cause and effect of mutation
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Cause and effect of
mutation
L Mathias
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What causes mutation
Spontaneous
Increases caused by environmental
factors UV light
X-rays
Benzene, formaldehyde, carbontetrachloride
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Gametic and somatic mutations
Gametic ² testis of males, ovaries offemales, inherited
Somatic ² in normal body cells occuringbeyond zygote formation, not inherited
but may effect the person during theirlifetime. Chimaeras
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Mutagens and their effects
Ionising radiation ²Nuc radiation, xrays,
gamma rays (e.g.medical treatment)associated withdevelopment of
cancers (e.g.leukaemia, thyroidcancer and skin cancer
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Mutagens and their effects
Viruses andmicroorganisms ²
integrate intohuman chromosome,upset genes and can
trigger cancer
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Mutagens and their effects
Environmentalpoisons ²Organic
solvents suchasformaldehyde,tobacco, coaltars, benzene,asbestos, somedyes
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Mutagens and their effects
Alcohol and diet ²High alcohol intake
increase the risk ofsome cancers. Diethigh in fat and thosecontaining burned or
highly preservedmeat
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T he effect of muations
Not all are harmful
Survival advantage Most common among bacteria and
viruses but also seen in insects
If no selective pressure may remain inpopulation
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Harmful mutations
Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia
Disfunctional proteins
Albinism ² caused by mutation in gene ofenzyme pathway of melanin
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Beneficial mutations
Bacteria ² antibioticresistance throughmutation, transfer between
bacterial species Superbugs such as MRSA
have arisen this way RNA viruses ² such as HIV
² mutates it·s protein coatso that the host human isunable to make antibodiesquick enough against it
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Neutral mutations
Neither harmful or beneficial to the
organism but may be important in anevolutionary sense
Silent mutations
Virtually impossible to detect becauseno observable effect
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