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Broadband Communications - Next Generation Networks

October 2006 1

Màster en Arquitectura de Computadors, Xarxes i Sistemes

BISDN conceptsBISDN concepts

2 Comunicacions de Banda Ampla (Broadband Communications)


Broadband CommunicationsBroadband Communications

Digital transmissionDigital InformationService IntegrationHigh Speed TransmissionLow end-to-end Delaysp - mp and mp - mp communications


October 2006 2

Comunicacions de Banda Ampla (Broadband Communications)


Classification of BISDN ServicesClassification of BISDN Services

InteractivehConversationalhMessaginghRetrieval

DistributionhWith User ControlhWithout User Control



Interactive BISDN ServicesInteractive BISDN Services

ConversationalhEnd-to-end in both directionshUser-to-user or user-to-machinehMachine-to-machinehExamples:

– Video-telephony– Video-conferencing– Telemetry– Internetworking– Data transfer


October 2006 3




MessaginghNon real-time dialog with more elaborated

features:– Authenticated users– Message processing, acknowledge receipt– Digital signature

hExamples:– Electronic mail (eMail)– Multimedia eMail: documents, sound, video.– Electronic Document Transfer




RetrievalhAccess to information servers

hExamples:– Video-text– Database access– MM DB access


October 2006 4



Distribution BISDN ServicesDistribution BISDN Services

With user controlhExamples:

– TV on demand– Tele-text

Without user controlhExamples:

– Broadcast TV channels– Radio channels



BISDN Services and ApplicationsBISDN Services and Applications

Conversational ServicesType ofInformation

Service examples Applications

Broadband video-telephony

Tele-educationTele-shoppingTele-advertising

Broadband video-conference

Tele-educationBusiness conferenceTele-advertising

Video-surveillance Building securityTraffic monitoring

Moving picturesand sound

Video/audio informationtransmission service

TV signal transferVideo/audio dialogueContribution ofinformation


October 2006 5






Sound Multiple sound-programmed signals

• Multilingual commentary channels• Multiple programmed transfers

High-speed unrestricteddigital informationtransmission service

• High-speed data transfer⎯ Internetworking⎯ Computer-computer interconnection

• Transfer of multimedia information• Multi-site interactive computer aided

designHigh-volume file transferservice

Data file transfer

Data

High-speed teleaction • Real-time control• Telemetry• Alarms






High-speed telefax • User-to-user transfer of text,images, drawings, etc.

High-resolution imagecommunication service

• Professional images• Medical images• Remote games

Document

Document communicationservice

User-to-user transfer of multimediadocuments.


October 2006 6




Messaging ServicesType ofInformation



Video mail service Electronic mailbox service for thetransfer of moving pictures andaccompanying sound

Document Document mail service Electronic mailbox service for mixeddocuments.




Retrieval ServicesType ofInformation


Broadband videotext • Videotext including moving pictures• Remote education and training• Tele-software• Tele-shopping• Tele-advertising• News retrieval

Video retrieval service • Entertainment• Remote education and training

High-resolution imageretrieval service

• Entertainment• Remote education and training• Professional image communications

Document retrievalservice

Multimedia documents retrieval frominformation centers.

Text, data,graphics, sound,still images,moving pictures

Data retrieval service Telesoftware


October 2006 7




Distribution services without user controlType ofInformation


Data High-speed unrestricted digitalinformation distribution service

Distribution of unrestricteddata

Text, graphics,still images

Document distribution service • Electronic newspaper• Electronic publishing


Video information distribution service Distribution of video/audiosignals

Existing quality TV distribution service(NTSC, PAL, SECAM)

TV programs distribution

Extended quality TV distribution service TV programs distributionHigh-definition TV distribution service TV programs distribution

Video

Pay-per-view TV TV programs distribution




Distribution services with user controlType ofInformation


Text, graphics,sound, stillimages

Full channel broadcastvideography

• Remote education and traning• Tele-advertising• News retrieval• Telesoftware


October 2006 8



Transmission Requirements for Transmission Requirements for BISDN ServicesBISDN Services

Conversational ServicesService POTS Image Terminal FacsimileApplication Voice with silence

suppressionColor catalogueproduction

Remote newspaperprinting (batch)

Market H B B BBackground bit rate 0 64kbps 0Burst size 284ms 8-24Mbits

comp. Times200-600Mbits

comp. 3-15 timesAsymmetry Symmetry S S APerformance Criteria(Delay, Error rate, Jitter)

DJ DJ for backgroundD for burst

D < 2s

E

Re-transmission Man/Aut M M ASwitched/Leased line S SL SLPoint-to-point/multi-point P-P P-P/P-M P-P/P-MCommunity of interestSmall/Large

L S S




Conversational ServicesService Data Data DataApplication Internetworking MF File transfer PC File transferMarket B B H BBackground bit rate 0 0 0Burst size 35% 32-64 bytes

65% 512-1024bytes

~ Mbytes ~ K-Mbytes

Asymmetry Symmetry S A APerformance Criteria(Delay, Error rate, Jitter)

ED E ED

Re-transmission Man/Aut A A ASwitched/Leased line SL SL SPoint-to-point/multi-point P-P/P-M P-P P-PCommunity of interestSmall/Large

S S SL


October 2006 9




Messaging ServicesService Phone Image MailApplication Voice Mail Technical DesignMarket H B BBackground bit rate 64kbps 64kbpsBurst size - 1Mbit

comp. 3-15 timesPerformance Criteria(Delay, Error rate, Jitter)

DJ DJ for backgroundDE for burst

D < 2sRe-transmission Man/Aut - ASwitched/Leased line S SPoint-to-point/multi-point P-P P-PCommunity of interestSmall/Large

L S




Retrieval ServicesService Audio Image retrievalApplication Entertainment Home ShoppingMarket H HBackground bit rate 1.4Mbps CD quality 0Burst size - 8-24Mbits

comp. 3-15 timesPerformance Criteria(Delay, Error rate, Jitter)

DJ DED< 0.25s for browsing

Re-transmission Man/Aut - MSwitched/Leased line S SPoint-to-point/multi-point P-P P-PCommunity of interestSmall/Large

L L


October 2006 10




Distribution Services without User ControlService Component Coding CCIR

rec.601Digital Coding of NTSC

Signal or CCIR rec.601 withcompression

Application EntertainmentCompany News

Experimental results 36 hourcommercial TV

Market H B H BBackground bit rate 45-145Mbps Mean = 15Mbps (using

buffering 34Mbps 1% loss)Burst size - 40MbitsPerformance Criteria(Delay, Error rate, Jitter)

DEJ DJ

Switched/Leased line S SPoint-to-point/multi-point P-M P-MCommunity of interestSmall/Large

L L




Distribution Services with User ControlService Cable Image Cable TextApplication Color Image TextMarket H B H BBackground bit rate 150Mbps 2MbpsBurst size 1Mbit after compression 250chars ~ 2kbits# of frames in cycle 300 2000Performance Criteria(Delay, Error rate, Jitter)

D ~1s D ~1s

Switched/Leased line S SPoint-to-point/multi-point P-M P-MCommunity of interestSmall/Large

S S


October 2006 11



Bandwidth RequirementsBandwidth Requirements

Telephony, fax, text 64 KbpsColor fax 2 MbpsFile Transfer 2 MbpsLAN interconnection 100 MbpsMAN interconnection 100 MbpsNTSC video 45 - 120 MbpsHDTV 150 - 800 Mbps



CBR: Constant Bit-Rate VBR: Variable Bit-Rate


Voice:hCBR: 64 Kbps. VBR: 12 - 24 Kbps.hMean duration: 2 minutes.

Video:hCBR: 140 Mbps. VBR: 1 - 5 Mbps.hMean duration: 60 minutes.


October 2006 12




Data:h 0.1 -1 Mbps. hArbitrary duration.hON - OFF behavior. (VBR)

Still Image:h 1 - 50 Mbps.h Typical duration: 1 second.



Delay RequirementsDelay Requirements

Non Real-Time (Data)h data, text, still images, graphics

Real-Timeh continuous streams (audio, video)


October 2006 13



Delay RequirementsDelay Requirements

Non-interactive servicesh data, text, still images, graphicsh continuous streams (audio, video)

Interactive servicesh data, text, still images, graphicsh continuous streams (audio, video)



Types of TrafficTypes of Traffic

LANto

LAN

Sou

rce

Util

izat

ion

Source Bit-Rate (bits/s)

0.001

0.01

0.1

1.0

1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M

Low Speed DataImage FileTransfer

VoiceAudio

Video


October 2006 14



Bearer Service for BISDNBearer Service for BISDN

User Interface Requirements:

Broad range of bit-rates PSw

Variable bit-rate during the communication PSw

Broad range of traffic activity (burstiness) PSw

Low end-to-end delay CSw

Real-time support CSw



Switching SchemesSwitching Schemes

Switching

Eletro-mechanich Electric Optic

Cross-barStep bystep

Analogic Digital SDS TDSWDS/FDS

Circuits Packets

SDS TDS

ASD SSD STD ATD FPS X.25

FrameRelay ATM MAN

SDS: Spatial Digital SwitchingTDS: Temporal Digital SwitchingASD: Asynchronous Spatial SwitchingSSD: Synchronous Spatial SwitchingSTD: Synchronous Temporal SwitchingATD: Asynchronous Temporal SwitchingFPS: Fast Packet Switching


October 2006 15



Multiplexing SchemesMultiplexing Schemes

LABELEDMULTIPLEXING

UNLABELEDMULTIPLEXING

Multiplexing

Slotted Capacity

Framed Solution UnframedSolution

UnslottedCapacity

Static SlotAssignment

Dynamic SlotAssignment



Slotted MultiplexingSlotted Multiplexing

- Random synchronizing patterns or,- Slot self synchronization via headers or line block codes

TIME

TIME

FramePreamble

TIME

SLOTTED

FRAMED

UNFRAMED

Frame = n Slots

TimeSlot


October 2006 16



Multiplexing and SwitchingMultiplexing and Switchingin Communication Transfer Modesin Communication Transfer Modes

Transfer Mode Multiplexing Schemes Switching PrincipleCircuit

SwitchingPhysical Resource

Assignment

STM

Fast CircuitSwitching

UnlabeledMultiplexing

BurstSwitching

Framed Solution DynamicSlot Assignment

Logical ResourceAssignment Synchronous

Operation

AsynchronousTime Division

UnframedSolution

Fast PacketSwitching

FrameSwitching

Packet SwitchingVirtual Call

Logical ResourceAssignment

Asynchronous Operation

ATM

Packet SwitchingDatagram

UnslottedCapacity

Connectionless

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode STM: Synchronous Transfer Mode



CS FCS BS PSFSFPSATD

CircuitSwitching

FastCircuit

Switching

BurstSwitching

FastCircuit

Switching

AsynchronousTime

Division

FrameSwitching

PacketSwitching

ConstantDelay

Dynamic Allocationof Bandwidth

Transfer ModesTransfer Modes

Delay/Bandwidth-Allocation Performance


October 2006 17



TE1

TE2 TA NT2

NT2

NT12

NT1

NT1

R

S T

Functional group

Reference point

TE: Terminal equipmentTA: Terminal adaptorNT: Network terminator

ISDN Reference PointsISDN Reference Points



B-TE1

TE2 orB-TE2 B-TA

B-NT2 B-NT1R

TB

Functional group

Reference point

TE: Terminal equipmentB-TE: Terminal equipment for BISDNB-TA: Terminal adaptor for BISDNB-NT: Network terminator for BISDN

SB

BISDN Reference ConfigurationBISDN Reference Configuration


October 2006 18



Communication ServicesCommunication ServicesCharacteristicsCharacteristics

10-1

10-3

10-2

ConnectionlessData

SuperComputer

LowSpeedLAN

Audio

LowSpeedData

Bur

stin

ess

103

100

104 105 106 107 108 109 1010

Voice

Terminalto Host

Uncompressed

Video

Compressed

HighSpeedLAN Image

HDTV

Peak Service Bit-Rate

Modem Traffic

PacketSwitching

CircuitSwitching

Aver

age

Info

rmat

ion

Rat

e(--

------

------

------

------

------

-----)

Cha

nnel

Cap

acity



Packetized Transport Network

Adaptation Interface

Services Network

Bearer ServiceBearer Service


October 2006 19


Màster en Arquitectura de Computadors, Xarxes i SistemesBearer Service Bearer Service Quality of ServiceQuality of Service

QoS definitionhUser wishes and expectations for system

performance.Parameters: bandwidth, loss of data, end-to-end delay, delay jitter.Examples: hVoicehHigh-Speed Data-TransferhVideo



Bearer Service Bearer Service QoSQoS::Voice (1/2)Voice (1/2)

Features Synchronous transfer, interactive serviceBandwidth PCM 64 Kbps (32 Kbps)Roundtrip end-to-end delay D > 800 ms ⇒ not acceptable

D < 200 ms ⇒ commercially acceptableDelay jitter DV < 50 ms

Data lossATM cell size Packetisation time: (64Kbps) (32Kbps)32 bytes 32/8000 = 4 ms 8 ms48 bytes 48/8000 = 6 ms 12 ms64 bytes 64/8000 = 8 ms 16 ms

Effects on data lossInformation lost Effect4 ms Click16-32 ms Short cuts64 ms Phoneme lost


October 2006 20



Bearer Service Bearer Service QoSQoS::Voice (2/2)Voice (2/2)

ATM cells: 48 bytes

Standard quality for telephony:

h delay < 200 ms ( < 34 ATM cells)h delay jitter < 48 ms (8 ATM cells)h losses: CLR < 10-3

loss probability less than 19 ms = 10-3



Bearer Service Bearer Service QoSQoS::HighHigh--Speed DataSpeed Data--TransferTransfer

Roundtrip end-to-end delay Not criticDelay jitter Not critic

Data lossUndetected error probability: 1.5 x 10-5 x 10-6 = 1.5 x 10-11

⇒ CLR = 10-10

HDLC with CRC16Residual probability forundetected errors:1/216 = 1.5 x 10-5

STM typical BER = 10-6

⇒ cell loss rate = 10-6


October 2006 21



Bearer Service Bearer Service QoSQoS::Video (1/2)Video (1/2)

Features CBR 140 MbpsRoundtrip end-to-enddelay (same as voice)

D > 800 ms ⇒ not acceptableD < 200 ms ⇒ acceptable

Delay jitter Depends on the acceptable buffer size on reception;a buffer for ±10 ms is:2×(140E6[bps] × 10E-3[s]) = 2×(1.4E6 [bits]) ≈ 2.8 [Mbits]plus a safety factor of 30% ⇒ buffer of 4 Mbits

Data lossSynchronization Resynchronization delay: 10 ms → 2 s

1 synch. error / 10 hours11

101.311

10

cellbits

hs

106.7 :rate loss Cell

cells1031.1384

h103600Mbps140

10−

××=

⋅×=⋅

⋅×⋅×⋅

1 synch. error / 100 hours Cell loss rate : 12106.7 −×



Bearer Service Bearer Service QoSQoS::VideoVideo (2/2)(2/2)

Data lossImage regeneration(depends on codingalgorithm)

for 140 Mbps CCIR 601 standardY = 720pixel/line×625lines/frame×25fps = 11.25E6 pixel/sC = 2×360pixel/line×625lines/frame×25fps = 11.25E6 pixel/sY+C = 22.5E6 pixel/s ⇒ 0.16 pixel/bit ⇒ 61 pixel/cell


October 2006 22



Bearer Service Bearer Service QoSQoS::SummarySummary

Services Delayms

Delay jitter± ms

Cell loss

1 Voice/telephony 150 - 400pref. 100

50 10E-3

2 Video transmission (CBO)(140 Mbps)Studio-studio transmission

See voice 10 10E-11

10E-123 Video transmission (VBR)

(140 Mbps max.)See voice 10 10E-9

4 Sound (e.g. compact disk) 1000 100 10E-75 High speed data (140 Mbps) 1000 10 10E-6

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