Ministry of Earth Sciences

Indian Institute of Tropical MeteorologyCentre for Advanced Training in Earth System Sciences and

Climate

SYLLABUS FOR THE FIRST SEMESTER

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE(Total 40 lectures)

( Dr.Vinu Valsala, Dr.Raghuram Murtugudde )

1.1. Global change on short and long time-scales: The sun – planetary system – the planet earth – its uniqueness, radiation, Global warming and Greenhouse Effects, role of long-term variability of solar luminosity.

1.2. Global Energy balance: Sensible heat fluxes, latent heat fluxes, atmospheric constituents influencing the balance, greenhouse effect: greenhouse gases, clouds, radiation balance. Earth’s blanket in pre-CO2 atmosphere.

1.3. Water cycles: Water on earth - ocean structure, physical and chemical characteristics of sea water, evaporation, evapotranspiration, precipitation , ice, water balance.

1.4. Oceans and the Atmosphere-I: Wind-belts, ocean currents, Coriolis effect, Solar forcing.

1.5. Oceans and the Atmosphere-II: Atmospheric and oceanic circulation, cells, seasons, deserts, bio-physical feedbacks.

1.6. Global Carbon Cycle -I: Recycling elements: Life on Earth, marine productivity, inorganic carbon, warm/cold waters, residence/response times, missing sink. Variability of atmospheric CO2 and implications for future climate.

1.7. Global Carbon Cycle-II: Ecosystems, biological pump, biomass, biodiversity, stability, and interactions with the environment, Carbon burial and CO2 variability.

1.8. Pleistocene Glaciations: Milankovitch Cycles, paleo proxies and geochemical techniques.

1.9. Short-term climate variability: The Holocene, El Niño, Southern Oscillation and present-day climate variability.

1.10. Global Warming - Role of humans: Human geography, urbanization, urban heat islands, desertification.

1.11. Future worlds: Earth at extremes.

Guest Lectures

Daisy World - Introduction to Systems and feedbacks: Systems, componentsEvidences for evolution of life - FractionationMethanogenesis and non-oxygenic photosynthesisOxygenic photosynthesis and rise of atmospheric oxygen and ozone Other elemental cycles: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, SilicaLong-term Climate Regulation: Faint Young Sun ParadoxBio-geochemical cycles

Books recommended

Charles Cockell (ed), An Introduction to Earth-Life Systems.L.R.Kump, J.F.Kasting and R.G.Crane, The Earth System.Jacobson, Charlson, Rodhe and Oriens, Earth System Science.Herbert Riehl, Introduction to the Atmosphere, 1978.John G. Lockwood, World Climate Systems, 1985.Edward Aguado and James E. Burt, Weather and Climate, 2007.Paul R. Pinet, Invitation to Oceanography, 2006.Earth System Analysis for Sustainability, MIT, 2004.Earth’s Climate- Past, Present and Future, Ruddiman.

2.0 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE (Total 40 lectures)

( Dr.G.Beig, Dr. G.Panditurai, Dr. A.Hazra )

2.1. Atmospheric Radiation (10 Lectures)

2.1.1. Role of atmospheric radiation in the climate system: An introductory survey

2.1.2. Electromagnetic spectrum, Basic radiometric quantities, Concepts of scattering and absorption

2.1.3. Concepts of extinction and emission, Simple aspects of radiative transfer, Optical depth, The Beer-Bouguer-Lambert law, Schwarzschild’s radiative transfer equation.

2.1.4. Blackbody radiation laws, Solar spectrum, estimation of solar constant2.1.5. Basic properties of gases, aerosols that are important for radiative transfer

modeling

2.1.6.Atmospheric aerosols and their direct and indirect radiative effects: Aerosol radiative properties; Direct and indirect radiative forcing estimation

2.1.7. Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases: Gaseous composition of the atmosphere; Basic principles of molecular emission/absorption; Absorption spectra of main atmospheric gases; Spectral line shapes: Lorentz, Doppler and Voigt profile

2.1.8. Radiative heating / cooling rates: Solar heating rates; Total radiative heating/cooling rates in a cloudy atmosphere; Total radiative heating/cooling rates in an aerosol-laden atmosphere; Global distribution of radiative heating/cooling rates

2.1.9. Terrestrial infrared radiative processes: Fundamentals of the thermal IR radiative transfer; Line-by-line computations of radiative transfer in IR.

2.1.10. Radiation and Climate2.1.11. Fundamentals of the thermal IR radiative transfer.2.1.12. Line-by-line computations of radiative transfer in IR.2.1.13. Examples of simple energy balance models

2.2. Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (10 Lectures)

2.2.1. First law and second law of thermodynamics: Joule’s law, Specific heat; Enthalpy, entropy; Clausius-Clapeyron equation

2.2.2. Water vapour in air: Water vapour and moist air; Phase-Transition Equilibria for water; Enthalpy, Internal energy and entropy of moist air of a cloud; Thermodynamic diagrams (LCL, LFC, CCL); Determination of mixing ratio from relative humidity

2.2.3. Thermodynamic processes in the atmosphere: Saturated adiabatic and pseudo-adiabatic process; Adiabatic isobaric mixing with and without condensation; Effect of freezing in a cloud; Equilibrium vapor pressure over a curved surface; The Kelvin effect.

2.2.4. Atmospheric stability: Concept of an air parcel and environment; Unsaturated, saturated air; Moist static energy and convective instability;

2.3. Cloud physics and Precipitation (10 Lectures)

2.3.1. Clouds – an overview: Why clouds are important; Cloud classification, space-time scale of cloud and precipitration

2.3.2. Formation and growth of cloud droplets & droplet activation: General idea of cloud and precipitation formation; Nucleation of liquid water in water vapour; Atmospheric condensation nuclei (CCN, GCCN); The Kohler equation, Solute effect, curvature effect

2.3.3. Formation and growth of ice crystals and related processes: Nucleation of the ice phase – Homogeneous, Heterogeneous; Atmospheric ice nuclei (dust, anthropogenic, biological); Cloud particle interaction (mixed phase) – Collision-Coalescence; Bergeron-Findeisen Processes

2.3.4. Rain initiation and precipitation processes: Physics of natural precipitation

processes; Drop-size distribution; Classification of solid precipitation

2.4. Atmospheric Chemistry  (10 lectures)

2.4.1. Chemistry of the atmosphere :  Evolution of earth’s atmosphere, Nitrogen, hydrogen halogen, sulfur, carbon-containing compounds in the atmosphere, ozone and neutral chemistry, chemical and photochemical processes, Chemical and dynamical life time of atmospheric constituent.

2.4.2. Ozone in the Atmosphere:  Evolution of the ozone layer, sources and sinks of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone and UV- radiations, supersonic transport.

2.4.3. Atmospheric aerosols:  Concentration and size, sources, and transformation, Chemical composition, transport and sinks, residence times of aerosols, geographical distribution and atmospheric effects.

2.4.4. Air Pollution : Sources of anthropogenic pollution, Atmospheric effects- smog, visibility

 3.0 GENERAL CIRCULATION AND CLIMATE(Total 40 lectures )

( Prof. B.N.Goswami and Dr. S.Chakraborty)

3.1. Definition of general circulation and climate: History of buildup of concept of general circulation; Observing techniques and observations of atmospheric and oceanic parameters, limitations etc.

3.2. Climatological mean structure of the atmosphere: Horizontal and vertical distribution of time mean winds, temperature, humidity, surface pressure and rainfall; Latitude-height distribution of the time mean and zonal mean of the variables.; Statistics of the transients. S.D. of daily fluctuations of winds and

temperature; Meridional transport of heat and momentum by transient eddies and stationary eddies.

3.3. Maintenance of the general circulation: Basic equations and balance requirements; Fulfillment of requirement of balance for Water, Angular Momentum and for Energy.

3.4. Stationary eddies, their structure and possible origin: Nature and origin of Low frequency transients in extra-tropics; Low frequency transients in the tropics; MJO. Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations.

3.5. Theory of general circulation. Role of the eddies: Maintenance of the mean meridional circulation; Example of some regional climate such as the Indian monsoon; What drives and sustains the Indian monsoon.

3.6. Examples of Climate variability: Interannual variability, Monsoon and ENSO; Also QBO. Dynamics of these variability; Decadal variability.

3.7. Paleoclimate reconstruction and long term climate variability: Climate change; Climate feedbacks; Milankovitch hypothesis and ice ages.

3.8. Climate models: Energy balance models, radiative-convective equilibrium models, 2-D models and GCMs; Predictability and prediction of climate.

Books recommended

Physics of Climate , J. P. Peixoto and A H Oort, 1992, AIP Press, Springer, 520pp.Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, Andrews, Holton and Leovy, 1987, Academic Press, 489pp.The Nature and Theory of General Circulation of the Atmosphere, E. N.Lorenz, WMO-No 218,TP.115. 158pp.(some more references on different aspects of variability of climate will be provided later)

4.0 GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS-I (Total 35 lectures)

( Dr.R.Krishnan and Dr. A.K.Sahai )

4.1. Introduction: Driving forces of the ocean-atmosphere climate system; Large-scale phenomena in the tropical atmosphere / ocean system

4.2. Dynamics of a rotating fluid: Fundamental forces / mass conservation; Equation of atmospheric motion,

Thermodynamic energy equation; Moisture equation, Scale analysis of atmospheric motions; Different types of flows (Geostrophic flow, Gradient flow, Thermal winds, Cyclostrophic and Inertial motion)

4.3. Circulation and vorticity: Concepts of circulation and vorticity, Circulation theorem, Vorticity equation; Divergence equation, Stream function and velocity potential; Dynamics of large-scale circulations in the tropics (Hadley cell, Walker cell, Monsoon circulation)

4.4. Wave motions in the atmosphere and oceans: Conservation of absolute and potential vorticity; Shallow water dynamics (Mid-latitude beta plane; Equatorial beta plane); Matsuno theory for quasi-geostrophic theory in low-latitudes; Equatorially-trapped waves, Gravity, Rossby, Kelvin, Mixed Rossby-Gravity etc; Free and forced solutions (eg., Gill’s model of dynamical flows to tropical heat source / sinks)

Books recommended

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics - Joseph Pedlosky.Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics - Adrian G. Gill.An Introduction to Dynamical Meteorology – James R. Holton.Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey -Wallace and Hobbs.Physics of the Climate -Abrahm Oort.

5.0 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES

(Total 40 lectures)

( R.H. Kripalani )

5.1 Introduction: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

5.2. Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion (grouped and ungrouped data)

Mean, Median, Mode, Quartiles, Deciles, and Percentiles; Range, Quartile-Deviation, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation

5.3. Some Standard Theoretical / Parametric Distributions

Discrete - Binomial, Poisson; Continuous - Normal, Chi-square, Student’s-t, Gamma, Fisher’s F

5.4. Correlation Analysis, Linear and Non-Linear Correlation, Serial Correlation, Lag Correlation;

Auto-correlation, Partial Correlation, Multiple Correlation; Scatter Plots,Covariance Method, Rank Method; Correlation Matrices, Correlation Maps; Coefficient of Determination; Variation Explained; Standard and Probable Error

5.5. Regression Analysis Simple and Multiple Regression; Statistical Weather / Climate Forecasting; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

5.6. Hypothesis Testing Sampling and Tests of Significance; One-tailed and two-tailed Tests 5.7. Time Series Analysis: Concepts: Power Spectrum, Harmonic Analysis, Wavelet Analysis, Filters;

Computational Procedure for Spectrum Analysis; Filters: Moving-average, low-pass, high-pass, band-pass; Recursion technique for Band-Pass Filter;

Trend Analysis

5.8. Probability Conditional Probability; Markov Chains 5.9. Multivariate Analysis

Introduction to Matrix Algebra: Eigen values / Eigen vectors; Empirical Orthogonal Functions / Principal Component Analysis; Extended Empirical Orthogonal Functions; Maximum Correlation Analysis; Canonical Correlation Analysis; Singular Value Decomposition; Pattern Recognition Methods; Map-to-Map Correlation method, k-means Clustering Method; Neural Networks

5.10. Extreme Value Analysis (Introduction) 5.11. Nonparametric Statistics (Introduction)

5.12. Above topics will be illustrated with several numerical examples relevant to Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences

5.13. Hands-on Training / Regular Assignments

Books Recommended

Applied General Statistics: FE Croxton, DJ Cowden and S Klein (Acc No. 5125).Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology: John C Davis (Acc No. 3945).Statistical Methods in Atmospheric Sciences: DS Wilks (Acc No. 7504).WMO Technical Note No. 79: Climatic Change (Acc No. WMO-479).Statistical Analysis in Climate Research: H von Storch and FW Zwiers.Analysis of Climate Variability: H von Storch and A Navarra.

6.0 MATHEMATICS FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES (Elective - Total 40 lectures)

( Dr. C.Gnanaseelan and Dr.Subodh Saha )

6.1. Vector Analysis :Definition and introductions, Scalar and vector products, Triple scalar and vector product, Gradient, divergence and curl Derivatives, Integral

6.2. Orthogonal Coordinate Systems : Cartesian coordinate, Spherical polar coordinate, Circular cylindrical coordinate

6.3. Functions of Complex variable : Cauchy-Riemann conditions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Cauchy's integral formula, Conformal mapping, Singularities, Calculus of Residues.

6.4. Matrix Algebra : Vector space,,Linear operators, basis functions,,Matrices, System of quations,Homogeneous equations, Eigenvalues and their applications, Eigenvalue problems, EOF and principle component analysis

6.5. Differential Equations : Basic concepts, Linear first order differential equation,Linear differential equation of the second order, General solutions, Complex root of characteristic equation, Homogeneous linear equation of nth order

6.6. Partial Differential Equation :Basic concept, Separation of variables, One-dimensional heat flow, Laplace's equation, Potential, Laplace's equation in spherical coordinate, Legendre's equation

6.7. Fourier Series : General properties, Advantage, use of Fourier series, Application of Fourier series, Discrete Fourier transform

6.8. Integral Transform : Fourier transform of derivatives, Transfer functions , Laplace transform, Inverse Laplace transform

7.0 SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY

(Elective - Total 30 lectures & 15 hrs of practicals)

( Dr.Somnath Dutta - IMD)

7.1 Synoptic Meteorology (Theory)

7.1.1. Scales of weather systems (Meso, Synoptic and Planetary scales): Network

of observatories; Surface, upper air and special observations (satellite,

radar, aircraft etc.); Representation and analysis of fields of meteorological

elements on synoptic charts; Vertical time/cross sections and their analysis.

7.1.2. Wind and pressure analysis: Isobars on level surface and contours on

constant pressure surface; Isotherms, Streamline and Isotachs analysis.

7.1.3. Favourable synoptic situation for the development of thunderstorm; Life

cycle of a mature thunderstorm and types of thunderstorm; Climatology of

thunderstorm in India.

7.1.4. Tropical cyclone: Genesis parameters and criteria for tropical cyclone; Life

cycle of a tropical cyclone; Horizontal and vertical structure of a tropical

cyclone; Movement and Intensification of Cyclones and associated synoptic

features; Interaction between two cyclones-Fujiwara effect; Storm surge.

7.1.5. Southwest monsoon in India: Synoptic features associated with onset and

advance of Southwest monsoon; Quasi permanent features of Southwest

monsoon; Active and Break monsoon phases and associated synoptic

conditions; Synoptic monsoon disturbances.

7.1.6. Mid latitude synoptic Meteorology: Air masses and fronts; Fronts and

associated weather; Development theory for Extra tropical cyclone;

Structure and life cycle of an Extra tropical cyclone; Zonal index, index

cycle, Cut off low and blocking high; Western Disturbance, its structure and

associated weather affecting India.

7.2 Synoptic Meteorology - Analysis of tropical weather systems-surface and

upper air (Practicals)

7.2.1. Weather Codes: Plotting of Charts; Chart reading

7.2.2. Surface chart analysis

7.2.3. Streamline and Isotachs / subtropical jet stream analysis

7.2.4. Analysis of constant pressure charts

7.2.5. Vertical time section /cross section analysis

7.2.6. Tropical Cyclone

7.2.7. Monsoon Depression

7.2.8. Active and Break Monsoon

7.2.9. Western Disturbance

7.2.10. North-east Monsoon / Easterly wave

8.0 COMPUTER PROGRAMMIG

(Elective - Total 35 lectures)

( M.K.Tandon)

8.1 Fortran-77 Features (Post Fortran-66) & Related Computer Working:

8.1.1. Concept of an address, address table, binding of a variable to its address, Collating Sequence – ASCII & EBCDIC collating sequences, ordinal value of a character and its use by the computer. Concept of a ‘Key Word’.

8.1.2. Concept of a ‘Data Type’, Memory allocation and data type, Conversion rules and complementary conversion rules used by computer while handing variables of different types.

8.1.3. Concepts and meanings of terms ‘Token, ‘Syntax’ and ‘Semantics’ of a language, Process of translating source code into machine oriented executable code, underlying process and their sequences, classification of FORTRAN language as per (a) translator and (b) low/high level. Concept of Code Optimization and Level of Optimization, Optimizing and non-optimizing compilers and their objectives.

8.1.4. Concept and objective of memory sharing through COMMON and EQUIVALENCE, ambiguous use of COMMON-EQUIVALENCE combination, limitations of COMMON feature. Purpose of the name of a COMMON block, Use of (a) Tabulation controls - Tn, TLn and TRn, (b) Format terminator, (c) Sign attributes S, SS, SP and (d) Descriptor Iw.m for INTEGER type in FORMAT statements. DO – Top tested loop in Fortran-77, REAL DO-loop variable.

8.1.5. Functionality underlying a dimensioned variable (a.k.a Array), related nomenclature, why it is called ‘Dimensioned Variable’?, Attributes and characteristics of a collection represented by an array, Definition of an array, concepts of positional values and their ranges, indexing of an array collection, index values, index variable, index data type, dimension of collection. Kinds of array implementation in computer, implementation of dimensioned variables of FORTRAN, ‘Assumed Size’ and ‘Adjustable size’ of a dimensioned argument of a Subroutine/Function subprogram.

8.1.6. Objective and use of label of a Fortran statement as the value of an argument of

a Fortran, SUBROUTINE. Use of, *, as the name of an argument of a subroutine and its purpose, Multiple returns, RETURN n - multiple entry points in the code of a program after the execution of a subprogram, ENTRY - multiple entry points in the code of a subroutine during its execution.

8.1.7. Objective and use of SAVE in subroutine and functions through simple codes.

8.1.8. CHARACTER * - a new data type in Fortran, Concept of a string in Fortran, Use of built-n lexical operators and string related built-in library functions and operators on sample data, Substrings, FORMAT as the value of a string variable, Design and use of dynamical formats in simple I/O statements, Internal files in Fortran-77, Use of memory of a character variable as a file. Use of CHARACTER * variables as (a) arguments of subroutine and (b) return type and argument of function subprogram. Simple file handling in Fortran-77.

8.2 ANSI ‘C’ Language:

8.2.1. C Fundamentals: C Character Set, Identifiers and Keywords under ANSI C. Data Types, Constants: int, float, double, char. Qualifiers: long, short, unsigned and signed. Escape sequences (like \n,\b etc.). Arithmetic Expressions and different built-in Operators. Pre-processor directives (like #include, #define), concept of header files, Symbolic constants, Comments, size of, steps involved in compilation of C Program. Concept of typed ef for renaming a built-in data type.

8.2.2. Built-in operators and functions: Console based I/O and related built-in I/O functions: printf(), scanf(); getch(), getchar(), putchar(), gets(), puts().

8.2.3. Decision and Case Control Structure: if statement; if-else construct; use of logical operators and Compound Relational Tests; Nested if statements; The else if construct; the relational operators; the conditional expression (ternary) operator. The Switch Statement with or without break, concept of a case label, goto statement, concept of a goto label,comparison between goto and case labels.

8.2.4. Loop Control Structure : Concept of Loop, loops supported by ‘C’, concept of top tested and bottom tested loops, the for loop statement; Nested for Loop ; for loop variants; the while loop statement; simple and nested while loop, Increment/decrement operators; Use of Break and Continue; the do-while loop, comparison between for, while and do while loops.

8.2.5. Arrays : Concept of a collection, types of collections supported by ‘C’, Array collection and its features, concept of indexing, index variable, index type, positional value of a member of array collection, concept of dimension and size of an array, ‘C’ syntax for the declaration of array, name of the array and its type, Referring individual elements, Entering data into an array, reading data from an array concept of Array initialization and list of initializers, size option, Bounds checking, the concept of two dimension arrays and related syntax, similarities between dimension and nesting.

8.2.6. Character Strings: What are strings, standard library string functions like strlen(), strcat(), strcpy(), strcmp(), similarity between string and1-D array of char.

8.2.7. Functions : Concept of a subprogram, the interface of a subprogram, role of a interface, Arguments of a subprogram, kinds of subprograms supported by C,

return statement as an interface, local variables; Default Return type and the type void; Passing values between functions through interfaces; Declaration of function type; iterative and recursive subprograms, Recursion; concept of call by value, call by reference, return and their underlying implementation should be explained, similarities and differences between Function & Macros, concept of nested macros and their use, recursion as a special nested call.

8.2.8. Pointers : Concept of Pointers, Pointer as an address variable, concept of a pointer data type and its syntax, built-in address operator, Pointers to existing variables of different data types and their uses, use of indirection operator, the name of the array as a pointer variable, Pointers and Arrays, Pointers arithmetic, use of unary operators (++, --), One Dimension Arrays and Pointer, concept of array of pointers and simple use, command line arguments for the main, pointer as a return type of a function.

8.2.9. Structures : Structure as a homogeneous and heterogeneous collection, possible applications, syntax of declaring structure, Initializing structures, structure variables, accessing structure elements using member operator, Arrays of Structures, and array as member of structure, conceptual difference between array and structure collection, Functions and Structures, nested structures, concept of anonymous structures and their use, Concept of self-referential structure, pointer as member of structure and pointer to structure use of member selector operator (->), comparison between indirection (*) operator and member selector operator (->), structure as an argument to function and return type of a function.

8.2.10. Unions : Concept of Union collection, Syntax of declaration and its use, comparison of Array, Structure and Union, array of unions and union as a member of structure, structure as a member of union and array as member of union, concept of memory saving and union, union as a generic data type, concept of anonymous union.

8.2.11. Console based I/O : use of console as a file environment, use of keyboard and VDU as I/O files: Use of stdin, stdout and stderr as built-in file pointers for console environment, use of printf(), scanf() as fprintf() and fscanf().

8.2.12. File based I/O : Concept of a file, text files in ‘C’, concept of a predefined FILE pointer and its definition as given in header file stdio.h, meanings of different members of the structure representing FILE, Disk I/O Functions: High level file I/O or standard functions- fopen(), putc(), getc(), fclose(), fgets(),fputs(),feof(), simple file based programs showing the working of different members of FILE structure.

8.2.13. Dynamic Memory Allocation and Memory functions : Concept of dynamic environment as run time environment, concept of dynamic memory

management, use of built-in dynamic memory management tools of ‘C’ viz. malloc(), free(), simple programs using malloc() and free()

8.2.14. Bitwise Operator : Concept of modifying the value using bit shifting, built-in bit shift operators left bit shift operator(<<) and right bit shift operator (>>) their uses, limitations of bitwise operators, use of bitwise relational operators.

8.2.15. Other features and Miscellaneous functions : Use of atof(), atoi(), atol(), toupper(), tolower(), isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(),exit().

8.2.16. Storage Classes : Automatic, Register, Static (local and global), External. Scope rules.

Books recommended

Programming in ANSI C by Balgurusamy..Programming in C by S. G. Kochan.Born to code in C by Herbert Schildt.The Art of C by Herbert Schildt.ANSI C Programming by Kerninghan and Ritchie - 2nd Edition.Programming in ANSI C by Agarwa.lANSI C Programming with Problem Solving by Jacqueline A Jones, Keith Harrow.The Spirit of C by Mullish Cooper.C Programming by Schaum Series.C Tools for Scientists and Engineers by L. Barker.A Book on C by R. E. Berry and B. A. E. Meekings.The C Primer by L. Hancock and M. Krieger. The C Toolbox by W. J. Hunt.Understanding C by B. H. Hunter.C Programming Language : An Applied Perspective by L. H. Miller and Q. A. Quilici.C Programming Guide by J. J. Purdum.Encyclopaedia C by R. A. Radeliffe.C Made Easy by Herbert Schildt.Advanced C by Herbert Schildt.The C Programming Tutor by L. A. Wortman and T. O. Sidebottom.Let Us C by Yashwant Kanitkar.