cat 2019 varc slot 1mattress or one great sneaker. casper has expanded into bedroom furniture and...

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CAT 2019 Question Paper

Verbal CAT 2019 – Slot 1

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- Rajesh Balasubramanian

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Passage 1: Tale of Aladdin

In the past, credit for telling the tale of Aladdin has often gone to Antoine Galland . . . the

first European translator of . . . Arabian Nights [which] started as a series of translations of an

incomplete manuscript of a medieval Arabic story collection. . . But, though those tales were

of medieval origin, Aladdin may be a more recent invention. Scholars have not found a

manuscript of the story that predates the version published in 1712 by Galland, who wrote in

his diary that he first heard the tale from a Syrian storyteller from Aleppo named Hanna

Diyab . . . Despite the fantastical elements of the story, scholars now think the main character

may actually be based on a real person’s real experiences. . . . Though Galland never credited

Diyab in his published translations of the Arabian Nights stories, Diyab wrote something of

his own: a travelogue penned in the mid-18th century. In it, he recalls telling Galland the

story of Aladdin [and] describes his own hard-knocks upbringing and the way he marveled at

the extravagance of Versailles.

The descriptions he uses were very similar to the descriptions of the lavish palace that ended

up in Galland’s version of the Aladdin story. [Therefore, author Paulo Lemos] Horta believes

that “Aladdin might be the young Arab Maronite from Aleppo, marveling at the jewels and

riches of Versailles.” . . . For 300 years, scholars thought that the rags-to-riches story of

Aladdin might have been inspired by the plots of French fairy tales that came out around the

same time, or that the story was invented in that 18th century period as a byproduct of

French Orientalism, a fascination with stereotypical exotic Middle Eastern luxuries that was

prevalent then. The idea that Diyab might have based it on his own life — the experiences of

a Middle Eastern man encountering the French, not vice-versa — flips the script. [According

to Horta,] “Diyab was ideally placed to embody the overlapping world of East and West,

blending the storytelling traditions of his homeland with his youthful observations of the

wonder of 18th-century France.” . . .

To the scholars who study the tale, its narrative drama isn’t the only reason storytellers keep

finding reason to return to Aladdin. It reflects not only “a history of the French and the

Middle East, but also [a story about] Middle Easterners coming to Paris and that speaks to

our world today,” as Horta puts it. “The day Diyab told the story of Aladdin to Galland, there

were riots due to food shortages during the winter and spring of 1708 to 1709, and Diyab

was sensitive to those people in a way that Galland is not. When you read this diary, you see

this solidarity among the Arabs who were in Paris at the time. . . . There is little in the

writings of Galland that would suggest that he was capable of developing a character like

Aladdin with sympathy, but Diyab’s memoir reveals a narrator adept at capturing the

distinctive psychology of a young protagonist, as well as recognizing the kinds of injustices

and opportunities that can transform the path of any youthful adventurer.”

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Q1. All of the following serve as evidence for the character of Aladdin being based on Hanna DiyabEXCEPT:A. Diyab’s cosmopolitanism and cross-cultural experience.B. Diyab’s humble origins and class struggles, as recounted in his travelogue.C. Diyab’s description of the wealth of Versailles in his travelogue.D. Diyab’s narration of the original story to Galland.

Q2. The author of the passage is most likely to agree with which of the following explanations for theorigins of the story of Aladdin?A. Galland derived the story of Aladdin from Diyab’s travelogue in which he recounts his

fascination with the wealth of Versailles.B. The story of Aladdin has its origins in an undiscovered, incomplete manuscript of a medieval

Arabic collection of stories.C. Basing it on his own life experiences, Diyab transmitted the story of Aladdin to Galland who

included it in Arabian Nights.D. Galland received the story of Aladdin from Diyab who, in turn, found it in an incomplete

medieval manuscript.

Q3..Which of the following, if true, would invalidate the inversion that the phrase “flips the script”refers to?A. Diyab’s travelogue described the affluence of the French city of Bordeaux, instead of Versailles.B. The French fairy tales of the eighteenth century did not have rags-to-riches plot lines like that of

the tale of Aladdin.C. The description of opulence in Hanna Diyab’s and Antoine Galland’s narratives bore no

resemblance to each other.D. Galland acknowledged in the published translations of Arabian Nights that he heard the story of

Aladdin from Diyab.

Q4. Which of the following is the primary reason for why storytellers are still fascinated by the storyof Aladdin?A. The traveller's experience that inspired the tale of Aladdin resonates even today.B. The tale of Aladdin documents the history of Europe and Middle East.C. The archetype of the rags-to-riches story of Aladdin makes it popular even today.D. The story of Aladdin is evidence of the eighteenthcentury French Orientalist attitude.

Q5. Which of the following does not contribute to the passage’s claim about the authorship of Aladdin? A. The narrative sensibility of Diyab’s travelogue. B. The depiction of the affluence of Versailles in Diyab’s travelogue. C. Galland’s acknowledgment of Diyab in his diary. D. The story-line of many French fairy tales of the 18th century

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Passage 2: Choice Fatigue

Contemporary internet shopping conjures a perfect storm of choice anxiety. Research hasconsistently held that people who are presented with a few options make better, easierdecisions than those presented with many. . . . Helping consumers figure out what to buyamid an endless sea of choice online has become a cottage industry unto itself. Manybrands and retailers now wield marketing buzzwords such as curation, differentiation, anddiscovery as they attempt to sell an assortment of stuff targeted to their ideal customer.Companies find such shoppers through the data gold mine of digital advertising, which cancatalog people by gender, income level, personal interests, and more. Since Americanshave lost the ability to sort through the sheer volume of the consumer choices available tothem, a ghost now has to be in the retail machine, whether it’s an algorithm, an influencer,or some snazzy ad tech to help a product follow you around the internet.

Indeed, choice fatigue is one reason so many people gravitate toward lifestyle influencerson Instagram—the relentlessly chic young moms and perpetually vacationing 20-somethings—who present an aspirational worldview, and then recommend the productsand services that help achieve it. . . . For a relatively new class of consumer-products start-ups, there’s another method entirely. Instead of making sense of a sea of existing stuff,these companies claim to disrupt stuff as Americans know it. Casper (mattresses), Glossier(makeup), Away (suitcases), and many others have sprouted up to offer consumersfreedom from choice: The companies have a few aesthetically pleasing and supposedlyhighly functional options, usually at mid-range prices. They’re selling nice things, butmaybe more importantly, they’re selling a confidence in those things, and an ability to optout of the stuff rat race. . . . One-thousand-dollar mattresses and $300 suitcases mightsolve choice anxiety for a certain tier of consumer, but the companies that sell them, alongwith those that attempt to massage the larger stuff economy into something navigable,are still just working within a consumer market that’s broken in systemic ways.

The presence of so much stuff in America might be more valuable if it were more evenlydistributed, but stuff’s creators tend to focus their energy on those who already haveplenty. As options have expanded for people with disposable income, the opportunity tobuy even basic things such as fresh food or quality diapers has contracted for much ofAmerica’s lower classes. For start-ups that promise accessible simplicity, their verystructure still might eventually push them toward overwhelming variety. Most of thesecompanies are based on hundreds of millions of dollars of venture capital, the investors ofwhich tend to expect a steep growth rate that can’t be achieved by selling one greatmattress or one great sneaker. Casper has expanded into bedroom furniture and bedlinens. Glossier, after years of marketing itself as no-makeup makeup that requires littleskill to apply, recently launched a full line of glittering color cosmetics. There may be noway to opt out of stuff by buying into the right thing.

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Q1. Which of the following hypothetical statements would add the least depth to the author’sprediction of the fate of start-ups offering few product options?A. An exponential surge in their sales enables start-ups to meet their desired profit goals without

expanding their product catalogue.B. With the motive of promoting certain rival companies, the government decides to double the

tax-rates for these start-ups.C. With Casper and Glossier venturing into new product ranges, their regular customers start

losing trust in the companies and their products.D. Start-ups with few product options are no exception to the American consumer market that is

deeply divided along class lines.

Q2. Which one of the following best sums up the overall purpose of the examples of Casper andGlossier in the passage?A. They are increasing the purchasing power of poor Americans.B. They are exceptions to a dominant trend in consumer markets.C. They are facilitating a uniform distribution of commodities in the market.D. They might transform into what they were exceptions to.

Q3. A new food brand plans to launch a series of products in the American market. Which of thefollowing product plans is most likely to be supported by the author of the passage?A. A range of 10 products priced between $5 and $10.B. A range of 25 products priced between $10 and $25.C. A range of 25 products priced between $5 and $10.D. A range of 10 products priced between $10 and $25.

Q4. All of the following, IF TRUE, would weaken the author’s claims EXCEPT:A. product options increased market competition, bringing down the prices of commodities,

which, in turn, increased purchasing power of the poor.B. the annual sales growth of companies with fewer product options were higher than that of

companies which curated their products for target consumers.C. the annual sale of companies that hired lifestyle influencers on Instagram for marketing their

products were 40% less than those that did not.D. the empowerment felt by purchasers in buying a commodity were directly proportional to the

number of options they could choose from.

Q5. Based on the passage, all of the following can be inferred about consumer behaviour EXCEPTthat:A. too many options have made it difficult for consumers to trust products.B. consumers are susceptible to marketing images that they see on social media.C. having too many product options can be overwhelming for consumers.D. consumers tend to prefer products by start-ups over those by established companies.

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Passage 3: Emperor Penguins

Scientists recently discovered that Emperor Penguins—one of Antarctica’s mostcelebrated species—employ a particularly unusual technique for surviving the dailychill. As detailed in an article published today in the journal Biology Letters, the birdsminimize heat loss by keeping the outer surface of their plumage below thetemperature of the surrounding air. At the same time, the penguins’ thick plumageinsulates their body and keeps it toasty. . . . The researchers analyzed thermographicimages . . . taken over roughly a month during June 2008. During that period, theaverage air temperature was 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit. At the same time, the majorityof the plumage covering the penguins’ bodies was even colder: the surface of theirwarmest body part, their feet, was an average 1.76 degrees Fahrenheit, but theplumage on their heads, chests and backs were -1.84,-7.24 and -9.76 degreesFahrenheit respectively. Overall, nearly the entire outer surface of the penguins’ bodieswas below freezing at all times, except for their eyes and beaks.

The scientists also used a computer simulation to determine how much heat was lostor gained from each part of the body—and discovered that by keeping their outersurface below air temperature, the birds might paradoxically be able to draw very slightamounts of heat from the air around them. The key to their trick is the differencebetween two different types of heat transfer: radiation and convection. The penguinsdo lose internal body heat to the surrounding air through thermal radiation, just as ourbodies do on a cold day. Because their bodies (but not surface plumage) are warmerthan the surrounding air, heat gradually radiates outward over time, moving from awarmer material to a colder one. To maintain body temperature while losing heat,penguins, like all warm-blooded animals, rely on the metabolism of food. The penguins,though, have an additional strategy. Since their outer plumage is even colder than theair, the simulation showed that they might gain back a little of this heat throughthermal convection—the transfer of heat via the movement of a fluid (in this case, theair).

As the cold Antarctic air cycles around their bodies, slightly warmer air comes intocontact with the plumage and donates minute amounts of heat back to the penguins,then cycles away at a slightly colder temperature. Most of this heat, the researchersnote, probably doesn’t make it all the way through the plumage and back to thepenguins’ bodies, but it could make a slight difference. At the very least, the method bywhich a penguin’s plumage wicks heat from the bitterly cold air that surrounds it helpsto cancel out some of the heat that’s radiating from its interior. And given theEmperors’ unusually demanding breeding cycle, every bit of warmth counts. . . . Since[penguins trek as far as 75 miles to the coast to breed and male penguins] don’t eatanything during [the incubation period of 64 days], conserving calories by giving up aslittle heat as possible is absolutely crucial.

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Q1. In the last sentence of paragraph 3, “slightly warmer air” and “at a slightly coldertemperature” refer to ______ AND ______ respectively:A. the air inside penguins’ bodies kept warm because of metabolism of food AND the fall

in temperature of the body air after it transfers some heat to the plumage.B. the cold Antarctic air which becomes warmer because of the heat radiated out from

penguins’ bodies AND the fall in temperature of the surrounding air after thermalconvection.

C. the air trapped in the plumage which is warmer than the Antarctic air AND the fall intemperature of the trapped plumage air after it radiates out some heat.

D. the cold Antarctic air whose temperature is higher than that of the plumage AND thefall in temperature of the Antarctic air after it has transmitted some heat to theplumage.

Q2. Which of the following best explains the purpose of the word “paradoxically” as usedby the author?A. Keeping their body colder helps penguins keep their plumage warmer.B. Keeping a part of their body colder helps penguins keep their bodies warmer.C. Heat gain through radiation happens despite the heat loss through convection.D. Heat loss through radiation happens despite the heat gain through convection.

Q3. All of the following, if true, would negate the findings of the study reported in thepassage EXCEPT:A. the penguins’ plumage were made of a material that did not allow any heat transfer

through convection or radiation.B. the average air temperature recorded during the month of June 2008 in the area of

study were –10 degrees Fahrenheit.C. the temperature of the plumage on the penguins’ heads, chests and backs were found

to be 1.84, 7.24 and 9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively.D. the average temperature of the feet of penguins in the month of June 2008 were

found to be 2.76 degrees Fahrenheit.

Q4. Which of the following can be responsible for Emperor Penguins losing body heat? A. Food metabolism. B. Reproduction process. C. Plumage. D. Thermal convection.

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Passage 4: Folk Music

"Free of the taint of manufacture" – that phrase, in particular, is heavily loaded with theideology of what the Victorian socialist William Morris called the "anti-scrape", or ananticapitalist conservationism (not conservatism) that solaced itself with the vision of apreindustrial golden age. In Britain, folk may often appear a cosy, fossilised form, butwhen you look more closely, the idea of folk – who has the right to sing it, dance it,invoke it, collect it, belong to it or appropriate it for political or cultural ends – has alwaysbeen contested territory. . . . In our own time, though, the word "folk" . . . has achievedthe rare distinction of occupying fashionable and unfashionable status simultaneously.Just as the effusive floral prints of the radical William Morris now cover genteel sofas, sothe revolutionary intentions of many folk historians and revivalists have led to music thatis commonly regarded as parochial and conservative. And yet – as newspaper columnsperiodically rejoice – folk is hip again, influencing artists, clothing and furnituredesigners, celebrated at music festivals, awards ceremonies and on TV, reissued oncountless record labels.

Folk is a sonic "shabby chic", containing elements of the uncanny and eerie, as well as anantique veneer, a whiff of Britain's heathen dark ages. The very obscurity and anonymityof folk music's origins open up space for rampant imaginative fancies. . . . [Cecil Sharp,who wrote about this subject, believed that] folk songs existed in constanttransformation, a living example of an art form in a perpetual state of renewal. "Oneman sings a song, and then others sing it after him, changing what they do not like" isthe most concise summary of his conclusions on its origins. He compared each renditionof a ballad to an acorn falling from an oak tree; every subsequent iteration sows the songanew. But there is tension in newness. In the late 1960s, purists were suspicious of folksongs recast in rock idioms. Electrification, however, comes in many forms. For the early-20th-century composers such as Vaughan Williams and Holst, there were thunderboltsof inspiration from oriental mysticism, angular modernism and the body blow of the firstworld war, as well as input from the rediscovered folk tradition itself.

For the second wave of folk revivalists, such as Ewan MacColl and AL Lloyd, starting inthe 40s, the vital spark was communism's dream of a post-revolutionary New Jerusalem.For their younger successors in the 60s, who thronged the folk clubs set up by the oldguard, the lyrical freedom of Dylan and the unchained melodies of psychedelia createdthe conditions for folkrock's own golden age, a brief Indian summer that lasted fromabout 1969 to 1971. . . . Four decades on, even that progressive period has become justone more era ripe for fashionable emulation and pastiche. The idea of a folk traditionbeing exclusively confined to oral transmission has become a much looser, less severelyguarded concept. Recorded music and television, for today's metropolitan generation,are where the equivalent of folk memories are seeded. . .

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Q1. The author says that folk “may often appear a cosy, fossilised form” because:

A. of its nostalgic association with a pre-industrial past. B. it has been arrogated for various political and cultural purposes. C. folk is a sonic “shabby chic” with an antique veneer. D. the notion of folk has led to several debates and disagreements.

Q2. All of the following are causes for plurality and diversity within the British folk tradition EXCEPT:

A. the fluidity of folk forms owing to their history of oral mode of transmission.B. paradoxically, folk forms are both popular and unpopular.C. that British folk forms can be traced to the remote past of the country.D. that British folk continues to have traces of pagan influence from the dark ages.

Q3. At a conference on folk forms, the author of the passage is least likely to agree with which one ofthe following views?

A. The power of folk resides in its contradictory ability to influence and be influenced by thepresent while remaining rooted in the past.

B. Folk forms, despite their archaic origins, remain intellectually relevant in contemporary times.C. Folk forms, in their ability to constantly adapt to the changing world, exhibit an unusual poise

and homogeneity with each change.D. The plurality and democratising impulse of folk forms emanate from the improvisation that its

practitioners bring to it.

Q4. The primary purpose of the reference to William Morris and his floral prints is to show:

A. the pervasive influence of folk on contemporary art, culture, and fashion.B. that what is once regarded as radical in folk, can later be seen as conformist.C. that what was once derided as genteel is now considered revolutionary.D. that despite its archaic origins, folk continues to remain a popular tradition.

Q5. Which of the following statements about folk revivalism of the 1940s and 1960s cannot beinferred from the passage?

A. Freedom and rebellion were popular themes during the second wave of folk revivalism.B. Electrification of music would not have happened without the influence of rock music.C. Even though it led to folk-rock’s golden age, it wasn’t entirely free from critique.D. It reinforced Cecil Sharp’s observation about folk’s constant transformation.

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Passage 5: Topophilia

As defined by the geographer Yi-Fu Tuan, topophilia is the affective bond between peopleand place. His 1974 book set forth a wide-ranging exploration of how the emotive tieswith the material environment vary greatly from person to person and in intensity,subtlety, and mode of expression. Factors influencing one’s depth of response to theenvironment include cultural background, gender, race, and historical circumstance, andTuan also argued that there is a biological and sensory element. Topophilia might not bethe strongest of human emotions— indeed, many people feel utterly indifferent towardthe environments that shape their lives— but when activated it has the power to elevatea place to become the carrier of emotionally charged events or to be perceived as asymbol. Aesthetic appreciation is one way in which people respond to the environment. Abrilliantly colored rainbow after gloomy afternoon showers, a busy city street alive withhuman interaction—one might experience the beauty of such landscapes that hadseemed quite ordinary only moments before or that are being newly discovered.

This is quite the opposite of a second topophilic bond, namely that of the acquired tastefor certain landscapes and places that one knows well. When a place is home, or when aspace has become the locus of memories or the means of gaining a livelihood, itfrequently evokes a deeper set of attachments than those predicated purely on thevisual. A third response to the environment also depends on the human senses but maybe tactile and olfactory, namely a delight in the feel and smell of air, water, and the earth.Topophilia—and its very close conceptual twin, sense of place—is an experience that,however elusive, has inspired recent architects and planners. Most notably, newurbanism seeks to counter the perceived placelessness of modern suburbs and thedecline of central cities through neo-traditional design motifs. Although motivated bygood intentions, such attempts to create places rich in meaning are perhaps bound todisappoint. As Tuan noted, purely aesthetic responses often are suddenly revealed, buttheir intensity rarely is longlasting.

Topophilia is difficult to design for and impossible to quantify, and its most articulateinterpreters have been self-reflective philosophers such as Henry David Thoreau, evokinga marvelously intricate sense of place at Walden Pond, and Tuan, describing his deepaffinity for the desert. Topophilia connotes a positive relationship, but it often is useful toexplore the darker affiliations between people and place. Patriotism, literally meaning thelove of one’s terra patria or homeland, has long been cultivated by governing elites for arange of nationalist projects, including war preparation and ethnic cleansing. Residents ofupscale residential developments have disclosed how important it is to maintain theircommunity’s distinct identity, often by casting themselves in a superior social positionand by reinforcing class and racial differences. And just as a beloved landscape issuddenly revealed, so too may landscapes of fear cast a dark shadow over a place thatmakes one feel a sense of dread or anxiety—or topophobia

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Q1. The word “topophobia” in the passage is used:A. to represent a feeling of dread towards particular spaces and places.B. as a metaphor expressing the failure of the homeland to accommodate non-citizens.C. to signify the fear of studying the complex discipline of topography.D. to signify feelings of fear or anxiety towards topophilic people.

Q2. In the last paragraph, the author uses the example of “Residents of upscale residentialdevelopments” to illustrate the:A. introduction of nationalist projects by such elites to produce a sense of dread or topophobia.B. manner in which environments are designed to minimise the social exclusion of their

clientele.C. sensitive response to race and class problems in upscale residential developments.D. social exclusivism practised by such residents in order to enforce a sense of racial or class

superiority.

Q3. Which one of the following best captures the meaning of the statement, “Topophilia is difficultto design for and impossible to quantify . . .”?A. Philosopher-architects are uniquely suited to develop topophilic design.B. People’s responses to their environment are usually subjective and so cannot be rendered in

design.C. Architects have to objectively quantify spaces and hence cannot be topophilic.D. The deep anomie of modern urbanisation led to new urbanism’s intricate sense of place.

Q4. Which one of the following comes closest in meaning to the author’s understanding oftopophilia?A. The French are not overly patriotic, but they will refuse to use English as far as possible, even

when they know it well.B. The tendency of many cultures to represent their land as “motherland” or “fatherland” may

be seen as an expression of their topophiliaC. Scientists have found that most creatures, including humans, are either born with or cultivate

a strong sense of topography.D. Nomadic societies are known to have the least affinity for the lands through which they

traverse because they tend to be topophobic.

Q5. Which of the following statements, if true, could be seen as not contradicting the arguments inthe passage?A. Generally speaking, in a given culture, the ties of the people to their environment vary little in

significance or intensity.B. Patriotism, usually seen as a positive feeling, is presented by the author as a darker form of

topophilia.C. New Urbanism succeeded in those designs where architects collaborated with their clients.D. The most important, even fundamental, response to our environment is our tactile and

olfactory response.

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Q25: Hidden persuasionA

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The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choosethe option that best captures the essence of the passage.

Vance Packard’s The Hidden Persuaders alerted the public to thepsychoanalytical techniques used by the advertising industry. Its premisewas that advertising agencies were using depth interviews to identifyhidden consumer motivations, which were then used to entice consumersto buy goods. Critics and reporters often wrongly assumed that Packardwas writing mainly about subliminal advertising. Packard never mentionedthe word subliminal, however, and devoted very little space to discussionsof “subthreshold” effects. Instead, his views largely aligned with the notionthat individuals do not always have access to their conscious thoughts andcan be persuaded by supraliminal messages without their knowledge.

A. Packard argued that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ understandsthe hidden motivations of consumers and works at the subliminallevel, on the subconscious level of the awareness of the peopletargeted.

B. Packard held that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ understands thehidden motivations of consumers and works at the supraliminal level,though the people targeted have no awareness of being persuaded.

C. Packard held that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ builds onpeoples’ conscious thoughts and awareness, by understanding thehidden motivations of consumers and works at the subliminal level.

D. Packard argued that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ works at thesupraliminal level, wherein the people targeted are aware of beingpersuaded, after understanding the hidden motivations of consumersand works.

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Q26: Print & Mind readingA

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The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) given below, when properlysequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the propersequence of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of thefour numbers as your answer.

1. People with dyslexia have difficulty with print-reading, and peoplewith autism spectrum disorder have difficulty with mind-reading.

2. An example of a lost cognitive instinct is mind-reading: our capacityto think of ourselves and others as having beliefs, desires, thoughtsand feelings.

3. Mind-reading looks increasingly like literacy, a skill we know for sureis not in our genes, since scripts have been around for only 5,000-6,000 years.

4. Print-reading, like mind-reading varies across cultures, dependsheavily on certain parts of the brain, and is subject todevelopmental disorders.




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Q27: Sign languageA

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Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can beput together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph.Identify the odd one out. Choose its number as your answer and key itin.

1. His idea to use sign language was not a completely new idea asNative Americans used hand gestures to communicate with othertribes.

2. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, for example, observed thatmen who are deaf are incapable of speech.

3. People who were born deaf were denied the right to sign a will asthey were “presumed to understand nothing; because it is notpossible that they have been able to learn to read or write.”

4. Pushback against this prejudice began in the 16th century whenPedro Ponce de León created a formal sign language for the hearingimpaired.

5. For millennia, people with hearing impairments encounteredmarginalization because it was believed that language could only belearned by hearing the spoken word..




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Q28: Collaborative filteringA

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1. If you’ve seen a little line of text on websites that says somethinglike "customers who bought this also enjoyed that” you haveexperienced this collaborative filtering firsthand.

2. The problem with these algorithms is that they don’t take intoaccount a host of nuances and circumstances that might interferewith their accuracy.

3. If you just bought a gardening book for your cousin, you might get aflurry of links to books about gardening, recommended just for you!– the algorithm has no way of knowing you hate gardening and onlybought the book as a gift.

4. Collaborative filtering is a mathematical algorithm by whichcorrelations and co occurrences of behaviors are tracked and thenused to make recommendations.




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Q29: Displaced referenceA

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The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries.Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.

A distinguishing feature of language is our ability to refer to absentthings, known as displaced reference. A speaker can bring distantreferents to mind in the absence of any obvious stimuli. Thoughts, notlimited to the here and now, can pop into our heads for unfathomablereasons. This ability to think about distant things necessarily precedesthe ability to talk about them. Thought precedes meaningful referentialcommunication. A prerequisite for the emergence of human-likemeaningful symbols is that the mental categories they relate to can beinvoked even in the absence of immediate stimuli.

Ans :A. Thoughts precede all speech acts and these thoughts pop up in our

heads even in the absence of any stimulus.

B. The ability to think about objects not present in our environmentprecedes the development of human communication.

C. Thoughts are essential to communication and only humans have theability to think about objects not present in their surroundings.

D. Displaced reference is particular to humans and thoughts pop intoour heads for no real reason.




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Q30: Physicists & EngineersA

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The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose theoption that best captures the essence of the passage.

Physics is a pure science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter withoutregard to whether it will afford any practical benefit. Engineering is the correlativeapplied science in which physical theories are put to some specific use, such asbuilding a bridge or a nuclear reactor. Engineers obviously rely heavily on thediscoveries of physicists, but an engineer's knowledge of the world is not the sameas the physicist's knowledge. In fact, an engineer's know-how will often depend onphysical theories that, from the point of view of pure physics, are false. There aresome reasons for this. First, theories that are false in the purest and strictest senseare still sometimes very good approximations to the true ones, and often have theadded virtue of being much easier to work with. Second, sometimes the truetheories apply only under highly idealized conditions which can only be createdunder controlled experimental situations. The engineer finds that in the real world,theories rejected by physicists yield more accurate predictions than the ones thatthey accept.

A. The unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret thedesign constraints to produce a successful result.

B. The relationship between pure and applied science is strictly linear, with thepure science directing applied science, and never the other way round.

C. Though engineering draws heavily from pure science, it contributes toknowledge, by incorporating the constraints and conditions in the real world.

D. Engineering and physics fundamentally differ on matters like building a bridgeor a nuclear reactor.




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Q31: Complex identitiesA

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Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be puttogether to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify theodd one out. Choose its number as your answer and key it in.

1. One argument is that actors that do not fit within a single, well-definedcategory may suffer an “illegitimacy discount”.

2. Others believe that complex identities confuse audiences about anorganization’s role or purpose.

3. Some organizations have complex and multidimensional identities thatspan or combine categories, while other organizations possess narrowidentities.

4. Identity is one of the most important features of organizations, butthere exist opposing views among sociologists about how identityaffects organizational performance.

5. Those who think that complex identities are beneficial point to thestrategic advantages of ambiguity, and organizations’ potential todifferentiate themselves from competitors.




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Q32: Stat & MaticA

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Five sentences related to a topic are given below in a jumbled order. Fourof them form a coherent and unified paragraph. Identify the odd sentencethat does not go with the four. Key in the number of the option that youchoose.

1. ‘Stat’ signaled something measurable, while ‘matic’ advertised freelabour; but ‘tron’, above all, indicated control.

2. It was a totem of high modernism, the intellectual and cultural modethat decreed no process or phenomenon was too complex to begrasped, managed and optimized.

3. Like the heraldic shields of ancient knights, these morphemes werepainted onto the names of scientific technologies to proclaim one’shistory and achievements to friends and enemies alike.

4. The historian Robert Proctor at Stanford University calls the suffix ‘-tron’, along with ‘-matic’ and ‘-stat’, embodied symbols.

5. To gain the suffix was to acquire a proud and optimistic emblem of theelectronic and atomic age.




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Q33: Online criticismA

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1. We’ll all live under mob rule until then, which doesn’t help anyone.

2. Perhaps we need to learn to condense the feedback we receive onlineso that 100 replies carry the same weight as just one.

3. As we grow more comfortable with social media conversations beingpart of the way we interact every day, we are going to have to learnhow to deal with legitimate criticism.

4. A new norm will arise where it is considered unacceptable to replywith the same point that dozens of others have already.




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Q34: MetaphorsA

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1. Metaphors may map to similar meanings across languages, but theirsubtle differences can have a profound effect on our understanding ofthe world.

2. Latin scholars point out carpe diem is a horticultural metaphor that,particularly seen in the context of its source, is more accuratelytranslated as “plucking the day,” evoking the plucking and gathering ofripening fruits or flowers, enjoying a moment that is rooted in thesensory experience of nature, unrelated to the force implied inseizing.

3. The phrase carpe diem, which is often translated as “seize the day andits accompanying philosophy, has gone on to inspire countless peoplein how they live their lives and motivates us to see the world a littledifferently from the norm

4. It’s an example of one of the more telling ways that we mistranslatemetaphors from one language to another, revealing in the process ourhidden assumptions about what we really value.




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Passage 1: Solutions







Q3..Which of the following, if true, would invalidate the inversion that the phrase “flips the script”refers to?A. Diyab’s travelogue described the affluence of the French city of Bordeaux, instead of Versailles.B. The French fairy tales of the eighteenth century did not have rags-to-riches plot lines like that of

the tale of Aladdin.C. The description of opulence in Hanna Diyab’s and Antoine Galland’s narratives bore no

resemblance to each other.D. Galland acknowledged in the published translations of Arabian Nights that he heard the story of

Aladdin from Diyab.

Q4. Which of the following is the primary reason for why storytellers are still fascinated by the storyof Aladdin?A. The traveller's experience that inspired the tale of Aladdin resonates even today.B. The tale of Aladdin documents the history of Europe and Middle East.C. The archetype of the rags-to-riches story of Aladdin makes it popular even today.D. The story of Aladdin is evidence of the eighteenthcentury French Orientalist attitude.


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Passage 1: Detailed Solutions


Option DThe question asks us to choose the option which does not serve as evidence for the character ofAladdin being based on Hanna Diyab. Just because Diyab narrated the original story to Galland, itcannot be said that the central character of the story—Aladdin—is based on Diyab himself. Thepassage does not base its arguments on this point.The passage argues that the character of Aladdin could be based on Diyab, by citing Diyab'scosmopolitanism and cross cultural experience: “Diyab was ideally placed to embody the overlappingworld of East and West, blending the storytelling traditions of his homeland with his youthfulobservations of the wonder of 18th-century France". (paragraph 3)The passage also suggests that Aladdin could have been based on Diyab's life story as Diyab’s humbleorigins and class struggles, as well as his descriptions of Versailles are similar to the adventures ofAladdin, except for the fantastical elements in the story: "In it, he recalls telling Galland the story ofAladdin and describes his own hard-knocks upbringing and the way he marveled at the extravaganceof Versailles. The descriptions he uses were very similar to the descriptions of the lavish palace thatended up in Galland’s version of the Aladdin story. Therefore, author Paulo Lemos Horta believes that“Aladdin might be the young Arab Maronite from Aleppo, marveling at the jewels and riches ofVersailles.” (paragraph 2)






Option CThe passage clearly states that Diyab himself narrated the story of Aladdin to Galland (who wrote the Arabian Nights) and argues that Diyab might have based it on his own life. So, option C is the correct option.Option A suggests that Galland simply derived the story from Diyab's travelogue (as opposed to hearing it from Diyab himself). This is incorrect. The passage argues the story of Aladdin is based on Diyab's own life, so options B and D are incorrect.

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Q3..Which of the following, if true, would invalidate the inversion that the phrase “flips thescript” refers to?A. Diyab’s travelogue described the affluence of the French city of Bordeaux, instead of

Versailles.B. The French fairy tales of the eighteenth century did not have rags-to-riches plot lines

like that of the tale of Aladdin.C. The description of opulence in Hanna Diyab’s and Antoine Galland’s narratives bore

no resemblance to each other.D. Galland acknowledged in the published translations of Arabian Nights that he heard the

story of Aladdin from Diyab.

Option CDiyab's descriptions of grandeur of Versailles match the description of the lavish Middle Easternpalace in Aladdin's story. That is, Galland simply takes up Diyab’s description of a French palace andpins this description on an exotic Middle Eastern palace in the story of Aladdin. That the opulencedescribed is not one witnessed by a French adventurer encountering the exotic Middle East but thatof a Middle Eastern observer encountering the wonder of 18th century France is what 'flips the script'(reverses the situation) according to the passage. If the descriptions did not match, there is noquestion of the script being flipped. So, option C, if true, would invalidate the idea that Galland'sstory reverses the point of view of the narrative.

Q4. Which of the following is the primary reason for why storytellers are still fascinated bythe story of Aladdin?A. The traveller's experience that inspired the tale of Aladdin resonates even today.B. The tale of Aladdin documents the history of Europe and Middle East.C. The archetype of the rags-to-riches story of Aladdin makes it popular even today.D. The story of Aladdin is evidence of the eighteenthcentury French Orientalist attitude.

Option AIn the last paragraph, the passage argues that the reason why storytellers are still fascinated by thestory of Aladdin is not just because of the story’s narrative drama or the way it reflects the history ofthe French and the Middle East, but because it is a story about ‘Middle Easterners coming to Parisand that speaks to our world today’. In other words, the tale of Aladdin resonates even today.

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Option DIn paragraph 3, the passage states that though scholars thought for many years that the story line ofAladdin was inspired by plots of French fairy tales of the time, the evidence suggesting that Diyabbased the story on his own life flips the script. This was a story of a young Arab in France, not theother way around.The passage supports its claim about the authorship of Aladdin citing the narrative sensibility ofDiyab's travelogue ('There is little in the writings of Galland that would suggest that he was capableof developing a character like Aladdin with sympathy, but Diyab’s memoir reveals a narrator adept atcapturing the distinctive psychology of a young protagonist...'), the depiction of the affluence ofVersailles in Diyab's travelogue ('The descriptions he uses were very similar to the descriptions of thelavish palace that ended up in Galland’s version of the Aladdin story') and Galland'sacknowledgement of Diyab in his diary (' Galland… wrote in his diary that he first heard the tale froma Syrian storyteller from Aleppo named Hanna Diyab).

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Q1. Which of the following hypothetical statements would add the least depth to theauthor’s prediction of the fate of start-ups offering few product options?A. An exponential surge in their sales enables start-ups to meet their desired profit goals

without expanding their product catalogue.B. With the motive of promoting certain rival companies, the government decides to

double the tax-rates for these start-ups.C. With Casper and Glossier venturing into new product ranges, their regular customers

start losing trust in the companies and their products.D. Start-ups with few product options are no exception to the American consumer market

that is deeply divided along class lines.

Q2. Which one of the following best sums up the overall purpose of the examples of Casperand Glossier in the passage?A. They are increasing the purchasing power of poor Americans.B. They are exceptions to a dominant trend in consumer markets.C. They are facilitating a uniform distribution of commodities in the market.D. They might transform into what they were exceptions to.

Q3. A new food brand plans to launch a series of products in the American market. Which ofthe following product plans is most likely to be supported by the author of the passage?A. A range of 10 products priced between $5 and $10.B. A range of 25 products priced between $10 and $25.C. A range of 25 products priced between $5 and $10.D. A range of 10 products priced between $10 and $25.

Q4. All of the following, IF TRUE, would weaken the author’s claims EXCEPT:A. product options increased market competition, bringing down the prices of

commodities, which, in turn, increased purchasing power of the poor.B. the annual sales growth of companies with fewer product options were higher than

that of companies which curated their products for target consumers.C. the annual sale of companies that hired lifestyle influencers on Instagram for marketing

their products were 40% less than those that did not.D. the empowerment felt by purchasers in buying a commodity were directly proportional

to the number of options they could choose from.

Q5. Based on the passage, all of the following can be inferred about consumer behaviourEXCEPT that:A. too many options have made it difficult for consumers to trust products.B. consumers are susceptible to marketing images that they see on social media.C. having too many product options can be overwhelming for consumers.D. consumers tend to prefer products by start-ups over those by established companies.

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Q1. Which of the following hypothetical statements would add the least depth to the author’sprediction of the fate of start-ups offering few product options?A. An exponential surge in their sales enables start-ups to meet their desired profit goals

without expanding their product catalogue.B. With the motive of promoting certain rival companies, the government decides to double the

tax-rates for these start-ups.C. With Casper and Glossier venturing into new product ranges, their regular customers start

losing trust in the companies and their products.D. Start-ups with few product options are no exception to the American consumer market that is

deeply divided along class lines.

Option AThe question asks us to choose the statement that, if true, would add the least depth to the author'sprediction about start-ups. That is, we need to choose the option which goes against the author'sprediction.What is the author’s prediction about start-ups offering few product options? He predicts that thesestart-ups would be forced to offer variety due to the steep growth expectations of investors. That is,profit motive drives the push towards new product options. If start-ups are able to meet the desiredprofit goals without expanding their product range, then the author's prediction is no longer valid. So,option A is a possible answer choice.Consider option B. If the government doubles tax for these start-ups, the pressure on them to make aprofit increases. This actually supports the author's prediction. So, it is ruled out.If option C is true, that is, if regular customers of these start-ups lose trust in them, sales will declineand hence there would be more pressure on them to expand their range to make profit. This optiontoo supports the author's prediction.That start-ups with few product options are 'still just working within a consumer market that’s brokenin systemic ways' is an argument used by the author to make his point about the narrowness ofchoice for certain consumer segments. This does not in any way go against the author's predictionabout these start-ups being forced to expand their product range.So, the option that adds least depth—goes against—the author's prediction is option A.

Q2. Which one of the following best sums up the overall purpose of the examples of Casper andGlossier in the passage?A. They are increasing the purchasing power of poor Americans.B. They are exceptions to a dominant trend in consumer markets.C. They are facilitating a uniform distribution of commodities in the market.D. They might transform into what they were exceptions to.Option DThe author first cites the examples of Casper and Glossier while discussing companies that 'havesprouted up to offer consumers freedom from choice'. That is, they are exceptions to the dominanttrend of flooding consumers with choice. However, the author does not leave it at that. He arguesthat even these start-ups promising simplicity of choice will be pushed toward overwhelming varietydue to the steep growth expectations from investors. That is, though they are exceptions now, Casperand Glossier may transform into what they are exceptions to.

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Q3. A new food brand plans to launch a series of products in the American market. Which of thefollowing product plans is most likely to be supported by the author of the passage?A. A range of 10 products priced between $5 and $10.B. A range of 25 products priced between $10 and $25.C. A range of 25 products priced between $5 and $10.D. A range of 10 products priced between $10 and $25.

Option AConsider what the author says about the consumer market in America: ‘The presence of so much stuff inAmerica might be more valuable if it were more evenly distributed….. As options have expanded forpeople with disposable income, the opportunity to buy even basic things such as fresh food or qualitydiapers has contracted for much of America’s lower classes.’The author is likely to support the introduction of more choice in a price range catering to the lowerclasses. So, we narrow down the answer options to A and C, which are in the $5 and $10 range. Of thesetwo options, the author is more likely to support the range of 10 products than the range of 25 products,as he argues in the passage that more choice means choice fatigue

Q4. All of the following, IF TRUE, would weaken the author’s claims EXCEPT:A. product options increased market competition, bringing down the prices of commodities, which, in

turn, increased purchasing power of the poor.B. the annual sales growth of companies with fewer product options were higher than that of

companies which curated their products for target consumers.C. the annual sale of companies that hired lifestyle influencers on Instagram for marketing their

products were 40% less than those that did not.D. the empowerment felt by purchasers in buying a commodity were directly proportional to the

number of options they could choose from.

Option BThe question asks us to choose the option that would not weaken the author's claims.Consider option A. The author claims that 'the presence of so much stuff in America might be morevaluable if it were more evenly distributed, but stuff’s creators tend to focus their energy on those whoalready have plenty'. That is, product choice for higher income groups does not really benefit the poor.But if product options increased market competition, bringing down the prices of commodities, which, inturn, increased purchasing power of the poor, then the author's claim is weakened.Option B relates to sales growth of companies with fewer product options. The author claims that peoplewhen presented with a few options make better, easier decisions than when presented with many. So, ifthe annual sales growth of companies with fewer product options were higher than that of companieswhich curated their products for target consumers, then the author's claim is actually strengthened.Consider option C. The author claims that choice fatigue is the reason why people gravitate towardlifestyle influencers on Instagram. If the annual sale of companies that hired lifestyle influencers onInstagram for marketing their products were 40% less than those that did not, then the author's claim isweakened.Consider option D. The author states that 'research has consistently held that people who are presentedwith a few options make better, easier decisions than those presented with many'. But if theempowerment felt by purchasers in buying a commodity were directly proportional to the number ofoptions they could choose from, it would weaken author's claim.

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Q5. Based on the passage, all of the following can be inferred about consumer behaviour EXCEPTthat:A. too many options have made it difficult for consumers to trust products.B. consumers are susceptible to marketing images that they see on social media.C. having too many product options can be overwhelming for consumers.D. consumers tend to prefer products by start-ups over those by established companies.

Option DThe question asks us to choose the answer option that cannot be inferred from the passage.Option A states that ‘too many options have made it difficult for consumers to trust products’. This isclearly inferred from the passage, which talks of consumer ‘choice anxiety’ and describes companieswith limited product options as ‘selling nice things, but maybe more importantly, they’re selling aconfidence in those things, and an ability to opt out of the stuff rat race’.Option B states that ‘consumers are susceptible to marketing images that they see on social media.’This too, is mentioned in the passage: ‘Indeed, choice fatigue is one reason so many people gravitatetoward lifestyle influencers on Instagram…’Option C says that ‘having too many product options can be overwhelming for consumers’. Thisrelates to ‘choice anxiety’ described in the passage.Only option D – that consumers tend to prefer products by start-ups over those by establishedcompanies—is not inferred from the passage.

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Q1. In the last sentence of paragraph 3, “slightly warmer air” and “at a slightly coldertemperature” refer to ______ AND ______ respectively:A. the air inside penguins’ bodies kept warm because of metabolism of food AND

the fall in temperature of the body air after it transfers some heat to theplumage.

B. the cold Antarctic air which becomes warmer because of the heat radiated outfrom penguins’ bodies AND the fall in temperature of the surrounding air afterthermal convection.

C. the air trapped in the plumage which is warmer than the Antarctic air AND thefall in temperature of the trapped plumage air after it radiates out some heat.

D. the cold Antarctic air whose temperature is higher than that of the plumageAND the fall in temperature of the Antarctic air after it has transmitted someheat to the plumage.

Q2. Which of the following best explains the purpose of the word “paradoxically” asused by the author?A. Keeping their body colder helps penguins keep their plumage warmer.B. Keeping a part of their body colder helps penguins keep their bodies warmer.C. Heat gain through radiation happens despite the heat loss through convection.D. Heat loss through radiation happens despite the heat gain through convection.

Q3. All of the following, if true, would negate the findings of the study reported in thepassage EXCEPT:A. the penguins’ plumage were made of a material that did not allow any heat

transfer through convection or radiation.B. the average air temperature recorded during the month of June 2008 in the area

of study were –10 degrees Fahrenheit.C. the temperature of the plumage on the penguins’ heads, chests and backs were

found to be 1.84, 7.24 and 9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively.D. the average temperature of the feet of penguins in the month of June 2008

were found to be 2.76 degrees Fahrenheit.

Q4. Which of the following can be responsible for Emperor Penguins losing body heat? A. Food metabolism. B. Reproduction process. C. Plumage. D. Thermal convection.

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Q1. In the last sentence of paragraph 3, “slightly warmer air” and “at a slightly coldertemperature” refer to ______ AND ______ respectively:A. the air inside penguins’ bodies kept warm because of metabolism of food AND the fall

in temperature of the body air after it transfers some heat to the plumage.B. the cold Antarctic air which becomes warmer because of the heat radiated out from

penguins’ bodies AND the fall in temperature of the surrounding air after thermalconvection.

C. the air trapped in the plumage which is warmer than the Antarctic air AND the fall intemperature of the trapped plumage air after it radiates out some heat.

D. the cold Antarctic air whose temperature is higher than that of the plumage AND thefall in temperature of the Antarctic air after it has transmitted some heat to theplumage.

Option DParagraph 3 describes how penguins draw heat from the cold Antarctic air through thermalconvection: ‘Since their outer plumage is even colder than the air, the simulation showedthat they might gain back a little of this heat through thermal convection—the transfer ofheat via the movement of a fluid (in this case, the air). As the cold Antarctic air cyclesaround their bodies, slightly warmer air comes into contact with the plumage and donatesminute amounts of heat back to the penguins, then cycles away at a slightly coldertemperature.

Q2. Which of the following best explains the purpose of the word “paradoxically” as usedby the author?A. Keeping their body colder helps penguins keep their plumage warmer.B. Keeping a part of their body colder helps penguins keep their bodies warmer.C. Heat gain through radiation happens despite the heat loss through convection.D. Heat loss through radiation happens despite the heat gain through convection.

Option BNote the context in which the author uses the word ‘paradoxically’: ‘…by keeping theirouter surface below air temperature, the birds might paradoxically be able to draw veryslight amounts of heat from the air around them.’ That is, the penguins manage to actuallydraw heat from the cold Antarctic air by keeping their outer surface temperature below theair temperature. This is best explained by option B.Option A talks of penguins keeping ‘their body colder’. This is incorrect. Penguins onlymanage to keep the plumage on certain parts of their body colder than the surrounding air.Options C and D talk about thermal radiation which is not relevant in the given context.

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Q3. All of the following, if true, would negate the findings of the study reported in the passageEXCEPT:A. the penguins’ plumage were made of a material that did not allow any heat transfer through

convection or radiation.B. the average air temperature recorded during the month of June 2008 in the area of study

were –10 degrees Fahrenheit.C. the temperature of the plumage on the penguins’ heads, chests and backs were found to be

1.84, 7.24 and 9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively.D. the average temperature of the feet of penguins in the month of June 2008 were found to

be 2.76 degrees Fahrenheit.

The question asks us to choose the answer option which would not negate the findings of the studyreported in the passage.Consider option A. If the penguins’ plumage were made of a material that did not allow any heattransfer through convection or radiation, then the birds cannot minimize heat loss using theirplumage. This negates the findings of the study.Let us look at option B. If the average air temperature recorded during the month of June 2008 inthe area of study were –10 degrees Fahrenheit (instead of 0.32 degrees Fahrenheit reported in thestudy) and the penguins’ plumage on their heads, chests and backs were at -1.84, -7.24 and -9.76degrees Fahrenheit, then the birds’ plumage would be warmer than the surrounding air, makingheat gain due to convection impossible. So, option B too goes against the findings of the study.Consider option C. If the temperature of the plumage on the penguins’ heads, chests and backswere found to be 1.84, 7.24 and 9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively, then the plumage would bemuch warmer than the surrounding air. This would mean heat loss for the penguins. Option C, too,negates the findings of the study.Let us look at option D. If the average temperature of the feet of penguins in the month of June2008 were found to be 2.76 degrees Fahrenheit, instead of 1.76 degrees Fahrenheit, the findings ofthe study would still hold good. This is the option that does not negate the findings of the study.

Q4. Which of the following can be responsible for Emperor Penguins losing body heat?A. Food metabolism.B. Reproduction process.C. Plumage.D. Thermal convection.

Option BSee the last lines of the passage; ‘…given the Emperors’ unusually demanding breeding cycle, everybit of warmth counts. . . . Since penguins trek as far as 75 miles to the coast to breed and malepenguins don’t eat anything during the incubation period of 64 days, conserving calories by givingup as little heat as possible is absolutely crucial.’

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Q2. All of the following are causes for plurality and diversity within the British folk traditionEXCEPT:


Q3. At a conference on folk forms, the author of the passage is least likely to agree with whichone of the following views?

A. The power of folk resides in its contradictory ability to influence and be influenced bythe present while remaining rooted in the past.

B. Folk forms, despite their archaic origins, remain intellectually relevant in contemporarytimes.

C. Folk forms, in their ability to constantly adapt to the changing world, exhibit anunusual poise and homogeneity with each change.

D. The plurality and democratising impulse of folk forms emanate from the improvisationthat its practitioners bring to it.



Q5. Which of the following statements about folk revivalism of the 1940s and 1960s cannotbe inferred from the passage?


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Option AThe description of folk as “cosy” and “fossilized” suggests that folk tends to be looked at withnostalgia, as something old-fashioned and set in the past. Also note the reference to ‘vision of apreindustrial golden age’ in the previous line.

Q2. All of the following are causes for plurality and diversity within the British folk tradition EXCEPT:


Option BThe question asks us to choose the option that is not a cause for plurality and diversity (rich variety)within the British folk tradition.The author describes folk as ‘living example of an art form in a perpetual state of renewal’, because infolk music ‘one man sings a song, and then others sing it after him, changing what they do not like’. Heobserves that folk contains ‘elements of the uncanny and eerie, as well as an antique veneer, a whiffof Britain's heathen dark ages’ and that ‘the very obscurity and anonymity of folk music's origins openup space for rampant imaginative fancies.’ Note that the author mentions the oral mode oftransmission, the fact that that British folk forms can be traced to the remote past of the country(antique veneer) and traces of pagan influence from the dark ages (heathen dark ages) as factors thatinfluence the constant transformation seen in folk music.The fact that folk is both popular and unpopular does not in any way affect the plurality and diversitywithin British folk. So, option B is the correct answer.

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Q3. At a conference on folk forms, the author of the passage is least likely to agree with which one ofthe following views?

A. The power of folk resides in its contradictory ability to influence and be influenced by thepresent while remaining rooted in the past.

B. Folk forms, despite their archaic origins, remain intellectually relevant in contemporary times.C. Folk forms, in their ability to constantly adapt to the changing world, exhibit an unusual poise

and homogeneity with each change.D. The plurality and democratising impulse of folk forms emanate from the improvisation that its

practitioners bring to it.

Option C

The question asks us to choose the option that the author is least likely to agree with i.e. the optionhe is likely to disagree with. Option C, which talks of ‘homogeneity with each change’ (uniformity) infolk music is clearly incorrect, as the passage is about the perpetual state of renewal folk music isunder and about the plurality and diversity observed in the British folk tradition.Option A—the power of folk resides in its contradictory ability to influence and be influenced by thepresent while remaining rooted in the past— is inferred by the author’s description of folk as sonic‘shabby chic’ (stylish while being, at the same time, old), and having ‘the rare distinction of occupyingfashionable and unfashionable status simultaneously’.Option B—folk forms, despite their archaic origins, remain intellectually relevant in contemporarytimes—is inferred from paragraph 2: ‘folk is hip again, influencing artists, clothing and furnituredesigners, celebrated at music festivals, awards ceremonies and on TV, reissued on countless recordlabels’.Option D—the plurality and democratising impulse of folk forms emanate from the improvisation thatits practitioners bring to it— is inferred from Cecil Sharpe’s description of folk: ‘each rendition of aballad to an acorn falling from an oak tree; every subsequent iteration sows the song anew’.



Option B

Consider the reference to William Morris in the passage: ‘Just as the effusive floral prints of the radicalWilliam Morris now cover genteel sofas, so the revolutionary intentions of many folk historians andrevivalists have led to music that is commonly regarded as parochial and conservative.’ That is, whatwas once thought of as revolutionary later came to be seen as traditional or conformist in folk.

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Q5. Which of the following statements about folk revivalism of the 1940s and 1960s cannot beinferred from the passage?


Option B

The passage only states that ‘in the late 1960s, purists were suspicious of folk songs recast in rockidioms. Electrification, however, comes in many forms.’ That is, in the 1960s, folk songs were recast inrock music, a development which folk purists did not appreciate because it involved electrification offolk music. This does not, in any way, imply that electrification of music, as such, would not havehappened without the influence of rock music.Option A—freedom and rebellion were popular themes during the second wave of folk revivalism—can be inferred from the passage: ‘For their younger successors in the 60s, who thronged the folkclubs set up by the old guard, the lyrical freedom of Dylan and the unchained melodies of psychedeliacreated the conditions for folkrock's own golden age…’Option C—even though folk revivalism of the 1940s and 1960s led to folk-rock’s golden age, it wasn’tentirely free from critique—is inferred from the last paragraph which states that folk revivalism in1940s and 1960s ‘created the conditions for folkrock's own golden age’. The author however, observesthat ‘… there is tension in newness. In the late 1960s, purists were suspicious of folk songs recast inrock idioms’. So, folk revivalism during this period was not entirely free of critique.Option D – folk revivalism of the 1940s and 1960s reinforced Cecil Sharp’s observation about folk’sconstant transformation—is inferred from references to what inspired folk revivalists of that period inthe passage: ‘For the early-20th-century composers such as Vaughan Williams and Holst, there werethunderbolts of inspiration from oriental mysticism, angular modernism and the body blow of the firstworld war, as well as input from the rediscovered folk tradition itself’.

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Q2. In the last paragraph, the author uses the example of “Residents of upscale residentialdevelopments” to illustrate the:A. introduction of nationalist projects by such elites to produce a sense of dread or

topophobia.B. manner in which environments are designed to minimise the social exclusion of their


superiority.

Q3. Which one of the following best captures the meaning of the statement, “Topophilia isdifficult to design for and impossible to quantify . . .”?A. Philosopher-architects are uniquely suited to develop topophilic design.B. People’s responses to their environment are usually subjective and so cannot be

rendered in design.C. Architects have to objectively quantify spaces and hence cannot be topophilic.D. The deep anomie of modern urbanisation led to new urbanism’s intricate sense of place.

Q4. Which one of the following comes closest in meaning to the author’s understanding oftopophilia?A. The French are not overly patriotic, but they will refuse to use English as far as possible,

even when they know it well.B. The tendency of many cultures to represent their land as “motherland” or “fatherland”

may be seen as an expression of their topophiliaC. Scientists have found that most creatures, including humans, are either born with or

cultivate a strong sense of topography.D. Nomadic societies are known to have the least affinity for the lands through which they

traverse because they tend to be topophobic.

Q5. Which of the following statements, if true, could be seen as not contradicting the argumentsin the passage?A. Generally speaking, in a given culture, the ties of the people to their environment vary little

in significance or intensity.B. Patriotism, usually seen as a positive feeling, is presented by the author as a darker form

of topophilia.C. New Urbanism succeeded in those designs where architects collaborated with their clients.D. The most important, even fundamental, response to our environment is our tactile and

olfactory response.

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Option ANote the context in which topophobia is mentioned in the passage: ‘And just as a belovedlandscape is suddenly revealed, so too may landscapes of fear cast a dark shadow over a place thatmakes one feel a sense of dread or anxiety—or topophobia’. That is, topophobia is a fear of certainplaces.

Q2. In the last paragraph, the author uses the example of “Residents of upscale residentialdevelopments” to illustrate the:A. introduction of nationalist projects by such elites to produce a sense of dread or topophobia.B. manner in which environments are designed to minimise the social exclusion of their


superiority.

Option DThe author states that ‘residents of upscale residential developments have disclosed howimportant it is to maintain their community’s distinct identity, often by casting themselves in asuperior social position and by reinforcing class and racial differences.’ The author cites thisexample to show how topophilia may be used to reinforce class and racial differences and feelingof superiority.

Q3. Which one of the following best captures the meaning of the statement, “Topophilia is difficultto design for and impossible to quantify . . .”?A. Philosopher-architects are uniquely suited to develop topophilic design.B. People’s responses to their environment are usually subjective and so cannot be rendered

in design.C. Architects have to objectively quantify spaces and hence cannot be topophilic.D. The deep anomie of modern urbanisation led to new urbanism’s intricate sense of place.

Option BNote the line before the statement that topophilia is difficult to design for and impossible toquantify: ‘As Tuan noted, purely aesthetic responses often are suddenly revealed, but theirintensity rarely is longlasting’. So, the reason why topophilia is difficult to design for is that people’sresponses to their environment are subjective, sudden and short-lived.

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Q4. Which one of the following comes closest in meaning to the author’s understanding of topophilia?A. The French are not overly patriotic, but they will refuse to use English as far as possible, even

when they know it well.B. The tendency of many cultures to represent their land as “motherland” or “fatherland” may be

seen as an expression of their topophiliaC. Scientists have found that most creatures, including humans, are either born with or cultivate a

strong sense of topography.D. Nomadic societies are known to have the least affinity for the lands through which they traverse

because they tend to be topophobic.

Option BThe author describes topophilia as an ‘affective’ (emotional) bond between people and place. Thetendency to represent one’s land “motherland” or “fatherland” is an example of this.Option A relates to the bond the French have with their language. Topophilia is emotional bondingwith a place.Option C talks of “a sense of topography”—an understating of the physical features of a place. This iscompletely different from topophilia.Option D relates to topophobia whereas the question relates to topophilia.

Q5. Which of the following statements, if true, could be seen as not contradicting the arguments in thepassage?A. Generally speaking, in a given culture, the ties of the people to their environment vary little in

significance or intensity.B. Patriotism, usually seen as a positive feeling, is presented by the author as a darker form of

topophilia.C. New Urbanism succeeded in those designs where architects collaborated with their clients.D. The most important, even fundamental, response to our environment is our tactile and olfactory

response.

Option BThe question asks us to choose the option that does not contradict the arguments in the passage.The author talks about patriotism in the context of ‘darker affiliations between people and place’, usedby elites for ‘war preparation and ethnic cleansing’. Option B – patriotism, usually seen as a positivefeeling, is presented by the author as a darker form of topophilia—does not contradict the argumentsin the passage.Option A states that ‘generally speaking, in a given culture, the ties of the people to their environmentvary little in significance or intensity’. This contradicts the arguments in the passage in paragraph 1:‘the emotive ties with the material environment vary greatly from person to person and in intensity,subtlety, and mode of expression.’Option C states that ‘New Urbanism succeeded in those designs where architects collaborated withtheir clients’. This contradicts the statement in paragraph 3 that ‘although motivated by goodintentions, such attempts to create places rich in meaning are perhaps bound to disappoint’.Option D states that the most important, even fundamental, response to our environment is our tactileand olfactory response. The passage merely mentions tactile and olfactory response as ‘a thirdresponse to the environment’, not the most important or fundamental.

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Q25 solution:


Vance Packard’s The Hidden Persuaders alerted the public to thepsychoanalytical techniques used by the advertising industry. Its premisewas that advertising agencies were using depth interviews to identifyhidden consumer motivations, which were then used to entice consumersto buy goods. Critics and reporters often wrongly assumed that Packardwas writing mainly about subliminal advertising. Packard never mentionedthe word subliminal, however, and devoted very little space to discussionsof “subthreshold” effects. Instead, his views largely aligned with thenotion that individuals do not always have access to their consciousthoughts and can be persuaded by supraliminal messages without theirknowledge.

A. Packard argued that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ understandsthe hidden motivations of consumers and works at the subliminallevel, on the subconscious level of the awareness of the peopletargeted.

B. Packard held that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ understandsthe hidden motivations of consumers and works at the supraliminallevel, though the people targeted have no awareness of beingpersuaded.

C. Packard held that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ builds onpeoples’ conscious thoughts and awareness, by understanding thehidden motivations of consumers and works at the subliminal level.

D. Packard argued that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ works at thesupraliminal level, wherein the people targeted are aware of beingpersuaded, after understanding the hidden motivations of consumersand works.

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Q25 Detailed solution:

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the optionthat best captures the essence of the passage.

Vance Packard’s The Hidden Persuaders alerted the public to the psychoanalyticaltechniques used by the advertising industry. Its premise was that advertisingagencies were using depth interviews to identify hidden consumer motivations,which were then used to entice consumers to buy goods. Critics and reporters oftenwrongly assumed that Packard was writing mainly about subliminal advertising.Packard never mentioned the word subliminal, however, and devoted very littlespace to discussions of “subthreshold” effects. Instead, his views largely aligned withthe notion that individuals do not always have access to their conscious thoughtsand can be persuaded by supraliminal messages without their knowledge.

A. Packard argued that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ understands thehidden motivations of consumers and works at the subliminal level, on thesubconscious level of the awareness of the people targeted.

B. Packard held that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ understands the hiddenmotivations of consumers and works at the supraliminal level, though thepeople targeted have no awareness of being persuaded.

C. Packard held that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ builds on peoples’conscious thoughts and awareness, by understanding the hidden motivations ofconsumers and works at the subliminal level.

D. Packard argued that advertising as a ‘hidden persuasion’ works at thesupraliminal level, wherein the people targeted are aware of being persuaded,after understanding the hidden motivations of consumers and works.

Option BAccording to the paragraph, Vance Packard found that advertising agencies identifyhidden consumer motivation—thoughts that consumers are not aware they have.They use these to persuade consumers to buy, without the consumers themselvesbeing aware of the fact that they are being persuaded. Packard’s theory related notto subliminal (subthreshold of consciousness) advertising but supraliminal (abovethe threshold of consciousness) advertising. Option B sums up all key ideas of theparagraph.

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Q26 Solution:






Answer: 2341

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Q26 Detailed Solution:






Answer: 2341

2341Sentence 2 is the best opening sentence for the paragraph as itintroduces the idea of ‘mind-reading’. 34 is a unit: 3 states thatmind-reading looks like literacy and 4 adds to this, explainingthat print-reading, like mind-reading, is subject to developmentdisorders. Sentence 1 links all key ideas of the paragraph, givingexamples of both print-reading and mind-reading. So, 2341 isthe correct order.

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Q27 solution:






5. For millennia, people with hearing impairments encounteredmarginalization because it was believed that language could only belearned by hearing the spoken word.

Answer: 2

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5. For millennia, people with hearing impairments encounteredmarginalization because it was believed that language could only belearned by hearing the spoken word.

Answer: 2

Option 25341 forms a cogent paragraph about the prejudices against thedeaf and the pushback against this in the 16th century with thecreation of a formal sign language.The observation by Aristotle in option 2 is unrelated to the restof the sentences given.

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Q28 solution:






Answer: 4123

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Answer: 4123

4123Sentence 4 is the best starting sentence as it introduces the idea of‘collaborative filtering’. Sentence 1 adds to 4, describing howcollaborative filtering works. So, 1 follows 4. Sentence 2 identifies acrucial problem with collaborative filtering algorithms. Sentence 3provides an example to substantiate 2. So, 4123 is the right order.

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Q29 solution:

The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries.Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.A distinguishing feature of language is our ability to refer to absentthings, known as displaced reference. A speaker can bring distantreferents to mind in the absence of any obvious stimuli. Thoughts, notlimited to the here and now, can pop into our heads for unfathomablereasons. This ability to think about distant things necessarily precedesthe ability to talk about them. Thought precedes meaningful referentialcommunication. A prerequisite for the emergence of human-likemeaningful symbols is that the mental categories they relate to can beinvoked even in the absence of immediate stimuli.

Ans :A. Thoughts precede all speech acts and these thoughts pop up in our

heads even in the absence of any stimulus.




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The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries.Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.A distinguishing feature of language is our ability to refer to absentthings, known as displaced reference. A speaker can bring distantreferents to mind in the absence of any obvious stimuli. Thoughts, notlimited to the here and now, can pop into our heads for unfathomablereasons. This ability to think about distant things necessarily precedesthe ability to talk about them. Thought precedes meaningful referentialcommunication. A prerequisite for the emergence of human-likemeaningful symbols is that the mental categories they relate to can beinvoked even in the absence of immediate stimuli.

A. Thoughts precede all speech acts and these thoughts pop up in ourheads even in the absence of any stimulus.




Option BThe main idea of the given paragraph is that the ability to think about distant things precedes meaningful referential communication. Option 2 sums this up correctly.Option A is incorrect, as it states that thoughts precede "all speech acts". The paragraph only states that thoughts precede meaningful referential communication. Both options C and D rule that displaced reference—the ability to think about distant objects—is unique to humans. The paragraph does not say this.

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Q30 solution:


Physics is a pure science that seeks to understand the behavior of matterwithout regard to whether it will afford any practical benefit. Engineeringis the correlative applied science in which physical theories are put tosome specific use, such as building a bridge or a nuclear reactor. Engineersobviously rely heavily on the discoveries of physicists, but an engineer'sknowledge of the world is not the same as the physicist's knowledge. Infact, an engineer's know-how will often depend on physical theories that,from the point of view of pure physics, are false. There are some reasonsfor this. First, theories that are false in the purest and strictest sense arestill sometimes very good approximations to the true ones, and often havethe added virtue of being much easier to work with. Second, sometimesthe true theories apply only under highly idealized conditions which canonly be created under controlled experimental situations. The engineerfinds that in the real world, theories rejected by physicists yield moreaccurate predictions than the ones that they accept.

A. The unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, andinterpret the design constraints to produce a successful result.

B. The relationship between pure and applied science is strictly linear,with the pure science directing applied science, and never the otherway round.

C. Though engineering draws heavily from pure science, it contributesto knowledge, by incorporating the constraints and conditions in thereal world.

D. Engineering and physics fundamentally differ on matters like buildinga bridge or a nuclear reactor.

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The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the optionthat best captures the essence of the passage.

Physics is a pure science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter withoutregard to whether it will afford any practical benefit. Engineering is the correlativeapplied science in which physical theories are put to some specific use, such asbuilding a bridge or a nuclear reactor. Engineers obviously rely heavily on thediscoveries of physicists, but an engineer's knowledge of the world is not the same asthe physicist's knowledge. In fact, an engineer's know-how will often depend onphysical theories that, from the point of view of pure physics, are false. There aresome reasons for this. First, theories that are false in the purest and strictest senseare still sometimes very good approximations to the true ones, and often have theadded virtue of being much easier to work with. Second, sometimes the truetheories apply only under highly idealized conditions which can only be createdunder controlled experimental situations. The engineer finds that in the real world,theories rejected by physicists yield more accurate predictions than the ones thatthey accept.

A. The unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret thedesign constraints to produce a successful result.

B. The relationship between pure and applied science is strictly linear, with thepure science directing applied science, and never the other way round.

C. Though engineering draws heavily from pure science, it contributes toknowledge, by incorporating the constraints and conditions in the real world.

D. Engineering and physics fundamentally differ on matters like building abridge or a nuclear reactor.

Option CThe main idea of the given paragraph is that while engineers rely heavily ondiscoveries of physicists, an engineer's know-how is shaped by conditions in the realworld. Option B sums up this idea well.Option A ignores the key idea of the paragraph –the relationship between physicsand engineering—and only talks of the "unique task of the engineer". So, option A isnot a good summary of the paragraph. Option B labels the relationship betweenpure and applied science as "strictly linear": this too, is clearly incorrect based on thecontents of the given paragraph. Option D is also incorrect, as it states thatengineering and physics "fundamentally differ".

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Q31 solution:







Answer: 1

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Answer: 1

Option 1

While all other sentences relate to organizations, detailing how identityaffects organizational performance, option 1 talks about actors fitting in aspecific category. This is an unrelated idea.

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Q32 solution:

Five sentences related to a topic are given below in a jumbled order.Four of them form a coherent and unified paragraph. Identify the oddsentence that does not go with the four. Key in the number of theoption that you choose.

1. ‘Stat’ signaled something measurable, while ‘matic’ advertisedfree labour; but ‘tron’, above all, indicated control.

2. It was a totem of high modernism, the intellectual and culturalmode that decreed no process or phenomenon was too complexto be grasped, managed and optimized.

3. Like the heraldic shields of ancient knights, these morphemeswere painted onto the names of scientific technologies toproclaim one’s history and achievements to friends and enemiesalike.

4. The historian Robert Proctor at Stanford University calls the suffix‘-tron’, along with ‘-matic’ and ‘-stat’, embodied symbols.

5. To gain the suffix was to acquire a proud and optimistic emblem ofthe electronic and atomic age.

Answer: 2

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Five sentences related to a topic are given below in a jumbled order.Four of them form a coherent and unified paragraph. Identify the oddsentence that does not go with the four. Key in the number of theoption that you choose.

1. ‘Stat’ signaled something measurable, while ‘matic’ advertisedfree labour; but ‘tron’, above all, indicated control.

2. It was a totem of high modernism, the intellectual and culturalmode that decreed no process or phenomenon was too complexto be grasped, managed and optimized.

3. Like the heraldic shields of ancient knights, these morphemeswere painted onto the names of scientific technologies toproclaim one’s history and achievements to friends and enemiesalike.

4. The historian Robert Proctor at Stanford University calls the suffix‘-tron’, along with ‘-matic’ and ‘-stat’, embodied symbols.

5. To gain the suffix was to acquire a proud and optimistic emblem ofthe electronic and atomic age.

Answer: 2

Option 2While 4315 makes a cogent paragraph about what the suffixes '-stat', '-tron' and '-matic' symbolise in the field of science and technology,option 2 is an unrelated sentence explaining the thinking behind highmodernism.

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Q33 solution:






Answer: 3241

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Answer: 3241

3241

3 is the best starting sentence for the paragraph, as it introduces the ideaof legitimate criticism in social media conversations. 2 carries forward theidea in 3, suggesting that we need to learn to "condense" the feedback wereceive online. 4 adds to 2, stating that a “new norm” is likely to arise overfeedback repeating the same point over and over. Sentence 1 is bestplaced at the end of the paragraph. So, 3241 is the correct order.

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Q34 solution:






Answer : 3241

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Answer : 3241

3241

Sentence 3 explains the meaning of the phrase ‘carpe diem’ asunderstood today, while 2 contrasts this to the original Latinmeaning. So, 2 follows 3. Sentence 4 follows 2, summarising thepoint made in 3 and 2 about the mistranslation of metaphors. So,324 is a unit. Sentence 1 sums up the main idea of the paragraph.So, 3241 is the correct order.

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