categorification---the sl2 case - functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Categorification—the sl2 caseFunctor valued invariants of knots, links and tangles
Jan Št’ovícekDepartment of Mathematical Sciences
October 22nd , 2009
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 2: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Outline
1. Knots and links
2. The tangle category and quantum groups
3. Categorification
4. Lie algebras and the category O
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 3: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Outline
1. Knots and links
2. The tangle category and quantum groups
3. Categorification
4. Lie algebras and the category O
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 4: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Knots and links— A knot is a smooth, closed and oriented curve in R3.
Unknot Trefoil Knot 41
— A link is a finite disjoint union of knots.
Hopf link Solomon’s knot
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 5: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
4
Knots and links— A knot is a smooth, closed and oriented curve in R3.
Unknot Trefoil Knot 41
— A link is a finite disjoint union of knots.
Hopf link Solomon’s knot
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 6: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
4
Knots and links— A knot is a smooth, closed and oriented curve in R3.
Unknot Trefoil Knot 41
— A link is a finite disjoint union of knots.
Hopf link Solomon’s knot
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 7: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
4
Knots and links— A knot is a smooth, closed and oriented curve in R3.
Unknot Trefoil Knot 41
— A link is a finite disjoint union of knots.
Hopf link Solomon’s knot
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 8: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots
,where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 9: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below.
Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”
(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 10: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 11: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 12: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 13: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:
• describing changes in the projection which do not change theisotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.
• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 14: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot
—Reidemeister moves.• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 15: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.
• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 16: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.• algebraic invariants
—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 17: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
5
Isotopy classes of knots and links— We usually work with 2-dimensional projections of knots ,
where we remember for each crossing which part is above andwhich below. Such projections are called knot or link diagrams.
— How do we recognize knots which are actually “the same”(= isotopic)?
and
— Various approaches:• describing changes in the projection which do not change the
isotopy class of the knot—Reidemeister moves.• algebraic invariants—Jones polynomial, functors.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 18: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
6
Reidemeister moves
Reidemeister I
Reidemeister II Reidemeister III
Theorem (Reidemeister 1926, Alexander and Briggs 1927)
Two knots are isotopic
if and only if their diagrams can betransferred to each other using planar isotopy
and theReidemeister moves I–III above.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 19: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
6
Reidemeister moves
Reidemeister I Reidemeister II
Reidemeister III
Theorem (Reidemeister 1926, Alexander and Briggs 1927)
Two knots are isotopic
if and only if their diagrams can betransferred to each other using planar isotopy and theReidemeister moves I–III above.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 20: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
6
Reidemeister moves
Reidemeister I Reidemeister II Reidemeister III
Theorem (Reidemeister 1926, Alexander and Briggs 1927)
Two knots are isotopic
if and only if their diagrams can betransferred to each other using planar isotopy and theReidemeister moves I–III above.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 21: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
6
Reidemeister moves
Reidemeister I Reidemeister II Reidemeister III
Theorem (Reidemeister 1926, Alexander and Briggs 1927)
Two knots are isotopic
if and only if their diagrams can betransferred to each other using planar isotopy and theReidemeister moves I–III above.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 22: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
6
Reidemeister moves
Reidemeister I Reidemeister II Reidemeister III
Theorem (Reidemeister 1926, Alexander and Briggs 1927)
Two knots are isotopic if and only if their diagrams can betransferred to each other using planar isotopy
and theReidemeister moves I–III above.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 23: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
6
Reidemeister moves
Reidemeister I Reidemeister II Reidemeister III
Theorem (Reidemeister 1926, Alexander and Briggs 1927)
Two knots are isotopic if and only if their diagrams can betransferred to each other using planar isotopy and theReidemeister moves I–III above.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 24: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.
— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each linkdiagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful in
distinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 25: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way
to assign to each linkdiagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful in
distinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 26: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L
a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful in
distinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 27: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1]
such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful in
distinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 28: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful in
distinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 29: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial
and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful in
distinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 30: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful in
distinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 31: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).
— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work ofAlexander and Conway.
— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful indistinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 32: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.
— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful indistinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 33: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant,
but quite powerful indistinguishing knots.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 34: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
7
Jones polynomial— Using only the Reidemeister moves, still not very easy to
decide whether two knots (or links) are isotopic.— There is a simple algorithic way to assign to each link
diagram L a Laurent polynomial PL ∈ Z[q,q−1] such thatPL = PL′ whenever L and L′ are diagrams of isotopic links.
— PL is called the Jones polynomial and it is fully determined bythe so called skein relation:
q−2 ·⟨ ⟩
+ q ·⟨ ⟩
= (q − q−1) ·⟨ ⟩
and its value on the unknot ( ).— Discovered by Vaughan Jones in 1983, based on work of
Alexander and Conway.— Not a complete knot invariant, but quite powerful in
distinguishing knots.www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 35: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
8
Outline
1. Knots and links
2. The tangle category and quantum groups
3. Categorification
4. Lie algebras and the category O
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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9
Tangles
— A tangle is a finite collection of smooth oriented curves in R3.
1
— We will also assume that our tangles are inside a stripe ofheight 1 and all end points of non-closed curves are in thedelimiting planes.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 37: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
9
Tangles
— A tangle is a finite collection of smooth oriented curves in R3.
1
— We will also assume that our tangles are inside a stripe ofheight 1 and all end points of non-closed curves are in thedelimiting planes.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 38: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
9
Tangles
— A tangle is a finite collection of smooth oriented curves in R3.
1
— We will also assume that our tangles are inside a stripe ofheight 1
and all end points of non-closed curves are in thedelimiting planes.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 39: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
9
Tangles
— A tangle is a finite collection of smooth oriented curves in R3.
1
— We will also assume that our tangles are inside a stripe ofheight 1 and all end points of non-closed curves are in thedelimiting planes.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 40: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
10
Operations on tangles— Given two tangles with compatible ends, we can form a
composition tangle:
T1
,T2 T1 ◦ T2
— Given any pair of tangles, we can form a tensor product:
T ′1
,
T ′2 T ′1 ⊗ T ′2
— Important: These operations are compatible with isotopies!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 41: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
10
Operations on tangles— Given two tangles with compatible ends, we can form a
composition tangle:
T1
,T2 T1 ◦ T2
— Given any pair of tangles, we can form a tensor product:
T ′1
,
T ′2 T ′1 ⊗ T ′2
— Important: These operations are compatible with isotopies!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 42: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
10
Operations on tangles— Given two tangles with compatible ends, we can form a
composition tangle:
T1
,T2 T1 ◦ T2
— Given any pair of tangles, we can form a tensor product:
T ′1
,
T ′2 T ′1 ⊗ T ′2
— Important: These operations are compatible with isotopies!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 43: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
10
Operations on tangles— Given two tangles with compatible ends, we can form a
composition tangle:
T1
,T2 T1 ◦ T2
— Given any pair of tangles, we can form a tensor product:
T ′1
,
T ′2 T ′1 ⊗ T ′2
— Important: These operations are compatible with isotopies!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 44: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
10
Operations on tangles— Given two tangles with compatible ends, we can form a
composition tangle:
T1
,T2 T1 ◦ T2
— Given any pair of tangles, we can form a tensor product:
T ′1
,
T ′2 T ′1 ⊗ T ′2
— Important: These operations are compatible with isotopies!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 45: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 46: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 47: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 48: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)
• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 49: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before
—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 50: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 51: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:
(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 52: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),
(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 53: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 54: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).
— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 55: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category,
HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 56: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
11
Tensor category of tangles— We form a category of tangles, denoted by T , as follows:
• Objects: finite sequences of signs + and −, and the emptyset ∅.
• Morphisms: isotopy classes of tangles with orientationprescribed by the signs:
+ + + −
+ + + + − −∈ HomT
((+ + +−), (+ + + +−−)
)• Composition: As in the slide before—well defined.
— We also have a tensor product:(X ,Y ) 7→ X ⊗ Y (concatenating, eg. (+−)⊗ (+) = (+−+)),(f ,g) 7→ f ⊗ g (as in the slide before on morphisms).
— Associativity: (X ⊗ Y )⊗ Z ∼= X ⊗ (Y ⊗ Z ).— T is a tensor category, HomT (∅, ∅) = {isotopy classes of links}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 57: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
12
Invariants of tangles
— Let R = C[q,q−1] and V = Rk be a free R-module, k ≥ 2.
— One can construct a functor F : T → modR of tensorcategories such that F (X ) = V ⊗R V ⊗R · · · ⊗R V︸ ︷︷ ︸
length(X)
(Reshetikhin and Turaev 1990).— If T is a tangle, then F ([T ]) : V⊗m → V⊗n is an isotopy
invariant.— In particular for a link L, we have F ([L]) : R → R. So F ([L])
acts as multiplication by a Laurent polynomial PL(q) ∈ R.— Indeed, we can reconstruct the Jones polynomial by making a
particular choice of F for k = 2!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 58: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
12
Invariants of tangles
— Let R = C[q,q−1] and V = Rk be a free R-module, k ≥ 2.— One can construct a functor F : T → modR of tensor
categories such that F (X ) = V ⊗R V ⊗R · · · ⊗R V︸ ︷︷ ︸length(X)
(Reshetikhin and Turaev 1990).— If T is a tangle, then F ([T ]) : V⊗m → V⊗n is an isotopy
invariant.— In particular for a link L, we have F ([L]) : R → R. So F ([L])
acts as multiplication by a Laurent polynomial PL(q) ∈ R.— Indeed, we can reconstruct the Jones polynomial by making a
particular choice of F for k = 2!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 59: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
12
Invariants of tangles
— Let R = C[q,q−1] and V = Rk be a free R-module, k ≥ 2.— One can construct a functor F : T → modR of tensor
categories such that F (X ) = V ⊗R V ⊗R · · · ⊗R V︸ ︷︷ ︸length(X)
(Reshetikhin and Turaev 1990).
— If T is a tangle, then F ([T ]) : V⊗m → V⊗n is an isotopyinvariant.
— In particular for a link L, we have F ([L]) : R → R. So F ([L])acts as multiplication by a Laurent polynomial PL(q) ∈ R.
— Indeed, we can reconstruct the Jones polynomial by making aparticular choice of F for k = 2!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 60: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
12
Invariants of tangles
— Let R = C[q,q−1] and V = Rk be a free R-module, k ≥ 2.— One can construct a functor F : T → modR of tensor
categories such that F (X ) = V ⊗R V ⊗R · · · ⊗R V︸ ︷︷ ︸length(X)
(Reshetikhin and Turaev 1990).— If T is a tangle, then F ([T ]) : V⊗m → V⊗n is an isotopy
invariant.
— In particular for a link L, we have F ([L]) : R → R. So F ([L])acts as multiplication by a Laurent polynomial PL(q) ∈ R.
— Indeed, we can reconstruct the Jones polynomial by making aparticular choice of F for k = 2!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 61: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
12
Invariants of tangles
— Let R = C[q,q−1] and V = Rk be a free R-module, k ≥ 2.— One can construct a functor F : T → modR of tensor
categories such that F (X ) = V ⊗R V ⊗R · · · ⊗R V︸ ︷︷ ︸length(X)
(Reshetikhin and Turaev 1990).— If T is a tangle, then F ([T ]) : V⊗m → V⊗n is an isotopy
invariant.— In particular for a link L, we have F ([L]) : R → R.
So F ([L])acts as multiplication by a Laurent polynomial PL(q) ∈ R.
— Indeed, we can reconstruct the Jones polynomial by making aparticular choice of F for k = 2!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 62: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
12
Invariants of tangles
— Let R = C[q,q−1] and V = Rk be a free R-module, k ≥ 2.— One can construct a functor F : T → modR of tensor
categories such that F (X ) = V ⊗R V ⊗R · · · ⊗R V︸ ︷︷ ︸length(X)
(Reshetikhin and Turaev 1990).— If T is a tangle, then F ([T ]) : V⊗m → V⊗n is an isotopy
invariant.— In particular for a link L, we have F ([L]) : R → R. So F ([L])
acts as multiplication by a Laurent polynomial PL(q) ∈ R.
— Indeed, we can reconstruct the Jones polynomial by making aparticular choice of F for k = 2!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 63: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
12
Invariants of tangles
— Let R = C[q,q−1] and V = Rk be a free R-module, k ≥ 2.— One can construct a functor F : T → modR of tensor
categories such that F (X ) = V ⊗R V ⊗R · · · ⊗R V︸ ︷︷ ︸length(X)
(Reshetikhin and Turaev 1990).— If T is a tangle, then F ([T ]) : V⊗m → V⊗n is an isotopy
invariant.— In particular for a link L, we have F ([L]) : R → R. So F ([L])
acts as multiplication by a Laurent polynomial PL(q) ∈ R.— Indeed, we can reconstruct the Jones polynomial by making a
particular choice of F for k = 2!
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 64: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above, for example:
◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → R
and R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 65: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above, for example:
◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → R
and R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 66: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic
if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above, for example:
◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → R
and R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 67: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy
and the Reidemeister moves.— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for the
generators above, for example:◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦
— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → Rand R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 68: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above, for example:
◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → R
and R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 69: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above,
for example:◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦
— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → Rand R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 70: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above, for example:
◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦
— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → Rand R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 71: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above, for example:
◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → R
and R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations
and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 72: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above, for example:
◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → R
and R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 73: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
13
Construction of the invariants— All morphisms in T are generated, using composition and ⊗,
by six elementary ones:
— As for links, two tangles are isotopic if and only if theirdiagrams can be transformed to each other using planarisotopy and the Reidemeister moves.
— This can be translated into a finite list of relations for thegenerators above, for example:
◦ ◦ = ◦ ◦— It is enough to define six R-linear maps V⊗2 → V⊗2, V⊗2 → R
and R → V⊗2 satisfying these relations and this uniquelydefines the functor F : T → modR.
— Based on work of Turaev and Yetter, around 1988.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 74: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
14
YB-equation and quantum groups
— Put Φ = F ( ), recall Reidemeister III:
— This forces Φ to satisfy
(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV ) = (IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ),
a so called quantum Yang-Baxter equation.— Solutions to this equation are called R-matrices.— In order to construct them, Drinfeld and Jimbo independently
introduced quantum groups (around 1985)—a class ofassociative non-commutative algebras.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 75: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
14
YB-equation and quantum groups
— Put Φ = F ( ), recall Reidemeister III:— This forces Φ to satisfy
(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV ) = (IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ),
a so called quantum Yang-Baxter equation.— Solutions to this equation are called R-matrices.— In order to construct them, Drinfeld and Jimbo independently
introduced quantum groups (around 1985)—a class ofassociative non-commutative algebras.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 76: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
14
YB-equation and quantum groups
— Put Φ = F ( ), recall Reidemeister III:— This forces Φ to satisfy
(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV ) = (IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ),
a so called quantum Yang-Baxter equation.
— Solutions to this equation are called R-matrices.— In order to construct them, Drinfeld and Jimbo independently
introduced quantum groups (around 1985)—a class ofassociative non-commutative algebras.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 77: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
14
YB-equation and quantum groups
— Put Φ = F ( ), recall Reidemeister III:— This forces Φ to satisfy
(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV ) = (IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ),
a so called quantum Yang-Baxter equation.— Solutions to this equation are called R-matrices.
— In order to construct them, Drinfeld and Jimbo independentlyintroduced quantum groups (around 1985)—a class ofassociative non-commutative algebras.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 78: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
14
YB-equation and quantum groups
— Put Φ = F ( ), recall Reidemeister III:— This forces Φ to satisfy
(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV ) = (IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ),
a so called quantum Yang-Baxter equation.— Solutions to this equation are called R-matrices.— In order to construct them, Drinfeld and Jimbo independently
introduced quantum groups (around 1985)—
a class ofassociative non-commutative algebras.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 79: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
14
YB-equation and quantum groups
— Put Φ = F ( ), recall Reidemeister III:— This forces Φ to satisfy
(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV ) = (IdV⊗Φ)◦(Φ⊗IdV )◦(IdV⊗Φ),
a so called quantum Yang-Baxter equation.— Solutions to this equation are called R-matrices.— In order to construct them, Drinfeld and Jimbo independently
introduced quantum groups (around 1985)—a class ofassociative non-commutative algebras.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 80: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2)
defined asthe associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1 and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X) is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).— This refers to the sl2-case from the title. One can also consider
other quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 81: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2) defined as
the associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]
with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1 and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X) is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).— This refers to the sl2-case from the title. One can also consider
other quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 82: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2) defined as
the associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1
and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X) is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).— This refers to the sl2-case from the title. One can also consider
other quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 83: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2) defined as
the associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1 and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X) is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).— This refers to the sl2-case from the title. One can also consider
other quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 84: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2) defined as
the associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1 and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module
such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X) is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).— This refers to the sl2-case from the title. One can also consider
other quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 85: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2) defined as
the associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1 and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X)
is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).— This refers to the sl2-case from the title. One can also consider
other quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 86: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2) defined as
the associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1 and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X) is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).
— This refers to the sl2-case from the title. One can also considerother quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 87: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2) defined as
the associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1 and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X) is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).— This refers to the sl2-case from the title.
One can also considerother quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 88: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
15
The sl2-case— One representative of quantum groups is Uq(sl2) defined as
the associative non-commutative algebra over R = C[q,q−1]with generators E ,F ,K ,K−1 and relations:• KK−1 = 1 = K−1K ,• KEK−1 = q2E ,• KFK−1 = q−2F ,• EF − FE = K 2−K−2
q−q−1 .
— In fact, we can equip V = R2 with a structure of a leftUq(sl2)-module such that the functor F sending X toV⊗length(X) is actually a functor
F : T → modUq(sl2).— This refers to the sl2-case from the title. One can also consider
other quantum groups.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 89: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
16
Outline
1. Knots and links
2. The tangle category and quantum groups
3. Categorification
4. Lie algebras and the category O
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 90: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m
a category Cm
tangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n
a functor Cm → Cn
link (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1]
a complex(Khovanov homology)
— We require that:• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopic
tangles yield isomorphic functors),• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 91: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 92: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)
— We require that:• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopic
tangles yield isomorphic functors),• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 93: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant
(more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 94: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 95: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 96: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn.
Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 97: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups.
Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 98: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant
(vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 99: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 100: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C),
F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 101: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
17
First stepsTopological objects Alg. invariants Categorification(±,±, . . . ,±) V⊗m a category Cmtangle (up to isotopy) V⊗m → V⊗n a functor Cm → Cnlink (up to isotopy) f (x) ∈ C[q,q−1] a complex
(Khovanov homology)— We require that:
• the functor be an isotopy invariant (more precisely, isotopictangles yield isomorphic functors),
• composition of tangles correspond to composition of functors.
— We also wish to reconstruct V⊗m → V⊗n from Cm → Cn. Thisis done by passing to the Grothendieck groups. Thus, we infact categorify the algebraic invariant (vector spaces 7→categories, linear maps 7→ functors).
— In our case, C0 = Db(grmod C), F : C0 → C0 determined by FC.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 102: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
18
Grothendieck groups— If C is an abelian category,
then the (complexified)Grothendieck group of C, denoted by K0(C), is a C-vectorspace defined by• basis {[X ] | X ∈ C},• relations: [Y ] = [X ] + [Z ] for each exact sequence
0→ X → Y → Z → 0.
— If C is a triangulated category, we can do the same trick withtriangles.
— Well known: if C is abelian, then K0(C) ∼= K0(Db(C)) viaC → Db(C).
— Note:• K0(C0) ∼= C[q,q−1] for C0 = Db(grmod C). The action of q
corresponds to the shift in grading.• We want K0(Cm) ∼= V⊗m ∼= R2m
(where R = C[q,q−1]).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 103: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
18
Grothendieck groups— If C is an abelian category, then the (complexified)
Grothendieck group of C, denoted by K0(C), is a C-vectorspace defined by• basis {[X ] | X ∈ C},
• relations: [Y ] = [X ] + [Z ] for each exact sequence0→ X → Y → Z → 0.
— If C is a triangulated category, we can do the same trick withtriangles.
— Well known: if C is abelian, then K0(C) ∼= K0(Db(C)) viaC → Db(C).
— Note:• K0(C0) ∼= C[q,q−1] for C0 = Db(grmod C). The action of q
corresponds to the shift in grading.• We want K0(Cm) ∼= V⊗m ∼= R2m
(where R = C[q,q−1]).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 104: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
18
Grothendieck groups— If C is an abelian category, then the (complexified)
Grothendieck group of C, denoted by K0(C), is a C-vectorspace defined by• basis {[X ] | X ∈ C},• relations: [Y ] = [X ] + [Z ] for each exact sequence
0→ X → Y → Z → 0.
— If C is a triangulated category, we can do the same trick withtriangles.
— Well known: if C is abelian, then K0(C) ∼= K0(Db(C)) viaC → Db(C).
— Note:• K0(C0) ∼= C[q,q−1] for C0 = Db(grmod C). The action of q
corresponds to the shift in grading.• We want K0(Cm) ∼= V⊗m ∼= R2m
(where R = C[q,q−1]).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 105: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
18
Grothendieck groups— If C is an abelian category, then the (complexified)
Grothendieck group of C, denoted by K0(C), is a C-vectorspace defined by• basis {[X ] | X ∈ C},• relations: [Y ] = [X ] + [Z ] for each exact sequence
0→ X → Y → Z → 0.
— If C is a triangulated category, we can do the same trick withtriangles.
— Well known: if C is abelian, then K0(C) ∼= K0(Db(C)) viaC → Db(C).
— Note:• K0(C0) ∼= C[q,q−1] for C0 = Db(grmod C). The action of q
corresponds to the shift in grading.• We want K0(Cm) ∼= V⊗m ∼= R2m
(where R = C[q,q−1]).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 106: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
18
Grothendieck groups— If C is an abelian category, then the (complexified)
Grothendieck group of C, denoted by K0(C), is a C-vectorspace defined by• basis {[X ] | X ∈ C},• relations: [Y ] = [X ] + [Z ] for each exact sequence
0→ X → Y → Z → 0.
— If C is a triangulated category, we can do the same trick withtriangles.
— Well known: if C is abelian, then K0(C) ∼= K0(Db(C)) viaC → Db(C).
— Note:• K0(C0) ∼= C[q,q−1] for C0 = Db(grmod C). The action of q
corresponds to the shift in grading.• We want K0(Cm) ∼= V⊗m ∼= R2m
(where R = C[q,q−1]).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 107: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
18
Grothendieck groups— If C is an abelian category, then the (complexified)
Grothendieck group of C, denoted by K0(C), is a C-vectorspace defined by• basis {[X ] | X ∈ C},• relations: [Y ] = [X ] + [Z ] for each exact sequence
0→ X → Y → Z → 0.
— If C is a triangulated category, we can do the same trick withtriangles.
— Well known: if C is abelian, then K0(C) ∼= K0(Db(C)) viaC → Db(C).
— Note:• K0(C0) ∼= C[q,q−1] for C0 = Db(grmod C).
The action of qcorresponds to the shift in grading.
• We want K0(Cm) ∼= V⊗m ∼= R2m(where R = C[q,q−1]).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 108: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
18
Grothendieck groups— If C is an abelian category, then the (complexified)
Grothendieck group of C, denoted by K0(C), is a C-vectorspace defined by• basis {[X ] | X ∈ C},• relations: [Y ] = [X ] + [Z ] for each exact sequence
0→ X → Y → Z → 0.
— If C is a triangulated category, we can do the same trick withtriangles.
— Well known: if C is abelian, then K0(C) ∼= K0(Db(C)) viaC → Db(C).
— Note:• K0(C0) ∼= C[q,q−1] for C0 = Db(grmod C). The action of q
corresponds to the shift in grading.
• We want K0(Cm) ∼= V⊗m ∼= R2m(where R = C[q,q−1]).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 109: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
18
Grothendieck groups— If C is an abelian category, then the (complexified)
Grothendieck group of C, denoted by K0(C), is a C-vectorspace defined by• basis {[X ] | X ∈ C},• relations: [Y ] = [X ] + [Z ] for each exact sequence
0→ X → Y → Z → 0.
— If C is a triangulated category, we can do the same trick withtriangles.
— Well known: if C is abelian, then K0(C) ∼= K0(Db(C)) viaC → Db(C).
— Note:• K0(C0) ∼= C[q,q−1] for C0 = Db(grmod C). The action of q
corresponds to the shift in grading.• We want K0(Cm) ∼= V⊗m ∼= R2m
(where R = C[q,q−1]).
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19
What are the categories and functors?
— Bernstein, Frenkel and Khovanov 1999; Stroppel 2005:• Cm =
⊕mi=0Oi,m−i
where each Oi,m−i is a graded version of aparabolic subcategory of the principal block of the category Ofor slm.
• Cm → Cn are so-called projective functors.— Khovanov 2002; Khovanov and Chen 2006:
• Cm = Db(grmodA), where A is a combinatorially defined gradedalgebra.
— Cautis and Kamnitzer• Cm are derived categories of equivariant sheaves on certain
smooth projective varieties.
— Beyond the sl2-case: Cautis and Kamnitzer, Sussan,Mazorchuk and Stroppel and others.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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19
What are the categories and functors?
— Bernstein, Frenkel and Khovanov 1999; Stroppel 2005:• Cm =
⊕mi=0Oi,m−i where each Oi,m−i is a graded version of a
parabolic subcategory of the principal block of the category Ofor slm.
• Cm → Cn are so-called projective functors.— Khovanov 2002; Khovanov and Chen 2006:
• Cm = Db(grmodA), where A is a combinatorially defined gradedalgebra.
— Cautis and Kamnitzer• Cm are derived categories of equivariant sheaves on certain
smooth projective varieties.
— Beyond the sl2-case: Cautis and Kamnitzer, Sussan,Mazorchuk and Stroppel and others.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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19
What are the categories and functors?
— Bernstein, Frenkel and Khovanov 1999; Stroppel 2005:• Cm =
⊕mi=0Oi,m−i where each Oi,m−i is a graded version of a
parabolic subcategory of the principal block of the category Ofor slm.
• Cm → Cn are so-called projective functors.
— Khovanov 2002; Khovanov and Chen 2006:• Cm = Db(grmodA), where A is a combinatorially defined graded
algebra.— Cautis and Kamnitzer
• Cm are derived categories of equivariant sheaves on certainsmooth projective varieties.
— Beyond the sl2-case: Cautis and Kamnitzer, Sussan,Mazorchuk and Stroppel and others.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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19
What are the categories and functors?
— Bernstein, Frenkel and Khovanov 1999; Stroppel 2005:• Cm =
⊕mi=0Oi,m−i where each Oi,m−i is a graded version of a
parabolic subcategory of the principal block of the category Ofor slm.
• Cm → Cn are so-called projective functors.— Khovanov 2002; Khovanov and Chen 2006:
• Cm = Db(grmodA), where A is a combinatorially defined gradedalgebra.
— Cautis and Kamnitzer• Cm are derived categories of equivariant sheaves on certain
smooth projective varieties.
— Beyond the sl2-case: Cautis and Kamnitzer, Sussan,Mazorchuk and Stroppel and others.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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19
What are the categories and functors?
— Bernstein, Frenkel and Khovanov 1999; Stroppel 2005:• Cm =
⊕mi=0Oi,m−i where each Oi,m−i is a graded version of a
parabolic subcategory of the principal block of the category Ofor slm.
• Cm → Cn are so-called projective functors.— Khovanov 2002; Khovanov and Chen 2006:
• Cm = Db(grmodA), where A is a combinatorially defined gradedalgebra.
— Cautis and Kamnitzer• Cm are derived categories of equivariant sheaves on certain
smooth projective varieties.
— Beyond the sl2-case: Cautis and Kamnitzer, Sussan,Mazorchuk and Stroppel and others.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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19
What are the categories and functors?
— Bernstein, Frenkel and Khovanov 1999; Stroppel 2005:• Cm =
⊕mi=0Oi,m−i where each Oi,m−i is a graded version of a
parabolic subcategory of the principal block of the category Ofor slm.
• Cm → Cn are so-called projective functors.— Khovanov 2002; Khovanov and Chen 2006:
• Cm = Db(grmodA), where A is a combinatorially defined gradedalgebra.
— Cautis and Kamnitzer• Cm are derived categories of equivariant sheaves on certain
smooth projective varieties.
— Beyond the sl2-case: Cautis and Kamnitzer, Sussan,Mazorchuk and Stroppel and others.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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19
What are the categories and functors?
— Bernstein, Frenkel and Khovanov 1999; Stroppel 2005:• Cm =
⊕mi=0Oi,m−i where each Oi,m−i is a graded version of a
parabolic subcategory of the principal block of the category Ofor slm.
• Cm → Cn are so-called projective functors.— Khovanov 2002; Khovanov and Chen 2006:
• Cm = Db(grmodA), where A is a combinatorially defined gradedalgebra.
— Cautis and Kamnitzer• Cm are derived categories of equivariant sheaves on certain
smooth projective varieties.
— Beyond the sl2-case: Cautis and Kamnitzer, Sussan,Mazorchuk and Stroppel and others.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 117: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
20
Outline
1. Knots and links
2. The tangle category and quantum groups
3. Categorification
4. Lie algebras and the category O
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.
— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (00
10), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA. slk is a Lie algebra.— Important: We have the triangular decomposition
slk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.— An slk -module is complex vector space W together with a
linear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (0
010), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA. slk is a Lie algebra.— Important: We have the triangular decomposition
slk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.— An slk -module is complex vector space W together with a
linear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (0
010), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA.
slk is a Lie algebra.— Important: We have the triangular decomposition
slk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.— An slk -module is complex vector space W together with a
linear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (0
010), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA. slk is a Lie algebra.
— Important: We have the triangular decompositionslk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.
— An slk -module is complex vector space W together with alinear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (0
010), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA. slk is a Lie algebra.— Important: We have the triangular decomposition
slk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.
— An slk -module is complex vector space W together with alinear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (0
010), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA. slk is a Lie algebra.— Important: We have the triangular decomposition
slk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.— An slk -module is complex vector space W
together with alinear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 124: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (0
010), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA. slk is a Lie algebra.— Important: We have the triangular decomposition
slk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.— An slk -module is complex vector space W together with a
linear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk
such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 125: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (0
010), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA. slk is a Lie algebra.— Important: We have the triangular decomposition
slk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.— An slk -module is complex vector space W together with a
linear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 126: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
21
Representations of slk
— Recall: slk = {A ∈ Mk×k (C) | tr M = 0}.— Example: sl2 = C · E ,F ,H where E = (0
010), F = (0
100),
H = (10
0−1).
— If A,B ∈ slk , so is [A,B] := AB − BA. slk is a Lie algebra.— Important: We have the triangular decomposition
slk = n− ⊕ h⊕ n+.— An slk -module is complex vector space W together with a
linear action w 7→ A · w for each A ∈ slk such that[A,B]w = A · (B · w)− B · (A · w) for all A,B ∈ slk and w ∈W .
— A weight space Wα corresponding to α : h→ C is defined asWα = {w ∈W | H · w = α(H)w for each H ∈ h}.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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22
Weight lattices and root systems
sl2:
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
EF
sl3:
E1F1
E2
F2
E12
F12
Legend:fundamental weights
rootsother weights walls
Components delimited by walls are called chambers.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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22
Weight lattices and root systems
sl2:−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
EF
sl3:
E1F1
E2
F2
E12
F12
Legend:fundamental weights
roots
other weights
wallsComponents delimited by walls are called chambers.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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22
Weight lattices and root systems
sl2:−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
EF
sl3: E1F1
E2
F2
E12
F12
Legend:fundamental weights rootsother weights
wallsComponents delimited by walls are called chambers.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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22
Weight lattices and root systems
sl2:−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
EF
sl3: E1F1
E2
F2
E12
F12
Legend:fundamental weights rootsother weights walls
Components delimited by walls are called chambers.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 131: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
22
Weight lattices and root systems
sl2:−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
EF
sl3: E1F1
E2
F2
E12
F12
Legend:fundamental weights rootsother weights walls
Components delimited by walls are called chambers.
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 132: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
23
The category O
— Introduced by Bernstein, Gelfand and Gelfand, 1976.
— The category O for slk is the category formed by allslk -modules W such that
• W is finitely generated over slk ,• W decomposes into weight spaces,• W is locally n+-finite.
— There is a canonical decomposition O =⊕Oλ, where λ runs
over all weights in a fixed chamber (including walls),a so-called block decomposition.
— For each λ, Oλ is equivalent to modAλ, where Aλ is a gradedfinite dimensional algebra over C (grading due to Beilinson,Ginzburg and Soergel, 1996).
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23
The category O
— Introduced by Bernstein, Gelfand and Gelfand, 1976.— The category O for slk is the category formed by all
slk -modules W such that
• W is finitely generated over slk ,• W decomposes into weight spaces,• W is locally n+-finite.
— There is a canonical decomposition O =⊕Oλ, where λ runs
over all weights in a fixed chamber (including walls),a so-called block decomposition.
— For each λ, Oλ is equivalent to modAλ, where Aλ is a gradedfinite dimensional algebra over C (grading due to Beilinson,Ginzburg and Soergel, 1996).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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23
The category O
— Introduced by Bernstein, Gelfand and Gelfand, 1976.— The category O for slk is the category formed by all
slk -modules W such that
• W is finitely generated over slk ,• W decomposes into weight spaces,• W is locally n+-finite.
— There is a canonical decomposition O =⊕Oλ,
where λ runsover all weights in a fixed chamber (including walls),a so-called block decomposition.
— For each λ, Oλ is equivalent to modAλ, where Aλ is a gradedfinite dimensional algebra over C (grading due to Beilinson,Ginzburg and Soergel, 1996).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
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23
The category O
— Introduced by Bernstein, Gelfand and Gelfand, 1976.— The category O for slk is the category formed by all
slk -modules W such that
• W is finitely generated over slk ,• W decomposes into weight spaces,• W is locally n+-finite.
— There is a canonical decomposition O =⊕Oλ, where λ runs
over all weights in a fixed chamber (including walls),
a so-called block decomposition.— For each λ, Oλ is equivalent to modAλ, where Aλ is a graded
finite dimensional algebra over C (grading due to Beilinson,Ginzburg and Soergel, 1996).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 136: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
23
The category O
— Introduced by Bernstein, Gelfand and Gelfand, 1976.— The category O for slk is the category formed by all
slk -modules W such that
• W is finitely generated over slk ,• W decomposes into weight spaces,• W is locally n+-finite.
— There is a canonical decomposition O =⊕Oλ, where λ runs
over all weights in a fixed chamber (including walls),a so-called block decomposition.
— For each λ, Oλ is equivalent to modAλ, where Aλ is a gradedfinite dimensional algebra over C (grading due to Beilinson,Ginzburg and Soergel, 1996).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 137: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
23
The category O
— Introduced by Bernstein, Gelfand and Gelfand, 1976.— The category O for slk is the category formed by all
slk -modules W such that
• W is finitely generated over slk ,• W decomposes into weight spaces,• W is locally n+-finite.
— There is a canonical decomposition O =⊕Oλ, where λ runs
over all weights in a fixed chamber (including walls),a so-called block decomposition.
— For each λ, Oλ is equivalent to modAλ,
where Aλ is a gradedfinite dimensional algebra over C (grading due to Beilinson,Ginzburg and Soergel, 1996).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 138: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
23
The category O
— Introduced by Bernstein, Gelfand and Gelfand, 1976.— The category O for slk is the category formed by all
slk -modules W such that
• W is finitely generated over slk ,• W decomposes into weight spaces,• W is locally n+-finite.
— There is a canonical decomposition O =⊕Oλ, where λ runs
over all weights in a fixed chamber (including walls),a so-called block decomposition.
— For each λ, Oλ is equivalent to modAλ, where Aλ is a gradedfinite dimensional algebra over C
(grading due to Beilinson,Ginzburg and Soergel, 1996).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 139: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
23
The category O
— Introduced by Bernstein, Gelfand and Gelfand, 1976.— The category O for slk is the category formed by all
slk -modules W such that
• W is finitely generated over slk ,• W decomposes into weight spaces,• W is locally n+-finite.
— There is a canonical decomposition O =⊕Oλ, where λ runs
over all weights in a fixed chamber (including walls),a so-called block decomposition.
— For each λ, Oλ is equivalent to modAλ, where Aλ is a gradedfinite dimensional algebra over C (grading due to Beilinson,Ginzburg and Soergel, 1996).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 140: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, then
θλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 141: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.
— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translateonto a wall or out of a wall.
— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, thenθλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 142: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences,
unless we translateonto a wall or out of a wall.
— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, thenθλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 143: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.
— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, thenθλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 144: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, then
θλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall.
These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 145: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, then
θλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 146: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, then
θλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects
—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 147: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, then
θλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading,
parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 148: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, then
θλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories,
Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 149: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, then
θλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences
and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case
![Page 150: Categorification---the sl2 case - Functor valued invariants of knots, …stovicek/math/... · 2009-10-28 · 5 Isotopy classes of knots and links —We usually work with 2-dimensional](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022042003/5e6e92fc7465971ea263890c/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
24
Facts about O, continued— For each pair λ, µ, we have a so-called translation functor
θµλ : Oλ → Oµ
which is exact and preserves projectivity and injectivity.— These functors are often equivalences, unless we translate
onto a wall or out of a wall.— If λ is not on a wall and µ is on a wall, then
θλµ ◦ θ
µλ : Oλ → Oλ
is called a translation through the wall. These are exactly thefunctors Bernstein-Frenkel-Khovanov-Stroppel used for thecategorification.
— To be precise, there are a few more technicalaspects—grading, parabolic subcategories, Enright-Sheltonequivalences and choosing suitable bases for K0(Oλ) (Vermamodules).
www.ntnu.no Jan Št’ovícek, Categorification—the sl2 case