causes and prevention of multiple problem behaviors: the theory of triadic influence
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Causes and Prevention of Multiple Problem Behaviors: The Theory of Triadic Influence. Brian R. Flay, D.Phil. Department of Public Health Oregon State University. Presentation for NIH meeting on “Science of Behavior Change”. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Causes and Prevention of Multiple Problem Behaviors:
The Theory of Triadic Influence
Brian R. Flay, D.Phil.
Department of Public Health
Oregon State University
Presentation for NIH meeting on “Science of Behavior Change”
2
Note: Some of these theories cross cells, particularly the sociological theories. Some explicitly integrative theories cross many cells (e.g., Brooks, Elliott, Jessor).
LEVEL OF TYPES OF INFLUENCE
INFLUENCE INTRAPERSONAL SOCIAL SITUATION/ INTERPERSONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL/ ATTITUDINAL
ULTIMATE Biological theories Psychoanalytic theories Resilience (Garmazey) Personality theories Self-Control (Gottfredson & Hirschi)
Social Control (Elliott) Family Systems (Brooks) Peer Clustering (Oetting)
Class Conflict Low SES Anomie Social Disorganization Strain Theory (Merton) Radical Theories
DISTAL Personal competence Self-Esteem theories Self-Derogation (Kaplan) Personal control theories
Social attachment/ bonding Social Development (Hawkins) Differential Association Social Learning (Akers, Bandura)
(General knowledge) Cultural Identity Values theories Motivation theories
PROXIMAL Social skills Self regulation/ control Self-efficacy (Bandura)
Social Norms theories Conformity theories
Expectancy theories Attitude theories
Fishbein & Ajzen (TRA); Ajzen (TPB)
Feedback Systems Theories
A Matrix of Theories (Petraitis, Flay & Miller, Psychological Bulletin, 1995)
3
BEHAVIOR
Intentions/Decision
Environment
Attitudes TowardBehavior
Social Normative Beliefs
IntraPersonal
Self-Efficacy
Social Situation
ENVIRONMENT
GENETICS
The Theory of Triadic Influence
4
DECISIONS/INTENTIONS
SOCIAL SITUATION
BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY
THE THEORY OF TRIADIC INFLUENCE
ATTITUDESTOWARD THE
BEHAVIOR
CULTURALENVIRONMENT
SOCIALNORMATIVE
BELIEFS
Trial Behavior
EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological
SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL
CONTROL
Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream
5
DECISIONS/INTENTIONS
SOCIAL SITUATION
BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY
THE THEORY OF TRIADIC INFLUENCE
ATTITUDESTOWARD THE
BEHAVIOR
CULTURALENVIRONMENT
SOCIALNORMATIVE
BELIEFS
Trial Behavior
EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological
SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL
CONTROL
Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream
Values/Evaluations
Knowledge/Expectancies
PerceivedNorms
Information/Opportunities
InterpersonalBonding
SocialCompetence
Interactions w/Social Instit’s
Others’Beh & Atts
Motivationto Comply
Skills:Social+General
Sense ofSelf/Control
SelfDetermination
1 2 3
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
l
4 5 6
19 20 21
22
23
6
DECISIONS/INTENTIONS
SOCIAL SITUATION
BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY
THE THEORY OF TRIADIC INFLUENCE
ATTITUDESTOWARD THE
BEHAVIOR
CULTURALENVIRONMENT
SOCIALNORMATIVE
BELIEFS
Trial Behavior
EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological
SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL
CONTROL
Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream
Values/Evaluations
Knowledge/Expectancies
PerceivedNorms
Information/Opportunities
InterpersonalBonding
SocialCompetence
Interactions w/Social Instit’s
Others’Beh & Atts
Motivationto Comply
Skills:Social+General
Sense ofSelf/Control
SelfDetermination
1 2 3
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
l
4 5 6
19 20 21
22
23
DistalInfluences
ProximalPredictors
Levels ofCausation
UltimateCauses
Social/Personal Nexus
Expectancies & Evaluations
Affect andCognitions
Decisions
Experiences
7
DECISIONS/INTENTIONS
SOCIAL SITUATION
BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY
THE THEORY OF TRIADIC INFLUENCE
ATTITUDESTOWARD THE
BEHAVIOR
CULTURALENVIRONMENT
SOCIALNORMATIVE
BELIEFS
Trial Behavior
EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological
SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL
CONTROL
Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream
Values/Evaluations
Knowledge/Expectancies
PerceivedNorms
Information/Opportunities
InterpersonalBonding
SocialCompetence
Interactions w/Social Instit’s
Others’Beh & Atts
Motivationto Comply
Skills:Social+General
Sense ofSelf/Control
SelfDetermination
1 2 3
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
l
4 5 6
19 20 21
22
23
DistalInfluences
ProximalPredictors
Levels ofCausation
UltimateCauses
Social/Personal Nexus
Expectancies & Evaluations
Affect andCognitions
Decisions
Experiences
a
b c d e
f
g h i
jk m n
o
p q r
s
t u v w
x
8
DECISIONS/INTENTIONS
SOCIAL SITUATION
BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY
THE THEORY OF TRIADIC INFLUENCE
ATTITUDESTOWARD THE
BEHAVIOR
CULTURALENVIRONMENT
SOCIALNORMATIVE
BELIEFS
Trial Behavior
EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological
SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL
CONTROL
Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream
Values/Evaluations
Knowledge/Expectancies
PerceivedNorms
Information/Opportunities
InterpersonalBonding
SocialCompetence
Interactions w/Social Instit’s
Others’Beh & Atts
Motivationto Comply
Skills:Social+General
Sense ofSelf/Control
SelfDetermination
1 2 3
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
l
4 5 6
19 20 21
22
23
DistalInfluences
ProximalPredictors
Levels ofCausation
UltimateCauses
Social/Personal Nexus
Expectancies & Evaluations
Affect andCognitions
Decisions
Experiences
a
b c d e
f
g h i
jk m n
o
p q r
s
t u v w
x
CF
IB E HA D G
9
DECISIONS/INTENTIONS
SOCIAL SITUATION
BIOLOGY/PERSONALITY
THE THEORY OF TRIADIC INFLUENCE
ATTITUDESTOWARD THE
BEHAVIOR
CULTURALENVIRONMENT
SOCIALNORMATIVE
BELIEFS
Trial Behavior
EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological
SELF-EFFICACYBEHAVIORAL
CONTROL
Nurture/CulturalBiological/NatureIntrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream
Values/Evaluations
Knowledge/Expectancies
PerceivedNorms
Information/Opportunities
InterpersonalBonding
SocialCompetence
Interactions w/Social Instit’s
Others’Beh & Atts
Motivationto Comply
Skills:Social+General
Sense ofSelf/Control
SelfDetermination
1 2 3
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
l
4 5 6
19 20 21
22
23
DistalInfluences
ProximalPredictors
Levels ofCausation
UltimateCauses
Social/Personal Nexus
Expectancies & Evaluations
Affect andCognitions
Decisions
Experiences
a
b c d e
f
g h i
jk m n
o
p q r
s
t u v w
x
Related BehaviorsJ
K
CF
IB E HA D G
10
The TTI Developmental-Ecological System
P PS S
S
E
P
Eval
Behavior
SNB SelfEfficacy
Att Att
Intentions
Will + Skill ExpMc NB
KnowValue SocialBonds
RoleModels
Self-Control
Com-petence
SNB
ValuesEnvironment
KnowledgeEnvironment
ENVIRONMENT
Situation
PersonE E
Affective/Control Substream
s
Cog
nitiv
e/C
ompe
tenc
e S
ubst
ream
s
DEVELOPMENT & TIME
UltimateUnderlyingCauses
Levels ofCausation
DistalPredisposingInfluences
ProximalImmediatePredictors
11
Causes, Reasons, and Strategies for Contextual and Behavioral Change
The Big 3 Causes Of Behavior
INTRAPERSONALGenetic/Biological, Personality
SOCIAL SITUATION/CONTEXTFamily, School, Friends
SOCIO-CULTURAL
ENVIRONMENTCulture/Ethnicity, SES, Media
Exposure, Social (Dis)organization
The 6 Causes Of Behavior
Sense of self, self
determination, self control
General competence, social skills
Social attachment to (bonding with) family, friends,
school
Observed (modeled)
behaviors & attitudes of
others
Value of expected
consequences
Knowledge of expected
consequences
Big 3 Self-Efficacy Social Normative Beliefs Attitudes toward the behavior
Six Reasons For Behavior Change
I really want to OR I can't help
myself
I find it easier to do than not
to
To please others -- Social
acceptance
Because "everyone else is
doing it"
To improve myself (or my
health) in ways I value
To avoid negative
consequences or gain positive
ones
6 Classes Of Strategies for Contextual Change
Improve group
empowerment
Improve general/socia
l competencie
s
Change sources and
levels of social support
Change normative environnent, role models
Change the socio-
cultural/values environnent
Change theinformational environment
6 Classes Of Strategies for Behavioral Change
Improve self control/image; Provide cues &
reminders
Teach, learn, practice
improved (social) skills
Increase social attachments; Provide/find
sources of social support
Model desired behavior; Correct
or alter normative
expectations
Teach cultural values, clarify or (re)develop values/evaluati
ons
Provide information, change expectations
Instruction in problem-solving and decision-making skills
Modes Or Channels Of Change
Individual counseling, small groups, schools; media for
modeling and cues
Modeling and increasing opportunities in communities,
schools, families and small groups, parent training, support groups,
Societal opportunities, legislation, policies, taxes, media,
communities, schools, health care systems