castles and palaces: power of political authority...
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Second half of the semester: political architectureCastles and Palaces: Power of Political Authority and Architecture
Time periods (16th-17th c.)•1568-1603: Azuchi-Momoyama period◦
Warlords:‣Oda Nobunaga•Toyotomi Hideyoshi: was •Nobunaga's vassalTokugawa Ieyasu: came to control •the country and established his regime
Also called "warring-states" period‣1603-1868: Edo period◦
Shoguns: Tokugawa family‣
The dark blue: where Nobunaga was from•Blue parts: extension of Nobunaga's •control; by brutal forceYellow and red: opposing forces to •Nobunaga
Map of castles in late medieval and early modern periods
Red: built Pre-Edo period•Blue: Edo period (1600-1868)•After 1600 and after Ieyasu became •shogun, major political interest was to subside any possible rebellions rising from the countrysideSo issued: 1615 Tokugawa Warrior •Aristocracy (Military Houses Regulations):
Pursuits of martial arts and classical literature◦Educated soldiers, or "warrior aristocrats," so creating wonderful military ‣bureaucracyThe word bushido (the way of samurai; loyalty to your ruler) came about ‣during this period
But such noble spirit perhaps only possible during the time of peace•
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Han (domains) castles may be repaired, but no expansions allowed◦Each han: one warlord and one castle‣Tight control‣
Stockade: fenced space (no architectural structure)•For temporary battle; then dismantled and set up at other place◦Symbolic of political center◦At some point, this structure evolves into turrets◦
Turret: surrounded by moats•More stable, permanent seat of power◦
Three Types of Castles
Yamajiro ("mountain-castle"): on top of the •mountain
Ex. Bitchu-Matsuyama Castle◦Not sure when or how the space was ‣flattened to build a structure onApproximately 16th century‣
17th century donjon?•Pro: surveillance◦Con: enemies can stop the supply of ◦
food and waterSolution: separated the fortress and residence in case of emergency‣
"Castle" as political symbol/usage•"Palace": residential•
Hirajiro ("flatland-castle"): on the same level as the town•Ex. Matsumoto Castle (1593-94)◦Pro: easy transport of the supply◦Con: can be attacked easily◦
Hira-yamajiro ("hilltop-castle"): on modest hill•Ex. Himeji Castle (1601-10)◦Inbetween yamajiro and hirajiro◦
Castle Town Development
Four types of town:•Castle town: around the center of castle◦Temple town: around the center of ◦templePort town (Yokohama, Osaka, Tokyo, ◦etc.): near the port(Fourth one for next time)◦
The concept of town different from the •European sense: no rural area as the basic
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unitMatsumoto Castle (1593-94) Town (Nagano Prefecture)
From outside: Moat, wall, then another •most, finally donjon (the tallest turret)Like island within island•
Toward castle town: three main precincts
1. Hon maru (main precinct): the castle•2. Ni mo maru (second precinct): the •palace, residence3. San no maru (third precinct): where the •vassals and servants livedHon maru and ni mo maru on the same •island; the cocooned center, protected by lower class of peopleFour different precinct arrangements•
Concentric: shape almost the same as spiral; but spiral preferred (takes ◦longer time to get to hon maruLadder: for a wide mountain; yamajiro◦Spiral: for a hill; hira-yamajiro?◦Chain: hirajiro like Matsumoto castle◦
Matsumoto castle donjon
No more green/red•Instead subdued colors◦
Different from the idea of "castle"; also •made of wood, not stone
Wood: the weather (humid, so stone is ◦no good); also easier to build
Previous model: Buddhist temple•As the previous power of authority◦Ex. hip-and-gable roof on top◦
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Azuchi Castle (1576/1582)The first castle structure•Took three years to build, and burned down after three years•
Reconstructed based on the historical sources◦Yamajiro•
Nobunaga's castle•1543: arrival of Portuguese (shipwrecked in •a small island in Kyushu)
Oda became close to them◦Introduction of firearms: the ship had ◦many things, one of them musketsOda turned the muskets into useful ◦weapon for himselfThe small island began to produce even ◦better firearms
1573: Oda ousts Shogun Ashikaga; became the most powerful man•1576-9: Oda's construction of Azuchi castle•1582: Oda was assassinated•
By his closest vassal; became scandalous◦Died in the castle, and the castle was put on fire◦
The source for reconstruction
Historia de Japam by Lois Frois •(Portuguese, Jesuit missionary)
1563-1590s: Frois stayed in Japan and ◦was very influential1580: met Nobunaga at Azuchi castle◦
Putting this source together with other •Japanese sources:
Base: 12 ken (ca. 22 m)◦1st floor: 36 m x 31 m◦
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Height: 46 m◦ The only thing preserved: stonework•
By Ano-group stonemasonry: 350 specially dressed stones from Mabechi ◦area (a little up north from the center of Japan)
Used about 4-5000 laborers ‣Azuchi Castle (1576-82)
Source: Luis Frois, History of Japan•Tenshu (donjon) in Honmaru (1569)•"Noble and splendid," "more dignified than •our castle towers"Seven-storied tenshu (from the outside, as •if five stories; two below not shown)Each story is differently colored•
Black lacquered wood, white plaster◦Red and gold at two top stories◦
Interior walls are painted•Five sides, but not a perfect pentagon•
Compare with: Golden Hall, Horyuji•Terminology of authority◦
Castle builders used to be temple builders•
The structure designed by Okabe •Matauemon, Shogun Ashikaga's hired carpenterHuge atrium in the center and pagoda in •the middle (if on story 2 or above, can look down on the pagoda)
Some scholars suggest: European ◦influence?But this kind of hollow center space ◦existed before, for example Horyuji
Two floors below not considered as basement, because this is raised structure•
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Azuchi Castle, section view (Surce: Ota Gyuichi, Azuchi Diary)
Each floor has a function and related •interior and pictorial elements according to the functionThe top two floors: religious•6th floor: square room, Chinese figures on •gold; works by the Kano school painters
Kano school: very successful group of ◦artists
remember back to their work in the Daisenin hojo (reception room): ‣during this time, Zen temple as the best patrons and now shogunsWorked almost like salespeople; carrying around samples and showing ‣them to clients on the spot
5th floor: octagon in red; Buddhist images; zbuddha and his ten disciples, etc.•4th floor: un decorated (rectangular floor, closets)•
Watchtower point; occupied by the servicemen◦3rd floor: many rooms (Lord's residence); landscape paintings, tigers and •dragons
Bedroom, so subdued◦2nd floor: large rooms; birds-and-flowers; Daoist sages and immortals•
For entertainment purposes: lively◦1st floor: (uneven octagon) multiple rooms; ink painting of plums, birds; •landscape with temples; Confucian images
Like a waiting/reception area, so wanting to impress your guests◦Basement floor: (two story high) atrium to the third; unpainted•Like a layered cake with each layer having different flavor and function•