CATT Seminar on Networks ResearchPolytechnic University

March 27, 1999Next Generation Networks

Richard D. Gitlin

Chief Technical Officerand

Data Networking Technology Vice President

Data Networking SystemsLucent Technologies

rich@lucent.com

Next Generation Networks

• Introduction– The Network Revolution– Technology Trends– Applications and Requirements

• Issues and Solutions– Quality of Service– Security– Network Management– High Reliability– Intelligent Networking

• Example: Voice on the Next Generation Network• Summary

This R/Evolution Is Fueled By Unparalleled Customer Demand(and by telecom deregulation and the Internet)

It took about a century to install the world’s first 700 million phone lines; an additional 700 million lines will be deployed over the next 15-20 years

There are more than 200 million wireless subscribers in the world today; an additional 700 million more will be added over the next 15-20 years

There are more than 200 million Cable TV subscribers in the world today; an additional 300 million more will be added over the next 15-20 years

More than 100 million additional Internet users will come on-line by 2001 ---the Net is experiencing a 1000% per year growth! If this trend continues, by 2004 99% of the world’s bandwidth will be Net traffic ---including computer-to-computer communications.

1898 1918 1938 1958 1978 1998 2018

Cable

WirelessWireline

Global InternetUsers

1994 1998 2001

Average Hold Times

Internet Session20 - 30 minutes

Changing Traffic Patterns

Voice Call3 minutes

134M

250M

30M

Worldwide Access Lines

3B

2B

1B

Next Generation Networks (The New Public Network):Current situation

• No longer any debate that wide-area networks based on packet technology will emerge as a compelling alternative to the PSTN

• The new public network will be optimized for IP-based applications and will become the platform for future voice and data service innovations---it will not be based on merging existing legacy voice and data [frame relay, SMDS, IP, …] networks

• Carriers expect that the simpler new network will also reduce costs of operations, equipment and staff and will capitalize on the faster pace of networking element development

• Migration strategies, quality of service (QoS), network management, security, rapid service creation, and reliability are the major concerns of the carrier --as well as the almost $1 Trillion invested in the PSTN

• Almost 80% of the service providers intend to build their multiservice network with an ATM core and about 20% based on IP

• Some principles for the new network– Give customers access choices (DSL, cable, wireless, ISDN, …)– Work hard to optimize IP switching (DiffServ, MPLS, RSVP, ….)– Separate service intelligence from the network transport ---open interface

between intelligent call control features and packet gear– Build IP-based billing and management

A Networking Paradigm Shift Occurring (IP Becomes Dominant WAN and LAN Protocol) SeparateCircuit SwitchedNetwork

Separate Data Networks(Frame Relay, X.25, ATM,Router)

Single Network SupportingVoice & IP Endpoints

•Next-generation data networking –Excellent performance with IP–QoS breakthroughs: wire speed and per flow control–“Route once, switch often” Route at wire speed–Distance transparency and distributed “computing”–Policy driven network management–Directory Enabled–Broadband access–Wireless and optical networking–Silicon and software

•Data on voice (circuits) Voice on data (circuits)•“80/20” Enterprise/WAN data traffic split “20/80”•Networks Network of networks

More than moving voice over the Internet

• Converged, multi-service networks – reduce costs– provide integrated services

• Voice over cell/packet solutions -- VoATM and VoIP

• Virtual Private Networks -- VPNs

• Quality of Service -- QoS

• Accommodate multiple protocols (e.g., IP, ATM, frame relay)• Provide at least today’s voice services (e.g., 3-way connections, hold,

add, forward, toll free, 911) • Interoperate with one another, the Internet and the Public Switched

Telephone Network

“Convergence” Driving Change & QoS

The real challenge is to build converged networks that are as The real challenge is to build converged networks that are as reliable, robust and scalable as voice networksreliable, robust and scalable as voice networks

LEC

SS7

PSTNDB

IP DBs PSTNDB

LEC

SS7

IP IP

Media Gateways,Controllers

“IP” Network

Convergence of Communications Paradigms Leadsto New Services and Requires New Technologies

TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Connections

Tightly Coupled

Centralized Controls

HW Fault Tolerance

Features At Call Set-Up

Obsession With QoS

Low Latency

Data CommunicationsData Communications Connectionless

Loosely Coupled

Loose Controls,Distributed

SW Fault Tolerance

Features During ‘Session’

Little Attention To QoS

High Latency

•Voice over IP•Virtual Private Networks•E-Commerce

•Video & audio streaming, conferencing…multi-media•Mobile Access

•QoS: DiffServ, MPLS, QoS-aware Switches•Multi-Protocol Support: ATM (CBR,VBR,UBR, ABR), IP, IP Over FR/ATM•Multicasting

•Manageability & Intelligent Networking:Policy Driven Nets•Security•High Reliability•Scalability

Common Infrastructure

Applications

The Pace of Technology

Technology Trend

Silicon Chips X2 in density/speed every 18-24 months

Optics X2 in transmission capacity every year

Data/Web X2 Internet subscribers every 2-3 yearsX2 Internet hosts/servers every year

Wireless X1000 in capacity in 5 years

Power X2 MIPs/MW every 2 years (DSPs)

Compression X2 in information density every 5 years

Disruptive Technologies and their Impacton Networking

• Access: – Mbps (home) and Gbps (office) will substantially increase data traffic via xDSL, cable modems, wireless, and optics

• Semiconductors: Atomic-scale transistors will mean

- 64 Gb DRAM, 10 GHz processor clocks and giga-instructions/sec (GIPs)

- Heterogeneous and multi-protocol functions on a chip reduce power/cost

- wire speed processing in data networks

• Optical networking: WDM-fueled bandwidth explosion will

- trade bandwidth for network complexity

- lower risk with new networking solutions (e.g., IP WDM)

• Communications Software: Will spawn

- High performance databases/directories supporting advanced network features (e.g., policy servers)

- Speech recognition, media conversion (e.g., text-to-speech), and network agents to realize value-added intelligent networks

WAN

Enterprise 1IP

RF Access

Enterprise 2ATM

IP Access

IntegratedServices

Node

ATM Access

Cellular

xDSL

Fiber

Fiber

Fixed Wireless

Impact of Transmission Speeds on Networking

• Available WAN bandwidth has been less than LAN bandwidth --- this situation is expected to change at the millennium (WANs no longer a bottleneck for leading edge customers)

– Fiber optic transmission speeds have increased by 50% per year since 1980 (x100 in 10 years)

– LAN bandwidth has increased at 25% per year and WAN bandwidth has remained expensive (shared)

– “Available” curve purchased by leading-edge users (e.g., OC-3c); about 1% of WAN BW

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

LAN

Single Channel Fiber

Multi-Channel (WDM)

Available

T1

T3

OC-3c

Ethernet

Mbp

s

102

10

103

104

105

Fast Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet

Impact of Speeds of Fiber Transmission and Microprocessors on Networking

• Speed gains for microprocessors have kept pace with fiber transmission speeds• The number of instructions available to process an optically transported packet,

using the “hottest” micro has remained constant

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Microprocessor speed (Mhz)

Single Channel Fiber

Multi-Channel (WDM)

Pentium II

Merced

PowerPC

486

386286

Mbp

s or

Mhz

102

10

103

104

105

Pentium III

Single Channel Fiber

Impact of DRAM Memory Size and Transmission Speeds on Networking• With increasing transmission speeds, more packets are “in flight” for a given round trip

propagation time; common error recovery protocols require that one round trip worth of data be stored

• e.g., NY-LA-NY round trip propagation time of 50 ms results in 1 MB for a 155 Mbps link

• Size of DRAM increasing 58% per year

– Effective BW of memory is increasing at about 40%

• Storage capacity and transmission speeds are increasing at the same rate, thus number of chips to hold one “window” of data has remained constant

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

DRAM Size

Multi-Channel (WDM)

256 MB

64 MB

16 MB

4 MB

Mbp

s or

kB

102

10

103

104

105

106

Much More Traffic (leads to much moretraffic --- Metcalfe’s Law)

Metcalfe’s Law: the value of a network grows exponentiallyMetcalfe’s Law: the value of a network grows exponentially with the numberwith the number ofof users users and connected sources and a “network of networks” becomes the organizing and connected sources and a “network of networks” becomes the organizing

principle for most communicationsprinciple for most communications

US Businesses WAN Peak Capacity Will Need to Increase at Least 10X in Three Years

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

1997 1998 1999 2000

Tb/sec

Source: Estimated from projections of data port shipments (Dataquest, 12//97) 56 Billion

Year 20003 Year Growth of

Email Messages

Source: email projections: [Yankee Group]

3.5 Billion1997

Major Requirements for Next Generation Network Applications

QoS HighReliability

NetworkManagement

Security IntelligentNetworking

VoIP

E-Commerce

Multi-Media

Multi-casting

MobileAccess

ValueAdded

Services

VPN

•QoS and security for successful convergence•Virtual Private Networks for converged networks and QoS•Network management directories, policies and intelligent agents for decision support, configuration and QoS

Applications will require:

The Leading Protocols for Transporting Information on Next Generation Networks Are ATM and IP

*Related Items

ATM IP

Speed High to Very High Low to Very High

ConnectionType

Connection-Oriented Connectionless-Oriented Subset of traffic will be connection-oriented (e.g.,

MPLS Explicit Route)

QoS Yes (4-5 Services) Emerging (e.g., DiffServ, IntServ)

PredominantDeployment

Core Networks Access Networks (Multi-service)

To desk top Internet, Corporate LANs Corporate networks emerging

TransmissionEfficiency

High for voice/video Low for data*

Low for voice/video High for data

TransmissionUnit

*Short, fixed-length packets (cells) Variable-length packets

DataApplications

Originally designed for real-timevoice

Evolving to all applications (e.g.,multimedia)

Originally designed for TCP, FTP, … less timecritical applications

Evolving to all applications (eg, multimedia)

Cost Economies of scale favor IP

Issues to Be Solved for Next Generation Networks: QoS

Issues Approaches

QoS

Guarantees beyond Availability Dial Access Blocking Maximum Delay & Jitter Minimum Effective Bandwidth

Allocation of dial ports per VPN or service Static (SLAs) & Dynamic (RSVP) QoS

Requests Resource reservation (provisioning,

MPLS explicit paths, RSVP) Use of QoS aware network elements

Guarantees Individualized SLAs by Class of Service (Application) Customer or groups of

customers (VPN) Flow or connection

Differentiated Services Integrated Services Classification, large multi-priority buffer

pools and buffer management Edge vs Core congestion control Policing , shaping, marking

Application & SourcePerformance Issues(e.g., Latency, Jitter)

Reduction of large frequentlyencountered latency andresponse time

Efficiency of network traffic

Caching Network and Server Load Balancing Efficient Multicasting Mirroring Firewall/Proxy Server Farms Private Peering Agreements

How Will IP Networks Approach the Performance of ATM Networks?

• Implementing wire speed switches

• Decreasing effect of IP packet variability and header size with transmission of higher speeds

• Selecting good designs and paths with VPN Designer expert system

• Making IP connection oriented via MPLS, per flow queueing

• Implementing QoS infrastructure akin to PNNI

• Using policies and directories to enable QoS

• Exploiting ASICS for congestion control directly on flows

• Executing congestion control within core instead of at edge

SLA

ReliabilityBlocking

DynamicSLA

ReliabilityBlockingLatency

JitterLoss

The Past The Future

Next Generation Switches

• Wire speed traffic classification and filtering

– No performance degradation when filtering or QoS is switched on• Complete traffic isolation:

– Can meet Service Level Agreements without the need for over-provisioning• Guaranteed minimum bandwidth based on source address, destination address, protocol

and/or TCP/UDP port numbers• Hierarchical Weighted Fair Queuing

Site 2

Site 3

VPNDesigner (Central)

Site 1

SLAs

ATM Switch

LSR

LSRLSR

LSR

LSR

LSR

VPNDesigner

(Distributed)

VPNManager System

(Distributed)

Label SwitchingRouter

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

45(T3)

150(OC-3)

600(OC-12)

SPEED MBPS

IP R

EL

AT

IVE

TO

AT

M

Situation•Large IP packets cause longer delays than short ATM packets•Variable IP packets create more jitter than fixed ATM packets•20 Byte IP header causes less economic efficiency than 5 Byte ATM header

(Voice over ATM)

Decreasing Effect of IP Packet Variability and Header Size (Example Application: Voice over ATM vs. Voice over IP)

Natural Solution•IP Performance and Economics Comparable at Speeds beyond OC-12

Allows QoS path optimizationSLAs are easy to implement.Facilitates identifying individual flowsCan be used with IP, ATM, SONET, WDM, ...Supports multi-vendor environmentsComplements Enterprise need for tunnels

Will require building QoS capabilities into OSPF, LDP, RSVP protocols

Make IP Connection Oriented via MPLS...

•Determine and Propagate Enterprise & Network Topology•Translate SLAs for configuration•Determine QoS Paths•Set up ATM VC or MPLS Label Switched paths•Classifies incoming traffic (IP header, port,DS byte)•Forward/route traffic based on forwarding/routing table

•Translate SLAs for Configuration•Determine QoS Paths

Site 2

Site 3

VPNDesigner (Central)

Site 1

SLAs

ATM Switch

LSR

LSRLSR

LSR

LSR

LSR

VPNDesigner

(Distributed)

VPNManager System

(Distributed)

Label SwitchingRouter

IP With MPLS and IP Over ATM For IP QoS Guarantees

IP (MPLS ERLSP*) ATM

Path Definition End-End, Explicit End-End, ExplicitSwitching Level 2 or 2.5 Level 2 or 2.5

QoS Signaling Dynamically Inferredfrom IP or MPLS Header

PVC: StatisticallyConfigured DuringProvisioningSVC: DynamicallyNegotiated at Call SetUp

QoS Control MPLS, DS Byte ATM Adaptation Layer n

Path Set Up LDP, RSVP+ PNNI

Optimum PathDetermination

Off Line; Provisioned inEdge Label SwitchedRouter

PVC: Off Line;Provisioned in ATM Sw.SVC: Dynamic; DuringCall Set Up

Path Re-RoutingAround Failures

Manual; Can beAutomated via NetworkManagement

Dynamic; AutoDetection for ExistingPVCs and new PVCs orSVCs

*ERLSP=Explicitly Routed Label Switched Path

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Utilization of VPN1

Max

imu

m d

elay

in

ms

VPN1

VPN2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Utilization of VPN1

Max

imu

m d

elay

in

ms

VPN 1 (without flow isolation)

VPN 1(with flow isolation)

Both at same priority with no discriminationBoth at same priority with routers using flow isolation ( by VPN) and equal weights for the two VPNs

Benefit of Isolating Flows Price of Not Isolating Flows

Congestion Control of Bad Behavers:Value of Isolating Flows in QoS Management

VPN1 And VPN2 Have The Same Contract ( 0.4 of the DS1 capacity)VPN2 uses 0.52 of the capacity (i.e., 30% more than contract)

•Without flow isolation, all VPNs get unacceptable delay when one creates congestion•With flow isolation, all well behaving VPNs get acceptable delay•With flow isolation, misbehaving VPNs can get acceptable delay only when other VPNs well below contracted load

Reducing Latency: Web Access

With Next Generation Caching www.lucent.com

Client

www.cnnfn.com www.yahoo.com

L4RequestTrap

httpLoad Balance Requests

Router

PULL

Multicast

Request Reply

Request

SolutionPrinciple:Move content closer to users – much lower web access latency – reduced network congestion – higher content availability

Next Steps – pre-fetch “hot” objects – multicast to cache sites – load balance cache sites – high level trap of cache request – support “streaming” multimedia – cache dynamic content – support value-added services

CentralCache Control

CacheSites

Current Situation•High End-to-end latency•High Network load•High Server load•High Cost for ISP and Enterprise

Deploy cache sites in: --- NAP --- Backbone network --- Data center --- ISP --- POP --- Enterprise

CoreNetwork

DataSource

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

MulticastCooperativeServer

MulticastGroup

MulticastGroup

MulticastGroup

MulticastCooperativeServer

CoreNetwork

DataSource

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

DataReceiver

Reducing Latency With Multicasting

Solution: Reduced Latency via•Reduced traffic on core network•Reduced load at data source server•Data closer to receivers•Combination with caching and replication

Obstacles to Overcome•Lack of unique set of protocols•Data synchronization•Reliability, Recovery from lost data•Current implementations too static

Current Situation•Redundant traffic causing needless loading of network and servers•Results in unacceptable latency

Issues to be solved for Next Generation Networks: Security

Security Issues Approaches

Confidentiality Authentication Access Control Audit

Unauthorized network access Inappropriate access to network

resources Disclosure of data Unauthorized modification to

data and software Disclosure of network traffic Spoofing of network traffic Disruption of network functions

Security policies Access control list policies: role based,

discretionary, mandatory (e.g.,RADIUS/DIAMETER Servers)

Authenticate via challenge-response,voice-,fingerprint, fixed signature...

Tunneling to move authentication fromaccess provider to destination enterprise

Intrusion detection: Prevent, active, trap

Integrity

Ensure information cannot bemodified by Intential tampering Human error Diaster events

Firewalls Encryption, Public Key Infrastructure

(PKI), Certificate Authorities Tunneling: IPSec, L2TP, PPTP VPNs and IPSec compliant VPNs Network Address Translation (NAT)

Availability

Prevent resources from beingdepleted or becominginaccessible when needed Protection from abusive

sources (e.g., mail spam) Denial of service attacks

ICSA Certification Automatic network device discovery Incident trap and response capability Data integrity/validation & audit controls System redundancy and high availability

General

Endpoints with non-registered IPaddresses over a globally routedpublic network will not be routedor will cause confusion

Allow users to use non-IPprotocols (e.g. IPX, AppleTalk)over an IP network

NAT at the interfaces between theenterprise and the public network

End-end tunneling hides addressing andlegacy protocols (MPLS, IP-in-IP)

Service provider tunnels mask addresses Virtual Routers to handle multiple

customers’ private addressing

Requirements for Access to VPNs

VPN Requirements• Private Addressing: to allow access to corporate network resources (Tunneling and

Network Address Translation)• Security: authentication of users and privacy of user data as it goes over the network

(RADIUS/DIAMETER, Tunneling)• Legacy Protocols: allow user to use non-IP protocols (e.g. IPX, AppleTalk) over an IP

network (Tunneling)• Performance: provide a level of performance comparable to that of private networks (QoS)• Network Management: provide customer management of the VPN (monitoring,

reconfiguration,..)

Issue: Tunneling addresses many VPN requirements but makes QoS more difficult since flow information becomes hidden in the core

InternetIPsec

RASAuthentication

Server

ISP

LNS

ISP

AuthenticationServer

CertificateServer

RADIUS

PPP/L2TP

PPPRAS

RRRR

IPSec

CertificateAuthority Internet

Dial: Telecommuters and remote office access to a corporate site

Dedicated: Branch office access to a corporate site

Evolving Tunneling Options

Benefits Disadvantages

IP-IP

Hides native IP packet Supports private addressing Can handle “special” routing situations

Mainly manual tunnel set up Basic tunnel features Easy to spoof

IPsec

Industry security standard Powerful authentication and encryption

protocols protect integrity and confidentiality Works with variety of encryption methods Has tunneling mode (IP-IP benefits) Certificate Authority provides scalable

framework for key distribution and management

Expect service providers tooffer soon

Packets within tunnel can getQoS in backbone based onsource/destination addressand Type of Service

L2TP

Industry Layer 2 tunneling standard IP-IP benefits plus can carry non-IP protocols Can extend PPP end-point from Service provider

RAS to enterprise router. Allows User authentication by corporate RADIUS server Private address assignment to user by corporate server

Additional overhead All packets within tunnel getsame QoS treatment bybackbone network elements

Expect service providers tooffer soon

L2TP

RAS/LAC

RAS/Router

Router/LNS Firewall

RADIUSServer

ISPBackbone

Host

USER SERVICE PROVIDER CORPORATE NETWORK

PC

IPsec

RAS = Remote Access Server (modem pool)LAC = L2TP Access ClientLNS = L2TP Network Server

LEC

IP-IP

Issues to Be Solved for Next Generation Networks: Network Management

Issues Approaches Complex networks with many

services lack data coordination &integration

Introduce directories intomanagement process

NetworkManagement

Each device is statically managed andhas its own related data

Demand for service management in aworld of device management today.

Introduce integration of servicemanagement and related dataintegration

Need for offer policies (e.g., VPN) inconjunction with technology policies(e.g., QoS)

Integrate QoS, Route, Security…servers

Need for more dynamic and timelymanagement of network

Make policy management reactive tonetwork conditions as well asprescriptive.

Expert system control of provisioningparameters and server policies

Current paradigm has following problems:•Individual Device management•Device Manager per vendor•Device Manager per product•No unified configuration store•Network Manager and Device have Client-Server model and are not peers

Historical Network Management/Policy Paradigm

Device Manager (NMS)

Data store

Network Device

Agent

NVRAMNetwork Device

Agent

NVRAM

SNMP

DeviceManager (2)

Data store

Network Device

Agent

NVRAM

Evolving to Next Generation Network ManagementCurrent Situation•Independent device andindependent servicesmanagement•Table-driven device functions•Client(NM)-Server(Device) architecture•SNMP

The Future•Distributed policymanagement•Integrated servicesthrough policies•Reactive agents added•Complex & reactivepolicy capabilities

Near Term•Directories drive dataunification•Central policy managementon service basis•Dynamic device functions•Policy agents added

Network DeviceNetwork Device

Radius

DNS/DHCP

Network Management

Network Device

Policy Administration

Policy Support Services

(VPN Designer)

PolicyDistribution

Network Device

Radius

DNS/DHCP

LDAP

Network Management

COPSTechnology

SpecificConfigurations

TechnologyPolicyServers

BusinessPolicyServersSNMP

Complex Networks and New Dynamic Services DriveChanges to Policy Management and Infrastructure

Software

DeviceManagement

NetworkManagement

PolicyManagement

Monitoring

Static FilterTables

UnifiedConfiguratio

n

Dynamically Updated Filter Tables

CentralizedPolicy

Management

Reactive Policy Agents

DistributedPolicy Management

ProceduralPolicy Agents

Devices

Self-healingNetworks

UnmanagedNetworks

Solutions•Technology Policy Service Policy•Protocol Based Management Tables Common Information Model•Configuration Policy Management•Provisioned Dynamic Reactive Policy

Issues•Management is device configuration; needs to be offer & service related•Associated data is per device per vendor and largely in tables; needs to be integrated and for the offer or service•Data inconsistency and synchronization problems since data repeated for devices•Management rules need to respond to changes in network conditions

Meta Directory Solution•All directory changes are arbitrated through the Meta-Directory• Meta-Directory maintains consistency between information in each physical directory/database

– Appearance of a single directory to Network Manager–Single entry link to other directories

Meta-Directory Is A Band-aid •Does not resolve any overlapping schema issues

Meta-Directory

Directory Evolution: Near Future

NetworkDevice

LDAP

Directory

Datastore

Directory

Datastore

Directory

Datastore

AddressPolicyServer

QoSPolicyServer

COPSDHCP

DirectoryManagement

Interface

Solution•Policy scripts

– Distributed by Policy Server– Interpreted by Network Devices– Alternative to COPS/DIAMETER

• Network Device uses Directory for configuration

• Policy Server uses Directory for decision support and policy storage

• Policy Server and Directory Access Client both manipulate device data structures

Network Management (The Future): Supporting Complex and Reactive Policies

Network Device

PolicyPolicyInterpreterInterpreter

andandProcessorProcessor

DirectoryAccessClient

RTOSFilter

TablesConfigData PolicyPolicy

ServerServer

DirectoryAccessClient

PolicyPolicyManagerManager

(PIP)(PIP)

Directory

DecisionSupport

Info

Distribution

LDAP

Management &Management &Decision SupportDecision Support

ConfigurationActivities

Policies Are Represented as Scripts

Example Voice over IP Application:What is Required to Support VoIP With QoS?

Voice over IP (VoIP) Architecture Requirements

• Today’s products do not scale well. Need to separate signaling from media transport and control for large scalable networks

– Media Gateways ~ 1000’s

– Media Gateway Controllers/Gate Keepers ~ 10’s,

– Signaling Gateways < 10

• Today’s solutions do not interface with value added feature data bases or Signaling Control Points (SCPs). Voice feature support requires interaction with existing and future SCPs such as

– Local Number Portability (LNP), 800, SDN, ...

• VoIP is growing much faster than multimedia over IP. Thus, focus on voice protocol simplification first.

• Commercial Success of VoIP (including VPNs) will require QoS

– Call Admission

– Media Transport

Near Term Evolution of VoIP Architecture:Functional View

* Proposed ProtocolH.323+ = H.225+ & H.245H.323++ = H.225+, H.245 & Annex G

Challenges (Mainly Due to Number of Devices)

•Call Set Up Time•Reliability•Voice Quality

•QoS Guarantees•Network Management•Cost/Minute

SS7

TBD

MGCP/MDCP/H.gcp*

T1,PRI

RTP/UDP/IP,Ethernet

H.323+,SIP

TCAP/SS7

LDAP/IP* ,RADIUS

H.323++/SIP+

TCAP/IP

MediaGateway

New VoIPData Bases,Servers

Existing VoiceFeature Servers• User Authentication.

• Accounting• Routing

New VoIPData Bases,Servers

Existing VoiceFeature Servers

• Local Number Portability• SDN• 800

SignalingGateway

Media GWController

MediaGateway

SignalingGateway

Media GWController

GateKeeper

GateKeeper

ER ER

LEC

SS7Net

LEC

SS7Net

Voice Circuitto

IP Connection

Voice Circuitto

IP Connection

D-ChannelSignaling

Translation

D-ChannelSignaling

TranslationCallControl

Functions

CallControl

Functions

GatewaysBetweenDomains

“IP” Network

CAC=Call/Connection Admission ControlDS=DiffServ Byte in IP Header

802.1p

802.1p

DS DS

802.1p

DS

CAC

CAC

CAC

“IP” Network

LEC

SS7

LEC

SS7

DSMedia

GatewayMedia

Gateway

SignalingGateway Signaling

Gateway

Media GWController

Media GWController

GateKeeper

GateKeeper

QoS Policy,Manager

Requirements for Future QoS VoIP Architecture•QoS Aware Network Elements•QoS Protocols

•MPLS, RSVP, LDP in IP Network•802.1p on Ethernet LANs•DiffServ on IP

•Call/Connection Admission Control•QoS Policy•QoS Network Management

Summary: What to Expect in Transition tothe Next Generation Network

• Data applications dominate network traffic– Multimedia, collaborative systems have increased acceptance– Network driven to data networking solution– Data network must also support voice applications and– Must interwork with Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

• Rapid new technology decreases cost; increases capabilities

• Network is packet based– Packet voice technology widely utilized

• Need to provide QoS, Security, Network Management …

• Intelligent, wire speed, QoS enabled switching elements for better efficiency and control

• Data networks achieve reliability comparable to voice networks

• Vendors provide solutions that

– work in heterogeneous, multi-vendor environments

– allow rapid introduction of new services

– allow customers to provide service differentiation