In the area of Colli Albani, and at Castel Gandolfo, thephenomenon known as stau, which is the reduction of water vapor in the clouds as theground rises can be observed. Summers are hot and dry, while winter is mild and rainywithout, in general, extreme low temperatures and snow. In summer, temperatures canreach 35 °C (95 °F) with peaks of 37 °C (99 °F) in rare cases.[7] Climate classification:Zone D, 1966 GR / G .

Etymology

The name "Castel Gandolfo" is derived from the Latin Castrum Gandulphi,[8] the nameof the castle on this site was presumably owned by the family of Gandolfi, originallyfrom Genoa. Another hypothesis, supported by Pope Pius II in his commentary (1462),is that the name results from Gandulphi Sabinorum, from a certain Gandolfo Savelli.[9]

History

Ancient (3000 BC‒476 AD)

Archaeological findings from the 16th century BC have been found in the area of whatis now Castel Gandolfo.

Near the site of the modern Castel Gandolfo there stood in pre-Roman age, the famousAlba Longa, capital of the Latin League, a city founded, according to legend, byAscanius, the son of Aeneas.

Many historians and scholars have speculated that the site of the city’s acropolis wasexactly the site of the modern town of Castel Gandolfo, but since the 19th century, the


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Painting by Sylvester Shchedrin (c.1825)

best hypothesis is that the settlement was onthe opposite side of the Lake Albano, betweenthe towns Costa Caselle Marino and localityPalazzolo di Rocca di Papa. Alba Longa wasdestroyed by the Romans after a war in 658BC.[10]

In 396 BC, the Romans dug the Emissario(canal) del Lago Albano, in order to fulfill aprophecy of the Oracle of Delphi regardingthe Battle of Veii.[10]

Between the Republican age, and the ImperialAge, and the opening of the Appian Way, manypatrician summer residences were establishedstarting with the Villa of Clodius at Ercolano, attributed to Publius Clodius Pulcher atwhich Clodius himself was assassinated in 54 BC. The biggest villa was the Villa ofDomitian at Castel Gandolfo, a large complex that partly enclosed Villa Barberini, andembraced a large territory that included Lake Albano and numerous imperially ownedbuildings. The imperial villa, which fell into disuse after the construction of Hadrian'sVilla at Tivoli, was then called Massa Caesariana, and much later eventually becamethe property of the Holy See, was added to the Patrimonium Appiae (See PatrimoniumSancti Petri).[10][11]

Medieval (476‒1604)

The territory of Castel Gandolfo, including the Massa Caesariana, became the propertyof the Counts of Tusculum and in the early 11th century became part of the Abbey ofSan Nilo Grottaferrata. The Gandolfi family of Lombard origin from Genoa erected theCastrum, which still bears their name. In 1221, the castle became the possession of theSavelli family; In 1482, Pope Sixtus IV granted the ownership of Castel Gandolfo to thecommunity of Velletri, which had been damaged by the Savellis. Pope Sixtus V elevatedCastel Gandolfo to the level of Duchy in favor of Bernardino Savelli. However, due tothe insolvency of the Savelli Duchy in the payment of huge debts, the propertyreturned to the Apostolic Camera on 30 June 1596. Pope Clement VIII then includedthe castle in the list of goods of the Holy See that could not be sold.[12]

Early Modern (1604‒1870)

Under the new government of the Apostolic Camera, Pope Paul V started major publicworks. Works included starting a water pipeline to the castle from the heights ofMalafitto and Palazzolo as well as the founding of a Reformed Franciscans monasteryin 1619. Pope Urban VIII in 1628 was the first Pope to stay in Castel Gandolfo. The firstPapal Bull issued by a pope from Castel Gandolfo was also written by Pope Urban VIIIon 25 October 1626.[13]

At the time of Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667), new public works were initiated,including the road that leads up to the Palazzolo paralleling the crags of the Lake


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The Pontifical College of St.Thomas of Villanova in LibertyPiazza

Albano, called in ancient Via Alessandrina. Otherworks include the accommodations of the PontificalPalace (1660) and the construction of the CollegiateChurch of St. Thomas of Villanova (1658–1661) byarchitect Gian Lorenzo Bernini and the CollegiateChurch of Santa Maria Assunta in nearby AricciaChigi.[12]

On 24 September 1728, the Castel Gandolfogovernment was given pro tempore by PopeBenedict XIII in the Bull Aequitatis Maggiordomo ofSacred Palaces. Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758)made frequent visits to Castel Gandolfo, overseeingconstruction of the Papal Palace main façade belltower and widened the road that leads to Marino,now State Route 216.[12]

After the French seized Rome in February 1798,they established the Repubblica Albanense, whichincluded the towns Albano Laziale, Frascati, Velletri,and Marino. In this case, Castel Gandolfo was joinedto the city of Albano, but on 21 February 1798,Castel Gandolfo rose up against the French alongwith other inhabitants of the Castelli Romani.During the Napoleonic Wars, some 900 anti-French

citizens of neighboring Velletri held out in Castel Gandolfo, resisting the siege byJoachim Murat. On 24 February 1798, the counter-revolutionaries were defeated by theFrench in the Battle of Frattocchie resulting in the sacking of the Papal Palace.

With the return of Pope Pius VII, Castel Gandolfo was returned to the Maggiordomo deiSacri Palazzi (Government of the Sacred Palaces) and this lasted until September1870.[13] According to tradition, the first mailbox in the world can be found in FreedomSquare.

Italian unification to the present (1870‒present)

On 20 September 1870, the Papal States effectively ended with the taking of Porta Piaand the entrance of militiamen in Rome. Pope Pius IX, who had left Castel Gandolfo inMay 1869 was the last pope to set foot in the Papal Palace until 1929.[13]

On 11 February 1929 with the publication of the Lateran Pacts, Benito Mussolinigranted the nascent State of Vatican City possession of the Papal Palace with adjacenthouses for a total of 110 acres (45 ha). In 1933 the Vatican Observatory was movedfrom the Vatican because of too much artificial light in Rome and installed at CastelGandolfo. In January 2008, it was announced that, due to the deterioration of visibilityin the Castelli Romani, the center would be moved to the United States of America.[13]

The 22 January 1944, an invasion by British and American forces at Anzio brought the


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Cupola of Bernini's Parish Churchin Castel Gandolfo, Italy

Castelli Romani to the forefront of clashes during the Second World War. On 1February 1944, Ariccia and Albano Laziale were bombed resulting in the loss of 16people and the destruction of the local convent of Poor Clares. On 2 February 1944,Marino was hit and suffered several hundred victims. On 10 February 1944, bombsstruck the College of Propaganda Fide causing 500 civilian deaths.[14] The PontificalVillas served some 12,000 refugee children and 40 births during the war.[15]

On 19 September 1994, Italian President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro granted to the town ofCastel Gandolfo the title of City.

Points of interest

Religious architecture

The parish church, dedicated to St. Thomas ofVillanova was designed by Bernini (1658–1661)on the order of the Chigi Pope Alexander VII, ithas a square Greek key cross plan and houses anotable painting by Pietro da Cortonaportraying Christ's crucifixion.[16][17]

Church of Our Lady of the Lake, wantedpersonally by Pope Paul VI, was consecrated bythe same pope in 1977 on the shores of LakeAlbano.

Church of Santa Maria Assunta, constructionbegan in 1619 with the consecration of the firststone by Pope Paul V.

Church of Santa Maria, modern construction, situated in the populous district ofBorgo San Paolo near State Road 7 Via Appia, the Ugo Bazzi theater adjoins thechurch.

Church of San Sebastiano, dedicated to the patron saint of the city and located onState Road 7 Via Appia adjacent to the church cemetery.

Church of Santa Maria Della Cona.

Civil architecture

The Apostolic Palace of Castel Gandolfo, the Pope's summer residence, is a17th-century building designed by Carlo Maderno for Pope Urban VIII. The papalpalace, and the adjoining Villa Barberini that was added to the complex by Pius XIhave enjoyed extraterritorial rights since the signature of the 1929 treaty withItaly; the little piazza directly in front was renamed Piazza della Libertà in the firstflush of Italian unity after 1870. The Papal Palace remained unused from 1870


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The facade of the Papal Palace ofCastel Gandolfo

until 1929.

Cybo Villa, built by Cardinal Camillo Cibo, wasannexed to the whole of the Pontifical Villas atthe time of Pope Clement XIV who purchased itin 1774 from the owner at the time, FrancescoIII d'Este, Duke of Modena, for the sum of80,000 crowns.

Villa Barberini, built by the nephew of PopeUrban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), wasincorporated in the extraterritorial complex ofthe Pontifical Villas in 1929: the manor housesthe headquarters of the College of Propaganda Fide. As part of its extensiveformal gardens is located the existing remains of the complex built by the RomanEmperor Domitian.

Villa Santa Caterina, currently owned by the Pontifical North American College.During the construction of this villa, situated in the Herculaneum area, the Romanruins of the villa attributed to Publius Clodius Pulcher were discovered.

Villa Torlonia, built in the 16th century by the Roman family of the Giustiniani,then passed into ownership of the Duke of Bracciano Giuseppe Torlonia. Thecurrent appearance is due to the restoration of 1829, funded by Duke CarloTorlonia. The villa has a beautiful landscape on the Agro Romano.

Villa Chigi built by Cardinal Flavio Chigi, nephew of Pope Alexander VII; today it ishome to a golf course.

The two telescopes of the Vatican Observatory, which were moved from Rome toCastel Gandolfo in the 1930s, were still used until the 1980s. The headquarters ofthe Vatican Observatory is still located in Castel Gandolfo. However, its dependentresearch center, the Vatican Observatory Research Group (VORG), is hosted bySteward Observatory at the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. The telescopesare located in Mt. Graham, Arizona.

Archaeological sites

The site of the papal palace: rebuilt on the ruins of the former castle, partlyoccupies the foundations of a summer residence of the Emperor Domitian thatoccupied 14 km2 (5.4 sq mi). The residence was designed by the famous architectRabirius. In the palace's inner courtyard is a Roman bust depicting Polyphemus,the Cyclops from whose cave Ulysses escaped; it was found in the nymphaeum ofthe Imperial villa's gardens, an artificially constructed grotto of the crater lake'soutlet.

Villa of Publius Clodius Pulcher: the remains of a Roman villa located on theAppian Way, 23 km (14 mi) of National Road 7 Via Appia, inside the Villa Santa


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A view of Castel Gandolfofrom the commune ofAlbano Laziale

Caterina, owned by the Pontifical North AmericanCollege.

The Bergantino or bath of Diana nymphaeum: on thewestern shores of the Lake Albano, two km after theDoric nymphaeum, this structure, originally annexedto the Domitian Villa at Castel Gandolfo, opens in acircular Cave of 17 metre in diameter. There is a bathin the middle of the cave, and the floor wascompletely covered with mosaics, of which a fewfragments remain. Various parts of sculptural groupsnow kept at the Pontifical Palace in Castel Gandolfohave been found in the nymphaeum.

Emissario Lake Albano: an artificial conduit of runoff water 1800 metres long thatruns from the West coast of Lake Albano and leads into Castel Gandolfo locations;according to tradition, built in 396 BC to fulfil a prophecy during the conquest ofVeii.

Natural areas

The town of Castel Gandolfo is included in the boundaries of the Parco Regionale deiCastelli Romani. The major forested areas within its jurisdiction are serious fire risk insummer. The main green area of the town of Castel Gandolfo is represented by thetotality of the Pontifical Villas of extraterritorial property of the State of Vatican City.

Schools

Castel Gandolfo does not host secondary schools, but within the municipal area lie aprivate kindergarten run by the Paul VI Pontifical Municipal School, which is primaryand secondary level. Finally, there are the Scuola Media Statale "Dante Alighieri" andother religious institutions, which deal with primary education.

Walsh University, which has its main campus in North Canton, Ohio, USA, holds a smallcampus in Castel Gandolfo. Classes are held in the fall, spring and summer for Walshstudents.[18]

Art

Theatre

Castel Gandolfo has a long theatrical tradition, as witnessed by the hall theater "UgoBazzi", is a recently restored annex to the Santa Maria Ausiliatrice. Performances thereare held mostly held by local companies. In March 2008, the theater, Salapetrolini inVia Prati, had its inaugural opening.


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Castel Gandolfo byJean-Baptiste-Camille Corot(1826)

Cuisine

Many local restaurants in the municipality havepanoramic views and the antiquity of the tradition. Therestaurant "Pagnanelli" for example has beenoperational since 1882, in a strategic position so that itis even on the map of Military Geographical Institute.

Video games

Castel Gandolfo has also recently been portrayed in thevideo games Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood andAssassin's Creed: Revelations, in which the castle is amultiplayer map location.

Notable citizens

Luigi Centusione (Genoa 1686‒Castel Gandolfo1757), priest and religious authority, 17th SuperiorGeneral of the Society of Jesus (30 November 1755‒2 October 1757)

Massimo d'Azeglio (Torino 1798‒1866), statesman and diarist

Pietro Savorgnan di Brazzà (Castel Gandolfo 1852 – Dakar 1905), explorer ofthe Congo River and founder of Brazzaville (1880), capital of the Republic ofCongo, was an official of the French colonial government in Equatorial Africa

Rubi Dalma (Milano 1906‒Castel Gandolfo 1994), actress

Achille Serra (Roma 1941), lawman, writer, and prefect of Rome from 2003 to2007 and senator; was an honorary citizen of Castel Gandolfo on 18 January 2007

Events

The feast of the patron saint, St. Sebastian (San Sebastiano) is celebrated on thefirst weekend of September, though the feast of this saint is marked on thecalendar on 20 January; the festival concludes with fireworks over the lake.

The village celebrates St. Paul and St. Mary Ausiliatrice the last Sunday of May.

The local market takes place on Friday morning.

Festival of Peaches, held on the last Sunday of July with organized cultural,entertainment, and sporting events.

March for Peace, established by Municipal Statute in the month of January of eachyear.


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Premio "Città di Castel Gandolfo", a prize to personalities, bodies, andassociations that bring the city prestige and better quality of life or havedistinguished themselves in any branch of culture, sport, or human knowledge.

Castel Gandolfo Fotografia, photography competition established in 2007.

Geography anthropogenic

Urban

The original nucleus of living of the city is the Papal Palace, which was the ancientCastrum Gadulphorum, the stronghold of the family Gandolfi, and the CollegiateChurch of St. Thomas, which occupies the area of the ancient parish church of SanMichele. This core is now occupied by the Piazza della Libertà, true heart of thehistoric centre.

The main artery of the historic center is Corso della Repubblica, which continues toAlbano Laziale through the Galleria di Sopra. Other routes parallel this road includingthe Papal Palace and the panoramic Via della Saponara, overlooking Lake Albano.

The new expansion of Castel Gandolfo has started since the beginning of the 20thcentury, first near the State Road 216 Maremmana III, then with the birth of the BorgoSan Paolo a little further downstream, with the work of several cooperatives that haveall that urbanized the area along State Road 7 Via Appia.

The urbanization of Pavona at the castle is also recent and follows State Road 207Nettunense and Provincial Road 101/a Via Colonnelle.

A photo of Piazza della Libertà ("Freedom Square"), the main square in Castel Gandolfo, takenfrom the door of the Papal Palace


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Recent Population Trends

1982 6122[19]

1985 6365[19]

1990 6629[19]

1995 7220[20]

2000 7979[20]

2001 7930[21]

2002 7925[22]

2003 8108[23]

2004 8539[24]

2005 8592[25]

2006 8643[26]

2007 8619[27]

Frazioni

Pavona was centered around a tavern on the way toNettuno and the villa of Cardinal Flavio Chigi(1631–1693), nephew of Pope Alexander VII. The placewas urbanized during the 20th century, thanks to theopening of the railway Roma-Velletri, and today is dividedbetween the municipalities of Castel Gandolfo, AlbanoLaziale and Rome. The part castle, known as Pavona Ponddue to the above-named for Round Pond, has about 3,000inhabitants and has as its patron saint St. Eugene III ofToledo.

Mole di Castel Gandolfo, divided in part by the town ofAlbano Laziale, owe their name to the presence in theplace of ancient mass fed by the waters of the Emissaryof Lake Albano, which were used until the 19th centuryby the inhabitants of Castel Gandolfo and Albano Lazialeto crush the grain.

Administration

Mayor: Maurizio Colacchio (Lista Civica) from 29May 2007 (currently serving 2nd term)

Telephone: 06/9359181

Economy

Agriculture

In all the municipalities in the Alban Hills, agriculture, and particularly wineproduction, has always been the main economic voice and employer. Notable winesinclude the Frascati, the Marino, the Velletri and the Colli Lanuvini.

The production of wine, and vanished era of small farmers is maintained by majorproducers such as Cantina Sociale Gotto d'Oro of Marino and Frascati, which is basedin the nearby town of Castelluccia, and the Wine Cellar Social Albano Laziale andAriccia, based in Fontana di Papa.

Services

Municipal Statute prohibits installation of equipment and systems, fixedtelecommunication and radio devices, particularly equipment for radio, television andmobile telephony, and systems for radio amateurs. This prohibition is exempt formilitary installations, civil protection and forest protection.[28]


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Thoroughfare in Castel Gandolfo

Aquatic facilities on Lake Albano

Most services such as hospitals or cinemas are based outside the city in larger centerslike Marino, Frascati, Albano Laziale and Genzano di Roma. However, these centresare all reached by car or public transport. In return, the city is commercially verylively, thanks to the continuous influx of Italian tourists and foreigners linked to thepresence of the Papal Palace and, at certain times of the Pope.[28]

Tourism

Castel Gandolfo is undoubtedly the most populartourist town of Castelli Romani. In fact, regulargroups of Italian and foreign tourists utilize all ofthe parking built specifically for tourists. On theoccasion of Angelus or the hearings on the Popeduring his stay, many foreign pilgrims arrive intown, so that the streets and squares in the centerare filled.

Sports

For the 1960 XVII Olympiad held in Rome, theItalian Olympic Committee built the OlympicStadium and the Federal Center for Canoeing andKayaking on Lake Albano. At this stage the raceswere held in this discipline, and even today theItalian Federation of Canoe / Kayak considers thisone of its most important training sites.[citation needed]

Canoeing/kayaking

Since 1960, Lake Albano has been used for Olympiccompetitions for the sport.[citation needed] Currently,the Master Line Canoeing Sports Association, activesince 2005, scored important achievements promote the sport. Another school ofkayaking is held by the ASD Polisportiva Giovanile Salesiana Castel Gandolfo.

Football/soccer

Castel Gandolfo has had an amateur football/soccer club since 2005 at Oratory ParishSt. Thomas of Villanova which organizes friendly matches with other teams in the area.

Golf

In the 1970s, Castel Gandolfo Country Club opened in Pavona. The complex is locatedin the crater of the ancient dried up lake and in the ancient villa of Cardinal FlavioChigi.


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Rugby

The league includes youth ranging from Under 6 to 16, a senior women's team, a men'sand a senior men's team. The latter, formed in 2009, playing in the regionalchampionship of the C series (season 2009/2010).

Twin towns/sister cities

Castel Gandolfo is twinned with the following cities:

Châteauneuf-du-Pape, FranceCurepipe, Mauritius

See also

Alban HillsPavona

External links

Official site (http://www.comune.castelgandolfo.rm.it/)Castel Gandolfo photos (http://www.prontocastelli.it/castelgandolfo/foto.php)Dr Hans-Joachim Kracht, "Historic villas overlook Lake Albano"(http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/VILLAS.HTM) from L'OsservatoreRomanoPhotos and visitor information about Castel Gandolfo(http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Castel_Gandolfo-153336/TravelGuide-Castel_Gandolfo.html)

29 September 1999

Castel Gandolfo on Google Maps Italy (http://maps.google.it/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=it&geocode=&q=Castel+Gandolfo&sll=41.442726,12.392578&sspn=18.523102,53.569336&ie=UTF8&ll=41.746694,12.649384&spn=0.009013,0.026157&t=h&z=16)Centro Storico di Castel Gandolfo (http://www.consorziocastelgandolfo.it/)

References

Notes

^ Migliorini, Bruno; Tagliavini, Carlo; Fiorelli, Piero; Bórri, Tommaso Francesco (31January 2008). "Castel Gandolfo" (http://www.dizionario.rai.it/poplemma.aspx?lid=68629&r=87030). Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia (DOP) (in Italian). Rai Eri. Retrieved 26February 2010.

1.


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^ I borghi più belli d'Italia: Castel Gandolfo2.^ Carta Geologica d'Italia, foglio 150 (Roma), edizione 19673.^ Anche secondo le categorie sismiche stabilite dal D.M. LL.PP. 1984 e la successivaordinanza P.C.M. n° 3274 20 marzo 2003 Castel Gandolfo era in zona sismica 2. Sono nellastessa zone sismica tutti i Colli Albani.

4.

^ Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica – Castel-Gandolfo, vol. X p.155–156, Venezia 1841.

5.

^ a b Nibby, Antonio (1829). Analisi storico-topografico-antiquaria della carta de' dintorni diRoma – Castel Gandolfo, vol. I.

6.

^ S. Ciccacci, L. D'Alessandro, L. Davoli, G.B. La Monica, E. Lupia Palmieri, CaratteristicheClimatiche, Geomorfologiche, Sedimentologiche e Idrogeologiche in Vincenzo Carunchio(ed.), Valutazione della Situazione Ambientale del Lago di Nemi, Roma: Università degliStudi di Roma "La Sapienza" e Provincia di Roma, 1987, pp. 17–45.

7.

^ Spesso viene confusa con il Castrum Gandulphi la Turris Gandulphi o Gandulfa, chesecondo lo storico di Ariccia Emanuele Lucidi (Memorie storiche dell'antichissimomunicipio ora terra dell'Ariccia, e delle sue colonie di Genzano e Nemi, parte I, cap. IV pp.41–42) sarebbe il toponimo con cui anticamente era designata l'attuale località di TorPaluzzi, situata presso la frazione di Cecchina in comune di Ariccia.

8.

^ Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica – Castel-Gandolfo, vol. X p.156, Venezia 1841.

9.

^ a b c Edoardo De Fonseca "Castelli Romani".: An account of certain towns and villages inLatium. Alinari Brothers 1904 Princeton

10.

^ Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica – Castel-Gandolfo, vol. Xpp. 153–175, Venezia, Tipografia Emiliani, 1841.

11.

^ a b c Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica – Castel-Gandolfo,vol. X pp. 153–175, Venezia, Tipografia Emiliani, 1841.

12.

^ a b c d Saverio Petrillo, I Papi a Castel Gandolfo, Velletri, Ed. Tra 8 & 9, 199513.^ Albano ed Ariccia erano state bombardate il 1º febbraio, Marino il 2 febbraio.14.^ Saverio Petrillo, I Papi a Castel Gandolfo, pp. 31–33.15.^ Santommasodavillanova.it (http://www.santommasodavillanova.it/)16.^ "Castel Gandolfo – Church of Saint Thomas of Villanova – Tesori delle Consolari Romane"(http://en.tesorintornoroma.it/Itinerari/La-Via-Appia-Antica/Castel-Gandolfo-chiesa-di-San-Tommaso-da-Villanova). En.tesorintornoroma.it. Retrieved 2013-03-12.

17.

^ Walsh.edu (http://www.walsh.edu/romeexperience.htm)18.^ a b c Dati ISTAT demo.istat.it (http://demo.istat.it/dat81-91/COMUNI/058/T_HTM/058022_T.HTM)

19.

^ a b Dati ISTAT demo.istat.it (http://demo.istat.it/ricbil/index.html)20.^ Dati ISTAT 14 Censimento della popolazione (http://demo.istat.it/ricbil/index.html)21.^ Dati ISTAT demo.istat.it (http://demo.istat.it/pop2002/index.html)22.^ Dati ISTAT demo.istat.it (http://demo.istat.it/pop2003/index.html)23.^ Dati ISTAT demo.istat.it (http://demo.istat.it/pop2004/index.html)24.^ Dati ISTAT demo.istat.it (http://demo.istat.it/pop2005/index.html)25.^ Dati ISTAT demo.istat.it (http://demo.istat.it/pop2006/index.html)26.^ Dati ISTAT demo.istat.it (http://demo.istat.it/pop2007/index.html)27.^ a b Statuto Comunale di Castel Gandolfo, articolo 17 Statuto del Comune di CastelGandolfo

28.

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