cbc lecture 2013 march final bare

Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying one

MICHAEL KINTNER-MEYER Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Richland, WA

Community Science & Technology Lecture Series

March, 2013 PNNL-SA-94275

Definition of Electric Vehicles

2

Electric Motor

EV: Electric Vehicle

BEV: Battery-only Electric Vehicle

Batteries Battery

Combustion

Engine

Electric Motor Generator

Gasoline

Batteries Batteries

PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

EREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle

PEV: Plug-in Electric Vehicle

How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?

How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?

Combustion

Engine

Electric Motor Generator

Gasoline

HEV

Battery

1 kWh

PHEV

Battery

5-15 kWh

Batteries Additional Batteries

PHEVs overcome the range problem of BEVs

Electric-only range vary with battery size

PHEV20 = 20 miles range

PHEV40 = 40 miles range

PHEVs well suited for our daily driving patterns

50% of all daily drives <25 miles

80% of all daily drives <50 miles

Average daily driving=33 miles

History of Electric Vehicles

1891 William Morrison of Des Moines the first successful electric automotive

1907-1939 Detroit Electric successful electric car co.

Thomas Edison - 1912 1974 Vanguard Sebring CitiCar

1990 Cal. Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate. 2% by 1998, 10% by 2003

1990-2000 few thousand electric vehicles

2002 GM and DaimlerChrysler sued CARB and ZEV mandate was weakened

2006 PHEVs, retrofits: Prius, Escape

2010 GM Volt, other manufacturers

Volt

EREV

Leaf

BEV

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

6

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Total Cost of Ownership

7

Available at: http://media.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/other/PIkes%20exec%20summ%20alt%20fuel%20vehicles%208.27.12.pdf

BEV: lowest in Total Cost of Ownership after Tax Credit


• Excellent performance

8


Performance: Electric motor generates maximum torque at lowest speeds

9

Electric motor Internal combustion engine

Tesla Roadster



• Good for the environment

10


How Does Transportation Contribute to Climate Change?

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

mil

lio

n t

on

s o

f C

02

Transportation

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

EIA: 2007 Annual Energy Outlook, Reference Case

Regional Emissions Impacts (Well-to-Wheel*)

with Today’s Generation Mix

Moving emissions from tailpipes to smokestacks:

solves an intractable problem for CO2 capture

improves cost effectiveness for other emissions

ECAR ERCOT MACC MAIN MAPP NPCC FRCC SERC SPP PNWAZN&

RMPCNV

US

total

Natural Gas 32% 94% 74% 42% 1% 91% 69% 57% 78% 43% 63% 93%

Coal 68% 6% 26% 58% 99% 9% 31% 43% 22% 57% 37% 7%

Emissions

GHGs 0.87 0.60 0.69 0.83 1.01 0.61 0.71 0.76 0.66 0.84 0.73 0.61 0.73

VOC: Total 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.07

CO: Total 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

NOx: Total 1.02 0.38 0.59 0.93 1.35 0.41 0.64 0.76 0.54 0.93 0.71 0.39 0.69

PM10: Total 1.55 0.81 1.06 1.45 1.94 0.86 1.13 1.26 0.99 1.46 1.19 0.84 1.18

SOx: Total 3.94 0.42 1.68 3.59 5.96 0.64 2.05 2.67 1.34 3.77 2.35 0.53 2.25

VOC: Urban 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

CO: Urban 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

NOx: Urban 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10

PM10: Urban 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.61

SOx: Urban 0.35 0.04 0.14 0.30 0.51 0.05 0.17 0.22 0.12 0.31 0.20 0.04 0.19

Power Generation Composition

Emissions Ratio (Electric Vehicle/Gasoline Vehicle)Greenhouse gases

Plant mix for valley fill

Nationally, greenhouse

gases reduced 27% despite

increased reliance on coal

Urban air quality emissions

greatly reduced:

VOCs/CO/NOx > 90%

SOx = 80%

Particulates = 40%

Urban: VOCs

CO

NOx

Particulates

SOx

* Argonne National Laboratory’s

GREET well-to-wheel model

US Regions




• Good for national security

13


U.S. Energy Landscape

Source: EIA, 2006

about 30% of total

consumption

about 40% of

total supply

about 80% of energy in

transportation is LOST

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mill

ions B

arr

els

Per

Day

Total

20.6

US

Production

8.2

Net

Imports

12.5

Trans-

portation

13.8

Industry

5.0

Res, Com,

Electricity

1.8

Gasoline

9.1

potential

PHEV

displacement

6.5

Significant Potential to Reduce Dependence of Fossil Fuel

The idle capacity of the U.S. grid could supply

73% of the energy needs of today’s cars, SUVs,

pickup trucks, and vans…

without adding generation or T&D capacity 73% electric

(158 mill.

Vehicles)

52%

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2005

Potential to displace 6.7 MMbpd (equiv. to 52% of net imports)

Reduces CO2 emissions by 27%

Emissions move from tailpipes to smokestacks (and base load plants) … cheaper to clean up

Reduce the imports of petroleum worth $900 per day





• Good for the electricity grid

16


ECAR, Summer

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour

MW

Renewable

Conventional Hydro

Pumped Storage

Combustion

Turbine/Diesel

Combined Cycle

Other Fossil Steam

Coal Steam

Nuclear

Summer Average

ECAR, Summer

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour

MW

Renewable

Conventional Hydro

Pumped Storage

Combustion

Turbine/Diesel

Combined Cycle

Other Fossil Steam

Coal Steam

Nuclear

Summer Peak Day

Summer Average

ECAR, Summer

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour

MW

Additional

Combined Cycle

Additional Other

Fossil Steam

Additional Coal

Steam

Renewable

Conventional Hydro

Pumped Storage

Combustion

Turbine/Diesel

Combined Cycle

Other Fossil Steam

Coal Steam

Nuclear

Summer Peak Day

Summer Average

additional generation

for 28 mill. PHEVs

peak

EVs Improve the Utilization of the Grid to Achieve higher Economic Efficiency

Electric Vehicles Can Provide Balancing Services for Integration of Wind Energy

Single day of additional

balancing requirements

for 10 GW of additional

wind in NWPP.

18

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

Max. charging (3.6 kW)

dis

cha

rgin

g c

ha

rgin

g

Never discharge !

Smart Charging

(V2GHalf)

New Balancing

Requirements

Solution Options

Resource Available

13% of NWPP vehicle stock (2 mill) could provide all of

the additional balancing requires if they were EVs with

smart charging capabilities and ability to charge at work





• Good for the electricity grid

• It offers “cool” technology and it will be part of our future

19


“Cool” Technology…. An essential part of tomorrow’s transportation technology

20

MP3 engine sound

generator

• Ferrari engine

• Mustang

• 396 Chevelle

• Cobra

How are we doing in WA and Benton County?

21

Benton County: 133 electric vehicles as of December 2012

WA-State : 4429

Benton County: 10th rank base on (electr. Vehicle/capita)

22

Ben Franklin Transit: e-Bus

100 miles range

Delivery end of March, 2013

Solid Growth in Electric Vehicle Sales in the US

23

Total number of Electric Vehicles on the Road

How to Charge the Vehicle at Home?

24

Charging inside: 240V (Level 2)

With 240V: 1-3 hours charging

Charging outside: 120V (Level 1)

With 120V: 8-12 hours charging

Public Charging Stations

25


26


27

Public Charging Stations with Solar Roofs at Google, Mountain View,

28

Fast Charging in 15 Minutes using DC electricity

29

DC plug

DC connection

(Level 3)

240V (AC)

(Level 2)

DC connection

(Level 3)

240V (AC)

(Level 2)

Traveling cross-country

30

To Prosser: 29 mi

To Ellensburg: 85 mi

To North Bend: 79 mi

To Seattle 30 mi

What if you are stranded with an empty battery?

31

Final thoughts

32

Education: high school, college,

university

industry

National and state leadership

Don’t judge each day by the harvest you reap,

but by the seeds that you plant

Robert Louis Stevenson

cbc lecture 2013 march final bare

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