Blast Furnace

Charge : Iron ore, coke and limestone are put into the top, and preheated air is blown into the bottom.

.3O2ften contains sand with iron oxide, Feo -Iron ore, haematite

Limestone (calcium carbonate).

Coke - mainly carbon

Products : liquid iron called "hot metal" pig iron

Fe with 4% C, 0.4% Si, 0.3% Mn, 0.025% S, and up to 1.5% P

Too impure to be of commercial use

fireproof bricksالبطانة :

Method :

The carbon monoxide reduces the iron in the ore to give molten iron:

2(g)+ 3CO (l)2Fe 3(s)O2+ Fe (g)3CO

The limestone from 2, reacts with the sand to form slag (calcium silicate):

3(l)CaSiO (s)+ SiO (s)CaO

Hot air drives the reaction

Bessemer Convertor

Charge : Melted high carbon iron (pig iron)

+ bottom injected air

Products : Liquid steel product

Method : Fast reaction:

} } → [Fe] + {CO2 C] + {O-[Fe

Minor reaction

} → (FeO)2 [Fe] + {O

lining (acidic) 2SiOالبطانة :

Basic-Oxygen Furnace

Charge : Melted pig iron and scrap are poured (charged) into a vessel.

Fluxing agents are added, like limestone.

Product : Higher steel quality than open hearth. Used to make plate, sheet, I-beam, tubing and channel.

Method : The molten metal is blasted with pure oxygen. This produces iron oxide which then reacts with carbon to produce CO and CO2. The slag floats to the top of the metal.

refractory bricksالبطانة :

Open-Hearth Furnace

Charge : Pig Iron and scrap supplied by oil or gas

Products: molten metal and slag

Method: uses fuel to generate heat, and melt metal.

Electric Furnace

Charge : Graded steel scrap

Products : Can produce 60-90 tons of steel per day

Highly alloyed steel , stainless steel , heat resisting , high speed steels .

Steel is higher quality than open-hearth and BOF

Method : Uses electric arc from electrode to metal to heat and melt it .

Vacuum Furnace فرن الحث

Method : Uses induction furnaces.

Air is removed from the furnace, this removes the gaseous impurities from the molten metal.

Products : very high-quality steel