cbnrm in coastal bulgaria: advise on use and networking bsnn, natura 2000 project on czm varna,...
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CBNRM in coastal Bulgaria:
Advise on use and networking
BSNN, Natura 2000 project on CZMVarna, Bulgaria, 2 July 2010
Lars T. Soeftestad
Community-Based Natural Resource Management Network, (CBNRM Net, www.cbnrm.net)
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
CONTENT
1 About yourself
2 Aims with the session
3 Presentation 3.1 Key terms 3.2 About CBNRM 3.3 Stakeholder analysis 3.4 Networking and networks
4 Discussion
5 Evaluation
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
1 ABOUT YOURSELF• In which sector do you work – public
sector, civil society or private sector?• At which level do you work – local,
regional and/or national?• What are your expectations with this
session?• Have you participated in similar trainings
earlier? Which topic? Org. by whom?– Was it useful? What did you like & what not?
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
About yourself, II• List informal and formal relationshiops you
ahve with organizations represented here, and with persons that participate in the session
• List relevant projects and activities
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
2 AIMS WITH THE SESSION• Support the project• Present concepts, methods of analysis
and ways of working• Contribute to awareness raising and
empowerment of project stakeholders• Contribute to ensuring that the processes
and results achieved by the project continues after project closure
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Aims with the session, II• Provide tools for evaluating the project• Support the integration of the coastal
region further into wider contexts (Bulgaria, Eastern Europe, EU)
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Aims with the session, III• Initiate and facilitate communicatioan
between all stakeholders stakeholders that have interests in the coastal region, as located in public sector, civil society and private sector
• Support collective action and local partnerships
• Promote exchange of information and knowledge
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
3.1 KEY TERMS• Participation
– Informal and formal participation in the democratic process
– Is more participation needed ?• Governance
– Based on participation– The idea that people are involved, through a
democratic process, in governing themselves– Characterize roles and positions in your own
village and municipality
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Key terms, II• Stakeholders
– Persons have different roles and positions in communities and municipalities, etc.
– This means they have different interests (or stakes) in policy- and decision-making
• Co-management– Association or collaboration between
stakeholders that are dissimilar in certain respects
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
3.2 ABOUT CBNRM• CBNRM = Community-Based Natural
Resource Management– Two parts to the term
• Definition• CBNRM Net
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
3.3 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS• What is a stakeholder?
– Persons have different roles and positions in communities, municipalities, etc.
– This means they have different interests (or stakes) in policy- and decision-making
• So, we have:– Roles and positions– Interests (stakes)– Influence and power
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
On stakeholders, I• What characterizes stakeholders?
– Values– Preferences– Means – Goals
• Where do we find stakeholders?– Public sector (at several levels)– Civil society (at several levels– Private sector
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On stakeholders, II
Classification and types:– Outside Bulgaria / internationally
• Financing• Fund and project administration
– In Bulgaria• Public, civil society and private sectors• Adm. levels: from govt. to community / population• Recipient/user and resource provider• Critical/neutral and opportunistic• Relationship to local population and the state
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 13
On stakeholders, III
Central governmentdepartments and
agencies
NGOs,Community-
basedorganizations
Family enterprises, Partnerships,Private corpo-
rations
Public utilities, Regulatedcorporations
Universities,Foundations,Local govern-
ments
Cooperati-ves, Trade
unions
Civilsociety
Private sector
Public sector
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 14
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
On stakeholders, III• Role of public adm. & civil society? Lack of
NGOs a problem for governance?• Is associating with others important?• Stakeholders outside the coastal region
determine and impact your work as well as your values
• Stakeholders have official and hidden agendas and goals
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Stakeholder models, I
From simple to complex: • Line – 2 stakeholders
– Donor and recipient, nation level– To be understood horizontally and vertically
• Triangle – 3 stakeholders– Local population added– To be understood horizontally and vertically
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 16
Stakeholder models, II
From simple to complex: • Square – 4 stakeholders
– Civil society in countries outside Slovenia added
– More stakeholders means more relationships – Stakeholders have to relate to increasing
numbers of other stakeholders
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 17
Stakeholder models, III
From simple to complex: • Pentagon and further ...
– ”Everybody” are (key) stakeholders: self-identification
– Different types of rationality
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 18
Stakeholder analysis, I
• Originally prepared by the World Bank• A method to describe and analyse
relationships between stakeholders• Important for analysing and understanding
interests, including conflicts and conflict resolution
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 19
Stakeholder analysis, II
• In connection with planning of projects• In connection with implementation and
evaluation of projects• Used also at the sector level• Used in combination with other methods,
incl. social assessment and social analysis
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 20
Stakeholder analysis, III
Stakeholder analysis consists of 4 steps:
1. Identify key stakeholders
2. Assess their interests and the potential impact of the project on these interests
3. Assess their influence and importance
4. Outline stakeholder participation strategy
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 21
Stakeholder analysis, IV
Stakeholder analysis, Step 1:
Identify key stakeholders– Who are potential beneficiaries?– Who might be adversely affected?– Have vulnerable groups been identified?– Have supporters and opponents been
identified?– What are the rel.ships among the
stakeholders?BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 22
Stakeholder analysis, V
Stakeholder analysis, Step 2:
Assess interests and the potential impact of the project on these interests
– What are their expectations of the project?– What benefits are there likely to be?– What resources might they mobilize?– What stakeholder interests conflict with
project goals?
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 23
Stakeholder analysis, VI
Stakeholder analysis, Step 3:Assess influence and importance (for eachstakeholder assess the following):
– Power & status (political, social, economic)– Degree of organization– Control of strategic resources– Informal influence (e.g., pers. connections)– Power relations with other stakeholders– Importance to the success of the project
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 24
Stakeholder analysis, VII
Stakeholder analysis, Step 4:
Outline stakeholder participation strategy.
Plan stakeholder involvement acc. to:– Interests, importance and influence of each
stakeholder– Particular efforts needed to involve
important stakeholders who lack influence– Appropriate forms of participation throughout
the project cycleBSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 25
Stakeholder analysis, VIII
Institutional analysis – at the micro- and macro-levels
– Institutions or organizations are a special type of stakeholder that often requires separate analysis
– Institutions facilitates and constrains the flow of knowledge and data between scales
– Important for understanding and assessing power and empowerment
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010 26
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
3.4 NETWORKING AND NETWORKS• A network is a social structure of persons
that are connected by various types of interdependency
• Members of a network are often involved in collective action
• A network’s structure can be presented visually (see next slide)
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Introduction, II• Collective action
– Two or more stakeholders collaborating to reach a joint goal or goals
– Basis for participation and governance• Networks
– Why associate more formally with each other?– What is the connection between coastal zone
management, sustainable development, transparency, governance, democratization and networking?
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
On networks, I
A simple network consists of nodes and links
• Stakeholders / Nodes:– Peripheral vs. central– Power vs. lack of power
• Relations / Links:– Strength– Direction– Content
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
On networks, II
• Role of a network– Integrate members (i.e., stakeholders)– Disseminate and share information– Table and discuss common issues– Address, mediate and solve conflicts– Build trust
• Networks compared– With trad. social org. (in Eastern Europe in
general and Bulgaria in particular)30
BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
On networks, III
• Advantages of networks– General: inclusion, governance, participation,
transparency– Specific: sustainable coastal zone
management can only be reach through collaboration, necessary to think in terms of the coastal region
• Network versus partnership– Partnerships: few members, targeted, formal
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
On networks, IV
• Case: Bulgaria’s near past– Negative aspects of a hierarchical societal
structure– Individuals affiliated with public institutions
often do not contribute, for specific reasons. What are some examples of this?
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Issues in networking, I
• Conflicts and conflict management– Why do conflicts arise?– Who are key stakeholders in the coastal
region?– What are their views?– How do latent conflicts become real?– Conflicts are normal– What are your experiences with conflicts?
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Issues in networking, II
• Trust– What is trust?– Absence of trust often leads to conflict– How to build trust– Participants to presnet own experiences
• The harmony model (see following 5 slides)
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Issues in networking, III
Harmony model, no. 1
Support Support Increase democracy
org. civil society & economic dev.
• Building organizations = building societies• Supporting civil society is positive in itself,
anytime and anywhere
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Issues in networking, IV
Harmony model, no. 2• Lacking understanding of conflicts and
differences of interest• Development is a transformation: new
interests win and older ones disappear• Strong organizations for new interests can
support development, and vice versa
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Issues in networking, V
Harmony model, no. 3• Country cooperation: strong external force
– Interfer in social, political and ec. processes• Civil society: there will be growth in
organizations with varying legitimation• Local stakeholders receive resources,
which in turn may impact the balance between groups and interests
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Issues in networking, VI
Harmony model, no. 4• Understand the social contract as a colla-
borative (co-mgmt.) enterprise between stakeholders with different expertise and comparative advantages
• Get civil society to contribute to political and ec. development that benefit the people
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Issues in networking, VII
Harmony model, no. 5• Strong organizations that are not integra-
ted into society contribute to segmen ta-tion, opposition and conflicts that hamper development
• Modernization: develop political and administrative institutions that can handle conflicts and overcome obstacles
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Examples of networks
• Bulgaria– Black Sea NGO Network
• Romania and Eastern Europe– ProSomes (Bistrita Municipal Network)– Carpathian Network of Protected Areas
• International– Community-Based Natural Resource
Management Network (CBNRM Net)
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Co-management, I• Co-management
– Association or collaboration between stakeholders that are dissimilar in various respects
– Mostly found between stakeholders at the local level (villages and municipalities) and the national level. That is, these stakeholders are located along a vertical axis.
– Co-management has important advantages in terms of comparative advantages and sharing of responsibilities
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Co-management, II
Co-management relations between key stakeholders – The past
Central govt.
Local govt.People Community-based groups
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Co-management, III
Co-management relationships between key stakeholders – Future / Goal:
Community-based groups
Local govt.
Co-management
Central govt.
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
The Bulgaria coastal network, I
• Underlying principles– Equity and equality– Public participation– Transparency– Governance
• Structure– Hierarchy versus horizontality– Roles: office holders and members
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
The Bulgaria coastal network, II
– Levels of involvement: Roles & passive versus active
– Process of decision-making & expressing opinions
• Members and membership– Lacking role of civil society– Eligible members: public sector and private
sector
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
The Bulgaria coastal network, III
• Organizing networks– Appropriate approaches for creating network– Role of an external agent– Pro et contra: what are your views?
• Broadening the perspective– Partnerships (internal) & co-mgmt. (external)
• Past, ongoing and planned projects– Criteria for collaboration? Can network help?
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Conclusions, I
• Projects are increasingly process oriented• Project admin. is hierarchic
(communication)• Relate not only to local stakeholders but
also to colleagues and partners (cf. network analysis)
• Often difficult balancing act: compromises• One learns as one go along
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Conclusions, II
• Stakeholder analysis important to under-stand what is happening at the local level– Increase effect and goal attainment– Decrease negative impacts
• Decrease in negative effect is little under-stood and even less focused on– Key stakeholders do not understand project
cooperation and impacts– Key stakeholders have different agendas– Lead to conflicts, which must be addressed
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Challenges, I
• Get civil society to contribute to political and ec. dev. that benefits the people
• Strong org. that are not integrated in society contribute to segmentation, opposition and conflicts that hamper dev.
• Modernisation: develop political and adm. institutions that can handle conflicts and overcome obstacles
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Challenges, II
• Cooperation between public sector, private sector and civil society crucial
• Concern: strong outside intervention coupled with weak local basis for own autonomy
• Inability of public sector to support people via civil society organized activities
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Challenges, III
• Power and empowerment: – Ethics – knowledge to be used by whom and
for what?– Concensus-building, consultation, participa-
tion, governance, involvement, transparency, etc.
– Traditional knowledge as both means & goal
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
4 DISCUSSION
• To be based on material presented above, incl. your contributions
• Review flip chart lists on:– Local projects – past, ongoing and planned– Key stakeholders – Stakeholders’ views– Experiences with conflicts– Experiences with trust
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
Discussion, II
• Your ongoing and planned projects / activities and this project– What is the optimal relationship?– How can the project support you & vice versa
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BSNN workshop, Varna Natura 2000: CZM, 2 Jul 2010
5 EVALUATION
• What did you learn? Something you had expected? Or something new?
• What is the key lesson you will take with you and apply in your future work?
• Should the session have focused on other issues and concerns?
• How does the session prepare you for the next session, namely making a network?
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