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Leader

1Autumn 2010 CBRNe WORLDwww.cbrneworld.com

As the world of economic downturn collides with that ofCBRN, the threat slowly builds. In CBRNe World Summer2009, we asked whether “This was it?” when the attack ona girl’s school in Kapisa Province, Afghanistan, resulted inan unconfirmed number of hospitalised and affectedindividuals. Despite further requests for information fromAfghan ministry press officers, Nato individuals and variousother contacts, additional information remained scarce.Nato suggested it was a US military issue, the US suggestedit was a local issue, and while as a journalist you are usedto the brush-off, the number of requests that “If you hearanything, will you tell me?” was so great that the paucity ofinformation seemed fairly endemic. The brief flurry ofexcitement in the newswires disappeared and life inAfghanistan, as far as the press was concerned, went backto the typical IED and small-arms deaths.

On 25 August, an attack on a girls’ school in Kabulbecame the tenth such attack in two years. On 1September, due to some serious international pressinterest, Afghan school spokesman Dr Kargar Norughliannounced the attack was caused by an organophosphate(OP). Every couple of months, for the last two years,children in Afghanistan have been targeted by a TICsdevice. Yes, it is Afghanistan, and many more people diefrom explosives and other weapons, but it should berestated: every two and a half months a terrorist sets off achemical device to kill and injure, and there is very littleknown about it.

Let us posit another scenario. Reveille, Camp Bastion,Helmand. British troops wake to a strong smell of drains.Nothing else untoward is noticed, and a call is put intoEngineers to investigate. The strong smell of drainsremains during breakfast and some soldiers are off theirfood while others are withdrawn and some nauseous. Onehour later troops start passing out; some are catatonic.Medical services are stretched, and ten minutes later thefirst mortar round lands… To say this is not rocket scienceis an understatement; the brand of OP used in the firstattack in Kapisa province smelled “sweet”, while the latestone smelled “bad, like drains”. Neither smelled like garlic,green corn or fish – the traditional CWA smells – andneither are necessarily out of place (in fact, a smell ofdrains is likely to have a more natural explanation). Fromwhat little is known about the attack none of the girls died,and the onset was not initially noticed. The same is likelyto be true with any military target – any fatalities will notbe because of the agent, but through the retardation ofcombat effectiveness.

Much like the first use of gas at Ypres, the effectivenesswill come from the surprise, though the military effect islikely to be much less. It is not so much the masking-upthat is the issue – once the tell-tale additives are logged, itis an easy agent to detect, even without a CAM – but ratherthe unmasking and the return to full combat effectiveness.Steve Johnson paraphrases the UK’s Yellow Pages – “We’renot just there for the nasty things in life” – as a motto for

the CBRN soldier, and this is the lesson that needs to beembraced from these attacks. So often the front part isfocused on – the degradation of combat effectiveness andthe masking up – rather than masking off. Thisunderstanding of what the detectors are telling you onlycomes with experience.

This magazine is published in September 2010. By thetime the next one comes out, December 2010, there will –assuming a rather regular progression – be at least onemore organophosphate attack in Afghanistan. Currentlythese are not aimed at alliance troops, but the variety ofattack locations and their frequency does suggest that thissituation will not last much longer – someone is eventually

going to have that “bright idea”. Nato troops will weatherit – they have weathered worse – but they will be puttingthemselves at an unnecessary disadvantage. Elsewhere inthis issue (p26) there is a feature on the effects of defencecuts, but the proximity of the threat needs to beappreciated. Arguably this is one of the most likely timesfor coalition forces to be attacked with chemicals in thepast 20 years, yet because attacks so far have not beenagainst Alliance forces, and the morbidity level is low, it isnot being seen as serious by either specialists orstrategists. One of those factors – morbidity or target set –will change (possibly both), and at the same time thatspecialists are being withdrawn. It doesn’t take a genius tosee the likely outcome, so why are you not making anynoise about it?

CBRNe Convergence 2010, 2-5 November, Rosen Plaza, Orlando, Florida. More information on www.icbrnevents.com

Women and children first: current OP attacks are justtargeting civilians – so that’s ok then... ©DoD

Contents1-5LeaderContentsNews

Lead interviews: RichardDanzig, BG. J Treacy

Tales from theunderground: Tokyo afterthe sarin attacks

6-19

Need for convergence:What next after the cuts

and Danish lessons

20-25

36-40High life: CBRN andthe Clan Labs

CBRNe Convergencepreview and news

Supporting cast: Colproand battlefield decon

41-51

Boom-bastic: Explosive detection

63-67

52-62

68-77Still Suits you! ECBC andenergy harvesting garments

Fun and games: Exercise Milo, decon for

the disabled athlete

78-83

2 CBRNe WORLD Autumn 2010 www.cbrneworld.com

26-35


Web: www.cbrneworld.com

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Any correspondence should be addressed to The Editor, CBRNe World. We acknowledge the assistance and hard workof many individuals, associations and organisations who have contributed to this magazine. The information publishedin this magazine has been published in good faith and the opinions contained in the article are those of the author andnot Falcon Communication Ltd. Photos are credited individually, non attributed articles are from the CBRNe Worldarchive. © Falcon Communication Ltd 2010Front cover photo ©CBRNe World

20 /20 BioResponse 97ABB Analytical 85Ahura Scientific 21Air Techniques International 27Airboss Defense 73Argon Electronics 81Avon Protection 71Bertin Technologies 89Biral 33Blucher Saratoga 33Bruker Protection 23Counter Terror Expo 91Cristanini 61Decongel 27Draeger 17Emergent BioSolutions 95Environics 37Genencor IFCGermfree 25Global Security Asia 99HDT Engineered Technologies 53Hygie Tech 31I Bodi 73ICx Technolgies 19Idaho Technologies 11Intelagard 59,OBCKarcher Futuretech 50Lockheed Martin 7Meridian Medical 93Mirion Technologies 97NBC Sys 35NGC Remotec 67North by Honeywell 13OWR 29Paul Boye 9Proengin 39QinetiQ North America 65RSDecon 75Scott Protection 77Smiths Detection IBCTSI 55Zephyr Technology 71

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PRODUCT WATCH

FREE SEX!Maybe not. But seriously, this is theCBRN version of sex… and it’s free. Itmay well be a little-known, andcertainly little-publicised, fact, but ifyou have tendered into New YorkState, and the Office of GeneralServices, then ALL THE FINANCIALDETAILS OF YOUR BID ARE THERE!Whether this is naiveté or a suddeninterest in ethical selling – and an endto profiteering and letting it all justhang out – is not known. What isknown is the level of giddy hysteriathis provoked in the office – much likea five-year-old getting all hisChristmases at once. But if, forexample, you wanted to know howmuch Company A’s Chemical Detector(Lightweight) was – it’s there. Wouldyou like to know what their discountwas may be? IT’S THERE TOO!

Now, I can’t tell you what it isbecause there is a big rider at thebottom saying: “THIS DOCUMENTCONTAINS (Company A’s)PROPRIETARY INFORMATION THAT ISPRIVATE. IT SHALL BE MAINTAINEDIN CONFIDENCE AND SHALL NOT BEDISCLOSED TO OTHERS WITHOUTTHE EXPRESS WRITTEN CONSENTOF (Company A)”. But should youhappen to go to:http://www.ogs.state.ny.us/purchase/spg/awards/3823219745can.htm,you can see for yourself. But shhh; it’sa secret!

So, based on the realisation thatall the featured CBRN companies(and, not including agencies, there are17) are going to lay a VERY BIG EGGwhen they get called by variousagencies asking why New York(potentially) got a better bargain thanthey did, and after they have laid thatVERY BIG EGG, there will be a short,but noisy phone call, all this lovelyinformation will disappear, and onlythose of us lucky enough to print offa copy and hide it will have it. Forthose of you that received your copyof the magazine too late then youhave my apologies – phone a friend!I’m feeling the love…

Big News – watch the others circleIn a mergers and acquisition movethat shocked much of the US CBRNcommunity, the wunderkind of the

past five years, ICx Technologies(producer of such devices as Fido,Biobadge, Agentase Disclosure Spray,etc) is in the process of being boughtby FLIR Systems. Those of you thatpoke your head out of the CBRNburrow (something to be done asinfrequently as possible in theopinions of the CBRNe World staff) willknow FLIR from the forward-lookinginfrared after which they are named.Clearly, as defence budgets havebecome harder to chase, FLIR haverebranded/positioned/hacked theirway into the “force protection” market– presumably in the same way thatany optics manufacturer could.Whatever their hold on the marketmight previously have been, that willnow have exponential growth with theacquisition of ICx. But what then? WillICx, which was itself built out ofcomponent parts, be sold off? Howniche does FLIR want to be? Someparts of it would seem to have a goodfit with a “force protection” company– being product-driven, and availablefor retail. Other parts that have longgestation times, including some ofthe bio bits, would seem to sit badlywith FLIR’s product-driven marketstrategy and might disappear intocompetitors’ portfolio. As with anylarge company, it is difficult to seehow the support elements will remainthe same size – admin, legal,marketing, etc – and there is likely tobe some form of rationalisation. Moreas we get it.

Sound off, Stand Off!Avir Sensors announced that theyare continuing to develop theirChemsight open path infraredspectrometry chemical detector.The system works by having asource and a detector, both withline of sight of each other; thedetector then analyses any changesin the received beam. The sensor isSafety Act compliant, and is on trialin a variety of sites, includingMetro stations.

A Mighty WindZephyr Technology announced thattheir Performance Status Monitor(PSM) was achieving great things witha range of customers. Theyannounced that Phase 1 of a spiraldevelopment was delivered to US

Special Forces. Their Phase 1 built ontheir real-time remote monitoring ofvital signs by adding to the sensorsuite (SpO2, Blood Pressure andMedic) and allowed increased comfortwhen worn with body armour. PrinceGeorge County within MarylandFire/Emergency Medical ServiceDepartment also tested the PSM attheir training academy, and were veryimpressed with the information itprovided. This was after a body ofresearch done at the HumanPerformance Laboratory of theUniversity of Wisconsin showed thesystem could also be used to monitor,and then improve, humanperformance, in a range of activitiesfrom sporting to fire and rescue.

ShowtimeJune was the month ofmarital/relationship difficulties withthree shows back-to-back: CBWStockholm, Eurosatory and FortLeonard Wood. Stockholm had itsusual crop of new products. Bruker,for example, was showing off itsdetection All Terrain Vehicle (ATV),which was surprisingly bucking thetrend, not being on a Polaris chassis.Mounting a Raid, an SVG2 and aRapid on the ATV, and a Verotect andMM2 on the trailer, it provided anexcellent mobility platform for thedetectors. Proengin showed itsAP4CFB, which combined itschemical and biological detectorsinto one fixed-site product. Blauer,while not necessarily a new productto the US, was showing its range ofsuits – NFPA 1994 Class 2 suits. ItsHomeland Defence suits utilise GoreChempak material, in much the sameway the Lion MT94 suits do, butBlauer feels it offers superior designand experience.

Environics was showing itsChemPro PD, which provides fixed-site detection using the latestChempro, and has the ability to handoff the date remotely to a commandstation. Scott Health and Safetylaunched its civilian variant of theUK’s General Service Respirator.Using a standard canister, asopposed to GSR’s conformal ones, itwill now be a competitor to Avon’sM53 on the world market. Thales wasalso showing off new products – itsnew CBRN vehicle got its first


CBRNews


European showing, along with its newbio dosimeter. The former is as mucha CBRN command and control/sceneassessment vehicle as a “CBRN”vehicle, meaning it has greater utility.But it also comes equipped with aUGV and storage areas designed fordetectors, PPE, etc. Thales France wasshowing its new BioWard biodosimeter – a competitor to ICx’sBioBadge and their entrant for theEDA’s BioEDEP Project. There are stilla few design snags to be ironed out –since the Thales employee managed tobreak it in putting it together – but ithas a far longer battery life than thecurrent ICx product and will benefitfrom being a more recent product.

Eurosatory had some CBRN gems.NBC Sys showed off its mobile deconunit that it had built for the Slovenians,and also its lightweight decon mobilityplatform which can be adapted to useany decon solution – whether low orhigh pressure. Saint Gobain alsolaunched its One Suit to the militarymarket which, with its single-skindesign, offers fire and chemicalprotection. As well as the suit, StGobain is also selling the material,which Colpro manufacturers might wellstart using.

The Joint CBRN Conference in FortLeonard Wood also had a range of newcompanies. Straight out of the blocksthere was Block Engineering, showingoff its Porthos and Laser Scan stand-off chemical detectors. Block had beenthe sub-component manufacturerbehind other well-known stand-offdetectors, and now they have clearlydecided to provide their own, man-portable system. Another “new”company with a new product wasInnovaprep with their Bobcat samplecollector. This lightweight dry filteraerosol collector stands about two feethigh and comes with a wet elutionsystem. Photon Systems was alsoshowing its handheld deep UVcontamination detector – about thesize of a large flashlight – that buildson the work it has been doing on itsUGV version.

1st Detect detect $735,000 contract1st Detect, manufacturer of ahandheld mass spectrometer, wasawarded a Phase II SBIR contractfrom JSTO. The Phase II contract isto design and develop a novel sampleinlet system which is going tosignificantly improve the sensitivity ofits detector. This follows on from itsPhase 1 SBIR that was awarded inMay 2009. If they can bring massspec identification into an easy-to-use/understand handheld variant, itwould transform chemical detectionand identification – though there area couple of big asks there…

And what have you been drinking?The old breathalyser might go througha shakeup after Barda awardedMenssana Research a $4.2 million(potential $22.4 million) contract for aradiation breathalyser. The devicewould be part of the triage process atthe scene, and would be able to detecta variety of biomarkers – it is currentlyused to detect cancer and TB. Thedevice does require individuals tobreath into the device for two minutes,but if they could bring that time downthey would have a winner.

Phase III funds for SporianSporian Microsystems won a Phase IIdevelopment award from the US Armyto test its biosensor buoy network, thecompany announced. The system isdesigned to detect pathogens in water,and follows on from its testing in AQUAPATH last year in Michigan. This year’stesting will loom for E. coli andsalmonella, and utilise its wirelesscomms, geolocation and third-partywater sensors.

THREAT WATCH

Surprise to no-one… After years of ‘Well, we’ll believe itwhen it happens,’ the Russiangovernment finally admitted to theOPCW that it would not meet itschemical weapon disposal deadline of29 April 2012. The new estimated dateis 2015, which is also ambitious, butRussia is confident (again) it will beable to meet it.

Sitting in biological matterPresident Obama issued an ExecutiveOrder for changes in the way BiologicalSelect Agents and Toxins (BSAT) aresecured. The order, called Optimisingthe Security of BSAT in the US, directsgovernment institutions like the DHHSand USDA to institute a number ofchanges to their implementation of theSelect Agent Program, and tointroduce a tiered system which willallow them to be risk categorised.Those agents in the highest tier willhave targeted, improved securitymeasures attached, including facilityand personnel screening.

Chernobyl’s ghostThe ex-power station came back tohaunt Europe as Russia’s wildfiresinched closer. The drought which hadaffected Russia caused a series ofwildfires that the Russian fire brigadeseemed unable to resolve. Thesespread to the Bryansk region of theUkraine where the hugelycontaminated forests aroundChernobyl were threatened; theconcern was that a blaze here might

re-aerosolise the contamination andspread it on the breeze. A mobileradiation lab was sent to the area andthere were some localised peaks (6-12times higher than usual), but after 13August the news dries up. Hopefullyno news is good news – and certainlythe monitoring stations that were setup after the Chernobyl disaster haveremained quiet. But the way this storywas suddenly turned off is a concern.Time magazine ran a story on just thisfacet – how, after Greenpeace’s 10August announcement of 20 fires inthe Chernobyl region, the responsibleagencies’ website went down for days,and when it came back online had nomention of the fires. Time was toldthis was a request from the RussianEmergencies Ministry to stopspreading panic. By the end of Augustthere is still a shortage ofinformation…

More OP attacks in AfghanistanTotia High School for girls in Kabulwas attacked on 25 August, leaving 46students and nine teachers in hospital– with four remaining unconsciousafter two hours. This was the fifth suchattack in the city, and the eleventh inthe country. There are no suspects,nobody has come forward, and theonly clue was a strong smell ofsewage. The Guardian newspaperquoted the school’s caretaker assaying that “It was so bad the headsaid we must tell the neighbouringhouses that they should only clear outtheir shit at the night time”.Interestingly, there was a wealth ofspeculation that this was a form ofmass hysteria – shades of The Crucible– which came to an end when TheMinistry of Public Health announcedthat, with the help of the WHO, bloodtests confirmed the use oforganophosphates. The school was alarge, open area, and for the amountof individuals to be affected asignificant quantity of chemicals musthave been released.

$1bn black hole…DoD shifted one billion dollars out ofits CBRN programmes to help fund theWhite House’s pandemic priorities.This has caused the death of a varietyof research and procurementprogrammes, the whole scope ofwhich is, as yet, unclear. Around$442m had already been lopped off bySecretary Gates through efficiencysavings. This is all going to fund a newvaccine facility, for non-military specificpathogens like H1N1, to go alongsidethe two new ones that DHHS isbuilding. Various agents are nowlobbying to get parts of the cutsrescinded and the lobbying is likely tobe intense.




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GW: I am interested in where youthink the biological threat lies?Should we focus on the nextgeneration – the peptides and binaryagents – or the more likely agents –anthrax and tularaemia? Where do youthink the balance of investment andrisk is?RD: I don’t think any of us can be veryconfident about predicting the futureof biological warfare or terrorism. Wehaven’t been very good at predictionsin the past: the anthrax letters were anunexpected means of using a pathogen;we didn’t do well predicting theRussian programme when it was sodramatically extensive; and weultimately failed in our assessments of

the Iraqi programme. So itis not possible

to confidently describe part of thethreat spectrum and state there issubstantial likelihood from that andnot from other parts. I would say theanthrax risk is larger than other kindsof risk in the near term, but over timethe development and proliferation ofbio-technologies and the ability tocreate new pathogens is likely tochange that balance of risk.Unfortunately, investment needs to beagainst a wide range of contingencies.

GW: Whatever the pathogen, thedifficulty of dissemination will remainconstant and be the saving grace –unless the attack has state fundingbehind it. This technological chokepoint means any release is likely to befairly small-scale – an Amerithraxrather than a doomsday device…

RD: Well, the thrust isright. The

distribution challenges are significant,and so is the conservation ofsubstantial supplies of material. Aterrorist is likely to want to developnot just tens of grams in the lab, but akilo or many kilos. But I wouldn’t usethe phrase “saving grace”. Technologiesassociated with the insecticide sprayingindustry or crop dusting offersignificant threat capabilities. I thinkdissemination techniques can bemastered without great difficulty bypeople who have the right skill set,Most of the canonical cases usingaerosol spraying don’t assume hugequantities – it usually involves a kilo ofagent and, if it is reasonably efficientlydistributed, it can cause a largenumber of deaths. Equally striking isthe fact that a pathogen like anthraxgenerates significant contaminationthat will be very difficult to clean upover long periods of time. I think youare right that there is a difficulty, but I

don’t see it as “a savinggrace.”


Keeper of theNEW flame

Richard Danzig, Chairman of the Center for a New American Security,talks to Gwyn Winfield about his perception of the biological threat

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Keeper of the NEW flameCB

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GW: Previously you have said it waseither thought to be unnecessary or toohard for policy makers to think aboutbio warfare. Do you think that haschanged? Most of the detection effort,for example, is still on “line” dispersal(where a large plume generates samplesfor air-breathing detectors) and pointsensors, while terrorist use is not inthat paradigm. They are more likely toattempt agri-terrorism – getting agentinto the food and water system;something that might destroy thelivelihood of a whole state. RD: You are making both a broad pointand a specific one. On the broad pointthere has been progress in thinkingabout biological attacks, and there is awider and more educated community ofthinkers and policy makers sensitive tothis threat than would have been the casewhen I first started writing about this 15years ago. So there has been progress.Your specific point about detection is agood one. Current planning emphasizesmaking existing aerosol detectionsystems more rapid and effective, whichis a useful thing to do. The dominantchallenge, however, is to broadendetectors to deal with a greater range ofthreats and a greater range of pathogensand means of distribution; that involvesmoving away from environmentalsampling and towards generating otherforms of detection, including surveillanceof population health, rather than sodominantly relying on air sampling inthe traditional way.

GW: I don’t think this reticence isunique to the US. The EuropeanDefence Agency (EDA) is spendingmillions of Euros on aerosol detection,as tracking adulteration of the food andwater supply is too difficult. It is all toohard, too time consuming…RD: I think you are right but I would addtwo things. One: you started by saying weneed to think about future pathogens,and the existing systems don’t do a goodjob on that. They identify a threat listwhich is mainly retrospective andascertain whether those particularthreats are in the air. Your earlier point isvalid and the sensitivity of these systemsneed to be expanded. Two: while I agreeyou need to be concerned with asubstantial range of contingencies, youcannot predict which one is dominant.

Therefore while your observation aboutfood and water is well taken, you appearto be more convinced than I am that foodand water are the obvious vectors ofattack by terrorists. My view is that it isnot predictable.

GW: We can agree to disagree on thevector path for the target populationbut how much of the solution is one ortwo stages back? Should there be amore unilateral “world at risk” (seeCBRNe World Spring 2009) approach –a US legislative attempt to providecontrol of scientists worldwide – or amultilateral approach involving anincrease in the power of the BiologicalWeapons Convention (BWC) to try anddeal with this?RD: First of all I need to spend a momenton your “agree to disagree” comment. Iam not discounting your point onalternative modes of attack, but rather Iam not willing to put all of my eggs intothat basket. On the different modalitiesof approach we are in a situation akin to19th Century medicine – a condition ofconsiderable uncertainty. My view is thatyou go down each of the accessible pathsand see which are proving efficacious;you don’t opt for one part of the systemover another. So BWC buys yousignificant benefits in inhibiting states,but it is not going to have significanteffects on terrorists. And it is not goingto have much effect with states that don’twant to conform even after they havesigned – like the Soviet Union in the1980s. The BWC doesn’t buy you a lot ofhelp there. It is a useful thing, but thereare limits on it, and how much you wantto press on it remains to be seen – sodon’t put all the eggs in one basket.

Efforts to better control particularpathogens seem to be very useful; thoseefforts can’t be simply in the US but needto be worldwide. It should be a priority toeducate scientists not only about to besensitive to the risks in their own workbut also so they are inclined to alert uswhen they have concerns about otherscientists. These educational investmentsand the BWC are well worth investing in,but not as a cure-all. They should be apart of a whole spectrum of initiatives.Even when we had a much morestraightforward problem, like the riskthat the Soviet Union might attack us inways that could lead to nuclear war,

nobody said that since we have troops onthe ground we don’t need missiles orships. Good security planning requiresinvesting across a wide range of activitiesin an effort to reduce the likelihood thatthere is a big arena of risk that you havenot covered. No single bio defenceinitiative should be allowed to becomeour equivalent of the Maginot Line.

GW: If you look at UK and USexperience, with Kay, Hatfill and Ivins,you see that scientists can be good attheir job but have idiosyncratic personalor even scientific quirks; but thatdoesn’t stop them being good scientists,and neither does it necessarily makethem a security risk. If we encouragetheir peers to inform on activities out ofthe norm, the eccentrics findthemselves out of a job and that loss oflivelihood contributes to a sense ofdisaffection that might cause theproblem it was meant to resolve…RD: I think that is right. You have toadminister a system of safeguards withsome sensitivity. If you have nosafeguards then you are at risk, but ifyour safeguards are heavy handed thenthey impede real progress and research;at best they waste a loss time and atworst they alienate people in the way youare describing. So you have to besensitive to the balance.

GW: In Nation at Risk and Big Threeyou indicated the focus was shiftingonto non-explosive weapons (NEW)devices, including biological devices. Doyou still feel this is the case, since allwe really see is the conventionalweapons – IEDs and small arms?RD: Yes, I do think the NEW weapons arebecoming more significant and that thistrend will intensify. The current intenseattention to cyber security joins thebiological and chemical weaponry as amanifestation of this trend. Like mostsources of technological change it iseasier to see the trend than to predict itspace and timing. The technology in allthese areas is proliferating and can bepicked up like a stick by anyone to hit us,or others, over the head. It is not just athreat to the US – if someone told methere was a major bio attack somewherein the world next year, I would say it isjust as likely that it happens in Russia asanywhere else. Where this is going to




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occur, how and when is difficult topredict, but I see it lying there like astick to be picked up by others.

GW: There seem to be parallels betweenthe current situation and the 1930s,where a large amount of peacekeepinghad followed a long period ofwarfighting. There was also a period ofeconomic downturn while facing anovel threat. Instead of investing in thelatest threat they wanted the moneyturned back on for the old toys thathave been drawn down in the leantimes. Do you think that, as the troopsreturn from operations and normalbusiness resumes, there will be a shiftback from the novel to finding the nextgeneration fastjet or howitzer, andCBRNE will be forgotten?RD: There is a tendency for allinstitutions to keep doing what they havedone, and for various constituencieswithin that institution to keep pressingin that direction. So there are expertswithin the military whose expertise isaligned with a particular platform ormunition, and they naturally think it isextremely important and needs to besustained. There are also members of thecontracting establishment that aremanufacturing it, and they naturallyreinforce the same thought process.

When you get a new area you don’t havean existing constituency for it, as peopledon’t have that expertise or set ofcontracting relationships, so the new hasless political support than the old, andthat makes it an uphill struggle. Whenstrains intensify, as when budgets are cutor wars are fought, that uphill difficultyis intensified – so I share your concerns.On the other hand we have developedmore of a constituency concerned aboutthese things and had some real worldexperience, like the anthrax letters, thatshows how disruptive these kinds ofweapons can be. We will sustain someinvestment, but it won’t be as much asthose of us that are concerned about thiswould like.

GW: In the face of this pressure, agenciesthat are their own worst enemy: money ispoorly spent, there is duplication, etc.Since the threat has yet to appear in aconsistent way, and during an economicdownturn in which core elements ofhomeland defence are being sacrificed,the agencies’ inability to keep their ownhouse in order will act as a contributingfactor to the decline in investment. It allbuilds up to a critical mass…RD: It is hard to think of anyprogrammes that are run to a standardthat reaches the ideal. It is not surprising

to me that relatively new programmesand new agencies, like DHS, have haddifficulty finding their feet. There arenotable achievements: BARDA has beenpretty efficient and gained respect; thedetection programme we were discussingannounced by the President in a State ofthe Union address with relatively littlepreparation, but the programme that wascreated in the wake of that has beenrather effective within the limits of itsown parameters – it hasn’t generated alot of false alarms and has shown theability to detect pathogens in theatmosphere, etc. There have been somesignificant achievements even thoughthere are some notable failings, and thatis par for the course. I wouldn’t expectanything better or worse than that.

GW: DoD medical programmes havebeen getting involved in H1N1. Doesn’tthis smack of a cry for validity – thatmoney is being well spent andrelevantly? Is there a military need formilitary organisation, with militarymoney, to look after civil pathogens?RD: There are two lines of goodargument for involvement in that. One isthat these problems in their naturalmanifestation substantially affect themilitary – the 1918 influenza pandemicfirst affected the US military. More


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generally, illness and infection causemore loss of military manpower thanweapons from your opponent. So there isgood reason for the military to invest inproblems like H1N1. Secondly, there is agenuine, honest and substantialconnection between the military use ofpathogens and the natural occurrence ofthem. If we have an outbreak or attack,we won’t know whether it is natural orman-made unless the terrorist does usthe favour of sending us a credible note.Moreover, the R&D methods that areassociated with natural epidemics andwith biological attack are very similar, soyou can exercise the related militaryskills and do something useful for thecivil population by connecting these twoup. The military therefore staff a lot ofhospitals in peacetime in ways thatprovide assistance to civilians,dependents and veterans, as werecognise that keeping that capabilitytuned is very useful in wartime; it isbetter to have these people doingsomething rather than simply standingby and waiting for a war. So it is usefulfor those people concerned about bioterrorism to be concerned with naturalepidemics.

GW: I take those points, but when youlook at the level of budget of bigpharmaceutical companies that willmake money out of a pandemic, likeH1N1, it dwarfs what TMT and CBMScan throw at it – despite their excellentskill set and technology base. Knowingthat, isn’t it better for them to focuson something that can keep themactive and gainfully employed with amilitary benefit and aimed towards amilitary threat?RD: I agree with the general propositionthat you want to look at the privatesector resources and see whether therereally is value added from what might bea relatively small military investment. Ican’t really comment as I don’t know theproportions of the investment in each,but I note that the first samples of H1N1to appear in the US, or samples of acertain kind, were found through a Navymedical research lab in San Diego. Themilitary does have contributions to makein these arenas, but I don’t know enoughto comment on whether they have over-invested in this. Some investment isuseful, however.

GW: Previously you have spoken aboutlidars and UAVs in bio detection andhow, while there are sometechnological qualms about it, themajor problems begin with the user.The success of PFPA’s (see CBRNeWorld Spring 2009) system is thatthey have a team of highly qualifiedpeople who can understand what thesensors are seeing and interrogate thedata. But the military don’t have thatcapability in enough depth and, unlessmoney suddenly arrives, that problemwill perpetuate.RD: I don’t think I agree with that. I doagree that funding the technicians andthe ability to analyse the data is every bitas important as funding the hardware.But you don’t need a huge corps of suchpeople; the information comes back froma UAV or lidar in a digital form and canbe transmitted anywhere and can beanalysed anywhere. Once you have a coreteam, of the kind that you have describedPaul Benda as having constructed, youcan use that as a national centre orresource. It is not as though a publichealth official in New York City has toread the lidar information.

It is workable to create such a team.You are right that it needs to be created,but I don’t see it as a large orunacceptable cost. You also need to havea richer understanding of theenvironment and what is normal andhow to read this material; it is not just acase of choosing smart people andtraining them; you also need to buildover time a library of data, and that isone of the reasons why I would like toget started, as you can’t implement thesystem on the day of a terrorist attack.You need to lead up to it, and that alsoneeds to be invested in.

GW: Talking about education, nothingwas done about public educationfollowing the immediate anthrax scurry,seemingly due to fears ofscaremongering and a lack of anobvious benefit from doing so. Butwithout scaremongering there willnever be a groundswell of policy thatresults in the necessary preparationthat is needed to stop an outbreak…RD: It is extremely hard to capturepublic attention for an event that hasnot occurred. There are so many risksout there that could materialise, so

many things that they could beconcerned about, that a hypothesisedarena of threat like bio has a hard timefinding space to capture attentionagainst many other worthy concerns –whether chemical or nuclear attack,global warming, oil spills, hurricanes,etc. I don’t greatly fault the presentauthorities for their very small successin this regard, and I also don’t think it isvery likely that the most skilled andenergetic programmes would penetrate alot further. What I do fault, and worryabout, is that I don’t feel we haveadequate standby capability forinforming the public in the event of anattack – though some authorities arefurther along than they were before.

So, while I feel the public won’tfocus on this substantially before anattack, on the other hand it is veryevident the public will be intenselyengaged after an attack becomes known,and will want advice; I don’t think wehave thought out that advice withenough specificity. The public is going toask basic questions – should they goinside or stay out? Vacuum or not? Usebleach to decon the house or not at all?Is it safe to drive? The authorities, notunreasonably, say we can’t know theanswers to those questions until weknow the nature of the strain, how bigthe dissemination was, etc. But we coulddo a lot of research in advance on thenature of these questions, at low cost.We are not going to know the answers tomany of these things at the time webecome aware of an attack, such as whatthe character of the strain is, the precisetime and amount disseminated. But weare going to have to give advice underconditions of uncertainty. So we shouldthink that advice out now in advancewhile we have time.

GW: It was recently announced thatSecretary of Defense Gates will bestepping down next year. Washingtonpundits have touted you for the role.What would be the highest priority forhis successor in terms of bio defence?RD: On the bio defence side, I think thegeneral emphasis has to be across theboard – you can’t pick out a componentand say this is the one I need. But Iwould encourage Secretary Gates and hissuccessors to pay more attention to theNEW weapons – bio among them.


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You have to keep up when it comesto acronyms; if you are not PDQ,your TLAs have got away from

you. Occasionally, however, thegeneration of a three-letter acronym hassomething bigger behind it than workfor the acronym monkey. Earlier thisyear the Quadrennial Defense Reviewenshrined the creation of the HomelandResponse Forces (HRFs), which weregoing to take the place of two of theCBRNE Consequence ManagementResponse Forces (CCMRFs), none ofwhich had any impact on the CivilSupport Teams (CSTs) or the CBRNEEnhanced Response Force Package(CERF-P), which are National Guardassets. The remaining CCMRF, thatreports to Joint Task Force CivilSupport (JTF-CS), is going to be re-branded as a Defense CBRNE ResponseForce (DCRF) – I hope you have all keptup, because it only gets morecomplicated from here!

Prior to the HRFs, the responselevel ran via the CSTs, CERF-P and thento elements of the CCMRF, so as therequirement for aid grew, so did theforce. The CCMRFs were the largestelement – three planned units ofapproximately 4,500 personnel. Theirrole was varied but fixed at the upperend by the worst that terrorist units

could throw at the continental UnitedStates – the ten-kiloton (kt) nuclearwarhead. The premise, seemingly, wasbased on overmatch – whatever theterrorist could plan, the CCMRF wouldbe able to deal with.

There was no doubt, however, that asmall number of such largeorganisations were going to find itdifficult to be agile and cover alleventualities. The HRFs, withapproximately 500 personnel, follow theten FEMA regions, allowing a greaterdegree of flexibility. As such they haveallowed the shelving of two of the threeCCMRF forces – so it is not areplacement so much as a supplement.Yet doesn’t this increase the originalproblem of the CCMRFs – their lack ofubiquity? Doesn’t one CCMRF, whichhas now become larger, have less of acapability to get to where it is needed?

Brigadier General (Brig. Gen.)Treacy suggested otherwise, indicatingthat, while the force had got larger, ithad also got quicker on it’s feet. “Inreorganising to a Defense CBRNEResponse Force (DCRF), we haveincreased to somewhere in the region of5,200-5,400 personnel, and thatincrease of 800-1,000 personnel will bein the life-saving arena such as medicalresponse capabilities,” he said. “In

respect to the response times, inaddition to putting more emphasis onmore forces at the front end – the life-saving – we are also reducing theresponse time by 50 percent, so we aregetting more immediate help to theincident area quicker. We are workingtoward improving our time of responsewhile we increase our immediateresponse capacity.”

The “first responder” elements ofthe DCRF – those that are going tohopefully make a difference to people’slives – are expected to move within 24hours of notification. Yet for a force thathas so many medical personnel, whatare they going to do 24 hours after achemical release? While they canprovide support to the civil authority, interms of being able to rest civiliandoctors, it is the facility itself, thehospital, that is going to be full – andexpeditionary military centres needlonger than 24 hours to set up. So doesthis therefore mean the medical supportstaff can specialise in certain areas –that they won’t need to do triage andblast injuries, but they might need to beable to focus more on biological ratherthan chemical? Brig. Gen. Treacysuggested it was not that clear cut, andthat the remit of the DCRF was so largeit was difficult to rule out any scenario.

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“I am unaware of any move towardnarrowing the scope of the medicalresponse or the chemical companiesthat would be responders to a chlorinespill, or something of that nature,” hesaid. “Each state has CSTs as well as theCBRNE Enhanced Response ForcePackages, that are also aligned andcapable of doing that immediateresponse activity, so it is a kind ofbuilding block approach to gettingforces there quickly. Not that we arewaiting to be asked and waiting on thearrival of one force before we start tomove another force; it is aninteroperable system that incorporateslocal and state first responders as wellas the federal first responders.”

As well as the advantage of size, theCCMRFs also had the ability to providesupport to each other – so if the eventwas so large it went beyond the capabilityof a CCMRF, it could call on support fromthe others. With the loss of the other two,it does seem that, if an incident is bigenough to swamp a CCMRF, then all theHRFs will be squandered in pennypackets rather than critical mass. Again,Brig. Gen. Treacy suggested it was notthat straightforward. “We moved awayfrom a second and third CCMRF, buteach HRF in its FEMA region wouldaccount for one CCMRF; 500 multiplied

by ten gives you 5,000 personnel,” hesaid. “Those personnel for the CCMRFnumber two were principally reservistand guardsmen, so it is more or less aone-for-one exchange. The advantage ofthe HRFs is that the tyranny of distanceis mitigated somewhat by having themamong the FEMA region. In addition tothe HRFs and the DCRF, we will also havea couple of standing command andcontrol headquarters. These are trainedand ready to accept mobilised reserveforces as well, as other active forces thatwere not assigned to the CCMRF missionunder the organisation of the DCRF.From a contingency application we havethe HRFs, equivalent to a CCMRF, theDCRF, which is a robusted CCMRF. Theremaining forces would be sourced on acontingency basis if we needed to dealwith incidents in other areas of thecountry, giving us some reserve capabilityto deal with more than two incidents thatare ongoing simultaneously.”

This also means that the individualstate has more control over what assetsit gets – for better or worse – as theFEMA regions will have a number ofCSTs, one HRF and at least one CERF-P. With so much in the states’ control– with the ability to stamp down on anincident in the first three to four hours– what role is left for the DCRF? What

is to stop the governor deciding he canhandle the incident with the forces athis disposal? When he realises hecannot, it might be too late to bring inthe DCRF at the optimal time?“Whenever there is a serious incident,the JTF-CS will send out advancedteams to assist in the assessment of thesituation,” said Brig. Gen. Treacy.“They go out in a matter of hours. Weare always on alert and ready, so as thesituation develops we have a team thatcan provide the assessment of thesituation. They go to the incident andmeet up with the state emergencyoperations centre and begin toimmediately co-ordinate, in respect tothe magnitude of the problem, thecapabilities that the state can bring tobear and the regional capability thatthe HRF can bring to bear. Emergencymanagement compacts between thestates locally will also be calculated,and these can be done rapidly. Thesecome back to me, and I can makerecommendations up to thecommander of United States NorthernCommand as to whether or not heshould work with the Secretary ofDefense and start us moving towardsthe incident centre. There are manyactivities that are ongoing and aredesigned this way, in parallel rather

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than in series. It is a mistake that folksmake that we have to go to A, beforewe go to B and then C; we all plan towork the co-ordination issues inparallel to reduce unnecessary time toour response.”

Yet this doesn’t escape the fact thatthere is now a regional level ofcapability where there was none before.Previously, there were a wealth ofscenarios that could dwarf a CST andCERF-P; now, with the addition of theHRF, this seems less likely and pushesthe DCRF up against the ten-kilotonthreat or a major mass-casualty event.Once you realise where you are on thescale you can specialise, targeting theforce towards that event, rather than allcircumstances. “I wouldn’t say ourthought processes are driving us intoonly using the DCRF for a majorcatastrophe,” said Brig. Gen. Treacy.“There are certainly specialised unitsthat the DCRF is comprised of that may,in fact, be used in a bio or chemincident at a lower level than a mass-casualty catastrophe. It is a goodquestion, as one would assume theDCRF is sequestered off only to mass-casualty, mass-catastrophe disasters –that is not necessarily the way thethinking is going. We will certainly usethe forces that are available, if that forceis needed and will be the best solutionto the problem at hand. I don’t want toflog a dead horse, but we are workingdiligently to ensure that collaborationand assessment at the state, federal andFEMA level work in parallel so we canmake quick and efficient decisions as tothe best way to respond to an incident.”

While this might indeed be the case,it is notable that the exercise the JTF-CS was working on when we spoke wasat the higher end of the scale. “Thisparticular incident that we are trainingfor is a nuclear mass-casualty event; asmall nuclear device with significantdestruction in the city,” said Brig Gen.Treacy. “But that is not the onlyscenario we have used and I don’texpect it to be the only scenario in thefuture, especially when we incorporatethe training for collaboration with thehomeland response forces.”

Navy Captain Michael Collins, Chiefof Staff of the JTF-CS, explained

further. “We routinely do the 10ktdevice,” he said. ‘We do approximatelyfour major training exercises a year,and it varies with the ebb and flow ofthe forces. We do 10kt once a year,because people will immediately needdecon, large numbers of people willneed medical treatment, and there willbe a requirement to deal with largenumbers of fatalities in a sensitivematter, etc. It is one of the mostdifficult scenarios to deal with in termsof sheer scope. We deal with otherscenarios – the biological pathogenthat has spread via a terroristorganisation, or a natural outbreaksuch as H5N1; we need that capabilityin our back pocket. People always thinkabout a terrorist incident or a WMD,but it could be an extremely largechlorine plant, or similar, that iscracked open catastrophically becauseof an earthquake.”

There are clearly some missionsthat play into the strengths of the JTF-

CS, yet it is hard to see what they coulddo in a biological event. They are tooslow to be there at the inception (evenif it were detected) and the rest of theevent is mainly a public health andterrorist investigation. Captain Collinssuggested that the response time wouldbe the same as the 10KT challenge andthat this was actually a good example ofthe JTF-CS role. “There is always aprimary agency, DHHS and theirsupport to FEMA, or if there is aterrorist nexus then the FBI. We seeourselves in the support role – sent outto provide assistance at the origin ofthe incident, supporting organizationswho were trying to prevent the spreadof the biological agent, for example. Wewould be sent to the origination sitewhere there would be the mostcasualties where we could run upshelters, run PODs (Points ofDistribution) or help with supplies, oruse our engineering assets to help withthe running of the city.”

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BG Treacy takes over JTF-CS during interesting times ©JTF-CS


Brig. Gen. Treacy is relatively newin post, and clearly has joined the forcein “interesting times.” But he clearlysees this as an opportunity to place theDCRF and JTF-CS in the force mix.“The things we can effect most and bestis ensuring, internally, the JTF-CS andthe new DCRF are able to maximise ourability to respond,” he said. “Thebiggest challenge is how well we shareinformation and assess the incident towhich we are responding, to enable usto send the most critical teams first.Accuracy of information and speed ofinformation are crucial, as is our ability

to work and collaborate across local andstate government as well as federalassets that will be responding; these arecritical to the early effectiveness of aDCRF concept. This is what I amconcentrating on, to ensure that ourfirst 24-48 hours to respond are wellthought out and well-supported byplanning and training to those plansand refining them along the way. At theend of the day, failure is not an option.”

The DCRF is indeed going to haveto run hard to prove itself, as there willnow be ten HRFs out to make a namefor themselves – much as the CSTs did

– and not keen to look to big brotherfor support. There will also be a job ofwork in keeping the first responder, andother government agencies, aware oftheir presence as the HRFs also makethemselves known. There will certainlybe parts of the DCRF that will be wellknown to responders, such as theUSMC CBIRF, and as they train withother forces, such as FDNY, there willcome a greater understanding of thechanges. Indeed, the one thing that isconstant is change, and even if thatslows there will still be the nextgeneration of acronyms.

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CCMRF/DCRF is not just for tac Nukes, it is also planning for large scale disasters ©Northcom

Japan experienced several biological andchemical attacks and attempted attacksby the cult group Aum Shinrikyo in the

1990s. In particular, the Tokyo subwaysarin attack in 1995 demonstrated a newtype of successful scenario for the large-scale attack of a civil population in anurban area by a chemical agent. In the 15years since this horrible terrorist act, howhas Japan developed and improved CBRNterrorism preparedness? In this article, thecapability development following the attackon civilians and the Japan Self DefenceForces (JSDF) will be reviewed.

On 20 March 1995, at around 8am,members of Aum Shinrikyo dispersed thenerve agent sarin in five subway vehicles inTokyo. More than 5,500 people wereaffected and rushed to the hospital, and 12died. The ambulances could transport only463 victims, and most patients visited thehospital on foot, in taxis or private vehicles,etc. No primary decontamination wasperformed on-site and, more importantly,first responders and health care workersinvolved in the initial response were notwearing personal protective equipment. Asa result, approximately ten per cent of firedepartment personnel who responded tothe incident and 23 per cent of the hospitalstaff in St Luke’s International Hospitalwhich accepted 640 victims on the dayexperienced secondary exposure.

Although the police could identify theagent within two hours in its crimelaboratory the fire department, which didnot have instruments that could detectsarin at that time, announced the agentwas acetonitrile in the first report based onthe on-site detection. The Japan GroundSelf Defence Force’s (JGSDF) 32nd infantryregiment in Tokyo was dispatched as adisaster relief squad, with the support ofthree chemical protection units, inresponse to the request from the Governorof Tokyo for environmentaldecontamination. At that time, no officialpolicy noted which entities should performon-site decontamination, but the SDFperformed the onsite decontaminationusing the five per cent caustic soda and theFire Defence rinsed the decontaminatedsites in water. The SDF confirmed the

completion of decontamination by doffingmasks as well as using M8 detector paperand AP2C detectors.

The Subway sarin attack was aninternational wake-up call for a new typescenario, but it was not effective for theJapanese government. Although the attackrevealed the necessity of training andequipment for detection, personalprotection and decontamination, and co-operation between first responder agencies,governmental-level action did not startuntil the end of 1990s and the 9/11 attack.For example, the Model for Co-operation byLocal Institutions Involved in NBCTerrorism Response issued by the executiveboard of the Japanese Government’sCouncil on NBC Terror Countermeasures,which defines the primary role of each first

response organisation, was not publisheduntil November 2001.

As the Fire Defence service in Japan isorganised at a municipal level, and thereare 803 Fire Defence district headquartersover the country (as of 1 April 2009), theirsize and technical capability level may bedifferent. Although the introduction andupgrading of NBC response equipment wasstarted at the local level after the sarinattack, the anthrax attack in the UnitedStates in 2001 promoted them to thenational level. To prepare for the Korea-Japan football World Cup in 2002, the Fireand Disaster Management Agency (FDMA)distributed 150 sets of level-A chemicalprotection suits, chemical and biologicaldetection equipment, decontaminationshower units and decontaminant

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LD Dr Tomoya Saito, research fellow at Keio University, looks at CBRN defence

capability in Japan 15 years after the subway sarin attack in Tokyo


Hospital staff at a Tokyo exercise ©T. Saito


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disseminators to major fire departmentheadquarters in major cities, includingthose hosting World Cup games. This costapproximately 1.7bn yen from thesupplementary budget of FY2001. Inaddition, all emergency services wereequipped with gas masks. After that,district fire departments were subsidised bythe state to purchase Level-A suits,biological detection equipment, adecontamination shower unit and adecontaminant disseminator from FY2002,and a hazmat response vehicle (SuperHazmat) from FY2004.

In FY2006, the FDMA establishedAdvanced Rescue Teams (in 51 FireDefence Headquarters of major cities) andSpecial Advanced Rescue Teams (in theTokyo Fire Department and 16 HQs ingovernment-designated cities) tostrengthen their capability to respond tonatural and man-made disasters all overthe country. Under this effort, AdvancedRescue Teams or higher level teams arerequired to have equipment forresponding to NBC events, such aschemical protective suits, level-A suits,radiation protection suits, toxic gasmeasuring instruments, decontaminationshowers and decontaminantdisseminators; this would make them intounits capable of responding to NBCdisasters and operating in the hot zone. Inaddition to the equipment issued to theAdvanced Rescue Teams, Special AdvancedRescue Teams are required to have specialdisaster vehicles for NBC events, andchemical and biological detectors.

The most advanced Fire Defenceservice in Japan is the Tokyo FireDepartment (TFD). TFD is the largest FireDefence service in Japan, staffed with18,000 personnel and covering almost allareas of the Tokyo Metropolis. For NBCdisaster measures, Hazardous Materials(Hazmat) Units were first launched in1990, equipped with the level-A suit andanalytical instruments. In 2002, inaddition to the nine Hazmat Units, theFire Rescue Task Force (FRTF), which is ahighly specialised and dedicated unit forNBC events equipped with an inside-protected special disaster vehicles and adecontamination vehicle with threeshower rooms, was launched in the 3rdFire District Hyper Rescue. The FRTF wascalled out for 164 events in 2009. Inaddition to the annual three-day exercisein TFD, every district HQ performs NBCexercises events twice a year.

Although the CBRN preparedness ofmedical countermeasures and facilities in

hospitals is under review, most hospitalsmay have no, or very limited, capacity.Chemical substance analysers wereinstalled in 73 emergency medical centres,prompted by several malicious chemicalcontamination incidents in FY1998. Afterthe 9/11 attacks, gas masks, protectivesuits and decontamination facilities wereinstalled in critical care centres using thesupplemental budget of FY2001. Althoughthe Ministry of Health, Labour andWelfare (MHLW) has provided the subsidyfor purchasing basic equipment for CBRNdisasters since FY2006 – such as chemicalprotective suits and decontaminationfacilities in critical care centres and coredisaster hospitals – it is impractical formost hospitals to purchase them withtheir very limited budget under currenteconomic circumstances. The AdvancedEmergency Medical Centre of NipponMedical School owns its own NBC medicalcommand and decontamination vehicle,though it is a very exceptional case.

Preparedness for medicalcountermeasures is another issue. Wehave to consider the legal frameworks foremergency use of unlicensed productsbecause, out of 45 licensed products for 37CBRN agents in the US, only 26 (58 percent) were licensed or available inequivalent products in Japan. A requestfor the fast track review even for a Mark-Ikit was rejected recently.

The basic operation plan for medicalresponse at the pre-hospital stage and atthe critical care centre has beenestablished by taskforces funded by theMHLW; the unified training programmefor NBC disasters, meanwhile, isprovided for the Disaster MedicalAssistance Team (DMAT) as an advancedtraining course by the Japan PoisonInformation Centre (JPIC). Currently,every prefecture has at least one DMATteam trained in the NBC disaster course,but the legal framework to supportdeployment of DMAT to encounter NBCdisasters is not well established.

A shift of emphasis from showering todry decontamination to improvedecontamination procedures is still underdiscussion. Pre-decontamination medicalintervention is under trial in the fieldexercise of Exercises for Civil Protection,which raised many issues. For example,even if auto-injectors were available,emergency life-saving technician in theEmergency Medical Services are notallowed to administer antidotes to victimsin the way UK paramedics are. In additionto establishing the legal framework,

DMAT should be trained to work in thewarm zone.

Information on the police CBRNresponse capability is quite limited inpublic. At the time of the Tokyo subwaysarin attack, the police did not havemuch expertise in responding tochemical weapons; they had to borrowchemical protective suits from the JSDF.After the incident, the police started toinstall chemical protective suits,detectors and decontaminationinstruments for the riot police unit inthe prefectural police HQs, and toorganise NBC terrorism response units.

Counter-NBC terrorism squads, whichhave a higher level of NBC responsecapability, were established in theMetropolitan Police Department and OsakaPrefectural Police Headquarters in FY2000,and in additional seven prefectural policeheadquarters after the 9/11 attacks. TheNBC squads are equipped with a counter-NBC terrorism vehicles, chemicalprotective suits, biochemical protectivesuits, biochemical/chemical agentdetectors, etc. The NBC squads belong tothe riot police unit, except for the “NBCTerrorism Investigation Unit”, which isdedicated to NBC events in theMetropolitan Police Department and whichbelongs to the Public Security MobileInvestigation Unit in the Public SecurityBureau. The Squad’s members are trainedin the JGSDF Chemical School.

When any terrorist attack takes place,the roles of the police are to arrest theperpetrators, collect evidence and to rescuethe victims. The NBC squads’ mission is toadvance to the site promptly and, throughco-operation with relevant agencies, detectand remove causative substances, rescuevictims and provide evacuation guidance.The Squad may also be responsible for thedecontamination. The police are regularlyconducting joint training with relevantorganisations such as fire defence and SDF.

SDF had been prepared for C and RNagents, but not much for B agents. TheJGSDF chemical school was established in1956. Its subordinate chemical protectionunit 101, which was dispatched during theTokyo subway sarin attack and the Tokaivillage nuclear accident in 1999, have beenthe SDF’s central capability for C and RNevents. The chemical school is the onlyschedule-1 substance production facility inJapan. The chemical school also educatescivilians, such as personnel from thepolice, fire defence, coastguard and SDF, onchemical defence. As any biological weaponactivity was taboo due to the unfavorable


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legacy of Unit 731 in the Second WorldWar, the SDF had not taken action forbiological weapons before the incrementalgrowth of threat by North Korea in the late1990s and the US anthrax mailing attack.The improvement of anti-NBC weaponscapabilities was included in the Mid-termDefense Programme from FY2001 andfrom FY2005 – a five-year plan whichdefines Japan’s policy regarding defencecapabilities. The Medium–to-Long-TermDefense Technology Outlook published in2007 by the Technical Research andDevelopment Institute (TRDI), Ministry ofDefence (MoD), stated that Japan lacksmeasures against biological agents inparticular. TRDI would overcome thetechnological challenges of realisingdetection and protection equipment forbiological agents within five years.

An upgrade of the Chemical WeaponDefence Units into NBC Weapon DefenceUnits by installing biological alertingfunctions began in 2006. The JGSDF has aChemical Weapon Defence Unit or an NBCWeapon Defence Unit, which are equippedwith NBC reconnaissance vehicles (whichare called “NBC vehicles” despite the factthey lack a biological detection function atthis time), decontamination vehicles,chemical protection suits and biologicaland chemical detectors in every ninedivisions and six brigades. The ChemicalProtection Unit 101 also acquiredbiological alerting instruments and abiological reconnaissance vehicle, so wasrenamed the “NBC Weapon Defense Unit”in 2007. In 2008, this unit was re-formedas the Central NBC Weapon Defence Unitunder the Central Readiness Force to haveenhanced flexibility of operation. TheCentral Readiness Force also establishedthe NBC Countermeasure Medical Unitequipped with a mobile biologicallaboratory and negative-pressured fieldwards, which is responsible for lab testingand treatment of victims. Handheldbiological detection devices and newly-designed NBC reconnaissance vehicleswhich carry all NBC detection modules inone vehicle will be introduced within a fewyears. The research and development ofportable automatic sensors for chemicalagents, as well as decontamination sets, arealso on the way.

The co-operation between the SDF andcivilians were enhanced after the sarinattack, and is now promoted in theExercise for Civil Protection. The difficultyposed by the need to operate the SDF on-site at the initial stage of an incident liesin how they would be dispatched and

operated under the law. Basically, if NBCweapons are used and considered as anarmed attack, the SDF will conduct“defence operations” to counter the armedattack and rescue victims. If it is notcategorised as an armed attack but anincident in which the general police alonecannot maintain public security, the SDFwill conduct “public security operations”to suppress the armed attack and rescuevictims co-operating with related agencies.Even if the incident does not fall into thecategory of these operations, the SDF willconduct “disaster relief dispatches” and“civilian protection dispatches” in responseto the request from the local governmentto support related agencies such asinformation gathering on the damage,decontamination, transportation of victimsand medical activities.

The SDF has never conducted defenceoperations, public security operations andcivilian protection dispatches. It has,however, had much experience withdisaster relief dispatches, under which theSDF were operating even before the subwaysarin attack. Considering the difficulty ofidentifying the cause of an attack wasterrorism, and these strict control systemswhich may take time for action, the SDFwould be operated under the “disaster reliefdispatch” at the initial stage and its majorrole would be the large-scaleenvironmental decontamination, takingadvantage of their capability in this areasrather than rescuing victims. Its rolewould, however, be determined by arequest from the local government.

The Law concerning the Measures forProtection of the People in Armed AttackSituations etc. (Civil Protection Law)enacted in 2004 aims to make the wholenation fully prepared for armed attacksituations and emergency responsesituations, including NBC weapon attacks,and to thereby implement appropriatelyand promptly measures to protect thepeople in such situations. The Exercise forCivil Protection defined in this law haspromoted the collaboration and co-operation between the police, the firedepartment, local government, the SDFand the national government, which will beexpected in these situations, including NBCweapon attacks. Since FY2005, each of the47 prefectures has experienced tabletopexercises or field exercises. A field exerciseon chemical and biological terrorism hasbeen performed, and one on an attackusing radiological substances is planned fornext January for the first time. Exercisesfor Civil Protection have also been used as

good opportunities to test the co-operationwith hospitals and DMAT for providing on-site medical care and to try several newconcepts such as a pre-decontaminationmedical care and mental health care.

The Okinawa G8 summit in 2000 andthe 9/11 attacks, rather than the Tokyosubway sarin attack, were the nationalturning point in Japan to start prepareingfor CBRN events. Funding forpreparedness has been event-based,however, such as for G8 summits andsports events. The Civilian Protection Lawenacted in 2004 enhanced NBCpreparedness in local government. Firstresponders are better prepared than ever,but the hospitals and medical care arelagging relatively far behind. In additionto CBRN, medical care for “E” is anotherconcern due to the lack of experience inour country.

Although the government created aposition specifically dedicated tocountermeasures against NBC threats inthe Cabinet Secretariat for the first timelast year, NBC issues are still verticallyorganised and fragmented at thegovernmental level. For better CBRNpreparedness in Japan, more inter-departmental and inter-organisationalcollaboration and co-operation should beenhanced to maximise the limitedresources in this field. For example,promoting R&D in this area, andcollaboration between the military andcivilians, should be necessary. Researchand development is underway for mobilebiological and chemical detectiondevices, stand-alone biological detectionsystems and level-A protection suits,funded by the MEXT. The challenge is thelack of facilities in our country at whichto test these devices using real agents,however. JGSDF possesses a facility forchemical agents but does not have thecapacity for R&D purposes.

The promotion of knowledge-sharingand networking experts by enhancingdialogue among stakeholders from thegovernment, private industries andacademia is now underway at KeioUniversity Global Security ResearchInstitute (at which I work as a projectmanager) under a Project for Science andTechnology for a Safe and Secure Societyfunded by MEXT. It also provides aseminar series and workshops on theinterdisciplinary issues in Chemical andBiological defence. Last but not least,more centralised leadership and long-term commitment at the governmentallevel is expected.



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Firstly – apologies. This is not going to bepleasant reading for some, while for others(in the civil community) it is going to beof only passing interest, and for anothergroup it is going to result in a certainamount of hair-pulling and name calling.It’s all to do with change. Despite the factthat CBRN replaced NBC in the taxonomyabout six years ago it had, in reality, beenbanished rather than usurped – stilllingering around the borders. Defenceshelled out for new signs and letterheadand gave themselves a bit of a spruce upwith light role team concepts, butremained wedded to Good King NBC. Weknew that the paradigm had changed, thatthe Cold War was dead, that there wasn’tthe need for the huge amounts of deconthe old template demanded, that the skill-set needed to change and – dare I say it –the very way the force structure wasconstructed could be improved. But in themilitary you never say “never”, and as longas there was that all-in warfighting needthere was an all-in CBRN requirement too,so in reality the changes were cosmetic.While the military can never say “never”the bean counters have no such qualms…

The budget cuts that are sweepingEurope are cutting meat. Germany, forexample, now has the second lowestdefence spending per capita in the G8 afterJapan – see Box 1. No longer just the fat isgoing, but capabilities are too – and asthose get lopped off, the support elementsstart to look a little over-exposed. As themain battle tanks and fast jets get shelved,mothballed or sold off, what need is therefor the weighty decon process thatsustained them? This is not the case for allforces; the UK has spurned decon for at

least a decade, but those countries to theeast of France have always had a large,efficient decon capability. It made sense;the clash was going to fall on the CentralEuropean plains, it was going to be tank-driven and, with a form of civilisationhanging in the balance, there was thenecessity to get troops back intocombat quickly. As long as thetanks were there, so was theneed for that level of decon. Butnow, with the tanks beingmothballed…

Detection and reconweathered the old paradigmshift rather better. Being ableto take TICs under theirwing, as well as CWA – andeven the promise of biodetection on the horizon –there seemed to be acontinuing and burgeoningrole. Yet the economicchanges are forcing themilitary to be threat-driven ina way that they haven’t beenfor 80 years – the focus is onnow, rather than tomorrow. Asthe capability to maintaincurrent conflict gets adverselyimpacted, future conflicts, andesoteric threats, become less ofan issue.

Despite flirting withCBRNE, very few forces havewhole-heartedly embracedthe changing mission andensured their troops arekept busy. There is amarked differencebetween the US

forces, on whom the burden of fightinghas largely fallen, and their CBRN forces,and those who have been less heavilyengaged. Even if you discount the strategicchanges in the US forces, such as theformation of 20th Support Command,their soldiers on the ground are beingused, and trained, in ways that wouldn’thave been previously imagined. There hadalways the concern that “when the cutscame” CBRN would need to be at theforefront of the commander’s mind –being able to name numerous occasionswhen they had had good advice from theirCBRNE advisor… It’s later than you think:“The cuts are here – now”.

There seems little doubt that in twoyears’ time there will be less people doingCBRN in the military, and some nationsare facing down a requested cut of 50 percent of their force. So what now? Is this

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Gwyn Winfield and Steve Johnson go in search of the half full cup…

The cupis WHAT?The cup

is WHAT?“I have to assume that [the threat is] not going down.

Is it going up? Hard to tell.”Navy Admiral James Winnefeld, Head of US Northern Command


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the time to retire to the smoking roomwith a balloon of brandy and pass sagecomment on “Well, we told you so! Wesaid not to cut it and now look what’shappened?” Or is now the time to see thatthe accountants are actually providing thelast rites of the old NBC capability andforcing nations to embrace CBRNE – orlose all capability, and relevance.

We – CBRNe World – remainconvinced of, and unapologetic about, thethreat. At the risk of sounding like thestart of too many Powerpointpresentations, the shift from the Cold Warhas not made the world a safer place.Proliferation and terrorist activity on aninternational scale have increased; the oldclient state relationships have changed andnations have more political freedom ofmovement; releases are going to beinsidious and hard-to-detect; and the CWC,IAEA and BWC can be circumvented andare incapable of being tightened. Mostworryingly, the use of toxic industrialchemicals has become part of the terrorist“golf bag” in Afghanistan – which somepundits wrote off as mass-delusion. At thesame time, outside of Nato, other forcesare increasing their capability. Theaugmentation of the Israeli DefenceForce’s CBRN defence capability, and theirCBRN Defence Company, is a clear sign.They might not be perfect, but you couldnever accuse Israeli intelligence of beingunder-informed about what is going on intheir region and, always prepared, theyhave decided to “plus-up” their alreadyimpressive capability rather than cut it.Equally, the EU and its CBRN Action Planhave decided to beef up, rather than paredown, their civil CBRN defence capability.Yet, when this threat trend meets financialimperative, there can be only oneEuropean winner.

Now is the time to decide that the cupis half full rather than half empty – toaccept the minimum changes out ofeconomic necessity (rather than risk all bynot accepting any change) and to create abetter force out of what is left. This is thechallenge; it is hard to provide a one-size-fits-all template, but there are someuniversal truths.

There will always be a need for EIHspecialists on the battlefield. Eitherthrough degradation of the infrastructure,a la Iraq, or through poverty of the hostcountry, a la East Timor, there is likely tobe the need for a survey team to ensure

safety of billeting, water supply, etc. Dueto the threat of IEDs there is alwaysgoing to be a need for specialised Searchteams, trained in making safe everythingfrom IEDs through to booby traps.Search and EIH should be the poles –both of them specialised, both of themcurrently understaffed – around whichCBRNE would turn. Flowing out of thosetwo there has to be a mission set, eitheras augmentation and support to them, oras part of them, for CBRNE forces.Admittedly, the equation seemsstraightforward – EIH/Search, which isspecialised, educated and understaffed vsCBRNE, which is specialised, educatedand (according to the current economicclimate) overstaffed, yet the detail ismore complicated.

Environmental health teams havetraditionally been drawn from the medicalarms of the military, and their perceived(not necessarily correctly) domain waseating and excrement. CBRN units haveeither been standalone or drawn fromengineering arms. They certainly sawthemselves as closer to the front line ofoperations. Where this paradigm differs –for example in the Canadian ResponseForce – you see a coming together of other“minority” capabilities. Military policesupport SIBCRA and investigative efforts,fire services support both decon and SCBAexperience. These occupations all lendmultiple capabilities to an armed force –so is that a better way to deliver CBRNcapability? Like the naval grouping ofCBRN under “DAMCON”, can CBRN beseen as one of many jobs that need doingbut can’t be allowed to absorb someone’sfull time?

The answer in this area is almostcertainly YES – not least because thereare efficiencies in training personnel thatalready get recruited because of theirhigher intelligence or technical aptitude,rather than training combat or combatsupport soldiers in a role they may never

have anticipated or desired. Wouldn’texpansion of medical capabilities alsohave obvious benefits as well? Wouldn’tevery force commander appreciatebringing along a force package withtroops that can act as a medical surgecomponent as well as CBRN cover? Atthe moment, CBRN as a discretecapability is easily left off campaignplanning as “Not required, no threat,”thus exposing forces due to the apparentclairvoyance of their commanders.

Equally, the demand for search teamsin a theatre has led to incredible expansionin their numbers, and it is still notsufficient. Teams which carry dual-useequipment that a CBRN team would use,that may have been trained in HazardousEnvironment Search, IED disposal andother key core skills that one might wantto see in a CBRN response team. Evenconceptually, unless a CBRN team hasSearch or EOD components, they willrarely be the first response into a locationor a building until the threat of boobytraps has been cleared.

Added to this is the risk of clandestinelabs. These are roundly despised by themilitary as “Not our job,” and quite righttoo. But sometimes they become their job.Afghanistan set the template for whathappened when a corrupt police force anda “Not our Job” mentality collided –chemicals confiscated from terrorists andcriminals during the course of routineoperations were handed to police, whosold them back to the criminals.Suddenly, dealing with these chemicalsbecame “our job”.

Afghanistan and Iraq are always goingto be tough templates for future conflicts.Each has individual reasons for theinsurgency being the way it is, making itdifficult to predicate a standard level ofclandestine lab activity. Yet the linkbetween terrorist, criminals and narcoticsis not going to go away. Neither is thelikely theatre of operations being a failed

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Rumoured Defence CutsGermany: €9.3bn cuts in procurement, including transport and combathelicopters, fastjets, UAVs and strategic air lift.

UK: €7bn (est) cuts in procurement, likely to be in fastjets, strategic air lift,carriers, submarines and air to air refuelling.

France: €3.5bn in procurement, likely to be in frigates

US: $1.5bn cut from various CBRN/C-WMD programmesSource: Reuters, Global Security Newswire

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state (where these activities are able toflourish), so some form of capability todeal with them is required. Equally, thereis always going to be a hazmatrequirement in a failed state, especiallywhen the conventional threat level is toohigh for civilian contractors, and thisrequirement also needs to be filled. Whenyou add the rise in meth labs as a cheapand effective way of raising capital, and theuse of pesticides as a terror weapon, youstart to feel around the edges of whatcould become a capability gap. The rangeof possible tasking can’t afford stovepipes,either financially or within a CONOPS.

Decon is, without doubt, where the axeis going to fall; it is manpower heavy andlacking a current role. There is little thatcan be done to stop this. Decon needs tobecome lighter, less manpower-intensiveand quicker. A deal will have to be struckwith the accountants and lawyers whereby,with the cutting of capability, an end willbe brought to the “How clean is clean”debate that has allowed decon to remainthe size it is. But the UK’s (and others’)reliance on hand-pumped back sprayersand scrubbing brushes must surely havestood a safety case and provide a certainbasic flexibility, even if they do appearsomewhat “chip shop” compared to USand German capabilities.

A legal and environmental standardwill have to be created which will allow themilitary to clean to that level. Thisstandard will have to embrace a certainamount of risk but, fundamentally, thecurrent economic atrophy forces anacceptance of risk (no longer being able tofight all forms of conflict). This is themoment that the military can turn aroundand provide a decon capability to a setstandard; this standard will allow the forceto be leaner, lighter and more efficient. If,the argument goes, they cannot decide ona standard, then they should not cut theforce, since all capability needs to bemaintained. This result – a maintenance ofthe decon status quo – would be astrategic failure, however. CBRNE needsto keep the lawyers’/accountants’ feet tothe fire; the “How clean is clean” debatehas held back the force for too long. Themilitary accepts risk in other areas –vests, armour, etc; the same needs to bemandated in decon. This will result in amore efficient and, frankly, happierdecon force.

If the cuts continue, however, perhaps

it is worth thinking the unthinkable andconsidering a reservist CBRN force. Themilitary was not able to maintain the costof medical staff in periods of lower conflict,so they went back into the general,civilian, medical service as reservists –called up in time of higher risk. Couldn’tthe same be true of CBRNE? The UKmilitary, at its largest (includingYeomanry), had 600 trained CBRNprofessionals. The UK fire and policeservices (if official figures are to bebelieved) have more than 20,000. Yes,there are challenges (in the UK you aren’tsupposed to be a reservist and a member ofthe police), as there are differencesbetween medical and CBRN roles. Butthese largely occur at the high endwarfighting stage. For example, a medicaldoctor in Liverpool dealing with a gunshotwound has a similar level of capability as amedical doctor in Kandahar dealing with agunshot wound – the technology andsurroundings might be different, but thecore skills are the same. Arguably, theskills that a civilian CBRN officer needswhen responding to a hazmat call are notthe same as those needed when providingadvice to a commander about casualtylevels incurred in crossing contaminatedground in full PPE. Yet these are problemsof training and understanding – of CBRNstaff capabilities rather than fundamentalobstacles – and can be embraced.

Given that CBRN defence officers andstaff advisers in many armed forces arenot themselves from a CBRN backgroundbut have attended a staff course meansthere is already a divide between staffingand capability. This is not the carteblanche saving that it might appear toour bean counting brothers; there wouldstill be a requirement to maintain acatalogue of equipment, and the trainingbudget is likely to rise, rather than fall.But with a little sleight of hand, thecapability is maintained.

We also need to be careful aboutbelieving too many Powerpointpresentations. The US has its reservistCBRN capabilities, and indeed it isclaimed they are now being utilised innon-traditional roles (drug labs inparticular). But they are not necessarily acost efficient way of maintainingcapability. Maintaining a team ofhundreds when a team of 20 could cope isnot the way forward. There is also theimportant thorn of planning assumptions.

A reserve force which has a definedhomeland role may come into conflictwith an expeditionary force that needs todeploy with assets at home. This isn’timpossible, but would require flexibilityand mutual support in the home arena.

Of course another solution – the onemost palatable on the spreadsheet but alsothe most difficult to achieve – would besome form of European CBRN Force. Thiswould see the military capability pooled, inmuch the same way the Nato ResponseForce (NRF) has worked – with a largeforce capable of being deployed onoperations quickly. The European DefenceAgency and EU Military Staff certainlyhave the intellectual investment in makingthis possible, from studies and projects onthe feasibility through to examples of co-operative programmes. This has the addedadvantage of not needing any form ofchange. Looking at EU-wide – rather thannational – operations, it is easier to see thebig picture and, foreseeing Europeanpitched tank battles, maintain the need forall those decon forces. This is somethingReuters suggested (28 July) might behappening on the larger scale, as cutsforced the major European countriescloser together. And, if we are doing it forother things, why not CBRN too? Thedifficulty with this solution is that some ofthe smaller Nato countries, or even thelarger ones, that came in the last trancheof new entrants – Slovakia, Slovenia,Romania, etc – have prided themselves ontheir CBRN forces, devoted time, effort andmoney to them and built them into acentrepieces of their military crown, sincethe investment needed for CBRN is lessthan it is for naval or aviation assets. Yetthey lack the political voice at the Natotable that the larger nations – Germany,France, the UK, etc – have, and theirability – and investment – could besacrificed to “the greater good”. This is notnecessarily a bad thing. It is not as if themajor nations have a bad capability, but itwould stagnate European CBRN thoughtand capability rather than move it on.

A sceptical reader might well pick upon the blurring of geographic, political andcapability boundaries being suggested.He’d be right to do so, because the stakesare very high. For years, CBRN capabilityhas risen and fallen (see any of AlMauroni’s excellent surveys for therollercoaster of the US Chemical Corps).Indeed, so many capabilities have been

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traded for one another – having box Ameans we don’t need boxes B and C – thatunpicking the impact of a cut shouldnever be simplified. This is magnified by“calvary syndrome” – otherwise known asresilience planning that assumes a “deusex machina” solution to poor planning orfunding. If it all goes wrong, thearmy/insert-mysterious-government-bodywill come rushing to the rescue. Thismisses the rather important point that, ifyou don’t make this contingency very, veryclear (and fund it), it will disappear. Thosesoldiers you think might man a cordonmay well not be much use at all whentaken from a military that has watered itsannual CBRN tests, and units that havecut any CBRN work in favour of focus onthe present operational challenges.

There are instructors in chemicalschools around Nato who, having taughthalf-empty classes for years, suddenlyfound whole units claiming they knewnothing about CBRN, and had hundreds totrain prior to the Gulf War – an experiencerepeated for the second Gulf War.

Warehouses of equipment had to bereplaced or written off due to neglect andlack of maintenance. Perhaps sharing ofcapability and redefinition will stop thisepic waste of money (and we haven’t evenstarted on countries that allowed staffofficers to procure hobby projects thatnow sit in store rooms, unused andunuseable, while soldiers’ jobs may be lostdue to cuts.)

It is difficult to judge when theeconomic turmoil will end. It seemslikely that it will last another two years atleast, but hopefully the worst is over.Defence, however, is the proverbialsupertanker. Already stressed from longyears of conflict, it is only turning now todeal with a challenge that in reality itfaced long ago. It is likely the economywill pick up while defence is stillstruggling through. It is not, of course,only defence that has been so affected –other government departments such ashealth, security and the environmenthave been equally hit, and as theeconomic climate improves it will be

these that benefit first – rather than theless politically sensitive defence.

So there is going to be a prolongedperiod of economic pain for defenceCBRN; it cannot be waited out so we canall return to normal. Indeed, it would bewrong to do so – this should be anexciting time to rid the force of the someof the NBC shibboleths, and to finallytransform the force. The exact direction ofthat change will be specific to individualnations and economies, but there areopportunities to be had – from closerworking relationships with EIH andSearch, to modernising decon throughstandards and legislation, and even to acloser partnership, through reservists,with civilian forces. It would be aplatitude to suggest this is a time ofopportunity, but there needs to be afundamental shift away from trying tokeep the CBRN force the way that it is. Itwill only smack of conservatism and cap-badge politics, and will result in greaterire. It is time to put away some of the oldtoys and prepare for the new.

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CW: What is the purpose of the Institute?What are your core aims and objectives?CB: We are part of the system to preventand handle terrorism in Denmark. Thiswas made more efficient after 9/11, andespecially after Madrid in 2004 andLondon in 2005. This led to a Danishaction plan against terrorism, and a lot ofsteps were taken in order to improve theexisting emergency preparedness system,from the intelligence services to therescue services. In 2005 there was apolitical decision that there should be aCBRN Institute that would ensure we havean efficient, holistic system to handleCBRN terrorism now and in the future.Resources would be made available across

the civilian military system, and alsoacross the civilian rescue services, and itwas decided we should have a system andorganisation that reflects the threatsituation. That was decided in 2005, andthey found the funds in 2006.

A number of working groups wereestablished where representatives fromvarious ministries, and operationalexperts from parts of the rescue services– mainly police, defence and the rescueservices – were put together to discussthe best way to make this institute. Theydiscussed whether it should have anoperational role or be an analyticalInstitute. The latter was chosen. Theoperative rescue services were already

there, so the focus was put on whetherthe procedures to deal with CBRNterrorism were good enough. We had tobe an analytical institute, and our job isto pose the odd question and make surethere is transparency through thesystem; you can’t co-operate across asystem if you don’t know what theothers do. Our role is therefore to bringthese individual parts, that work wellalone, closer together.

CW: Analysis is fine, but are theybound in any way to listen?CB: They don’t have to do all of what wetell them to do, as we are there in anadvisory and inspirational role. TheDanish system is largely a consensussystem, where responsibilities aredivided across sectors and wherediscussion and co-ordination has to beundertaken continuously and – at leastin principle – the best argumentsprevail. We are that co-ordinating bodyfor CBRN security. It gives us a certainleverage that we came into being as aresult of a government decision, and it isalso helpful that all Danish actors inCBRN security are bound by thegovernment’s policy against terrorismand towards a more efficient Danishemergency management system. We allhave to work towards the same goals –to make terrorism, including CBRNterrorism, as difficult as possible and toensure our ability to endure andovercome a terrorist attack. I expectdiscussions from time to time as towhich solutions are best. This, in myopinion, is healthy and necessary in aworld of scarce resources, but I do notforesee major discrepancies when itcomes to fundamental questions ofimproving the system.

CW: How do you inspire them whenthey say, “That is all very good andinspiring, but I don’t have the funds ormanpower to do that”?

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LD Charlotte Bro, Head of the Danish Joint Civil-Military CBRN-

Institute, tells CBRNe World about the true spirit of togetherness

Something convergentin the state of Denmark


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CB: That is where our steeringcommittee comes into play; there it isensured our ideas are heard and seen ata higher level. One of the discussionsamong our “funding fathers” waswhether we should be under the MoD,which is also under the Ministry of CivilProtection, or under the Ministry ofHealth and Internal Affairs? It becamethe Ministry of Defence, with a SteeringCommittee composed of representativesfrom MoD, the Ministry of Health andInternal Affairs as well as a number ofcentral actors in the Danish emergencymanagement system. This committeegives the overall direction and prioritiesof the Institute, but also listens toadvice as to how to adapt the system andimprove it. We cannot force anotherpart of the system to change, but we canpoint out to the steering committee andour ministries if there is somethingwhich could work better or be improvedand, if need be, the ministries can makeit political decision.

CW: In terms of new suggestions, whatprocess do you go through to findthem? Is it CBRN navel gazing – whereyou come up with a concept but theyneed to investigate and validate it – ordo you provide them with a finished,tested idea?CB: New suggestions may come updirectly from the Institute or via thesector responsible. Either way it will, ingeneral, be through a process ofconsultations and negotiations. Let megive you an example. The EU ActionPlan from November 2009 aboutstrengthening CBRN security in Europehas to be implemented in Denmark.This implementation can take amultitude of forms. The Institute haswritten to 32 Danish institutions andauthorities and has asked them toinform us to what extent the 124 actionpoints in the EU Plan has beenimplemented, and if there are any holesin the Danish system. Once we get allthe answers we will, in co-ordinationwith the relevant authorities, come upwith suggestions on the way forward. Itwill be the responsibility of particularauthorities to undertake some stepsforward. In those cases, the Institutewill just take note of it beingimplemented, while in the case of cross-

sector solutions we will have the role asco-ordinating and inspiring body on theroad to a new solution. We haven’t triedany of it yet, as we were only establishedin May, but this is how we envision theprocess and what we have told all theactors about what is going to take place.

CW: What happens after this immediatebow wave of work and its aftermath?How do you envisage the Institutegrowing? Will you turn to the EU, forexample, and bid in there as an expertresearch institute?CB: For the time being I do not expectthe Institute to grow in numbers. It isan advantage that we are small – onlyseven people – so we don’t get theproblem of not knowing what the otherpeople in the team are doing. Our focuswill of course change a bit over time.For instance, we could in the future sayto the EU there are areas where wecould take on a burden, be it in sharingareas we already know or developing acertain area. That is part of the idea ofus being there – to make sure what isgoing on in EU, Nato and otherinternational forums is as well-focusedand as co-ordinated as possible. Why dowe want to use international forums?Because CBRN terrorism is trans-national and needs to be dealt with bothnationally and internationally.

Our role in research is to helpbridge the gap between the EU andscience and industry in Denmark. Wecan, for instance, point out to Danishresearch and industry which resourcesthe EU has for research in CBRNsecurity and assist in the application forthese resources. So, just as the effortsagainst CBRN terrorism have to be doneboth nationally and internationally, theyalso need to be done both ingovernment and in private business.

CW: How do you avoid duplication?Other agencies will be working onCBRN and doing their own internalevaluation of where they feel weakspots might be, developing TTPs, etc.How do you stay relevant if theyalready have a cadre of people doing thesame job that your seven staff aretrying to do?CB: I am not sure they have a cadre ofpeople; they have enough people to fulfil

their operational requirements. What wewill do over the coming months is formco-operation agreements with thevarious bodies to ensure we do thingsthat are supplementary, rather thanduplication. Nobody told us that theyhave too many resources; they all wantadditional resources and there are lotsof things we can do, but the idea is thatwe look for ways of better usingresources across government.

CW: When will the internationalcommunity be able to look at theInstitute and say, “I wish we haddone that”?CB: It is our goal to have a plan forDanish CBRN security sometime in2011, and maybe that plan could beinspiring for other parts of the world. Orelements of the Danish system could beuseful to other countries – for instanceDenmark is quite good at bio securityand security in the radiological area,and one of the things we will do is assistin exporting those and other wellfunctioning concepts. We are notlooking to be world leaders, just to havean efficient system in these areas.

CW: As you get better at forcing themto think of these things, isn’t there aconcern that you will work your wayout of a job? That, once you have aclose-to-optimal system, there will benothing left for you to do?CB: I believe there will always be a needto ensure co-ordination across sectors,and as long as we have the all-hazardssystem, where first responders have todeal with all kinds of incidents, then itis important to have a body that says:“Please ensure you are also wellequipped and well trained to handleCBRN terrorism. The probability of aCBRN terror attack might be low, theimpact may well be high”. The need toremind the system of that will be thereas long as the threat is there, because ofthe structure of the system. I don’tthink we will be put out of work, but Idon’t foresee a need for us to be bigger.We will, as any organisation does, haveto change our focus over time. But whoknows? The institute is insurance in asystem of sector responsibility; you hopeyou never need it, but if you don’t keepup the payment it could be foolish.



Long before the bean counters’squeeze started to make its effectfelt, first responders in the US had

been examining synergies acrossdifferent “genres” of hazard. Thisinevitably means some teams or forcesmaking cases to carry out anotherteam’s job. This won’t be easy and willlead to huge amounts of politicalinfighting. CBRN teams have lookedover the fence to Illicit Drug Lab (IDL)Response as a natural expansion ofcapability. This article will seek toscrutinise both the scale and keychallenges of effective IDL response. Itsaim is to highlight the skill base thatIDL responders have developed over theyears, to make sure it isn’t overlookedor lost, and to highlight that there isstill much to do for those only justcoming across the IDL problem.

It is easy to understate the frequencyof response and the challenge faced byIDL responders. Meth and amphetaminelabs offer a particularly hazardousenvironment which, when combinedwith explosive and booby trap hazards,has given officers operational experiencethat very few CBRN teams couldgenuinely claim. Nor does it help thatmeth labs can take up very little space –the so-called “mom and pop” or “Beavisand Butthead” operations.

All drug labs have hazards, but methlabs are particularly hazardous. It wouldbe nice to accurately describe the scaleof the problem, but UN figures areinconclusive; drug production figuresare estimates based on seizures,production facilities discovered andarrests or medical treatments. Therough scale and geographical

CBR

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Whose lineis it anyway?


Steve Johnson thinks it might be time to start saying “yes” to drugs – at least in an investigational way

Counter-narcotics might become a land forces mission as well ©DoD


distribution of the problem can begauged, however. Amphetamine-typefinds in the US dropped markedly from18,639 in 2004 to 8,245 in 2006. Butthis is attributed to a rapid decline inthe detection of small-scalemethamphetamine labs in the US,which peaked in 2004. The UNODCwarns that illicit methamphetamineproduction has not declined globallybecause it is “increasingly manufacturedin super or mega-laboratories” (UNODCWorld Wide Drug Report, 2008).

All the meth production methodsare filled with nasty hazards, and thefollowing groups are common to them:

solvents; metals and salts; and acids andbases. These present a range ofinhalation and contact hazardsdepending on the exact recipe beingused and the proficiency of the cooks.

Contamination of the lab location isinevitable, although methamphetamineproduction is often carried out throughone-step reaction methods, resulting in

less chemical waste than amphetamine,which involves several steps. US federalauthorities estimate that the productionof 1kg of methamphetamine results in atotal of 3kg of waste, depending on theskills of the producer. Such wasteconsists mainly of chemicals, includingether, freon, acetone, anhydrousammonia, toluene, sodium hydroxide,sulphuric acid, lithium and redphosphorus. This waste is often dumpedin the nearby environment or drainedinto the sewer, causing environmentalpollution. Cleaning upmethamphetamine labs or dump sites isa costly and hazardous task – they

require, in effect, miniature CBRNincident resolution every time. Thesecosts can spiral up to $100,000 or more.Cleanup costs are exorbitant becausesolvent-contaminated soil usually mustbe incinerated, and there are questionsof how to remediate fit for re-habitation.Who picks up the bill is a seriouslydebatable question, and in Europe some

countries (nameless to save blushes)won’t even start a cleanup until leavingthe lab for a year to see if anyone elsewill come forward (owners, localcouncils etc).

In the US, the Occupational Safetyand Health Administration (OSHA) hasspecific training requirements thatmust be met prior to a responderentering a meth lab. The UK has,through the Association of Chief PoliceOfficers (ACPO), developed someguidelines for officer protection. Butsetting up teams and providing themwith appropriate equipment andtraining is not cheap. If the number of

incidents is small (as in the UK, forexample) you can see the bean cuttershand over the “cut” button.

Multi agency response rears its headfor IDLs, just as it does for CBRN.Hazmat guys will, with typical goodhumour, say dangerous chemicals aretheir bag and it is just “business asusual”. There is, however, a world of

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Oh wait a minute, here are the keys! It’s not only explosives that are hidden in cars ©DoD


difference between hazmat incidents,where an accident has occurred causinga release from an otherwise legalenterprise, and a meth cook up withscant regard to any safety in production.A distinction must also be madebetween a hazmat unit and a fire crew –one often lost on the public andpoliticians. Police are quite obviouslyinvolved in the criminal component,and it may be their SWAT units thatcarry out the initial entry – especiallywhere booby traps are expected.Recently, a number of people have beensaying that WMD response assets havebeen told to support IDL responses. Thisranges from DEA and FBI co-operationon “All Hazard Courses” through to theNational Guard Civil Support Teams.While I can see the utility, in limitedcases, I am not sure whether they arereally appropriate tools for high-frequency, small-sized operations.

Worryingly even trained personnelare suffering injuries from exposure todrug labs. Surveys of law enforcementchemists present low, but unacceptable,levels of exposure and injury. Aretrospective cohort study wasconducted among an internationalgroup of 59,with more than 2,800combined investigations.Methamphetamine laboratoriesaccounted for 81–97 per cent of allresponses. Total illness incident ratesvaried between 0.75–3.4 per cent ofresponses. Most exposures werethrough inhalation, and many occurredin the years prior to the use of personalprotective equipment. Symptoms wereprimarily those of headache andrespiratory, mucous membrane andskin irritation. Most illness episodesoccurred during the processing phaseof laboratory responses, and none

occurred during the entry phase.Responding to an active laboratory wasassociated with a seven-to-15-foldincrease in the risk of becoming ill.This exposure during the clean upphase highlights a potential lack offocus in the CBRN community on theremediation phase. We can add to thisthe horrifying figures for child exposureduring the production process.

The tendency is to describeremediation as a contractorresponsibility in some countries. (In theUK, a recent find of cyanide on anallotment handed in by a concernedcitizen even led to them being charged£2,000 for hazmat disposal – a great wayto encourage vigilance!) Some states,such as California, have had such afrequency of meth labs they have had tobecome much more proficient and runtheir own remediation teams. Californialeads the US (their own declaration) inthe number of illicit drug laboratoryseizures. The Californian ClandestineDrug Lab Removal Program has fundedand co-ordinated removal and disposalactions at more than 12,000 illegaldrug labs and drug lab wasteabandonments in the last five years.That is a staggering 200 a month!Globally, or even just in the US, youmay wish to ask how many CBRNresponse teams, when developing theircapability, have asked California forlessons learned or to ride along. Youmay well ask...

So here is a quick round up of sometop points for meth/IDL lab response.The discerning reader may wish to notedown those which they feel are equallyvalid for a CBRN responder:

RECIPE SYNDROME. The Internethas numerous websites listing

methamphetamine recipes. Some ofthese are incorrect, either in substanceor method, and add to potential dangerfor responders. Cooks often follow theserecipes slavishly, down to purchasingthe exact brand, and this can helpidentify both the activity and,potentially, the method being used. Thisitself can enhance both the safety andinvestigative process at a site.

WHOSE JOB IS IT ANYWAY? Justwho the first agency in contact with ameth lab will be is not in the gift of apolicy planner. Other agencies do comein contact, unwittingly, withmethamphetamine labs. For example,child protection agencies that visithomes where methamphetamine isbeing produced, and fire departmentsthat respond to fires caused bymethamphetamine-producingchemicals, both come in contact withthese labs. Sanitation or environmentalhealth workers may also come intocontact with chemicals or waste from amethamphetamine lab. In many casessome of these non blue light servicesmay not fully understand the risks theyare being exposed to or even the mostappropriate agency to call.SIMPLE TOOLS FOR A COMPLEXJOB. The most effective tools of theinvestigator remain video and/or stillcameras. Photographing the evidence isexcellent documentation, since manyitems in a methamphetamine lab arecontaminated and cannot be stored inan evidence room.

I ONLY TOLD YOU TO BLOW THEDOORS OFF. Or rather, I didn’t tellyou! While the temptation in a highlyodorous environment might be to diluteor air out, don’t. It is a complexdecision that you should leave tohazmat chemists.

JUST STICK IT IN THE TRUNK.Again, please don’t. A single-stepprocess may seem small and easy – justto double wrap and drive to thefire/council/station – it is ill-advised andillegal in most countries. Only peoplewith proper certification and equipmentshould transport materials found in amethamphetamine lab.

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60% Sold! Register onlineNOW at www.icbrnevents.com

3rd Annual CBRNe World Conference and Exhibition

2-5 November 2010,Rosen Plaza Hotel, Orlando, FloridaGrowing closer, staying distinct: merging civilian and

military response to CBRN and IED threats

� Brigadier General Les Smith,CO 20th Support Command

� Brigadier General Jess Scarbrough,JPEO CBD

� Lt. Col. Paulo Malizia,Chief CBRN Division, Brazil

� Dr Vahid Majidi,Director WMD Directorate, FBI

� Dr Christopher Barnett,R&D Director, Genencor

� Commandant Ray Lane,Chief EOD Instructor, Irish Defence Forces

� Supdt.Alan King,CBRN Coordinator, Met Police, UK

� Asst. Chief Michael McClary,Las Vegas Metropolitan Police

� Lt. Col. Jaroslav Bartos, Commander Afghanistan LRU, Czech Army

� Chief Bob Ingram,Fire Department New York

� Sgt.Troy Glassel, EOD & Technology Section Special Support Unit, RCMP

� Frank Kaemper, Project Officer Protect, European Defence Agency

� Col. (ret.) Gili Shenhar,Former Head of Doctrine,Israeli Homefront Command

� Dr Jose Luis Sagripanti, Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center

� Joe Miller,Director of Strategy, Policy, SOCOM

� Vil Mirzayanov,Novel chemical agent expert

� Kryzysztof Paturej,Director Special Projects, OPCW

� Dennis Fitzgerald,Medical Director,ASPR

� Dr Randall Kincaid,Scientific Director,TMT

Speakers confirmed to date include:

FINAL

PROGRAM

Supporting partner organisations

FBI WMD Directorate

FBIOrlando 44th CST

TMT 20thSupportCommand ASPR

CBMS OrangeCounty Police

OrangeCounty Fire Gold Sponsor

CBRNeCONVERGENCE

CBRNe Convergence:Unique Benefits

� Programme planned by Gwyn Winfield,Editor of CBRNe World magazine

� Expert speakers from Europe, North America, South America, SE Asia and the Middle East, chosen for their insight and threat: allowing you shortcuts to best practice.

� Pre-Conference Workshop – hosted by TMT,ASPR and CBMS.

� CBRNe World’s global brand, bringing delegates from over 30 countries together annually.

� Hear from the best civil and military organisations about how their recent attacks, exercises and research is improving their CBRN defence capability.

� Streamed sessions allow you to chose the presentations that fit the needs of your organisation.

� Poster presentations, so that you can appreciate some of the developments in science and technology.

� Final day capability exercise – Dynamic CBRNE exercise utilising a wide range of civilian and military assets.A multi-threat exercise that will bring hazmat, CBRN, EOD and tactical units together.

� Understand how you can bring civil and military forces together in such fields as CBRN, EOD and hazmat, to better prepare for the challenge.

� CBRNE exhibition of over 70 companies.Equip your organisation with some of theleading technology available.

� Icebreaker and reception to allow you to maximize your networking potential.

CBRNeCONVERGENCE

Conference ProgrammeUpdates to the programme can be viewed atwww.icbrnevents.com

08.00 – Registration and Coffee08.50 – Chairs Welcome, Major General (Ret) Steve Reeves09.00 – WMD – an FBI priority� Why the fuss about a White Powder Letter?� Synthetic Biology – the impact of new technology� Trends in WMD from the FBI perspective� Counterproliferation – the Global initiative

Plenary: Dr Vahid Majidi,Assistant Director,WMD Directorate, FBI09.30 – Training the RespondersPlenary: Dennis Fitzgerald, Medical Director, Counter Narcotics & TerrorismOperational Medical Support,ASPR

10.00 – Promoting Chemical Security and safety� OPCW role in providing increased assurance in security� The role of OPCW as a platform of national support� Promoting OPCW’s chemical security best practice� Working with member states, chemical associations and industry

Plenary: Krzysztof Paturej, Director Office of Special Projects, OPCW

10.30 – Brigadier General Les Smith, CO 20th Support Command

11.00 – 20th SUPCOM on site display to further illustrate their uniquecapability and Coffee sponsored by RSDecon

STREAM A‘Home’ Game11.45 – The ARMOR Task Force� CBRNE Terrorism with Criminal Intent� Fusion CBRNE Integration� Overall Structure of Task Force� CBRNE Capabilities; Future of CBRNE Related Terrorism

Assistant Sheriff Michael McClary, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department

12.30 – V2010� The world comes to Vancouver� Security vs Event� Personnel and equipment� Phases. Venue sweeps, Olympic games, Para gamesSgt.Troy Glassel, EOD & Technology Section Special Support Unit, RCMP

STREAM B‘Away’ Game11.45 – Enhancing European CBRN countermeasures� Identifying European capability requirements based on current challenges� Refocussing post-incident response to pre-incident – shifting the centre of gravity to prevention� Enhancing situational awareness � Shaping civil-military cooperation� Bio Edep: proof of principleFrank Kaemper, European Defence Agency, Project Officer: Protect

12.30 – The New Normal - Convergence of Irregular Warfare & WMD� Description of Irregular Warfare and WMD-Terrorism� Linkages and Strategic Recommendations; Concepts for Deterring Non-State Actors� Counter WMD in Irregular Environments; Security Force Assistance Joe Miller, Director Strategy, Plans and Policy, SOCOM. USA

DAY ONE November 3

13.15 – 14.15 Lunch and exhibition

15.45 – 16.15 Coffee – sponsored by RSDecon and exhibition

STREAM CTraining14.15 – New Developments in CBRN Training� Training the CBRN Warrior alongside coalition partners� Courses availability to international partners� US Army CBRN Vision

Colonel Phil Visser, Commandant US Army CBRN School

15.00 – PlumeSIM – A cost effective, portable table top and fieldexercise CBRN training system� Making classroom CBRN training more exciting to enhance the learning experience� Using table top exercises to maximise the impact and benefit of field exercises� After action review – gauging effectiveness of instruments and decision making� Using simulators to reduce operating costs and availability of real detectors to train

Steven Pike, MD,Argon Electronics (UK) Ltd

STREAM DProcurement14.15 – Enzymatic Decontamination:A Force Multiplier� Enzymatic decon as a safe, versatile decon solution for all platforms� Enzymes offers a total decon solution for all chemical and biological warfare agents � Military hardening of enzyme to create a total decon solution

Christopher Barnett, Director-Applications R&D and Technical Service.Genencor International. USA

15.00 – The Joint Program Executive Office for Chem Bio Defence� Introduction and Current Mission � Transformational Medical Technologies Initiative� Trail Boss System, Functions, and Activities � International Cooperation and Sales� Fielded and Available CBRN Equipment

BG Jess Scarbrough, JPEO CBD. USA

STREAM ECritical Infrastructure Protection16.15 – Developing the French Fire Brigade’s CBRN Capability� Paris as a soft target: civilian, military, political, economic and financial headquarters� Providing a swift mass-decon with new tools and tactics� Developing inter-services collaboration on the spot and in the operational command posts� Enhancing inter-services learning and training� Paris’ ‘declension’ of the national doctrine :“Yellow Plan”Major Christophe Libeau, Director Hazmat and CBRN Training Center,Paris Fire Brigade, France

17.00 – Future Expeditionary ColPro Solutions� Developing true expeditionary products and solutions� Full complexing and integration of products� Using CONOPS to drive design features

Carl Pates,VP, CBRN Systems. HDT Engineered Technologies

STREAM FRisk Management16.15 – Availability of medical counter-measures present challenges andways ahead� Ease of manufacturing and delivery of weaponized anthrax and its consequences� Anthrax as a bioterrorism weapon� Availability of medical counter-measures: a responsible defence policyA.Thomas Waytes, MD, PhD,VP Biodefense Operations. Lansing Inc. USAAllen M. Shofe, Senior Vice President, Public Affairs, Emergent BioSolutions;Chairman, International Security & Biopolicy Institute (ISBI)

17.00 – The Israeli approach� The Israeli approach for preparing to a real threat: war vs. terrorist� The need for an comprehensive system - doctrine, courses, training, command &control…� Risk management� The need to involve the population – risk & crisis communicationCol. (ret.) Gili Shenhar, Former Head of Doctrine, Israeli Homefront Command

17.45 – Drinks Reception kindly sponsored by the Gold Sponsor

Register online today at www.icbrnevents.com Alternatively fax your registration to +44(0)1323 637777 or call +44(0)1323 637716

08.40 – The Prague Metro’s CBRN defence capability� SUJCHBO’s tasks and responsibilities� Behavioral studies of the Prague Metro in case of CBRN event� Steps to improve resistance of the Prague Metro against CBRN event � Conclusions and consequences

Plenary: Dr Josef Brinek, Head of CB Protection Dept. National Inst. for NBC Protection, Czech Republic

09.05 – ISAF’s Multinational CBRNe Defense Experience� Command and control, unit structure of CZE Light Reconnaissance Unit (LRU)� Main tasks, operation history of CZE LRU in Afghanistan� Principal elements of LRU � Team findings from Afghanistan � Conclusions

Plenary: Lt. Col. Jaroslav Bartos, Czech, Commander CBRN LRU

09.30 – Overview about Brazilian Army NBC defense capability� Responsibilities of CTEx in CBRNE� Future Trends in NBC Defense in Brazil

Plenary: Lt. Col. Paulo Malizia, Brazilian Army

10.00 – MPS CBRNE Capabilities� MPS CBRNE Capabilities - to include thewider London and National perspectives� Origins, white powder incidents London,to include MAIAT, DCU & MPS EOD� Foundations - LESLP, Guardian,London Resilience� Home Office – Building on ModelResponse and PORP� 2010 - 2015 - The future of MPS CBRNEand its relationship with Major IncidentManagement

Plenary: Superintendent Alan King,CBRN Coordinator, Met Police. UK

10.30 – Coffee – sponsored byRSDecon

STREAM GDetection11.00 – Protection of Airports Against CBR Agents� Overview of equipment and CONOPS developed primarily for a bioaerosol threat� Results from tracer studies showing the spread of tracer aerosol will be shown� System performance is assessed against ability to detect the release� Ability to detect the release in time to mitigate the impact of the release� Ability to determine the exact nature of the agentChuck Call,VP of ThreatSense , ICx Technologies. USA

11.45 – France’s bio-detection program� Why France launched an integrated CBRN system in 2009� Pre 2009 France launched a bio detection system: Detect Bio� What are French CBRN defence perspectives and needs for middle term future� Future European perspectives: France is strongly committed to the European Bio Edep

Dr Bruno Bellier, DetectBio Programme Manager, DGA, and Lt. Col. Marc Caudrillier, Programme Officer Joint Staff. France

STREAM HDecontamination11.00 – The truth behind anthrax dissemination and decontamination� Incorrect sizing and density results in incorrect dispersal and sample collection� Anthrax might be rough but is not impervious to several current decon practices� Survival studies can predict anthrax’s variable infectivity time� An artificially engineered simulant for anthrax can facilitate detection methods� A new, disposable, self-contained bio-detection device

Dr Jose-Luis Sagripanti, Senior Scientific Advisor, ECBC. USA11.45 – RSDL:Toxic Industrial Chemicals Study Program in cooperationwith the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND)� Bracco Diagnostics Inc’s funded research on contamination technologies� Research data on the reactions between RSDL and various CW and TICs� Addressing multiple decontamination scenarios and threats� RSDL’s indication for use through a program of in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy studies� Study design, preliminary data, partners and expected completion of the mainmilestones.Laura Cochrane, Program Director,Technology Development. RSDecon. USA

DAY TWO November 4

12.30 – 13.30 Lunch and exhibition

15.00 – 16.00 Poster Session and Coffee, sponsored by RSDecon

STREAM ICounter IED13.30 – Effects and Countermeasures� Growing CBRN threat drives demand for advanced personal-protection technologies� Limited shielding of current personal-protection technologies� Research on finding effective solutions to protect against the growing threats� New Demron, the only fabric to provide universal protection with the highest shielding� Increasing nuclear threats find governments and first responders turning to Demron

Ronald F. DeMeo, M.D., MBA. President and Chief Executive Officer, RadiationShield Technologies. USA14.15 – The Irish experience of IEDs� Overview of Irish Defence Forces� Improvised explosive device disposal – flexible response / emphasis on future threat� CBRNE – Latest developments in tactics, techniques and procedures� C-IED - Ex. Saoirse Nua in Afghanistan 2007 - lessons learned apply today� Brief on First C-IED/IEDD international course – Exercise Green Zone – May 2010

Comdt Ray Lane. Irish Defence Forces. IRL

STREAM JCounter Terrorist13.30 – Decontaminating fingerprints?!� CBRN contamination and actionable forensic information� CBRN and EOD/IED Forensic traces� Fingerprints� Collaboration with TNO� Decontamination efficiency

Tiest van Woerkom, Forensic Scientist:CBRN Project, Netherlands Forensic Institute

14.15 – The FilmArray System for CBRNE and Pandemic Surveillance� The FilmArray a user-friendly multiplex PCR instrument� Integrated sample prep with an automated protocol requires minimal “hands on” time� The BioThreat pouch test for Category A and Category B pathogens� Clinical application for testing viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens

Todd Ritter, Corporate Development Officer, Idaho Technology Inc. USA

STREAM KHazmat vs CBRNE16.00 – FDNY Center for terrorism and disaster preparedness� 3 branches: WMD, Intel, Exercises� WMD, Intel, and exercise planning and response� Review of FDNY action at Times Square� Fireguard and chemical suicides

Chief Bob Ingram, Fire Department New York. USA

16.45 – Remote Physiological Status Monitoring in CBRN Operations� Applications of PSM focused on the CBRN responder� Command & Control� Rehabilitation� Training

Dr Brian Campbell, Chief Medical Officer, Zephyr Technology. USA

STREAM LFuture CBRN Responder16.00 – Industries responsibility regarding PPE products� Logistics efficiency during SSA’s, SSE’s and confined space ops� How to use hybrid BA’s and SSE’s and SSA’s� How to use air management systems down range� COLPRO products to increase flexibility and logistics efficiency� The benefit of pre-filtersGreg Farmerie, Regional Director. Draeger Safety. USA

16.45 – On the front line of bio-defenceDr Dana Perkins, Senior Science Advisor,ASPR. USA

17.30 – 18.00 Plenary: Vil Mirzayanov, ‘Godfather of Next Generation Chemical Agents: ‘Novichoks.’18.00 – 18.15 Introduction to Cristanini, Stefano Miorotti, CBRN Expert Cristanini. Italy

18.15 Conference End

THIRD DAY EXERCISE – November 5 08.30 – 12.00

The blast was unexpected and devastating.

The crowd of families waiting patiently at

Wally World had thought nothing of the

idling Ice Cream van, until it detonated,

spewing it’s cargo of death into the children,

mothers and fathers looking for a great day

out. The explosion was not the worst of it, as

the smoke cleared it became apparent that

some of the wounded were not suffering

from the force of the blast, but from some

lethal gas that had been part of the payload.

Police have not confirmed which poison gas

was used, but sources in the Home Office

have stated that it was likely to be some form

of organo-phosphate – the same gases that

Saddam Hussein used in Hallabjah. The exact

death toll is not known, it is reckoned to be in

the hundreds, but Police have said that it

would have been far higher if a secondary

device had exploded. Police bomb squads

made safe the device which was in a car

parked near the entrance to Wally World,

sources suggest that the speed bumps by the

entrance of the car park might have dislodged

a component of the device which was aimed

at the responding emergency services. ‘If the

Ambulance and Fire crews had been

prevented from attending to the wounded,”

said the Metropolitan Police’s Chief Inspector

David Levitt, “then we might be looking at a

far higher death toll.”No group has yet come forward to claim

the device, there was no telephone warning,

but the sophistication of the ‘chemical-IED’

and the use of secondary devices to target the

first responders does suggest an Al Qaeda

Cell. It is thought that the attack against

Wally World was a direct attempt to force the

corporation to re-think Wally World Arabia,

due to open later this year: other Wally World

sites in Orlando, San Diego and Pensacola

November the 5th will see the culmination of thisfictional scenario. Combining the key elements fordefending against a CBRN attack – Hazmat, EOD,Tactical Squads, specialist CBRN assets –delegates will get a chance to see some of themost competent forces in the world. Bringingtogether members of the US WMD community anddemonstrating the cohesive efforts of local, stateand federal resources to combat and defeat theWMD threat. This dynamic exercise will displaythe capabilities of local, state and federal agenciesincluding: FBI, the 44th Civil Support Team,Orange County Fire and Police and City of OrlandoFire. Building on successful exercises in theNetherlands and Romania, CBRNe Convergencewill bring you what we believe to be the biggestdynamic exercise that we have ever presented.

Medical Countermeasures and CBRN – from early research through to licensure.

Medical Countermeasures are, quite literally, looking for the CBRNpanacea. Spanning everything from improved efficacy in existing vaccinesthrough to ‘one drug – many bug’ and boosted immune response, thework that the US is doing is leading the world. CBRNe Convergencehas got together a panel of some of the US’ leading experts togetherto talk about the work that they are doing on helping fund early basicresearch all the way through to licensure and production.The Presidenthas made medical countermeasures one of the most importantobjectives of a variety of government departments – from theDepartment of Health and Human Services through to the Departmentof Defense – and their work is truly world beating: without parallel inEurope or Asia.

Workshop programme12.30 – Registration

13.00 – TMT and Medical CountermeasuresDr Randall Kincaid, Ms Heather Wargo

14.30 – Coffee

15.00 – CBMS and Medical CountermeasuresCol. Dr Millard, Lt. Col. Edward Clayson

16.00 – BARDA and Medical CountermeasuresGary Disbrow

17.00 – Workshop End

18.30 – Conference Icebreaker

The Workshop will start with the DoD's programs, the TransformationalMedical Technologies Program (TMT), followed by the Chemical andBiological Medical Systems (CBMS) and then by the Department of Healthand Human Services (DHHS).The TMT Program Office is physicallylocated at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) in Fort Belvoirwith personnel matrixed from the Joint Science and Technology Office -DTRA and Joint Program Executive Office - Chemical and BiologicalDefense, with oversight from the Office of the Secretary of Defense(more information on TMT: www.tmti-cbdefense.org).

This will be followed by a presentation from the Department of Healthand Human Services (DHHS) on the work that they have been doing onmedical countermeasures. Established by the pandemic and All HazardsPreparedness Act of 2006, the U.S. DHHS’ Office of the AssistantSecretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) is charged with leadingthe nation in preventing, preparing for, and responding to the adversehealth effects of public health emergencies and disasters.ASPRcollaborates within HHS and with other federal, state, local, tribal andinternational officials and the private healthcare sector to ensure a unified,integrated approach in preparedness and response.ASPR serves as theSecretary’s principal advisory staff on matters related to bioterrorism andother public health emergencies.

The Workshop will be held on the afternoon of the 2nd ofNovember, within the Rosen Plaza – venue for the entire CBRNe Convergence conference – and is on a strictly firstcome, first served basis.

PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOP – November 2 Afternoon

Biographical Details

Dr. Randall Kincaid received both his undergraduate (B.S. in biology)andgraduate degrees (Ph.D. in pharmacology) from Stanford University. In1982, Dr.Kincaid was granted a tenured faculty position at the NationalInstitutes of Health (NIH), and in 1987 he became the Chief of theImmunology Section in the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse andAlcoholism. In 1995, Dr. Kincaid founded and directed Veritas, Inc., abiotechnology consulting company. Under his direction,Veritas, Inc.developed numerous collaborative relationships in support of biodefenseand infectious disease research, including experimental programs onbotulinum toxin, C. difficile, and malarial vaccine development. Dr.Kincaidleft Veritas, Inc. in early 2009 to join TMT as its Scientific Director.

Ms. Heather Wargo, a microbiologist with DTRA, serves as theMedicalCountermeasures Portfolio Manager for TMT. She is responsiblefor a team of scientists and project managers dedicated to strategicplanning, management, and execution of medical product developmentsfor emerging and genetically engineered biothreats spanning basicresearch through Food and Drug Administration licensure. Prior tojoining TMT, Ms.Wargo held two positions within DTRA; Senior Scienceand Technology Manager within the Joint S&T Office for Chemical andBiological Defense (JSTO-CBD) Medical Division and Program Mangerfor JSTO-CBD Acquisition Support.

Colonel Charles B. Millard is the Joint Project Manager for theChemicalBiological Medical Systems Joint Project Management Office(CBMS-JPMO)located in Frederick, Maryland. In this role, he directs theDepartment ofDefense’s (DoD) organization for centralized research,development, acquisition management, and joint service integration for allmedical Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) DefenseSystems. Colonel Millard is responsible for leading joint service,interagency, international teams of scientists, and acquisition professionalsin developing, acquiring, and fielding U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved CBRN medical countermeasures and diagnostics. He isalso the DoD’s Head of Delegation for the CBRN MedicalCountermeasure Coordinating Team whose nation members are the U.S.,UnitedKingdom,Australia, and Canada. His past acquisition experienceincludes serving as a Program Analyst with the Office of the DeputyAssistant to the Secretary ofDefense (Chemical and Biological Defense) inthe Pentagon, as well as DeputyDirector for the Plans, Programs,Analysis &Evaluation Directorate of theHeadquarters, U.S.Army Medical Research &Materiel Command (MRMC), Fort Detrick, MD. Colonel Millard assumedhis current role as Joint Project Manager on 6 August 2010.

Lt. Col. (Ret) Edward T. Clayson, is the Deputy Joint Project Managerfor the Chemical Biological Medical Systems Joint Project ManagementOffice, he assists the Joint Project Manager in the daily management ofthe Department of Defense’s(DoD) organization responsible for thecentralized research, development, acquisition management, and jointservice integration for all medical CBRNDefense Systems. He hasauthored or co-authored 40 articles published in scientific journals ortextbooks and has been an invited speaker at several national andinternational meetings. Dr. Clayson’s acquisition assignments includedserving as a Product Manager or Acting Product Manager in four ProductManagement Offices (PMO), as well as serving as the Deputy ProjectManager in two PMOs.Dr. Clayson retired from active duty in January2009, and was selected as the Deputy Joint Project Manager for theChemical Biological Medical Systems Joint Project Management Office inSeptember, 2009.

Dr. Gary Disbrow joined BARDA in January of 2007 and began workingon the smallpox vaccine program. Dr. Disbrow was named as the Chiefof Smallpox Medical Countermeasures and played a key role in awarding acontract for the modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine. MVA is asmallpox vaccine developed for immunocompromised individuals who arecontraindicated for the currently available live vaccine,Acam2000.TheMVA contract was the first PBS contract to use advance payment andmilestone payments and serves as a template for all future PBS contracts.Dr. Disbrow accepted the position of Deputy Director CBRN Division ofCountermeasures in October of 2008 and has been overseeing thebudget and strategic planning for both advanced research anddevelopment and PBS efforts. BARDA’s advanced research anddevelopment efforts have grown significantly with nearly 50 contracts anda yearly budget projected to be $476 M in FY 2011. Prior to joiningBARDA Dr. Disbrow was an Assistant Professor of Oncology andPathology at Georgetown Medical Center where he worked on thedevelopment of the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) which iscurrently licensed and available in the US.

TMT ASPR CBMS

Gold Sponsor

Genencor InternationalGenencor, a division of Danisco A/S, is a leading industrialbiotechnology company that develops innovative enzymes andbioproducts to improve the performance and reduce theenvironmental impact of the cleaning, textiles, fuels and chemicalsindustries. Using the power of biotechnology, Genencor has alsodeveloped enzymes to break down man-made and naturallyoccurring hazardous agents.

The company’s enzymes are used in applications as diverse as laundry detergents, producing ethanol, and ‘stone washing’ textiles.Genencor's market opportunities extend to developing and delivering products that address safety and protection issues facing theworld today in the biodefense, decontamination and bioremediation areas. For more information visitwww.biosafetyenzymes.com

Silver Sponsors

Argon Electronics is the market leader in the design and manufacture of simulation systemsfor training in the use of chemical and radiological detectors.– Hand-Held Chemical Agent Monitor and Personal Alarm Simulators – Chemical Detector andIdentifier Simulators – Radiological Detection Simulation – PlumeSIM™ Wide Area Simulation forInstrumented CBR Training – NASCAP™Networked Remote Reporting and Alarm ActivationManagement for CBRN Detectors.

Dräger is an international leader in the fields of medical and safety technology.The safetydivision offers customers consultancy, products and services for an integrated hazardmanagement, especially for personal and facility protection.The current portfolio comprisesstationary and mobile gas detection systems, respiratory protection equipment, fire trainingsystems, professional diving equipment as well as alcohol and drug detection units.

Emergent BioSolutions Inc. is a profitable, multinational biopharmaceutical company dedicated to onesimple mission - to protect life.The company focuses on the development, manufacture andcommercialization of biologic products, consisting of vaccines and therapeutics that assist the body’simmune system to prevent or treat disease. Emergent’s marketed product, BioThrax® (Anthrax VaccineAdsorbed), is the only vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the prevention ofanthrax. BioThrax is not authorized for use outside of the United States and India. In addition to BioThrax,the company has multiple clinical and preclinical product candidates that are designed as medicalcountermeasures for use against biological agents that are potential weapons of bioterrorism andbiowarfare.To view the company’s product portfolio please visit www.emergentbiosolutions.com.Thecompany currently employs approximately 600 people with offices in the United States, the UnitedKingdom, Germany and Singapore.

ICx Technologies is a leader in the development and integration of advanced sensortechnologies for homeland security, force protection and commercial applications. By incorporatingdetection instruments that sense and identify chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear andexplosive (CBRNE) threats, security personnel are provided with superior awareness andactionable intelligence.The detection instruments from ICx are compact, portable and simple touse.Their sensitivity and accuracy are among the best available while being designed for use in thefield. In addition, many of these devices can be used to detect, locate and identify CBRNE threats.For more information about ICx, visit www.icxt.com

RS Decon is a brand of products manufactured by the Healthcare Protective ProductsDivision (HPPD) of Bracco Diagnostics Inc., the exclusive global manufacturer and marketerof RSDL. RSDL is a patented, broad spectrum skin decontamination product intended toneutralize or remove chemical warfare agents or T-2 toxin from the skin. It is packaged inan easy to open tear-open pouch and provides emergency service personnel and militaryorganizations with real defense from the dangers of exposure to chemical and biologicalweapons. www.rsdecon.com

HDT Engineered Technologies is a leading provider of mobile-military andemergency response solutions including rapidly-deployable tactical shelters, highlyengineered environmental control and power equipment, and nuclear, biological, andchemical collective protection systems. Our products are currently serving the U.S.and allied military units deployed worldwide.

ABB sets the standards indeveloping and manufacturinginnovative FT-IR Spectro-radiometry solutions in the field ofatmospheric sounding, militarytargets IR signature character-ization and gas detection.ABBoffers advanced field-deployablesensors serving in the standoffdetection of Chemical WarfareAgents and other chemical threats.ABB also develops solutions withairborne and spaceborne opticalinstruments, infrared calibrationsystems, and hyper-spectral imagingspectroradiometers.

Ahura Scientific developsrugged, ultra-compact systems forrapid chemical identificationdirectly in the field. Productsinclude FirstDefender (Raman)and TruDefender FT (FTIR) forsolids and liquids and TruDefenderFTG for headspace gasidentification.All offer exceptional portabilityand performance and are easy to operate in bulkyprotective gear.www.ahurascientific.com

AirBoss-Defense is worldrenowned for the manufactureand supply of CBRN PersonalProtective Equipment (PPE).AirBoss-Defense alsomanufactures Fire Fighting and Extreme ColdWeather (ECW) footwear, multi-purpose safety boots and a widerange of industrial extruded andmouldedrubberengineeredproductsfor thedefensemarket.

Alexeter introduced theGuardian Reader System™, thefirst comprehensive solution forfield detection & identification ofbiological warfare agents. Offering15-minute field results for thedetection of anthrax, ricin,botulinum toxin, (SEB), plague,tularemia, brucella & orthopox,Alexeter has also introduced thefirst hand-held detection device,the Defender TSR.www.alexeter.com

Alluviam: HazMasterG3: themost comprehensive mobileCBRNE/IED/HME decision aidavailable - and the only system ofits kind to have earned US DHScertification and designation as anapproved anti-terrorismtechnology. Everything starts withidentifying the threat - andHazMasterG3 providesunsurpassed threat identificationand fully integrated accreditedresponse guidance.

Avir Sensors is offering theChemSight®, a fixed securitychemical detector.TheChemSight® is an open-pathmonitor of long lines of sights. Itcan detect and identify nearlyinstantaneously multiplechemicals and interferants. It isrobust, easy to install, operateand update. It requires noconsumables and lowmaintenance.

Air Techniques Internationalis a recognised global leader inthe development, manufactureand service of equipment fortesting high purity air filters andprotective masks.

ATI’s comprehensive servicesinclude a DOE- certified filtertest lab for both filter and masktesting.We also provide full lifecycle repair and maintenance ofall our test equipment in ourISO-9001 facility.

Exhibitors – to exhibit please contact [email protected]

Avon Protection Systems, partof Avon Rubber p.l.c., is the worldleader in advanced CBRNrespiratory protection solutions. Itsupplies the world’s military, lawenforcement, first responder,emergency services and industrialmarkets.Avon Protection has aunique capability in CBRNprotection based on a range ofadvanced CBRN technologies inrespirator design, filtration andcompressed air breathing apparatus

Bertin Technologies is a Frenchcompany specialised in Chemicaland Biological Warfare agentsdetection equipment. Bertinproducts offer an appropriateanswer to the complex threats ofwarfare allowing CBRN teams toundertake their mission safety.

Bruker DetectionCorporation is a worldwideleader in supplying detectioninstruments, products and systemsfor substance detection andpathogen identification in security,defense, and law enforcementapplications.www.bruker-detection.com.

Blauer ManufacturingCompany: Blauer’s HomelandDefender® line of CBRNprotective ensembles is made withGORE® CHEMPAK® fabrics andcertified to NFPA 1994. HomelandDefender® suits are form-fitting,light weight, and tough enough forthe most physically demanding hot-zone and warm-zone missions.Serious Protection.www.blauerhomelanddefender.com

CBRNe World magazine,organiser of CBRNeConvergence serves theinformation needs of professionalsaround the world charged withplanning for or responding to aCBRNE threat or incident.Editorial content is a combinationof qualitative and researchednews, interviews, articles, surveysand regular columns. Meet oureditorial and advertising staff andlearn of our plans for 2011.

ANP Technolgies: Spun outfrom the U.S.Army Research Labin 2002,ANP Technologies®, Inc.offers NIDS® multiplexed RapidAssays with wireless handheldand automatic readers forbiodefense and medicaldiagnostics, NIDS® HyperBind®ELISA plates for research anddrug discovery, and nano-encapsulation-based Protein DrugDelivery-related products.

Calgon Carbon Corporation:Calgon Carbon Corporation, theWorldwide leader in theproduction and development ofactivated carbon, offers a widerange of products in bothgranular and cloth form formilitary protection. Applicationsinclude CBRN clothing,respirators and decontaminationwipes for both military andindustrial use. Use the power ofactivated carbon from CalgonCarbon for your advancedmilitaryprotectionneeds.

CBI POLYMERS: DeconGel™is a proven, tough, professional,military-grade, safe, watersoluble, and environmentallyfriendly product for extreme,hard-to-clean contaminationremediation challenges for anyindustry. It is exceptionallyeffective against radioactiveisotopes and chemicals but hasthe strength to pull off any job.Go to www.decongel.com formore information.

Bronze Sponsors

Zephyr Technology is a leader in real time physiological status monitoring solutions for the Defense and FirstResponder Markets. Zephyr’s BioHarness™ systems offer visibility into the physical status of personnel deployed in the most challenging environments, in field operations or in training. Zephyr provides real time data on individuals and teams that can increase situational awareness and improve safety and mission effectiveness.www.zephyr-technology.com.

Agilent Technologies Inc. is a premier supplier of chemical analysis instruments and services.A leader in environmentalanalysis, energy and food safety markets,Agilent’s 18,500 employees serve customers in more than 100 countries.Agilenthad net revenues of $4.5 billion in fiscal 2009. Information about Agilent is available at www.agilent.com.E-N-G Mobile Systems is the leading U.S. manufacturer of Mobile Laboratory solutions for CBRNE testing/analysis.E-N-G's MobiLab line of truck- and trailer-based systems are fully self-contained including laboratory support systems& equipment, and are available in BSL-2 and BSL-3-ready configurations. Over 375 E-N-G MobiLab Systems deliveredsince 1988.

Radiation Shield Technologies is a global leader in research, design, production of personal-protection technologies.Its patented Demron, which surpasses current NBC suits, is the world’s first and only material providing total nuclear,radiation, chemical, biological protection. Manufactured into suits, blankets and other armor, Demron has NFPA Class 2Certification for Protective Ensembles for First Responders to CBRN Terrorism Incidents. Demron is used worldwideby governments, NATO, the National Guard and US Navy, among others. www.radshield.com

Idaho Technology manufactures the most reliable and sensitive BioThreat Detection instruments. Known for itshistory of releasing innovative instruments, Idaho Technology produced the first ruggedized PCR-based instrument in1999, the R.A.P.I.D.®, making possible lab quality results in the field. Idaho Technology’s new system, RAZOR EX, againrevolutionized biological detection by creating the first hand-held, ruggedized PCR-based detection system.This easy touse system requires minimal sample prep—ideal for use by first responders, militaries, and security personnel.

INFICON has a portfolio ofproducts aimed at detecting andidentifying trace levels of chemicalwarfare agents, volatile organiccompounds, toxic industrialchemicals, and non-toxic chemicalsin air, water and soil. Fully portable,INFICON HAPSITE ER ChemicalIdentification Systems provide fast,accurate lab-quality results on-siteto help you make critical decisionsaffecting life, health and safety.

Swiss company, Hygie-Tech hasdeveloped a new powerful CFDsimulator for CBRNe applications:“HG_Flow Protect”.

Using proprietary originalalgorithms, the software isadapted to standard computers,with very short calculating time,allowing routine multiplesimulations by engineers andofficers. Prevention, action anddecontamination plans arerecommended in sensitive buildings.

General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products(GDATP) is a proven systems integrator of defense products for allbranches of the U.S. Department of Defense and the Ministries ofDefense of over 30 allied nations. GDATP offers an advanced lineof point and standoff chemical and biological agent detectors andground based counter-measures systems. Our chemical detectionproducts include the Standoff Chemical Agent Detector and thehand-held JUNO™ system. Biological detection systems includethe Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS) and theBiological Agent Warning Sensor (BAWS). Our CBRNE solutionshave been field-tested and are main street-capable.

Germfree Laboratories hasbeen engineering and buildingbiological and chemicalcontainment equipment for themilitary, research, and healthcarefields since 1962. Germfree mobilelaboratories and high containmentsystems have been purchased bymore than 6,000 institutions andcompanies in over 60 countriesworldwide!

IB Consultancy and HotzoneSolutions are expert CBRNeservice providers, providingconsultancy, training, sales supportand project management forCBRNe first responders, military,policy makers and industry. Ourclients include the EDA,TheNetherlands government, OPCWand many others.While the focusof Hotzone Solutions is ontraining, IB Consultancy has itsfocus on consultancy.We inviteyou to visit our stand or website.

Joint Program Executive Office forChemical and Biological Defense:Mission: Provide Research,Development,Acquisition Fieldingand Life-Cycle Support of Chemical,Biological, Radiological and NuclearDefense Equipment, MedicalCountermeasures and Installationand Force Protection IntegratedCapabilities Supporting the NationalStrategies. Vision:An Agile, Results-Oriented, and TransformationalAcquisition Enterprise DeliveringNet-Centric, Modular,Tailorable and Multi-Purpose Capabilities tothe Nation.ww.jpeocbd.osd.mil

Intelagard is a leading designerand manufacturer of powerful andeffective tools for CBRNdecontamination, fire suppression,and hazmat remediation. Intelagardequipment is designed formaximum usability and versatility.Use the same piece of equipmentto decontaminate an office onMonday, suppress a fire on Tuesday,and clean up a hydrocarbon spillon Wednesday. From the Macawbackpack to the large-scale HighMobility Decontamination System, Intelagard has a system tofit your needs.


Kärcher Futuretech is the leading manufacturer ofdecontamination devices, agents, modules and systems.The companysupplies decontamination systems for defence forces, relieforganisations and rescue forces around the world.Thanks to itsrevolutionary technologies, Kärcher Futuretech develops andproduces products for the most varying needs in the area of NBCdefence in order to provide a prompt and effective decontaminationof persons, vehicles, air and watercraft, weapons, clothing andequipment as well as sensitive material.The truck mounted TEP 90 inGermany as well as the delivery of the “Joint Services TransportationDecontamination System Small Scale” (JSTDS-SS) to the US ArmedForces via its partner DRS Technologies – are all references thatspeak for themselves.

Lion Apparel is a leading supplierof personal protective equipmentfor first responders around theworld. Offering a full line of CBRNprotective ensembles, Lion is ableto meet the mission-specific needsof fire, law enforcement andmilitary organizations who requirepeace-of-mind protection againstsome of the world’s mostdangerous threats.

MDA’s information solutionsprovides mission criticalcapabilities that supportdomestic and internationaldefence and security challengesworldwide. From Earth orbit tothe frontlines, MDA sensors,systems, and intelligencesolutions for ISR deliver, fromwide area surveillance to sub-metre target detection,recognition and tracking.

Honeywell Safety Products(HSP), a global manufacturer ofleading personal protectiveequipment (PPE) brands such asNorth by Honeywell, Fibre-Metalby Honeywell, and Servus byHoneywell offers a full range ofquality personal protectionequipment (PPE), includingrespiratory, hand, footwear andclothing, welding, head, first-aid,hearing,eye/face, fallprotection,lockout/tag out,and trafficsafety products.

Developed by Lockheed Martin Coherent Technologies, thePROWLR lidar system provides remote detection, ranging, tracking andhigh discrimination of biological and non-biological aerosol clouds withlow false alarm rate.The system provides 24/7 surveillance and givesearly warning of biohazards from a stand-off distance exceeding 5 km.This capability allows significant response time for improved Warfighterprotection offered in a cost effective and easily maintainable system.

Coupled with advanced signature extraction and noise reductionalgorithms, PROWLR enables accurate analyses of bio-aerosol hazards.PROWLR tested successfully at Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah andEglin Air Force Base in Florida.

For additional information visitwww.lockheedmartin.com/products/prowlr/

Geomet offers a full range ofspecialized products and servicesnecessary for the development ofCBRN personal protective systems.Geomet and Remploy Frontlinehave recently joined forces tosupply the best CBRN equipmentneeded by US military and publicsafety personnel.

Force 1 Decon (F1D) equipmentprovides operators with a highlyportable, modular and scalabletactical decontamination capability.Designed as a 'tool kit of parts',F1D equipment is easily configuredand scaled to quickly provide a'best-fit' solution for operationsrequiring rapid personneldecontamination.

Clordisys Solutions, Inc is aworldwide leader in biologicaldecontamination. Utilizing chlorinedioxide gas, Clordisys offers thesafest and most effective methodfor decontamination availabletoday. Portable CD gasgenerators, as well as sterilizersand pass-through chambers areavailable. Decontaminationservices are also offered on aone-time or routine basis.

CoBRA is inexpensive, easy touse Decision Support Software forfull spectrum CBRNE incidentmanagement. CoBRA providesaccess to databases, blast standoffdistance, interactive tools, checklists, forms, Command Board andcalculations in the respondershand, accessible either on laptopor blackberry. CoBRA software,the First Responders First Choice.www.cobrafirstresponder.com

Dugway Proving Ground(DPG) is the world’s premierdestination for chemical andbiological defense testing.As theUS Army’s designated Major Rangeand Test Facility Base for chemicaland biological defense-relatedprograms, DPG is the lead testerfor US and allied chemical andbiological defense equipment andNBC contamination survivability ofdefense materiel.

First Line Technology, LLC is a small business supplier of Out of the Box Solutions for firstresponders and the military thathas established itself as a leader inproduct development anddeployment with innovative, simplesolutions like heat-activatedPhaseCore Cooling Vests and theAmbuBus, Bus-StretcherConversion Kit.

Environics makes gas & vapordetection products & turn-keyCBRN protection networks forcivilian & military defense.We offerhandheld to permanent fixeddetection solutions to protectindividuals, buildings, metros, cities& nations from CBRN threats.Wealso provide decontaminationsolutions, vehicle protection,mobile CBRN labs, bomb &chemical-proof shelters.www.environicsusa.com .

Cristanini is a worldwide leader in the research, development andproduction of CBRN decontamination/detoxification systems,machines and products. Cristanini has acquired a reputation ofmanufacturing small, medium and large scale CBRN systems andmobile field stations for a simultaneous decontamination/detoxification of personnel, equipment, sensitive material, personalequipment, vehicles and terrain. Cristanini experience and know-how is the result of years of dedicated research, appliedengineering and the production of equipment and accessories withinnovative solutions for CBRN detoxification/decontamination.TheR&D program is conducted in cooperation with UniversityInstitutes, including the Department of Chemical EngineeringProcesses of the University ofPadova, Italy and Military Labsaround the world.The state-of-the-art R&D is validated by 25patents. www.cristanini.com

Coastal EnvironmentalSystems has manufactured theonly portable weather stationsdesigned specifically for CBRNe,HazMat & First Response:WEATHERPAK®. BothWEATHERPAK® and C-5 SAM™weather stations automaticallyupdate plume modeling software,and are designed to withstandthe rigors of public safety,military, wildland fire andindustrial applications.www.coastalenvironmental.com

MKS Instruments.AIRGARD®FTIR-based air monitor by MKScan simultaneously detect, analyzeand alarm on 50+ chemicalwarfare agents and toxic industrialchemicals in various environments.MKS Instruments, Inc. is a leading,global provider of technologies topower, control and measureadvanced processes. Our servedmarkets include homeland security,environmental monitoring, andothers. www.mksinst.com

Morphix Technologies is aninnovator in color changetechnology. Morphix developed theChameleon® with a grant fromthe US Navy managed byMarCorSysCom. Morphixrevolutionized colorimetrictechnology to be rugged, resilientand water resistant.Additionally,Morphix has developed ResidualLife Indicators and Time /Temperature indicators for militaryand commercial applications.

OptiMetrics, Inc. providesspecialized research andengineering services togovernment and industry. Ourprimary focus is applying scienceand technology to protect andenhance the survival of soldiers onthe battlefield.We analyze real-world military system and sensorperformance, develop computermodels and simulations of militarysystems, plan and create softwareapplications for command andcontrol system integration.

Save precious lives and valuabletime by sending a robotdownrange first. QinetiQ NorthAmerica’s TALON® Hazmat robotcan “plug and play” up to sevendetection instruments for WMD,radiation, gas, explosives andtemperature mounted on a quick-release tray.

Visit www.talonrobots.com forfurther information.

Saint Gobain: CBRN protectiveequipment. Single-skin NFPA 1991and EN 943-1/2 ONESuit®product line – comfort,affordability and flash fireprotection. NFPA certifiedONEGlove® Hazmat one-piecegloves offer unsurpassed dexterityand protection. New Coretech™barrier technology - the mostadvanced chemical protectivefabric - providing affordablesolutions for CBRN shelters,containment, and PPE.

Scott are leaders in the designand manufacture of RespiratoryProtection Equipment (RPE).Their range includes military andcivil defence masks and filters,powered breathing systems, self-contained breathing apparatus(SCBA) and escape sets.They arecurrently working on the GeneralService Respirator (GSR)contract for the British MoD, theM 2005 for the Finnish MoD andthe End of Service Life IndicatorTechnicalDemonstratorProgramme forthe UK MoD.

Smiths Detection leads theglobal military and emergencyresponse marketplace withspecialized chemical, biological,radiological, nuclear and explosive(CBRNE) detection andprotection solutions. Ouradvanced, accurate and trustedsolutions enable armed forces andresponders to mitigate incidentswith confidence as they seek toreduce risks and minimizepotential losses associated withgrowing CBRNE threats.

OWR is the worldwide leadingmanufacturer of CBRNdecontamination systems and solesource provider of CBRN systems.OWR creates unique CBRNsystem packages, which includesnot only Decontaminationequipment, but also acomplementary range of state ofthe art Detection and Protectionequipment to fulfil the need of ourcustomers.

Chemical Warfare agents andbiological Warfare agents detectionsystems of Proengin are basedon flame spectrometry. Proengin isthe only company using thistechnology to manufacture fieldusable chemical and biologicaldetectors.This unique technologyallows detecting the widest rangeof toxic products with thefollowing features: Simultaneity,Rapidity, Reliability and MTBF4500 hours.

Paul Boyé Technologies is aworldwide leader in research,development and mass productionof CBRN/F protective suits forArmed Forces and Civil Defence.In use within 38 countries, PaulBoyé CBRN protective suits havegained international recognitionthanks to their high technologicallevel.They have proven theirsuperiority and comfort in thehardest [email protected]

Safety Solutions and ATEC havebeen providing quality HazardousMaterials and Search andExtraction Training since 1996.With 200 instructors andoperations worldwide this team ofprofessionals is ready to provideyou with the most advanced,Proboard accredited trainingprograms available. Please contactus at [email protected] toll free 866.248.1050.

STERIS Corporation’s Defense& Aerospace group providescomplete technology solutions forthe decontamination of chemicaland biological weapon agents andinfectious organisms. Incollaboration with the U.S.Department of Defense, STERIS hasdeveloped, tested and demonstrateda broad spectrum of dry, liquid andgaseous chem bio decontaminantsand delivery systems designed formilitary applications.

The leader in first responder fieldidentification of samples forbiothreat agents used worldwide byHazMat teams, law enforcement,federal, state, and localgovernments, and corporations.Developed BioThreat Alert®(BTAs) Kits which analyzesuspicious samples for the rapiddetection of Anthrax, Ricin, Plague,Botulinum toxin A and B,Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB),Orthopox (the family of smallpox),Abrin, Brucella and Tularemia

Tex-Shield is the U.S. licensee ofthe unique SARATOGA® chemicalprotective technology,“The mosttrusted name in chemicalprotective garments in the world”.Only SARATOGA® fabrics arequalified for use in the JSLISTchemical protective overgarmentand the JPACE aircrew coverall.Tex-Shield’s other products includethe HAMMER Suit®, chemicalprotective undergarments, gloves,footwear, and filtration media.

Transformational MedicalTechnologies (TMT): TMT wasstood up by the Department ofDefense to protect the warfighterfrom emerging, genetically alteredand unknown biological threats.TMT partners with academicinstitutions and private industryto facilitate the discovery anddevelopment of a wide range ofmedical countermeasures throughenhancedmedicalresearch, testand evaluationprograms.


FOR EXHIBITION AND SPONSORSHIP INFORMATION,

PLEASE CONTACT DAVID LEVITT.

[email protected]

Wel-Fab, Inc have developed anew Lightweight InflatableDecontamination System (LIDS)Chemical, Biological, Radiological,Nuclear, and High Yield Explosive(CBRNE) for use as fielddeployable ContaminationControl Area (CCA) supportingUSAF aircrew personneldecontamination processingprocedures.

UTILIS S.A.S. has over 13 years ofexperience as a manufacturer andleading supplier of rapid deploytactical shelters and integratedcontainers for military and civilapplications. UTILIS shelter systemshave been the choice of defenceforces, civil protectionorganizations, rescue forces and theUN for their field operations.

The Naval Research Laboratory(NRL) operates as the UnitedStates Navy's full-spectrumcorporate laboratory, conducting amultidisciplinary program ofscientific research and advancedtechnological development directedtoward maritime applications ofnew and improved materials,techniques, equipment, systems andocean, atmospheric, space sciencesand related technologies. NRL islocated in southwest Washington,DC, with other majorsites at the StennisSpace Center, MS; andMonterey, CA.

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Since 1961, TSI has providedinstrumentation to industry,government, and researchers.TSIhas 20+ years of experience inmask testing and biodetection,with systems used by governmentand military organizations in overa dozen countries.TSI productshave been deployed in every majormilitary operation since OperationDesert Shield..

Trelleborg ProtectiveProducts is a leading Globaldesigner & manufacturer ofChemical Protective Ensembles(including five certified to NFPA1991-2005), Shelters, Hoods andDry Suits. Trelleborg’s productsare sold under the brand namesof “Trellchem”, “Viking” &“TrellTent” and have been re-defining PPE & Hazmat Divingfor over 100 years."

Novare Technology serves as anindependent sales agent for SEERTechnology, the developer andmanufacturer of the AccuSenseChemical Recognition System andthe NAViSEER Precision PersonnelTracking System.As a SEERSolutions Specialist the companyrepresents SEER productsexclusively in order to focus onbringing maximum value to endusers of instrumentation forchemicaldetection andpersonneltracking.www.seertechnology.com

Morpho Detection, Inc.,part of Morpho, a business ofthe Safran group (PAR: SAF), isa leading supplier of explosivesand narcotics and chemical,biological, radiological, andnuclear (CBRN) detectionsystems for government,military, air and groundtransportation, first responder,critical infrastructure and otherhigh-risk organizations.

Mirion Technologies HealthPhysics Division provides a fullrange of instrumentation andengineering services for healthphysics applications and radiationmonitoring systems for all nuclearfacilities and civil defensemarkets.We are #1 in NorthAmerica in electronic dosimetry.We are more than just a leader intechnology.WE are alsorecognized for our outstandingcustomer support.

++ FULL RATE PRODUCTION OF JSTDS-SS:MORE THAN 1,200 ADDITIONAL SYSTEMSFOR US ARMY ++++ A SUCCESS STORY CONTINUES: FIRST TEP 90 TO ISTANBULCIVIL DEFENCE ++++++ INNOVATIVE LIGHT WEIGHT DECON SYSTEMS FOR GERMAN SPECIAL FORCES +++++++++++

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Safe. For many years, Kärcher Future-tech has been developing, testing and supplying tailor-made solutions for theeffective defence of NBC attacks in urbanand natural environments. The truck-mounted TEP 90 in Germany, the DECO-CONTAIN 3000 GDS full decontamination system in Sweden, the variable MOSDM system in Belgium, the rapidly deployableJSTDS Small Scale module in the USA, or the biologically degradable GDS, RDS and BDS decontamination agents – these are all references that speak for themselves, and in which the protection of people and the environment is thefocal point.

P R O T E C T E DProtection against nuclear, biological and chemical hazards or NBC weapons

Removal of radioactive particles,disinfection, detoxifi cation to restore fi tness for action

Decontamination

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Max-Eyth-Straße 3571364 Winnenden, GermanyTel. +49 - 71 95 - 14 0Fax +49 - 71 95 - 14 27 [email protected]

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CBRNeCONVERGENCENEWSThere will be a wealth of new productslaunched at CBRNe Convergence, sadlysome of them are still under embargo, sohere are some of those that we can mention!

Firstline Technology, Stand 501, will beshowing their Fibertect, activated carbondry decon mits. This is a three layer, inert,flexible, drapable, nonwoven composite foradsorbing both CWA and TICs, though theoutside layers can be varied to change theabsorption and adsorption factors. WithFuller’s Earth in decline, and previous drydecon being a generation behind Fibertectoffers a cost effective way ofdecontaminating individuals and sensitiveitems. Lawrence Livermore testedFibertect against 30 comparable productsand found that it proved superior –including against the in-service M291sorbent. Fibertect comes in threeconfigurations – mitt, wipe and roll.

Blauer, Stand 513, will be showcasingtheir XRT and Multi Threat ensembles.These NFPA 1994 Class 2 and 3 garmentsare becoming of more interest and value tothe military customer and are approachingthe regard that they are held in by theircivilian users. The Multi Threat Ensembleis Class 2 and designed for hot zoneoperations, utilising WL Gore’s Chempakand Nomex liners, and can be wetted downwith water to create an evaporative coolingeffect. Their XRT is Class 3 and for use inthe Warm zone and in decon operations,also utilising Chempak it has a longer shelflife than competing technology – whichoffers lower storage and replacement costs.XRT was also the first suit in the world toachieve NFPA 1994 Class 3 Certification.

Idaho Technology, Stand 210, will beshowing off their Film Array instrument.This biological identifier caused so muchinterest in a previous Convergence thatthe speaker was asked to give his

presentation again! Idaho are themanufacturer of the best selling RazorPCR device and Film Array will becommercially available from January2011 and will allow users to identify upto 25 biothreat pathogens with highconfidence but can also be used in adiagnostic mode that allows respiratorydiseases to also be identified. The FilmArray comes with integrated sample prepand is also easy to use – a must inbiodetection and identification.

Thermo Fisher Scientific, also knownas Ahura, found on Stand 211, will belaunching their TruDefender FT upgrade.TruDefender, their best selling FTIRdetector, now comes with an improvedlanguage database, including Arabic,Chinese and Japanese. Their FirstDefenderRM and FirstDefender RMX are theirraman detectors which provide results upto five times faster that the other industryleader. Their RMX also comes with a fixed

probe, for connection to UGVs, and bothcan manage mixture analysis.

Zephyr Technology, Stand 312, will beshowcasing their Performance StatusMonitor, which allows first responders tobetter manage their physiological stress.With heat stress injuries being a commonproblem in Level A/Class 1 suits this allowsusers to monitor their physiologicalburden as well as other conditions. Zephyrhave also been involved in Spiral 1improvements of the system, for US

Special Forces, which allows the medics toascertain whether they have beenwounded, and what their blood pressureand Sp02 levels are.

Emergent Biosolutions, a SilverSponsor (of the bag) and found on Stand311, will be on hand to talk about a newproduct, which although it is not yetlicensed it does have ‘Orphan Drug Status,’and will provide post-exposure treatmentfor anthrax.



Discover new products at CBRNe Convergence ©Thermo Fisher Scientific

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After a CBRN event in a civil or in amilitary environment, the firstresponders and the rescue team

must arrive quickly, and the means usedto treat the contaminated victims mustbe set up in a short time to reduce thecasualties. Various mass decontaminationunits (MDUs) are available on the marketas commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)products. Most of these MDUs have notbeen fully evaluated: the evaluationprogrammes take into accountoperational aspects but not technicalcharacteristics. For example, if thenumber of victims who can to be treatedper hour is usually measured, sometechnical performances like theconcentration of CBRN agents releasedinto the MDU from the contaminatedskin or clothes of the victims, or the riskof cross-contamination, are notmeasured to our knowledge.

Over the last several years, DGACBRN Defence has designed andvalidated a protocol of tests intended tomeasure various parameters of MDU. Inparticular, the protocol is used: tomeasure the concentration of CWA in theatmosphere of the MDU; to estimate theconcentration of biological particleswhich are generated from contaminatedclothes of the victims while they are

undressing; to assess the extent and thelocalisation of the cross-contaminationsif any. Using this protocol, various MDUhave been evaluated.

When testing the chemical pollutionof the air, the principle is to contaminate“victims” with a simulant and todecontaminate them in MDU in realisticconditions. Victims are undressed,decontaminated by a shower, checkedand then dressed before leaving. Achemical and a biological simulant havebeen chosen for the tests. The chemicalsimulant is methyl salycilate (MeS), thewell-known simulant for mustard gasbecause its physical properties are veryclose to it. MeS is a non-toxic compoundwhich can be deposited on the skin. Even

though MeS is not toxic, victims areequipped with a gas mask during thefield evaluation to prevent its inhalation,and to protect the eyes.

A UV tracer is added to thecontamination solution, the presence ofwhich can only be detected by ultravioletlight. With this compound in thesolution, the transfer of contaminationcan easily be revealed. A great point ofinterest in using the UV tracer is that theemergency staff in contact withcontaminated victims cannot detect anytraces of transfer on themselves: this isexactly what occurs with live agents. Thechemical simulant is not toxic and can beapplied to the skin at the concentrationused in that experiment.

The UV tracer can be used to showcross-contamination between rescuepersonal and contaminated victims, orbetween the victims and the walls of theshelter. The contamination solutioncontained MeS/isopropanol (90/10 byweight). An amount of 0.5 per cent of UVtracer is then added, and the solution isready to be used.

Each volunteer is contaminated withthe simulant at the contamination levelof 4-to-5g per person. Thecontamination is located on victims’clothes and on hands. Fourcontamination spots are deposited ontothe clothing (contamination level:1g/spot) whereas two spots are directlyapplied to hands (contamination level:0.5g/spot). The threshold contaminationlevel is 1g for all skin spots in ourexperiment. This contamination levelseems representative of a realcontamination following a CBRN event.

Choosing to contaminate the skinshows several advantages. It allows thescenario to fit with the reality of a toxic

Putting theGold Standardinto showers

Alain Louvet, Laura Sinault and François Mosset from DGA, France, on theevaluation of chemical and biological residual hazards in mass decon units



What degree of contamination passes from one end of the decon process to the other? ©CBRNe World

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agent attack, and it keeps a vapouremission source on the body (as emissionfrom clothes is limited because victimsare rapidly undressed and contaminatedclothes are dropped into plastic bagsbefore being sent outside the tents). Thistype of contamination is representative ofwhat could happen in realistic conditionsafter a CBRN event; whether animprovised explosive device or diffusiondevice is used, the skin of the victims willbe contaminated in all situations.

The aim of the protocol is to samplethe air in the MDU while operated, toquantify the level of chemicalcontamination. Three kinds of airanalysis systems are employed tomeasure the vapour concentration invarious areas of the massdecontamination unit. The first two are:a liquid trap system (wash-bottlescontaining 10ml of butan-2-ol), andcollecting tubes which are more sensitiveto low concentrations. For these devices,pumps are sucking at a flow rate of 0.5litres per minute. The collecting tubesare removed and replaced by anotherevery 15 minutes. That time should beadapted to the concentration of MeSestimated. The third air analysis systemis a portable chemical detector.

At the end of the experiment,compounds trapped in the collectingtubes or the liquid trap are quantified byGC/FID after thermal desorption. An LCD3.2E was set on top of the victims’ headsin order to measure the contaminationthey faced. Results are obtained in a fewminutes after the measurement with alaptop equipped with specific software.Most MDUs have two lines: one for ableand one for disabled victims. Chemicalsamplers are located in both lines, and inall compartments (undressing,showering, control and dressing zone). Inthe same way, sampling systems arepositioned in the disabled line at 1.10mheight, which is the height of disabledvictim’s stretchers. In the able line,sampling systems are at 1m and 1.50mheight (1m position to evaluate thebreathing concentration inhaled bychildren and 1.50m height for adults).The whole evaluation in the field mustlast between one and 1.5 hours.

The biological simulant used forcontamination is an aqueous suspensionof Bacillus atropheus (Bg) which is

deposited directly onto the victim’sclothes. The liquid suspension of Bg isdeposited on the victims in the same wayas for the chemical contamination. Thecontamination level applied is 2.5x106spores per spot. Slit samplers are setaround the victim when he removes hisclothes. Biological particles can then bere-suspended in the air and collectedonto Petri dishes. The biologicalcontamination sprayed all around avictim when undressing is related to theprotocol more than to the MDU.

To be as realistic as possible, theprotocol has been evaluated during amass decontamination exercise withexperienced decon teams. Personnelmust wear their IPE according toguidance: gas mask, air-permeable orimpermeable CBRN suits, gloves, andboots. To compare results from differentMDUs, the number of victims inside theMDU must be known at every moment.Our experience has shown that theinterval between two victims must bethe same all along the exercise. Adedicated staff with a chronometer musttherefore authorise the entrance of acontaminated victim.

Various MDUs were evaluated andmany results have been obtained since2006. In all cases, we have observed thatthe concentration of MeS (and CWA bytransposition) increases with time, butwith a varying slope, so the victims can beexposed to chemical compounds whichare dangerous to their health. Figure 1shows the quantitative result obtained ofMeS collected into collecting tubes andthe transposition of the doses to HD. After

30 minutes, the hazard for the victimswould be non-negligible and the effect oneyes would be observed. After 105minutes, irreversible effects can occur.

We have evaluated an MDU dividedinto three parts: undressing, showeringand dressing zones. Each of them isseparated from the other by one metre ofair. Even for that configuration, thechemical contamination increases tosuch a way that the air in the dressingzone becomes contaminated.Concentrations have been measured withthe portable chemical detector.

These are the results of the chemicalconcentration of MeS quantification inthe air of an MDU in the entrance, wherevictims are contaminated, and in the exitparts after the showering of the victims.The results shows that the air is stillcontaminated, even if the concentrationin the exit part is lower that theconcentration of the entrance.

Until now, it appeared that none ofthe MDUs evaluated gave very goodresults for the whole system.Nevertheless, some MDUs have givenacceptable results in the dressing part.Even if we evaluated some MDUs, wehave not evaluated all the MDU availableon the market, so others could bepotentially better – or worse. Ourobjective is not to recommend or toreject some MDUs, but to propose aprotocol usable to evaluate and tocompare different MDU.

We have observed that the efficiencyof the air removal can be improved easilyfor most of the MDUs. It appears that theventilation system is not efficient enough


Figure 1: dose of HD in a MDU in function of time. Thresholds values are based on AEGL

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and the air flow is too weak to replacethe polluted air with clean air from theoutside. It is important to check whetherthe clean air can be ventilated into all theparts of the MDU. A simulation of the airflow could be interesting to check if allthe part of the system can be rinsed withclean air. That simulation must be donewith virtual victims and safety personalto be sure the simulation isrepresentative of the conditions of use ofthe MDU. That study could be specifiedfor the design of a new MDU. The MDUsevaluated have all shown a poor air flowlevel. Some years ago, MDUs did not haveany ventilation systems. Now, ventilationexists, but the air flow is too weak toclean the air efficiently. In the field ofcollective protection, some specificationsexist to rinse the air of airlock. It couldbe advantageous for designers to takeinspiration from these requirements inorder to design an MDU with a moreefficient air flow.

A solution to reduce the chemicalconcentration into the MDU could be inremoving the roof of the entrance toevaporate the chemical componentsoutside. But, if the threats are biologicalor radiological agents, the contaminationmust remain in the MDU to avoid cross-contamination around the place wherethe shelter is erected. A removable roof,which can be set for B and R agents andremoved for chemical agents could be asolution. It is important to draw thedistinction between an MDU and ashower usable in-theatre. The majordifference lies in the protocol applicableto the victims to be undressed. In anMDU, the victims, able or disabled, aretaken care of by fire brigade personnel

and are undressed by these teams in safeconditions. That mean the risk of selfcross-contamination when the clothesare undone are reduced as they do notundress themselves. If field showers areused, the victims undress themselves, sothe hazards of self cross-contaminationare important because a civilianpopulation is not able to removecontaminated clothes safely. Confusioncan exist between these two concepts. AnMDU is dedicated to safelydecontaminating contaminated victimsto remove the CBR contamination andgive them the possibility of being caredfor by medical staff, or of getting homewithout the hazard of cross-contamination. MDU are more efficientthan showers because they are associatedto an undressing protocol supported byrescue personal, a shower with a deconsolution and a protocol to check the levelof residual contamination of the victims.

We have therefore developed aprotocol to quantify the chemicalpollution of the air into MDUs in

operation. Our protocol has beenvalidated and improved while we haveconducted various evaluations in thefield with mock victims and rescueteam. The MDU evaluation has shownover many years that MDU victims andoperators can be contaminated becausethey are located in an area where thecontaminant is vaporised from clothesand skin and by cross-contamination.The specifications for the acquisition orthe design of MDUs are poor. They canbe “hardened” by including at leastsome requirements about the level ofchemical contamination of the air in theMDU, and by using a computer design ofthe air flow inside the MDU whenoperated with virtual victims and rescuepersonal. A lot of progress has beenmade in MDUs recently; companies havedesigned more efficient MDUs and havein mind the operational requirements,but technical requirements like theefficacy of the air flow remain. Verysoon, new and more efficient MDUs willbecome available.


Figure 2: concentration of MeS in the entrance and in the exit of MDU in operation

Figure 3: Concentration of MeS close to the head of a victim all along his treatment


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Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS),suggests decontamination technology and its users need to complement each other


Whenever a high-tech detectiondevice finds a pathogen or agent,that agent is there – right there!

And this may be exactly the place wheresomeone needs to go. Moreover, nomatter how well your individualprotective equipment protects you, it getscontaminated in the very process. Inprinciple, this means the employment ofCBRN reconnaissance forces will alwaysentail the employment ofdecontamination forces. Therefore, youcan discuss this matter as often and aslong as you want, but nothing will doaway with the need for decontaminationto restore operational readiness.

This means CBRN reconnaissanceand decontamination are always on thesame level. Defence and procurementagencies simply have to do whatever ittakes to keep the relevant technologiesup to date in accordance with theconceptual requirements and doctrine toallow task accomplishment. Since thestrategic environment is changingconstantly, this is a permanent challengeand a virtually never-ending story.Generally speaking, the call for theprotection of the forces against theeffects of CBRN incidents is risk-induced. Since CBRN defence forcescannot prevent CBRN incidents, theprime objective is to ensure protectionby avoiding contamination. In otherwords, the spread of contaminationneeds to be minimised.

Up to now, decontamination in theBundeswehr has been geared towardsrestoring the operational capability oflarge units contaminated in a high-intensity conflict. This requirementstemmed from the assumption that theBundeswehr would have to deal with anopponent threatening the territorialintegrity of the Federal Republic ofGermany. Today, risk factors such asproliferation, including the proliferationof weapons of mass destruction,destabilisation, international terrorism,“dual use”, non-state actors, organisedcrime and asymmetric warfare, confrontthe armed forces with new challenges.Opponents who compensate for theirconventional inferiority by usingunconventional tactics take advantage ofthe permanent availability of weapons,including weapons of mass destruction,on the world market.

This explains why the CBRN defence

component of a military force faces awide spectrum of scenarios rangingfrom crisis prevention to peacekeepingto peace enforcement. The merepresence of CBRN hazard potentialholds the risk of CBRN incidentsoccurring. Even if the probability ofoccurrence is small, the risk has to beclassified as high due to the large extentof the damage to be expected.

On principle, the armed forces as awhole are always exposed to a CBRNthreat. Hence they must all have thecapability to protect themselves againstCBRN hazards and to restore operationalreadiness if they have beencontaminated. This implies that assetsand measures of CBRN defence aredesigned in such a way that missions canbe conducted both under a CBRN threatand under CBRN conditions. To ensurethis and to reliably provide its CBRNdefence capability, the Bundeswehr hasadopted a graduated system of CBRNdefence capabilities in which tasks arecarried out at the appropriate echelon.With regard to the qualification neededto perform the individual CBRN defencetasks, the Bundeswehr differentiatesbetween three capability levels: basiccapability; enhanced capability; andqualified capability.

Within the Bundeswehr, primaryresponsibility for CBRN defence is carriedsolely by the NBC defence forces andabove all by the army’s NBC defencecorps. With their structure, training andequipment these are the only forces tohave qualified capability. Thedecontamination both of personnel andmateriel after a CBRN incident is anaxiomatic conceptual requirement and anintegral part of doctrine. In this context,you will once again find the echelon-

tailored implementation in the capabilitylevel system described above.

In the past, things were quite clear:equipment for thoroughdecontamination was heavy, big anddifficult to use. If something smaller wasasked for, the developed technicalsolution was not as beneficial as the largesystem. Downsizing was automaticallyconcomitant with reducing the system’scapabilities from thorough to operationalto immediate decontamination. This doesnot mean “heavy” systems are no longerin demand. These systems have animportant role to play in the overallconcept, especially in case of large-scaleemergency situations with large numbersof contaminated personnel or materiel.

The ideal system is compact andoffers all required decontaminationfunctions, be it the decontamination ofpersonnel and materiel, of sensitiveequipment, of large/heavy equipment orof critical infrastructure. From atechnological point of view, the TEP 90meets all the required parameters for ahighly innovative and performantdecontamination vehicle thanks to theuse of state-of-the-art decontaminationprocedures and agents. (For moreinformation on TEP90 see CBRNe WorldSummer 2008.)

The new decontaminants (RDS 2000,BDS 2000 and GDS 2000) give us the fullrange of highly efficient, rapidly actingagents to remove radioactivecontamination, to inactivate relevantpathogenic micro-organisms and todetoxify highly toxic chemical agents.Thanks to these new capabilities, the TEP90 points way ahead into the future. Evenif, at present, the TEP 90 may well becalled the most modern decontaminationsystem worldwide, its weight and size do

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not make it suitable for all strategicmissions. When used outside the FederalRepublic of Germany, the TEP 90 needsto be taken to its location in a wide-bodyaircraft, by ship or by vehicle on bearingroads. In view of the new strategicenvironment, this gives rise to the needfor developing light, mobiledecontamination systems in addition tothe existing ones.

With regard to the methods used, thecapabilities to be provided by the NBCdefence forces must not differ from the“classic” capabilities. This applies in thesame way to the type and intensity ofbattle or mission. The following isnecessary in order to ensure support withlight NBC defence forces with therequired capabilities: equipment whichhas the same mobility and tacticalmanoeuvrability as the equipment of thesupporting forces; a high degree ofspecialisation with regard to theenvisaged decontamination equipment(taking into account new developments);transportability on protected special-purpose vehicles and appropriate trailers;deployability aboard the cargo helicopterCH 53 and aircraft.

Due to resulting weight, size andperformance parameters, it is impossibleto develop a single system which, on theone hand, meets all requirements withregard to the decontamination process orprocesses but which is, on the otherhand, compatible with the typicaloperational profile of airborneoperations. In this context, the challengeis to implement the various requiredcapabilities in individual systems. At theend we will have small, compact unitswhich can be tailored to the operationalscenarios of air-mobile forces byadjusting the number and type ofsystems to the requirements of thespecific situation.

It is highly desirable to integrate bothtechnology and capabilities of the TEP 90into these decontamination systems.Quite often the technology needed for asmall system differs completely from thatneeded for the large counterpart. Thechallenge is to bring conceptualguidelines, functional requirements andorganisational structures into line. Thelikely impression will be that smallerdecontamination systems have reducedpotential. This is not an inevitableconsequence but is almost always the

rule. This may possibly be compensatedby increasing the number of employedand operating personnel. In other words,the “fighter” takes up a key position.

At first glance, one may gain theimpression that a reduction in theperformance potential, for example fromone company to one platoon per hour, isa purely arithmetic issue, but anengineer will quickly discover thechallenge behind the bare figures. Moreoften than not, technical processes havea minimum performance index – that isto say a limiting value below which thefinancial and technical efforts to bemade for an implementation are nolonger acceptable.

This is the challenge the engineersare facing. During the final design stageswhen the construction of lightdecontamination systems for specialoperations began, the systematic declinein efficiency induced by a simplereduction in size had to be counteracted.The result was that, in order to increasemobility over the current 40-ton carriervehicle with limited off-road capability, anew vehicle had to be developed which isair-portable by helicopter, partlyprotected and has cross-country mobility.In addition, this vehicle must be capableof pulling a trailer and carrying at leasttwo decontamination modules. Besidesthat, weight and size standards andcentre-of-gravity positions have to betaken into account.

The thorough decontamination of aparatrooper company must be ensuredwithin three hours, covering all

decontamination functions. Set-up androll-up of the decontamination facilitymust be accomplished within 45minutes. For set-up, roll-up andoperation, a maximum of four servicemembers will be available for eachdecontamination function. Thus theprice to pay is supposed to be nothingbut a slight decrease in operatorefficiency. This price is absolutelyacceptable provided resupply with themain consumable – water – can becarried out by the system itself.

The field of tension betweentechnology, science andtactical/operational aspects had to beeased. How was the technical realisationpossible? Which were the innovativeapproaches that, in the end, led torealisation? To begin with, the “one forall” philosophy, which provides that onedevice has to perform all possibledecontamination functions, wasabandoned. To meet the conceptualrequirements, four LightweightDecontamination Systems were plannedfor the thorough decontamination of:personnel and personal equipment(LDS/P); special equipment such assensitive equipment, optical devices,mobile phones, laptop computers(LDS/S); materiel, including landvehicles, aircraft (LDS/M); andinfrastructure (LDS/I). Each LDS hastwo special-purpose vehicles and twosystem trailers.

Since, by German standards, waterpurification plants that treat water fordecontamination purposes are part of the


Germany is moving towards a lighter and more mobile decon capability ©WIS

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decontamination process, a lightdrinking water treatment plant (leTAA)was developed as well. Its primary role isto provide purified water to the differentLDSs. Where mobile accommodation isconcerned, its secondary role is to supplydrinking water to light operational forcesas needed. These new German LDSs andthe leTAA allow a mission-tailoredcomposition ranging from theoperational minimum (for instancepersonnel decontamination as depicted)to full-scale decontamination. Theyprovide thorough decontaminationcapability for rapidly proceeding combatactions, focusing on the employment ofresponse forces in air-mobile operations.

All the LDSs meet the basicperformance requirements. Within threehours, a paratrooper company (100troops and 15 vehicles) can bethoroughly decontaminated.

All the LDSs and their individualmodules are mounted on standardpallets with a surface of 2.23x1.89meters, with a maximum load of1,250kg. Hence, the maximum payload is1,100kg and the effective volume is2.0x1.8x1.3 meters (length x width xheight). The standard pallets with theindividual modules of the different LDSsare air-transportable in both a cargoairplane and the CH-53 cargo helicopter.In addition, the leTAA can also beunderslung by a helicopter. For groundtransport, the standard pallets are loadedonto the protected special-purposevehicle, which is a MUNGO multipurposevehicle, and the trailer by means of theMUNGO’s loading system.

The individual projects have reacheddifferent stages of development rangingfrom the existence of planning specimento fully completed delivery to the lightNBC defence forces. The design of theleTAA was completed in 2009, anddelivery to the NBC Defence Corps’ lightforces has started. The plant’s coreelement is the waterclean 1600. Abottling module, a heating system, anair-conditioning system, an electricalpower generator, a tent and variousaccessories have been integrated into theplant which consists of six individualmodules mounted on pallets.

The design of the LDS “personnel”(LDS/P) was completed in 2009, and thesystem is currently being produced andwill be delivered during 2010. The system

allows the thorough decontamination of100 troops and their personal equipmentwithin three hours (except individualNBC protective clothing). From atechnical point of view, thedecontamination of individual NBCprotective clothing would have beenpossible accepting that the process isvery time-consuming. The conceptualguidelines for light air-mobile forces donot include the decontamination ofclothing, however.

With its tent, the LDS/P personneldecontamination module constitutes acomplete system for personneldecontamination including a showeringsection, a technical section, a showeringfacility and a heating and air-conditioning system. In the initialplanning phase, the module included atank for showering water. Due to thepayload reduction, the module had to beredesigned from scratch with acollapsible superstructure (foldaway roofframe with weather protection). This iswhy, for example, water will be takendirectly from a water supply module inthe future. The prescribed procedure inthe showering facility allows the personto be decontaminated to move safelyfrom the dirty to the clean area.

The personal equipment modulecomprises two subsystems: one for wetdecontamination and the other one forhot gas/hot steam decontamination. A

high-pressure unit, a hot gas/hot steamchamber, a water tank, applicationaccessories and decontaminants havefound their place in this module. Due toits heavy weight, the electrical powergenerator is transported together withthe water supply module and madeavailable for decontamination.

The water transport and supplymodule provides the drinking waterneeded for personnel decontamination. Italso offers the possibility to collect theproduced waste water for proper disposal.The module comprises two 350-litretanks and the necessary accessories forwater delivery and intake. To prevent thewater from freezing at low temperatures,a diesel/electric heating system has beenintegrated. The water transport andenergy supply module’s purposecorresponds to the use of the watertransport and supply module. Thedifference is that instead of theaccessories needed for water delivery andintake, the module comprises theelectrical power generator needed tooperate the module for personalequipment. With regard to the problemsin the fields of payload, total truck-trailercombination weight and centre-of-gravitypositions of the carrier vehicles, theexperience gained while planning theLDS/P will be taken into account whenplanning the LDSs to follow.

From a constructional point of view,


Frothy coffee employee of the month! The LDS in action ©WIS

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the LDS/S has reached the final stage inplanning, and a first system will bedelivered in April 2010. Technical trialsand tactical/operational tests will then becarried out. The LDS/S consists of fourindividual modules as well. The watertransport components are identical tothose of the LDS/P. The modules for thedecontamination of special equipmentare subdivided into one module for thedecontamination of sensitive equipmentand one for the decontamination ofsensitive interior spaces.

In the decontamination module forsensitive equipment, all those devices notrobust enough to resist to standarddecontamination procedures (such asnight-vision devices, optical devices, etc)will be treated. The technologiesemployed include spray/extractiondecontamination, vacuumdecontamination and wetdecontamination. With regard to itscapacity, the performance of the LDS/S isas good as the performance of the othersystems. The sensitive equipment of anentire paratrooper company will bedecontaminated within three hours.

The LDS/S module for thedecontamination of interior spaces allowsthe thorough decontamination of theinteriors of three wheeled vehicles (perhour) or of one aircraft (within sixhours). The aim is to introduce enzyme-based decontaminants together with thesystem and thus to supplement thealready introduced moderndecontaminants, namely RDS 2000, BDS2000 and GDS 2000.

The LDS “major equipment/materiel” (LDS/M) is at an early stage inplanning. The first system willpresumably be delivered in June 2010 fortechnical and tactical/operational testing.The LDS/M consists of a module knownas a “functional platform” and a moduleknown as an “accessories platform”. Inaddition, it comprises two watertransport modules which, in contrast tothe previously described water transportmodules, are composed of three tanksholding 350 litres each.

All the components needed for maintreatment, such as the high-pressuredecontamination system, motor pumps,the electrical system, the applicationsystem, and tubes and hoses, are on thefunctional platform. The accessoriesplatform is made up of mobile systems. It

comprises a high-pressure cleaner forpreliminary and follow-up treatment aswell as an electrical power generator, afield heater, decontaminants and otherdecontamination accessories.

Decontamination is carried out at themateriel decontamination site followingtried-and-tested procedures. Water istaken from one or both water transportmodules or directly from a suitable openbody of water by means of the dieselengine pump. For decontaminatingmajor items of equipment such asvehicles, the decontamination stations“preliminary treatment”, “maintreatment” and “follow-up treatment”can be operated simultaneously. TheLDS/M allows the thoroughdecontamination of 15 vehicles or twocargo airplanes/cargo helicopters withinthree hours.

Planning for the LDS/I (criticalinfrastructure) will start this year. TheLDS/I will be used for thedecontamination of rooms, squares,installations, ramps, access points, partsof facilities, roads, buildings and otherinfrastructure. It consists of a modulereferred to as “decontaminationplatform” and a module referred to as“accessories platform”. In addition, itcomprises two water transport modules,which are identical to the watertransport modules of the LDS/M. Thedecontamination platform can beoperated from the carrier vehicle so thatit is, for instance, possible todecontaminate a suitable piece ofinfrastructure (road section) on themove if the necessary water is supplied(using a water transport module onsystem trailer). The integrated electricalpower generator guarantees that allrelevant power consumers are suppliedwith electricity during thedecontamination process.

The high-pressure decontaminationmodule is used to produce waterydecontamination solutions ordecontamination foams and to applythese by means of spray and foam lancesto the infrastructural elements which areto be decontaminated. The ancillaryequipment needed is also available(wet/dry vacuum cleaner, diesel enginepump as well as hoses and spray lances).The accessories platform is used totransport decontaminants and otherresources, as well as further ancillaries

(scrubber-drier, high-pressure surfacecleaner, pressure sprayer, thermal aerosolgenerator). The LDS/I allows thedecontamination of 4,000 square meters(roads, squares, etc) within three hours.

In summary, it can be said that thedifferent LDS modules meet today’s andtomorrow’s requirements with regard toprocedures, technology anddecontaminants. Both environmentalcompatibility (new ecofriendlydecontaminants) and the conservation ofresources (low water consumption) havebeen attained to the highest possibledegree. In addition, the LDSs live up tothe Bundeswehr’s changed taskspectrum, with regard to the protectionof the carrier vehicles and theirmodularity and mobility.

High mobility is a requirement whichresults inevitably from the need fortimely and situation-based support for allforces in an area of operations. Themodularity offers the ability to adopt atargeted and flexible approach towardstactical/operational challenges and tobenefit from synergetic effects in the fieldof standardisation and harmonisation,both nationally and in the framework ofmultinational integration. The testsconducted so far have provided sufficientproof to assert that the systems aresuited, without any restriction, for theintended tasks. Tests carried out indifferent climatic zones showed thesystems are robust and resist bothtremendous cold and great heat.Transport by various means (air, land andsea) to the places chosen for operational /tactical tests provided additional proof ofthe robustness of the systems.

It is fairly certain that, with the LDSfamily of systems, the Bundeswehr opensyet another chapter in its task andmission spectrum. These will be the firstdecontamination systems to betransported to their place of employmentby helicopter. Like the TEP 90, thesesystems are unique in the world. Thanksto their flexibility, the advantage of thesesystems is that they constitute a variableand effective asset in the new strategicenvironment. Both the LDSs and theTEP 90 feature future-orientedtechnology and have uniquecharacteristics. It is state-of-the-artmateriel – no other country in the worldhas equipment with these specialtechnical features.


As the mighty JIEDDO trembles atthe criticism levelled at it byoversight committees concerned at

the lack of progress in spite of billions offunding, CBRNe World asks the reallytricky question: “Are we actuallydeveloping the capabilities we need todeal with the current threats inAfghanistan?” Some poignant questionswere asked of industry, and many thanksto those that were brave enough to riseto the challenge.

In Iraq, insurgent networks had littleneed to resort to homemade explosives;search and detection could stick totraditional TNT and C4 threats. This ledto some impressive developments – notleast the FIDO family from ICx, whichthe company asserts has part-per-quadrillion sensitivity. In Afghanistan,

the weapon of choice is based onfertiliser, making detection andinterception a much greater challenge.Lieutenant General Michael Oates,Director of the Joint IED DefeatOrganisation, and General StanleyMcChrystal had lobbied Afghan PresidentHamid Karzai in 2009 to impose a banon ammonium nitrate fertiliser – one ofthe common ingredients for homemadeexplosives. This rather knee-jerk reactionis familiar: the US also tried to banchlorine in Iraq after the chlorine bombs– leading to outbreaks of cholera. Sonow ammonium nitrate (AN) issmuggled across the border, with anarguable impact on the bomb-makingchain. Banning a vital fertiliser isn’treally a fast track to hearts and minds.The US is also eyeing a ban on potassium

chlorate as another popular precursor(and pesticide!).

When you examine the simplisticdesign and low metal content of thedevices used, you can almost forgiveGeneral Oates coming up with theawesome solution of “persistentsurveillance” on Afghanistan’s roadnetwork. It sounds so simple; if we justwatch everything all of the time then wecan’t get attacked!

Ammonium nitrate is a very strongoxidising agent that makes an explosivemixture when combined with a fuelsuch as a hydrocarbon, usually diesel. Ithas been a favoured choice for terroristactivities by the Provisional IrishRepublican Army, and in the 1995Oklahoma City bombing by TimothyMcVeigh. Now it is the basic ingredient


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No you can’t build a sand castle! ANFO in Kandahar ©MoD

Steve Johnson asks whether anyone can smell the country…

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of 80 per cent of the IEDs killing largenumbers of troops and Afghan civilianseach year (source: Nato TrainingMission Afghanistan website). Historiccontrol measures have includedrestricting the nitrogen content, asattempted in Northern Ireland, andselling the AN in shaped pellets. Neithermeasure prevents the determinedterrorist, but it does increase thenumber of steps to produce an effectiveexplosive, increasing the opportunity toattack the bomb making chain.

The threat seems pretty clear, with aneed for both search teams andscreening at borders and airports. Giventhis situation, one might expect someinnovation from industry aimed at thisthreat…

The options for search teams areslightly limited. There are colorimetrictests, such as the EXPRAY system fromMistral, and Field Forensics’ ELITEsystem. These systems are better suitedto identifying visible amounts ofexplosive, however, and don’t really helpfind hidden or concealed explosives. Theformer Ahura – now Thermo Scientific –handheld chemical ID equipment,including FirstDefender and TruDefenderFT, have utility in this area, as do their

Smiths counterparts. But because thesesystems are several orders of magnitudemore expensive than the wet chemistrysets, they don’t add a huge amount ofcapability in a focused mission against anAN threat.

There are IMS based systems whichhave mixed results against AN. Smithssells the Sabre 4000 as capable ofdetecting AN, but Bruker’s new securityscreening tool, DE-tector, despite alsobeing IMS based, does not cite AN as atarget. This omission of capability isdeliberate in some cases to enhancesensitivity to other targets. MatthewDock, Principal Engineer in DetectionTechnologies, explained the ICxapproach with FIDO. “Ammoniumnitrate provides an interesting set ofissues,” he said. “AN is ubiquitous in theenvironment and can cause perceivedfalse alarms. In the Fido XT, weintentionally avoided detectingammonium nitrate due to thepossibility of false positives. There havebeen a number of papers publishedabout the high background ofexplosives; much of that background,however, can be traced to naturallyoccurring nitrate salts. By makingequipment that cannot detect

ammonium nitrate, the Fido XT iscapable of improving its detection ofreal threats.”

While these are fair observations,the processing of AN and its mixingwith fuel oil presents a moredistinguishable signature. The cookingprocess that was often indicated byconstantly steamy windows in NorthernIreland is usually carried out externallyin Afghanistan; this gives a window ofopportunity for detection.

In the midst of this lack oftechnology, one old favourite rears itshead. While it is rumoured thatexplosive search dogs had theirdetractors in some ministries as beingtoo logistically intensive and low tech,they have proved themselves incrediblyvaluable. Keith Hammond, CEO ofOptima Associates and formerly a C-IED/Search Staff Officer, joined a chorusof industry and military sources that allpraised the use of dogs, although heobserved, “Ironically, a dog’s obviousheat control system is inhibited duringthe sniffing process. This does needcareful management, especially intheatres like Afghanistan”.

Although a search dog handler needsto be careful not to allow a dog to come


Chemical identifiers do have a limited role in explosive detection ©CBRNe World


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to injury, particularly by exposure tohazardous chemicals, they have anobvious advantage over electronicsniffers of acting as locating devices andcovering the ground more quickly. Thesame probably can’t really be said of theuse of rats or bees. Both have had trialsby numerous countries – rats have beenused particularly in mine detection – butone observer to some African trials notedthat, as well as being pretty scary-lookingbeasts, they weren’t really a practicalbattlefield tool due to the difficulty ofcontrolling them without littlebackpacks and guide wires. Bees farebetter in handheld devices, such as thosedeveloped by Inscentinel, and continueto promise great potential – althoughstill not quite at a product level.

The sad tragedy of the flooding inPakistan may have had an impact on thelarge-scale smuggling of AN to Talibanbombmakers, but it is almost certainlyonly a blip in production. Some caravansare alleged to carry as much as 85 tonnesof AN across 12 trucks in a single runacross the border. Recent articles by AlexRodriguez of the Los Angeles Timesallege that at least eight trucking firmswith warehouses on the outskirts ofPeshawar regularly smuggle thesubstance into Afghanistan (LA Times, 1May 2010). In Afghanistan, a typicalhomemade bomb weighs about 65pounds – most of which is ammoniumnitrate. So the figure of 85 tons perconvoy could yield more than 2,500bombs. If the eight alleged smugglingfirms (which we know about) make asingle run each week, that could bedelivering enough AN for 20,000 devicesa week.

One solution would be to try and banAN in Pakistan as well – a difficultpolitical sell to the Pakistan government,as it would involve its native ANproduction industry switching to urea,which some believe is a more obviousfertiliser choice. It isn’t clear-cut though.Urea is very soluble and mobile in water,which is a double-edged sword forfarmers; it is not uncommon for farmersto use it with AN to give long-termsustained delivery of nitrogen.

So what breakthroughs havecompanies been achieving? ICx is proudof its underwater detection system,

which has evolved over ten years ofconcerns about terrorist device use inharbours as well as old stockpiles. It iscertainly a clever solution, but whether itis a priority is questionable…

Bruker Daltonics is bringing outProfiler software designed to reduce falsealarms in explosives detection. This isgood work, but one can’t help butobserve there is a distinct lack of co-operation in these developments. FOIand BAE have worked together withSwedish company Portendo in an effortwhich, at face value, seems ratherincredible. Their P Eye system can bemounted on weapons systems and, theyclaim, detect minute quantities ofexplosives at a “safe” distance. Safe isn’tdefined, and a few questions are left

hanging because the rest of industry hasbeen saying the technology (raman) justisn’t quite good enough yet. Issues suchas fluorescence, diffractive surfaces,ambient IR and whether or not thesystem is eye-safe (or whether unethicaloperators might blind or dazzle peoplewith it) are unanswered [They alsodeclined to take part in this issue’sRoundup – Ed].

Sceptical though I am of P Eye, atrawl of explosive detection technologieshas revealed nothing else as potentiallyexciting. So, for now, I am tuned to seehow well it is received by the scrutiny oftest houses. If it is as good as they say, ithas potential utility for CBRN detectionas well and could be a real game changer.We will see.


When all else fails it’s time to take a sample ©CBRNe World

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In the past decade, the growth oftechnology worn by the dismountedsoldier has been remarkable. Infantry

now routinely carry an array of electronicdevices which greatly increase theircapabilities, but which also addconsiderably to physical burden andassociated problems of reduced agility,increased visibility and a faster onset offatigue. The miniaturisation ofelectronics, combined with advances inwireless communications, has created theopportunity for many “portable” deviceswhich previously were too large or heavyto carry easily. New innovations in textiletechnologies, however, combined with thedevelopment of new micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and evennano-electro mechanical devices (seelater) are creating a new generation oftruly “wearable” rather than simply“portable” technologies.

Today’s soldiers routinely carry loadsof between 50 and 75kg, with up to aquarter of this weight accounted for inbatteries to power their electronicequipment. With many items requiringdifferent types of battery andconnections, the ubiquitous AA cellbattery is still a favoured solution forcutting down complexity inchanging/charging batteries. But, asportable power can be life critical to thedismounted solider, many avoid the riskof running out of power by simplyreplacing all their batteries with newones at the end of each shift, regardless

of how little power may actually havebeen used. This can take 30-40 minutes,creates a problem in the disposal of part-spent batteries and accounts for asignificant amount of redundant weightcarried by the soldier. The growingassortment of stand-alone devices beingadded to the soldiers’ kit has also createdwhat is often referred to as the“Christmas tree” effect; the increased

infra-red (IR) signature generated by thesoldier and his heat-generatingelectronics are of particular risk at night.

One wearable solution which couldtackle many of these problems is anintegrated central power source, capableof distributing power and data to multipledevices, and thus allowing soldiers todispense with most, if not all, of theirbatteries. Instead, it draws only as muchpower as is required from a single,central energy source. Improvements inthin film and polymer gel batteries couldreduce both the weight and profile of thepower source further, and such a centralsource could also make use of new energyharvesting technologies, using energydrawn from other sources to keep thebattery topped up.

Intelligent Textiles Ltd, a small UK-based company founded in 2002 by AshaPeta-Thompson and Dr Stan Swallow,have developed such a central “PowerPlane”, which is entirely textile based.Their patented process combines weavingand conductive yarn technologies tocreate a fabric which can be usedalongside or even replace the outerfabrics currently used in a soldier’scombat clothing or body armour toprovide a power/data grid. This allowsmultiple devices to be attached anywhereon the garment which can be powered bya single-source fuel cell or battery. Ofcourse, in order to make the system fullyintegrated, some additional operationalissues need to be addressed such as

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far future of wearable technology and what it means for CBRN


You cannaechange the laws

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Vivometrics vital signs monitoring vestwas bought by Adidas – expect that to

be spun back into the military via thehigh street ©Vivometrics



adapting devices to plug into the system. Some of the other key advantages of

a product like the “Power Plane” are,however, significant in their own right.The disadvantages of conventional cablesinclude their bulk and inflexibility,which add to the time taken and thecomplexity of “kitting up”, as well as todiscomfort in wear, especially where thecables can create pressure points.Conventional electrical cables are alsohighly prone to damage from repeatedflexing, a critical hazard of body-wornequipment. Also, their bundled filamentscreate a concentration of heat, makingthe IR signature so much more difficultto disguise.

Intelligent Textiles’ Power Plane, bycontrast, uses conductive yarns tocreate a flat, drapeable conductivefabric, where the conductive filaments(usually metallised polymer filamentsrather than the metal wires used incables), are spread across a much widersurface area. The conductive filamentsact like traditional textiles and arehighly resistant to repeated flexing andwear, creating a more streamlined andconformable profile than conventionalcables allow.

In tests carried out by the UK MoD,it was found that the Power Planeexceed the requirements of Mil Stan416.E for electromagnetic emission. Itwas also shown that, even whencarrying significant electrical currents(around 0.1 – 4.0 amperes), thetemperature increase was less than 1degree Celsius, depending on thenumber of parallel conductors in useand the width of the fabric panel.

These conductive fabric panels canalso carry data, and one of the moreinnovative products developed bySwallow and Thompson is the all-fabrickeyboard. Unlike other “fabric”keyboards which effectively justencapsulate electronic components in afabric “casing”, theirs is constructedfrom a single piece of fabric, where thekey connections are created in theweave, and the keyboard itself is simplyprinted on the outer face of the fabric.With no cables (other than an outputto connect to a computer screen) orother electronic components, thismakes for a very lightweight and

flexible keyboard which can be used asa roll-up, stand alone device, orincorporated directly into a soldier’scombat uniform (for example on thetrouser legs or sleeve).

There are many projects being carriedout around the world in universities andmilitary research institutions into “energyharvesting”, whereby power is derivedfrom external sources such as solar power,thermal energy, kinetic energy, etc. At theforefront of kinetic energy conversion forindividuals is a research team atPrinceton University, led by ProfessorMike McAlpine. Their focus has been onenergy harvesting from piezoelectricmaterials, which convert pressure intoenergy, and where power output dependson three things: the volume ofpiezoelectric material used, the amount ofapplied stress (eg in walking) and thepiezoelectrical charge density (energyefficiency). McAlpine explained that atypical adult male generates around 2,000calories (approximately 100 watts) per dayat normal activity levels. Clearly, an activesoldier generates considerably moreenergy than this example. Around 70 percent of that energy is dissipated inwalking, and only around 1 per cent inbreathing, so the most efficient placementof pressure responsive harvesting devicesis going to be in footwear.

The team selected lead zirconatetitanate, known as PZT, known as themost efficient of all piezoelectricmaterials (almost 100 times moreefficient than quartz, for example),

which is capable of converting 80 percent of the mechanical energy applied toit into electrical energy. They fabricatednano-ribbons of PZT (100 strips measureonly one millimetre across) and thenused a relatively simple and,importantly, volume-scalable printtransfer process to embed them intoclear silicone rubber. This provides alow-cost and highly flexible layer ofprotection. The resulting devicesgenerate electricity when mechanicalstress is applied and, importantly, islightweight and highly flexible.

Previous DARPA trials of Piezoelectricinsoles for energy harvesting have runinto difficulties due to the stiffness anddiscomfort created by the insolesthemselves. Professor McAlpine believesthe key to success lies not only in creatingthe most efficient power generation, butin making the technology “invisible” tothe wearer – indistinguishable in terms ofcomfort in wear when compared tostandard footwear.

Creating more power output isn’t assimple, therefore, as putting multiplelayers of the material into soldiers’ boots.The surface area is important, andlayering is one way to increase thevolume of material in the boots. Butlayering also adds thickness, reducesflexibility and also reduces the levels ofstress applied to lower layers. The resultis that the commercial challenge is nowone of engineering the product andtailoring it to the application.

In the UK, a consortium of six

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Princeton’s piezo rubber holds great promise ©Frank Wojciechowski


leading universities is looking at a novelalternative idea for energy harvesting: acombined photovoltaic andthermoelectric device. Given the largeheat differential between the inside andoutside of soldiers’ combat gear, theconcept of a combined device that cangenerate electricity from external (solar)sources as well as internal (heat) sourcesis an interesting proposition. AlthoughProfessor Duncan Gregory of GlasgowUniversity admits field use of completesystems is likely to be ten years or moreaway, he believes the technology isfeasible. A small-scale device (aroundtwo centimetres square) combining aphotovoltaic film on one side with athermoelectric cell on the other is in theprocess of being created, and the aim isto use this to demonstrate that thetechnology will work.

A further area of interest in wearabletechnology for the dismounted soldier isin remote physiological monitoring. Inlocations like Afghanistan, where thedifficult terrain means vehicle support isextremely limited, the emphasis is on thedismounted soldier to not only carrymore equipment (causing a greaterphysical burden) but also to be more self-sufficient in terms of nutrition andmedical care. With no immediate medicalsupport on hand, soldiers are required tohandle difficulties caused by heat,fatigue, dehydration and, of course,assault-related injuries. Wearablemonitors which monitor andrelay information back tocommand and control centresregarding the vital signs ofsoldiers while on operation canhelp determine whether soldiersare encountering difficulties, requiremedical attention (or simply rest or re-hydration) or even whether they arecritically injured.

While several companies andresearch organisations have developedremote monitoring systems (includingVivometrics, who were recently boughtby Adidas and for whom the authordeveloped a seamless sensor garment),the most commercially successfulsoldier system to date remains thePhysiological Status Monitoring (PSM)Defence system from ZephyrTechnologies. Designed for use by squadsdeployed in harsh environments, itallows monitoring of up to 64 soldiers

on a single screen, at a range of up totwo miles, with information updatesevery 15 seconds.

The system comprises a BioHarnesschest strap or shirt, with integral textilesensors and electronics module to collectand communicate the data, the soldier’sown tactical or satellite radio which isused to transmit the data back tocommand, and Zephyr’s OmnisenseSoftware on a PC at the commandcentre, which interprets the data andprovides a clear diagrammatic userinterface with red, amber, green signalsto quickly identify soldiers who are indifficulty and how serious the problem is.In fact, the integration of a 16G 3-wayaccelerometer in the BioHarness can alsoflag up blast or bullet strikes (in thesame way that vehicle airbags can assesswhether the rate of deceleration is causedby normal braking or animpact/collision). Combined with heart,posture, skin temperature andrespiration indicators, it is possible toquickly assess whether soldiers are aliveand how critically injured they are.

The ability to anticipate fatigue levelscaused by burden, heat, dehydration,

activity or a

combination of factors can informdeployment and mission-relateddecisions, as well as helping to maintainpeak performance of squads. Havingsufficient data to make critical triagedecisions and advise on casualty care isequally useful, especially when groundtroops are unsupported by vehicles.

Outside the field of wearableelectronic technology, there are otherdevelopments in smart fabric sensorsbased on chemical and biologicaltriggers which could provide tomorrow’ssoldier with new triage capabilities.Researchers at the University ofMichigan have infused conductive yarnswith the antibody anti-albumin whichreacts with albumin, a protein found inblood. When the treated yarns wereexposed to albumin, their conductivityincreased considerably.

Along the same lines, when organs areinjured the body releases chemicals whichcan act as biomarkers, indicating particularinternal injuries. A research team at theUniversity of California has developed asystem based on enzyme-sensitive sensorswhich can interpret several key types ofinjury associated with the different levels ofbiomarkers secreted. Furthermore, theyhave developed durable biosensors whichcan be printed onto the waistbands ofunderwear (chosen because of the close

contact with skin) and which canmonitor concentration levels of two

key biomedical indicators:hydrogen peroxide and the

enzyme NADH. Valuable diagnosticinformation, which can be gathered

in real-time, even from casualties whoare unconscious or unable to move,

could provide a huge benefit to thedismounted squad operating remotely.

Current advances in smart textiles andminiaturised electronics are making theconcept of truly integrated “wearabletechnologies” both feasible and highlyattractive for the infantry soldier. What ismore, as demonstrated here, a number ofthese products are already commerciallyavailable. In an age of robots, exoskeletonsand stealth jets, the realities of war interrain such as that in Afghanistan hasprovided a stark reminder that it is thedismounted soldier we rely on to winwars. The capability to reduce theirburden and improve their survivabilitythrough wearable technology and deviceintegration may be within reach.

You cannae change the laws of physics!


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Zephyr’s PSM allows greater insight intophysical tolerance of individuals ©Zephyr

www.avon-protection.com

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Interoperable with existing data enabled radios.


The suggestion that we are on thecusp of a change in personalprotective equipment (PPE) has been

mooted for a number of years without anyreal differences becoming apparent. Thechanges have been small, though notable,but there still has not been thebreakthrough promised – it has eitherbeen too expensive or too impractical. TheDefence Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)and Natick Soldier Systems are hoping thistime that change will be realised as theypresent to a variety of DoD ProgramExecutive Officers (PEOs) four differentensembles that each offer a potential forfuture development.

What is made clear right from the startis that none of these are replacements forJSLIST or the M50. This is basic researchinto the old equation of thermal burdenversus protection, and offers the potentialfor further R&D rather than a finished

product. Andra Kirsteins, Technical Leadat Natick, explained the concept. “Theoverall objective for the programme is notdeveloping the next-generation ensemble,”she said. “What we are doing for DTRA andthe chem/bio defence community – likeJPEO CBD – is investigating newtechnology that is coming out of theresearch programme and demonstrating itin a representative future warfighterensemble, and demonstrating them in anoperationally relevant environment. So thebottom line is to give information to therequirements and acquisition communityto inform them for the next-generationensemble – to provide data on deeptechnology that is coming out of research,on how they can improve capability andhow they can mature them.

“One of the foci is improving thermalburden and finding how to do thatthrough materials and design, and how

does thermal relates to chemicalperformance. Natick is the technicalproject manager for this, working withDTRA, and funds a number of differentorganisations like Edgewood Chemical andBiological Centre and other groups tosupport us on this programme, to attempta new capability.”

It is not just JPEO CBD that isinvolved, however; the demonstration willreach out to other PEOs, such as PEOSoldier. Equally, the demonstration is notabout individual items but the ensemble –how the helmet, mask, suit, gloves andboots all fit together. So even though thereare four main ensembles, they arecomposed of varying parts. Marc Mathews,the System Engineering Lead at Natick,described the various parts. “As wedeveloped this, the needs we were lookingat were: thermal burden, CB protection,head gear integration, sensor and network

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Suitablydressed


Gwyn Winfield talks to theteam behind the next-generation clothingdemonstrators in the US

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integration, compatibility and durability,”he said. “The systems were designed in away to lower the thermal burden as muchas possible while still retaining chem/bioprotection – but to still be a chem/biogarment rather than a daily combatuniform with some level of CB protection.

“There are three main designs, and onewith modifications of material types in it.We have what we are calling the Chem BioCombat Uniform – the Army in-theatre‘combat shirt’-type of uniform. This takes

into account the fact that the soldier willhave the ballistics vest and a variety ofmaterials that go under the vest to supportmoisture wicking, a reduction of thermalburden and increased evaporation, etc. Sothe Chem Bio Combat Uniform is based onthat kind of design – looking at stretchmaterials that can go next to the skin inthe chest and torso area, provideprotection and separate materials havingadditional protection used in the armswhich are not protected by the vest. There

are also various venting strategies –thermal reduction strategies – so when asoldier or user is in an open-typeconfiguration and is not fully protected –similar to a MOPP 2 – they could open thevents, get in extra air to help withevaporation and cooling, and they have theability to close them up when they go intoa fully protective posture.

“The next one is an undergarment –the Chem Bio Undergarment (CBUG),which is a stretchy chemical protectivematerial that you can wear underneathyour combat uniform to provideprotection. It provides lighter weightprotection that you would get in a currentbase line system, and you could wear itwith your combat uniform over the top ofit. The third concept is an enhanced FlameRetardant Army Combat Uniform(eFRACU) concept, taking very similardesigns to the flame retardant armycombat uniform and modifying that designto have enhanced chem/bio closures aswell as integrated CB protective materials.It turns out that this garment is similar toa combat uniform with some closures thatare at the waist – changing from buttonsto zippers and adding a chem/bioprotective material as the material barrier.The enhanced FRACU would be worn overthe chem/bio undergarment.

“Those three are the main ones,”Mathews continued. “The fourth one isanother Chem Bio Combat Uniformconcept that uses different materials tothose in the Chem Bio Combat Uniform –these materials come out of the IntegratedProtective Fabrics Programme that DTRAfunds. We have two headgear systems thatwe have matched up with them – one isthe Chem Bio Protective IntegratedSystem mask (CB Prism). It is anintegrated headgear system where themask and the headgear are intimatelyintegrated to each other so they provideconnection to each other, though themask can be donned without removing thehelmet. CB Prism has the filters in thehelmet liner and that connects to, and isworn with, the CB Combat Uniform whichhas a cowl neck so it can be integrateddirectly to the lower part of the mask asour neck integration solution.

“The other, CB Rail Attaching Mask(CB Ram), is designed with a rail attachingmechanism on the helmet, and is amodular head gear system where you havea facepiece and a helmet. The facepiece is

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Prism is one of the variants in the technology trials ©ECBC


used for protection, and that hooks ontothe rail of the helmet and also uses thechin strap on the helmet to provide a four-point connection between the mask andthe helmet, once donned. This providesthe integration between the mask and thehelmet, so that both of them worktogether to keep the seal of protection. TheCB RAM is worn with a CB Balaclava; thisprovide the protective seal around themask without putting a hood on the mask,integrates with the CB RAM mask, and fitsunder the helmet. This is also a systemthat you put on without removing yourhelmet. CB Ram is worn with theundergarment concept and the enhancedFRACU concept.

“Finally, there are a couple of differentboot and glove configurations we havelooked at. We see the boots as a newconcept – an innovative CB Boot that has adirect integration to the trousers througha direct integration ring on the boot. So,instead of the trousers coming down andvelcroing onto the top of your protectiveboot, you can create an intimate interfaceand offer blousing for the chem trousersinto the boot to provide the additionallevel of protection,” Mathews concluded.

There are no doubt elements of theexisting ensembles that can be betterengineered as more accurate testingbecomes available, yet what is thefabric/membrane/liner that is going to takethis to the next level? Does the venerableactivated carbon have a role to play?Mathews agreed that it did. “Some of themare activated carbon-type materials, andone system is a combination of membraneand carbon,” he said. “We found somegood performance with the lightweightstretch carbon-protective materials, andthose are in the areas where you need alittle bit more stretch or lighter weightperformance for the feel, wicking, etc, butstill need CB protection. We also looked ataround 40 materials that we had a Requestfor Information on; we had materials fromall over the chem/bio and military textileindustry, and we looked at the possibilities.We looked at the properties of thesematerials in terms of programme goalsand took a decision-analysis approach toselecting materials for garment design,versus taking a design and then choosing amaterial. We tried to do both together.”

Kirsteins agreed, and described thenext-generation fabrics they had used.“The Integrated Protective Fabric System

is a research programme for new chemicalprotective material, and there were twobasic materials we were working with thatcame out of IPFS,” she said. “One of themis comprised of a membrane and is treatedwith a reactive coating that has shownpromise in reacting with CWA toneutralise them, as well as some anti-sporicidal properties. The second materialcoming out of the programme is a carbonstretch material that is treated with areactive material in addition to enhancedaerosol protection.”

Dr. Heidi Gibson from Natick SoldierSystems Center states that the IntegratedProtective Fabric System programme isconducting basic research anddevelopment to further new materialsconcepts by incorporating additionalCWA neutralization chemistry into themembrane, broadening theneutralization in the carbon layer,demonstrating the utility of noveladvanced adsorbents to replace oraugment the standard activated carbonmaterials, incorporating superoleophobicliquid repellency in the cover fabric, anddiminishing under-garment airflowissues through the use of novel ventingstrategies supported by foundational airand vapor transport modeling.

The team is keen to suggest this is nota case of four finished designs beingpresented to the acquisition community;rather, it is a case of looking at how theensemble components work individuallyand collectively. “The concept is toinvestigate alternatives,” said Kirsteins.“We are not looking to develop somethingthat will be the next generation – we aretrying to understand the trade-offs. If wemaximise thermal performance, what arethe trade-offs in chem protection?”

These trade-offs are to be madeapparent in the Septemberdemonstration, as Lieutenant ColonelCrigger, Program Director at DTRA,explained. “There is a variety of thermalburden and CB protection in each of thesystems, and we are still testing to findout exactly where they fall in each of therange of those variables,” he said. “Ourfinal versions of the systems are now inthe process of being tested, and whencombined with the operational demo itwill tell us where they fit. Based on ourearly testing it will be a combination ofthermal burden and protection, but weare not sure where as yet. Some of them

have good thermal burden, some of themhave good CB, but there are so manydifferent variables that we will only beable to see once we get the data.”

Yet it is not just thermal and CBprotection that are on the axis, though thedemonstration is skewed that way; it isalso providing situational awareness in aCB environment. “That is a large novelpiece,” said Mathews. “We are approachingthe system development by also looking atCBRN sensors and integrating them intothe technology for on-soldier comms, intersquad radios and the ability to send NBCmessages digitally up to the commandelement that can make the informationtranslated into what the commonoperating picture (COP) looks like, andadditionally the ability to send thatinformation down to the soldiers that needit immediately.”

That data is not necessarily designedfor the CBRN professional. This is aimedsquarely at the ground tactical warfighter– the people who find themselves in achemically contaminated environment andhave little or no time to change uniform.Currently, the system varies between TRLfour and six (depending on thecomponents), with the focus on providingdata and understanding the trade space, sothat the requirements community candevelop informed requirements.

It is difficult to offer any conclusionswithout the findings of the demo – which Ihope to do at a later date – but it is usefulto see the way the trend is going. Certainlythe CB Prism and Ram respirators are anovel approach, and it will be interestingto see what operational testing makes ofhaving filters in the liner of the helmet.This has obvious advantages in terms oflosing the canister weight which candeform the mask seal, and allows afreedom of design, but it does also raise aconcern over what effect rounds strikingthe top of the helmet – that might beabove cover – might have on the ability ofthe warfighter to operate in acontaminated environment. Equally, therewould seem to be concerns about wind-blown agent on stretchy carbon fabric, soit will be interesting to see how it copeswith the testing on that. As various otherministries and departments of defencesuffer research and development cuts,opportunities like this quadripartitedemonstrator will come around less often.We hope we can keep you informed.

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There is always an exercise to go tosomewhere in the world, and theonly constant for them all is the

rain. Heaven help us if an incidenthappens in the sunshine; the forces ofthe world are just not prepared for it.And so it proved with Exercise Milo. Theexercise was held in the East End ofLondon, around the Excel Centre (wellknown to those that attend the DSEiExhibition) at 07.00 in the middle of amassive downpour. Sympathy duringthese events is rarely for the firstresponders, most of which are wellcovered in PPE; instead it is the“casualties” who have often beenthrough make-up before the rest of theparticipants were out of bed and areforced to lie supine as the rain and windlashes them. The fact that these“casualties” were disabled clearly cut noice with whoever was in charge of theweather – and most of them were wellshowered before they got into decon.

This was categorically not a CBRNincident, however; the assembled presswere told this was a hazmat incident.According to the scenario, a bus load ofdisabled athletes had been crashed intoby a lorry carrying a toxic industrialagent (acetic anhydride). This hadresulted in 70 scripted casualties,(suffering from blunt trauma, inhalationand splash injuries) some of whom hadbecome self-presenters at a localhospital. There had been some doublingup of the casualties, as 62 were at theincident site and 51 were at HomertonHospital – of the 70 scripted casualtiesmore than 40 were genuinely disabled.

The variety of the disabilities isperhaps where the greatest differencesfrom other exercises lay, as there was awide range of severity and age ranges;though you would expect “Paralympians”

(or, as they were properly called in thepress pack, members of a “high-profiledisabled sporting event”) to at least be ina focused age bracket and in primephysical fitness. The Paralympians weresaid to be from the UK and Australianteams, but were all within a veryhomogeneous religious split; there wereno separate facilities/activities for thosewho might have (religious) undressingconcerns. These were said to have beenpracticed at a different exercise, andwould, presumably, be grafted onto anyreal incident.

The exercise also included a range ofpre-deployed vehicles – the disruptionto London traffic was deemed to be toogreat if they tried to get there using anyform of verisimilitude – yet some assetsalso turned up as the exercise rolledout. The exercise was deemed to havestarted with a 999 call, and that by thetime the spectators/press turned up – ieat the start of the exercise – a nominal40 minutes had passed. The hot zonewas deemed to be small and stable;there was no increase in contamination,and the plume was not going to resultin any evacuation.

So far so good, really. In fact, it is tothe credit of the Health ProtectionAgency, Department of Health, LondonFire Brigade (LFB), London AmbulanceService (LAS) and the MetropolitanPolice that they took on such an esotericand complicated task. While the eventwas simplified by the fact that it was anaccident, meaning no evidence ofterrorist activity to bring the police intothe incident in a major way, thedecontamination of 40 disabled people isa difficult task. Sadly, in my opinion, itwas this difficult task that was done well.All the easier stuff, in contrast, seemedto be have been bodged. So when the UK

press turned up and found all thecasualties under blankets (from the rain)and left downrange at (approximately)minute 41 after initial exposure, itseemed a bit odd that no one wasattending to them. When the LAS wereasked why they were waiting, theyreplied that they were waiting for theLFB to go down and do their sceneassessment and announce it as safe torespond. But LFB declared they hadalready done this.

Now, standing around waiting forsomething to happen is not new inexercises, but when you pride yourselfon interoperability (as London with itsLondon Emergency Services LiaisonPanel [LESLP] does) and you haveassembled media representatives (BBC,Associated Press and yours truly) to seeit, it could do with being a bit slicker.The LFB later provided a statement tosay, “We were there purely to supportthe NHS; it was not there to test any ofour policies and procedures, as we wouldhave set the exercise up completelydifferently and had different resources.We were there purely in a support role;we didn’t have any aims and objectives,we were there to make it work with ourdecon structures, none of ourprocedures were tested; we were onlythere in a support role.”

Perhaps because the scenarioinvolved an accident rather than adeliberate release, but the whole exerciselacked the pace usually inherent inCBRN exercises. It took two hours (90minute from arrival, plus the 30+minutes they had nominally been on theground for) for the first wheelchairpatient to move from site throughdecontamination and the re-dressingtent. For privacy reasons we were notallowed to see inside the tent, so quite

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the Paralympic decontamination


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LAS’ HART team gained valuable lessons from the exercises ©CBRNe World


what they were doing in there is notknown, but it doesn’t bode well for thosewheelchair casualties that are still onthe ground.

Marc Rainey, London AmbulanceService HART Co-ordinator, stated itwasn’t the decontamination, per se, thattook the time. “Wheelchair patients haveto be treated as non-ambulant patients,”he said. “We put a number of resourcesinto the exercise and if it had been a liveincident we would have committed morestaff and decon structures to it. Thepinch points that caused the delays weredown to the exercise restrictions that weput on ourselves with regards to staffing.Each non-ambulant patient will take 10-12 minutes to decon, not includingdisrobing and re-robing time. We gaineda lot from the exercise. LAS deals withamputee patients on a daily basis, andwe understand the difficulties of movingan amputee, but one thing that wehaven’t dealt with is confronting thatissue in PPE. We found that movingthose patients, especially lower limbamputees, did cause us a lot moredifficulties than we expected; they wereslipping through responders’ handswhen they lifted them up, so we hadsome difficulties with that.”

The ambulant casualties were a lotquicker, admittedly, but then you wouldexpect them to be – and this is not reallythe focus of the exercise. Yet this in itselfprovided surprises, as Marc Raineypointed out. “In terms of the ambulantpatients, as soon as they are triaged wehave to take their artificial limbs off, andif their artificial limbs are lower onesthey become non-ambulant patient, andthat increases the demand,” he said. “Weknew it would happen on paper, butwhen you see it happen in reality – whenout of a large group of ambulantpatients suddenly 75 per cent becomenon-ambulant – it makes you looks atyour planning predication and you haveto go back and re-examine them. As ithappened ours were correct.”

Taking on board the LFB’sstatement, there still seemed to be acavalier approach to emergency servicedecon, or at least the dirty line. LFBpersonnel went through their drills,disrobed and left the scene all withouthaving any form of contamination

control done to them. Not a Cam in site.Then the boxes of clean/dirty clotheswere all stacked near the disabledredressing point. When I asked LFB whythey didn’t do any form of verification, Iwas told they had “scientific advice” thatthis was not necessary; that having beenthrough their decon procedures theyshould now be clean. Stamping my littlefootie I concurred that, while that mightbe the case, why were the potentiallydirty items all being gathered into oneplace next to the disabled re-dressingstation where off-gassing could affectindividuals being slowly dressed? Theresponse to this was two-fold: one wasthat “|this is hazmat – we do it all thetime and we know what we are onabout”, while the other was that “anyway

there is a shortage of detectors to do theverification control”. To be fair, the latterpoint is perhaps valid in an exercisewhere the focus is on thedecontamination of disabled people, butto stack crates of possibly contaminatedclothing next to the re-dressing station –and a slow, non-ambulant re-dressingstation at that – seems to just be idiotic.

There also seemed to be a shortageof thought as to what to do with theprostheses. In the exercise they were“decontaminated” and then returned tothe participant, but the controllersadmitted that in reality they would atleast be withheld and possibly destroyed.Yet these prostheses are not the typicalones you can easily replace; many ofthem are going to be highly specialised

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Exercises participants varied from volunteers to genuine disabled people©CBRNe World

Portable and quick to set up and use

Simple, flexible scenario creation based uponmultiple CWA, HazMat & radiological releases

User defined environmental conditions

Simulation of plumes, deposition and hot spots

Table top classroom mode for pre-exercisefamiliarisation

Real time trainee movement and instrumentusage reporting, with recording for After Action Review

Supports JCAD-SIM, Camsim, AP2/4C-SIM, RDS200-SIM, EPD-Mk2-SIM, AN/PDR-77-SIM, SAM935 Spectrometer Simulator and more

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and expensive pieces of kit – the sortyou want to keep your eye on, and willwant back. Equally, motorisedwheelchairs were a problem; there is nochance of their being decontaminated,and they would have to be left behind –potentially leaving the participant with awheelchair he or she couldn’t use.

Return of prostheses would also beproblematic, considering the comfortfactor is most likely designed to beabsorbent and comfortable and workvery close to the skin, making thechance of secondary contaminationrather high. Marc Rainey stated that, onthe contrary, there had been a great dealof thought put into these issues, butthat it was very agent and prostheticdevice/wheelchair, specific. “This goingto take a lot of scientific advice,” he said.“When patients go through decon theyare not going to get married up withtheir wheelchair or prostheses as soonas they go through; that won’t happenfor some time. So we are going to takeadvice, but it will depend on the agent,the persistence of the agent and advicefrom the manufacturer as to what the

chemical will have done to thecompound that the prosthesis is builtfrom. All those items would remain inthe warm zone until we have dealt withthe priority of saving life.”

Another element LAS wanted totrain on was their new buggy, which isdesigned to transport patients from thehotzone quickly and efficiently, loweringthe physiological burden on the LASHART team. This Polaris chassis vehicletook three medics (with the roles ofdriver, medic and “assistant”) downrangeand brought one non-ambulant victimout. Admittedly this was a trial, and theTTPs for the vehicle are clearly beingworked out, but the balance of medics tocasualties seemed to be wrong. Theywere all busy, so it is not as if one can beeradicated easily, yet there would seemto be a need for a re-parcelling of theworkload to try and get it down to twopersonnel per trip. Marc Raineysuggested three was the right number,however; that the height of the cab andthe weight of the patient determined thenumber, and that it was still a vastimprovement on the alternatives. “We

had only taken delivery a couple ofweeks before the exercise, and we put itout there to see how it, and theprocesses we have written around it,worked,” he said. “The concept workswell, though we have to work some ofthe finer details. There is quite a highbed on the vehicle, so it takes a fairnumber of people to get a patient on astretcher onto that, and doing it inprotective equipment means thedifficulty is increased. So the crew isthere to make sure they get on and offthe back of the vehicle safely.

“Also, if we are moving non-ambulant patients, we need to makesure we are delivering a level of care.There has to be an assumption that caremight require airway management, sowe need to make sure we leave a seat onthere for a medic to sit on should airwaymanagement be required. To evacuate anon-ambulant patient from the hotzonewould require four members of staff –fire or ambulance – to carry that onestretcher, and with the Polaris it is threemembers of staff and they would do tworuns in the time it would take thestretcher to do one. We have otherlarge-wheeled stretchers on pneumatictyres similar to military ones, where weput the stretchers on the frame and thatrequires one or two people; the Polaris isjust another tool in the box.”

This is perhaps carping around theedges; triage was done quickly andefficiently, and the level of explanationto the individuals – some of whom wereblind – was also first rate (though LASadmitted they found that the role ofPatient Liasion Officer had to beimproved because the range of themegaphone was not long enough). Thefact that the individuals decontaminatedwere real disabled people was also a nicetouch, which will generate new TTPs formovement of amputees in PPE – whichmight explain why they were in there solong.

Out of all of the problems comes themantra: “it is only an exercise – it issupposed to test the system and you fixthe problems it outlines”. In terms ofthe decon of the disabled, I have nodoubt this has been a useful exercise; ithas brought together a focused group ofpeople and made them face up to some


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Decon of disabled posed lifting and disrobing challenges, especially when in full PPE ©CBRNe World

of the logistic difficulties. Indeed, NickiSmith, Senior Manager Exercises &Training, NHS London, was extremelypositive about its results. “From an NHSpoint of view we came out of it verypositively. The exercise was takenseriously by the hospital and all thepartners. We did a lot of things in thehospital that had not been tested before,such as lock down, which they initiatedextremely quickly as the hospital didn’tknow what the scenario was, and theylocked it down with security in a veryshort space of time. The A&E responsewas also excellent and we came out withsome learning points; they have lookedat their emergency plan and looked athow they can tweak it, and how they canperfect command and control issues.”

Where I take exception is with thecore problems – those things that reallyshould have been nailed down. A lack ofcommunication at the start (especiallywhen you consider these were pre-positioned assets) and the lack of interest

in the dirty-clean line (personally if youare not sure then it should go to the sideof the decon tent, in the “grey” clean/notclean area) showed some fundamentaldisinterest in the procedure, and theconception this was “someone else’sexercise”. There are not that manymulti-agency decon exercises, and if thislackadaisical attitude is allowed to passinto accepted practice then it caneventually lead to some of the sameissues that were attendant at the Tokyosarin attack, where secondary casualtieswere caused by poor procedures. Thisshould have been a showcase exercise –that’s why the press is there – with theattendant razzle dazzle selling the image,not the reality.

There is no doubt London generally,and the Olympics specifically, faces aterrorist threat. There is also a goodchance there might be a limited releaseof a CBR agent. Even if you discountterrorists holding an especial grudge forthe disabled, there is a good chance any

attack on a major sporting event, andvenue, is going to have a certainpercentage of disabled spectators;learning the procedures to deal withtheir requirements is therefore essential.This is where the exercise excelled – inthe niche areas. The rest of it had atendency towards ennui – an “it will bealright on the night” attitude. As ageneralisation, the British have a“muddle through” attitude that isalmost revered in some parts – abjuringthe painful, precise processes you wouldsee in a German or Czech exercise for a“we’ll sort it out when it happens”approach. Too much of the exercise, inmy opinion, was taken for granted, andtoo much was lax – perhaps informed bya sober threat assessment. Yet if youcannot do it in exercises and get it right,there is little chance it can be done “onthe day”.

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Communication was, as usual, essential to the smooth running of the day ©CBRNe World

There is little doubt that stand-offdetectors, particularly chemical, arethe coming thing; the more time

you have to start taking protectivemeasures, the better it is for everyone.That said, there seems to be only alimited number of field stand-offdetectors; Slovakia has active stand-off,the US has Joint Service LightweightStandoff Chemical Agent Detector(JSLSCAD) on Stryker, and BrukerDaltonics has done good business sellingits Rapid into a wide variety of civilianorganisations.- yet this is surprising tosee only a modest fervor in somethingthat is such an obvious proposition.

Part of this is clearly budgetary – mostof these detectors are not cheap – andpartly it is technological, as even FourierTransform Infrared (FTIR), the most wellunderstood technology, has its ownchallenges to overcome. So it is a surpriseto realise that Defence Research andDevelopment Canada (DRDC) has avigorous program in this domain havingthree stand-off chemical detectors on theblocks – CATSI EDM buit by Telops, iCATSIbuilt by ABB Bomem and MODIFFs buit byTelops,.all of them were specified by DRDC.This is not the limit of stand-off detection,however; DRDC has also worked on stand-off radiological detection (See CBRNeWorld Winter 2006) and stand-offbiological detectors. While it might look asif there is a stand-off system-of-systemsapproach, it seems this is not the case, asthe three disciplines work in their ownsilos. It is fair to say the chemical side isthe most mature, however.

“We have worked on stand-off for awhile – since around 1995,” said DrTheriault. “After the Tokyo subway attack,

our DRDC division director came to see meand asked whether we could extend ouratmospheric remote sensing work toinclude stand-off chemical detection; thatis where we started. We worked on stand-off detection from 1995 to 2004 anddeveloped a prototype – CATSI. We did aproof of principle, and in 2003 our militarywere looking for a sensor that could beused for the Area Detection andIdentification System, which is a stand-offsensor that they wanted to put in the handof soldiers as part of a suite of detectors. Atthat time they did not find a sensor on themarket that did everything they wanted, sothey approached us to see whether wecould provide a Canadian option for thestand-off detection of chem agents toensure that at least one option wasavailable for the procurement for the ADISproject. They provided funding for thedevelopment of two militarized advancedprototypes. These were delivered to DND inApril 2010..”

The Compact Atmospheric SoundingInterferometer (CATSI) prototype hasindeed been around for a while, but theEngineering Development Model (EDM)version has improved on the prototype, andDr Theriault and his team believe it is oneof the most advanced version availabletoday. Yet it is still a FTIR device, so whatimprovements does he feel it has overother German and US devices? “There aretwo main differences,” said Dr Theriault.“First, the viewing optic is four incheswhich is larger than the others. We felt atthe beginning that we needed a larger opticto perform reliable detection at long range– up to five kilometres. Second, andperhaps the most important difference isthat the system is doing optical differential

detection. In a few words I would like toexplain the principle of differentialdetection that applies to our three systems.A well-known difficulty associated with thepassive standoff detection and identificationof chemical vapors is that the recordedsignal also contains a large amount ofunwanted spectral background radiationcoming from the atmosphere and the scenesurrounding the cloud. This backgroundradiation often exceeds the target by one ormore than two orders of magnitude. Thediagram below illustrates the principle.Basically the differential method uses aspecialized double-input beam FTIRspectrometer where one input aims at thebackground-scene and the other at thetarget cloud scene. With this configuration,the two probed scenes are opticallycombined on a single detector resulting ina real-time optical subtraction. This yieldsa cloud vapor spectrum (green curve indiagram) minimally perturbed by thebackground radiation; the other existingsensors work in the direct mode

“In this differential detection approachyou are assuming that the two scenes youare looking at are basically the same apartfrom the fact that one is contaminated by achemical cloud. There is always going to bea certain amount of backgrounddissymmetry between the two scenes, butour detection algorithm is designed toremove the background residual.. Incontrast, in the direct/standard mode,where the background content is usuallyquite high, a very efficient algorithm isneeded to extract the cloud signature andoften this is what limits the performance. ”One of the traditional problems with stand-off FTIR is extracting the data from thebackground in a useful – close to real-time

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Dr Jean Marc Theriault, Leader Passive CBRNE Threat Detection Group forDRDC Valcartier, tells Gwyn Winfield about the latest litter of stand-off detectors

CAT on a hotTICs roofCAT on a hotTICs roof

Maj. S. McKnill, CBRN Operational Response Force. Seeing the unseen quickly and reliably.

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– timeframe. Does this differentialapproach then add to this detection time,or decrease it? “If you are not using adifferential stand-off detector and you wantto subtract the background then you needto make one measurement for thebackground and another for where youthink there is a chemical cloud, and yousubtract it; that can take more time,” saidDr Theriault. “Our system is doing thissubtraction in real-time because the twoadjacent scenes, i.e. target and background,are simultaneously probed by the sensor.The two FOVs of half a degree each arehorizontally offset by two degrees. The twoFOVs of the system simultaneously scan ascene of 360 in azimuth and 50 degree inelevation, or less as set up by the user. Another problem with FTIR – and otherdetection methods too – is the presence ofinterfering gases which also have a spectralsignature. If the spectral signature isdifferent from what it is used to – becausethe agent is degraded or impure – then itmight not be able to identify it. “That is aninteresting point, but our system is entirelyautonomous and driven by a thee-stagealgorithm that is robust to discriminateinterferents.,” said Dr Theriault. “Firstwhen the system scans a scene, a quickdetection is done by a simplemathematical process applied to eachspectrum to see if there is detection. Ifthere is a detection of one or more gasses,then the system refines its scan pattern tomore accurately probe the suspected areaand it moves to the second stage – a morerobust, physical algorithmic identification.It is at this stage that we can discriminatethe interferents from the agent itselfreducing the number of false alarms.Finally an alarm is generated if theidentified chemical corresponds to achemical threat of the library and satisfiescertain predefined parameters. All of that,from detection to alarm, takes less than 3-10 seconds.” So far we have tested thediscrimination power of our algorithm onmany mixtures of chemicals and it appearsto work quite efficiently.

CATSI EDM benefits from the extensivetesting that the CATSI prototype wentthrough in Valcartier, Suffield, Dugway andPorton Down , and the team are confidentthe EDM has built on this performanceMoreover in series of field tests done inSeptember 2008 at CFB Valcartier theCATSI EDM largely exceeded the detectionperformance requirement of a probabilityof detection greater than 80% with aconfidence level of 95% for detection and

identification of simulants at stand-offdistances of 3.7 and 5 km.

Yet there is still the query over whatthe detectors will be used for – the conceptof operations (conops) which willdetermine whether the detector can do thejob. It is no good preparing for a Cold Warthreat. Indeed, if you move away fromstate-on-state conflict, it is difficult to seewhere terrorist forces would get theamount of agent needed to create a plumethat can be seen five kilometres away. Morelikely are some of the scenarios that havebeen found in the Balkans and Iraq, whereit has been necessary to know whether anammonia factory was still leaking withouthaving to risk men’s lives, for example. Hasthere been a collaborative process over theconops so the user knows that what he isgetting is going to do the job in the way hewants? “We have been indirectly involved,”said Dr Theriault. “We have beenconsulted, and they have developedscenarios for the missions that they will beinvolved in. As the basis of their conopsthey have a need for a three tiers capabilityof chemical detection: personal, local andstand-off. I do not have the authority totalk about precise scenarios, but they want

this type of equipment for various missionsincluding defence against classical threatsand for peacekeeping missions, where forinstance, the stand-off surveillance ofindustrial sites contaminated with differentchemicals is critical. For these anticipatedmissions, they want to probe not only theCWA but also Toxic Industrial Chemicalsand CATSI EDM is able to do both. Also, animportant thing to note about the conopsis that ADIS may called upon to fulfill avery wide range of surveillance tasks fromsecured locations that may be away fromthe site to protect. The 5 km requirementallows for the earliest warning possibleusing the existing technology. Finally,while traditional chemical warfare onlyrepresents a part of the overall threatspectrum, it cannot be ignored. The longmaturation in our stand-off detection workhas resulted in the CATSI EDM, a systemrated TRL 8/9. This system is optimized todetect chemical clouds at stand-offdistances up to 5 km. At this distance acloud as small as 50m can be detected,where at 1 km, a cloud of approximately10m would be required.

The second detector of the series is theiCATSI for improved CATSI. iCATSI is


Diagram. Comparison of Direct and Differential detection:The upper diagram (left) illustrates a sensor probing a chemical cloud in the directdetection mode. The upper blue and red curves on the spectral plot (right) correspondto the infrared spectra of the scene recorded with and without the presence of thechemical cloud, respectively. The bottom left diagram illustrates the differentialdetection principle of CATSI EDM where one line of sight (LOS) is looking at thechemical cloud scene and the second LOS is looking at an adjacent background scene.The resulting spectrum in differential mode is represented by the green curve wherethe large spectral clutter (red curve) has been optically subtracted to yield the spectrumof the chemical cloud alone.

specialized for smaller field of viewapplications. It integrates the same opticalsubtraction FTIR radiometry techniquewith a linear multi-element long wave IRsensor which scans to provide an imagingfield of regard of 16 milirad (vertical) X 24milirad (horizontal) resulting in anobserved scene of 16 X 24 meter at 1 km.The iCATSI is a research TRL 5/6 sensordeveloped to investigate and demonstratethe stand-off detection capability of smallercloud sizes such as those encountered inasymmetric threat scenarios. For instancethe system can resolve cloud size as smallas 1 meter at 1 km or 5 m at 5 km, a factorof 10 smaller than CATSI EDM. In itscurrent state, iCATSI is used as aninterrogator, since it does not have ascanning ability and automatedsurveillance mode and has neither beenruggedized for military battlefield use. Bothdetectors find applications for theirrespective users, but the sweet spot for theiCATSI device would seem to be SpecialForces who have needs for closer range andsmaller clouds.

The third detector approachinggermination is the Multi-option DifferentialDetection and Imaging FourierSpectrometer (MoDDIFS). While this is, tobe exact, a chemical agent detector, it isspecialised to be able to detect minuteamounts of the chemicals vapours fromexplosives precursors and explosives.MoDDIFS can also be configured with analternate fore optic for detection of liquidsand solids – without the disadvantages ofactive stand-off (which tend to be thetypical solid stand-off, but have eye-safeproblems). While the explosives threat isextensive on operations, the capability forthis device makes it more suitable forcivilian operations. Dr Theriault describedthe capability. “MoDDIFS is a researchinstrument for demonstration of principle,this is a TRL 4/5,” he said. “We wanted tovalidate different concepts before we wentto the potential user. We knew we had goodperformance using differential FTIR, andwe wanted to combine it with an imagingcapability and the same type of CATSI EDMalgorithm – to multiply our capability toprobe a scene.

“Another advantage is that MoDDIFSis multi-option. Currently there are twooptions – one for gas and the other isliquid and solid. We wanted to pursue asensitive approach for liquid detection asthere is a need for CW liquididentification, as well as other types ofliquid, such as effluents, etc. There was

also a need for solid and powderdetection. This second option forMoDDIFS is designed to address thetarget using polarisation – a fullpolarisation capability to see whether wecan improve the identification of liquidand solid/powder – like home-madeexplosives (HME) or liquid agents such asmustard. It was an opportunity to addressthe different states of the threat – gas,liquid and solid – and in the case of solidwe also exploit the differential detectioncapability. It is the first sensor to dodifferential polarisation sensing and thereare some obvious advantages from themodelling point of view.”

MoDDIFS is a passive stand-off detector,and as such is quite a curious beast interms of stand-off solid/liquid detection.Usually devices are either raman-based likeITT’s LISA, or laser-based, like Vojensky’sDD-CWA, and involve firing a beam at theobject and analysing the reflected signal.The obvious disadvantage is that theoperator needs to know there is a problemfirst. So how does the system work if itdoesn’t interrogate the substance? “You cando passive sensing of solids, liquids andgases,” explained Dr Theriault. “For gasesyou will need a thermal contrast betweenthe background and the gas. In terms ofliquids and solids, the thermal contrastcomes from cold sky background reflectedby the liquid or solid, compared to thetemperature of the liquid or solid itself. Ifyou play with the equation it becomes clear– a sort of reflection spectroscopy – and thisis where you can get contrast. Sometimesyou can have a high contrast; if you have acold sky at 200 degree Kelvin – that isreflected on a ground target – liquid, solid,vehicle, etc. with a target at 300 degreeKelvin, then you have a thermal contrast ofnearly 100 degree Kelvin At the end, thespectral signature of the liquid or solidtarget will be multiplied by this contrast toobtain the result.”

MoDDIFS has been funded by theCBRNE Research and Technology Initiative(CRTI) and is aimed more at the firstresponder than the military user. “TheMoDDIFS clients include the CanadianForces, but it is via CRTI,” said DrTheriault. “In CRTI we have to work withdifferent end users, and most of them arein the security side – RCMP, Public SafetyCanada, etc – and the system is more tiltedtowards these security applications. Thefactor that was used to justify MoDDIFS toget the funding was the ability to detectvapour precursors from the illicit

fabrication of HME and for thesurveillance of clandestine labs. TheCanadian forces are interested, in thisnext-generation sensor, but they are notthe prime customer for the MoDDIFS.That is Public Safety Canada.”

Not only are the customers different,but so are the ranges capacities which havebeen based on each sensor’s CONOPSrequirements. While all sensors havecapabilities to detect at distances up to 5km, CATSI EDM is designed to detect a 50metre-wide cloud at five kilometre (or 5mat 0.5km, 10m at 1 km). iCATSI, is able todetect a one-metre cloud at one kilometre(or 0.5m at .5 km, 5m at 5 km). Finally, thelast member of the triumvirate MoDDIFS isdesigned to detect a ten-centimetre cloudat half a kilometre (or 20cm at 1 km, 1 mat 5 km).

Consequently, each sensor is design tooptimize the detection for specificscenarios relevant to the respective end-users. Of the three sensors, CATSI EDM isthe most mature in terms of TRL 8/9, isaimed at unskilled military users and isready for field employment. The iCATSIwith its TRL 5/6, is aimed at a technicallyskilled users and is expected to be fieldedwithin 2 to 3 years. This is considering thatit does not need to reach the sameruggedness and automation as CATSIEDM.. The less mature of the three,MoDDIFS, is a TRL 4/5 laboratoryprototype built expressively for researchapplications and demonstrations. HigherTRL spinoffs will likely be developed onsingle applications type due to designcomplexity, to reduce size and increaseruggedness. Currently aimed at skilleduser, it will probably need another four tofive years of maturation to get the requiredrobustness for field employment.

There is no doubt the work DRDC hasbeen doing will become more apparent;working with their commercial partnersTelops and ABB, the devices will soonbecome a fixture on the exhibition circuit.As the technology matures and becomesmore familiar, there is no doubt there willbe an increase in users for stand-off –which will, hopefully, reduce the cost of thedevices, and thus allow their ubiquity.DRDC clearly has put a substantialinvestment into stand-off and, as iCATSIshows, this is an ongoing project ratherthan a case of filling a capability gap andmoving on. It will be interesting to see, asthe bio and rad stand-off matures, whetherDRDC merges the teams together to tryand gain synergistic capability.


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Stand-off detection systems aregenerally placed into two categories:active and passive. Passive is usually

a scanning – though it can be fixed –system that looks into the environmentand waits for something to becomeapparent to its sensor array. Active stand-off is more interested in interrogating aparticular area, though that area can varyfrom millimetres to meters. The distancerequired to constitute stand-off is always aloaded issue, some companies define it asa safe distance away from the device(again, quite what this distance is is neverdefined) but it is perhaps best to definestand-off in terms of time; it thereforeencompasses any device that is able toprovide you with more time than is offeredby a point detector, allowing you to takemore comprehensive protective measures.

Active stand-off always has more of anoperational mountain to climb thanpassive. Active stand-off frequently emits abeam, which leaves the device towards thesuspected agent. That beam – to bebattlefield legal – has to be eye safe, whichimposes serious constraints on lasers(many of which are ideal for the task).Equally, there has to be some form oftrigger – something suspicious alarminganother detector – before the active devicecan have a great deal of efficacy. Indeed, ithas been this need for a trigger device thathas denied it the same acceptance earnedby passive; if the agent has been detectedby another sensor, why do we need it?

Other scenarios for active stand-offstem from the need to ensure anindividual is able to detect the agent whileremaining safe, yet this is also complicatedby the latest generation of UGVs beingable to perform the same task. One of themissions it can lay claim to is that ofcontamination detection, where low

volatile agents, solids and liquids may stillbe harmful even though they are notgiving off a signal that a traditionalchemical detector can analyse.

One of the devices in this category isthe Laser Induced BreakdownSpectroscopy (LIBS), which fires a pulsedlaser towards the sample. The laser“excites” the sample to a very hightemperature and forms a plasma –regardless of whether it is solid, liquid orgas. From the analysis of the atomicemissions, it allows the sensor tounderstand what it just ablated. Or, ineven more layman’s terms, a laser shoots asomething until a tiny area gets very hot,gives off a minute plasma plume which, asit expands and cools, tells the sensor thecomponent parts.

CEA has worked on two variants oftheir LIBS system. One (that has beencommercialised for the industrial market)is a small handheld device that needs to beheld a matter of centimetres from thesuspected contamination. The second,larger, device which is about the size of aSUV roofbox, is designed for their stand-offsystem. Currently their system has beenoptimised to work out to fifteen meters,and has already been successfully tested toseven metres. The team is confident thecurrent system can work out to twentymetres or even more. As many stand-offdetectors work in the hundreds-of-metresrange, the problem with LIBS is that thefurther you are away from the suspectedcontamination, the harder it becomes tosee a tiny plasma plume. As the telescopegrows to be able to see the plume, so thedevice gets bigger. Yet what LIBS loses ondistance it makes up for in sensitivity, asDaniel L’Hermite, the LIBS expert at CEA,explained. “LIBS uses atomic analysis, soyou have the ability to monitor whether

you have arsenic, phosphorous, fluorine,etc,” he said. “So if you have markers oftoxic chemicals, via atomic analysis, youwill detect these elements and theirelemental ratios. Obtaining this data, andmoreover the whole spectrum, gives, inreal time, a fingerprint of a chemicalwarfare agent. Specific data processing isalso developed to extract pertinentinformation and to perform substancesdiscrimination based on a chemicalspecific library under development. Suchtreatment has already been successfullyperformed on several surfaces, with andwithout contamination.”

The system is sensitive, picking up tenmicrograms of agent per centimetre, yetwithin that sensitivity is another problem.Military vehicles tend to be on the largescale, especially naval assets and, when thesurface contaminated might only be onemetre square on a surface of hundreds ofmetres, you are looking at the sameneedle in the haystack that you alwayswere. Laurent Olmedo, Head of the GlobalSecurity Research Program at CEA,suggested it was not that gloomy aproposition. “A square metre would not bea continuous scan of the whole surface,but a number of spots, to confirm an ideaof surface chemical contamination,” hesaid. “At our rate of 20 scans per second,we could have, in one minute, a good ideaof the presence or absence ofcontamination on a metre square.Moreover, the scanning rate is expected toincrease up to hundreds scans per second,so increasing the tested area.”

LIBS gets strong signals fromorganophosphates and also from someTICs, but through it’s elemental analysisthe team thinks it can detect anycontamination, including biological andradiological contamination. “We have

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CBRNe World delves into the world of active stand-off systems

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already tried to detect bio, but we need torun tests on several biological agents,”said Catherine Gallou, the Deputy Head ofResearch. “We have detected Bacillusglobigii (BG) on a surface, with thepresence of several different metallicatoms, potassium, calcium, sodium and soon, and now we have to run tests on otherbiological agents and to perform specificdata processing to extract pertinentinformation related to specific signatures.”

Dr Olmedo admitted there was still agreat deal more work to be done beforethey migrated the biological proof ofprincipal to the stand off, however. “Weare less advanced for bio than chem.,” hesaid. “For bio we have demonstrated thatwe can make surface detection. Thechallenge now is to develop a database tomake the comparison with differentbackground and interferrents in order tohave the capability to say effectivelywhether LIBS is really the right techniqueto detect surface biological agent.”

“We also have done radiologicaldetection for uranium, and we have aportable system for the detection ofsurface contamination of uranium, with asensitivity of 1 µg/cm2” commented DrL’Hermite. “So, for individuals involvedin non-proliferation, it could also be agood system.”

Yet there are limitations with LIBS.The current agent library is small, andacquiring a larger library is a challenge:tests on real chemical agents will soon beperformed with the stand-off system. It isalso dependent on agents that are notgoing to ignite during the ablationprocess. So, if you have a parcel withpowder leaking from it, if it is a CWA or acertain bio agent you’d be prepared to zapit with LIBS. The issue of home madeexplosives is more complicated, otherresearch institutions have successfullydone tests on TATP, but other primaryexplosives pose a threat – and there isalways the disconnect between what canbe done in a lab with a trained scientist,and what is done in the field with a soldieror first responder. Ironically there maywell be the case that you wouldn’t want touse LIBS until you were sure what theagent wasn’t.

Currently the French company IVEAhas commercialised a handheld system,based on CEA / AREVA-NC patents, calledMobi-LIBS, that they are selling intoindustry; this makes a lot of sense. The

system is not really stand-off, deals with aknown range of chemicals (that theindustry is producing) requires no samplepreparation, is without any contact and inreal time and is sensitive and reliable.

When you are dealing with battlefieldoperations, even when you take it out ofthe tactical, the system needs to be small,lightweight and safe – none of whichCEA’s LIBS is yet. Admittedly they are ata TRL 5/6 level, but they are trapped bythe laws of physics: if you want atelescope that can see further, then itneeds to be bigger; laser agitation is notgoing to be suitable for all substances;and you need surface contamination toget a good enough signal – as opposed togas or vapour. All of these things aregoing to militate against a speedy entryinto the market for LIBS, though theteam is hopeful and points toopportunities like Bio Edep as an entrypoint into market.

Other sensors find it equally difficultto find a niche. Vojensky Technick Ustav’sstand-off detector has found good servicewith the Slovak armed forces, but has yetto find a buyer elsewhere. One companythat seems to be on the verge of breakingthrough is Avir Sensors with their openpath – IR spectrometry – stand-offsystem, Chem Sight. The device works inpairs, with a source and a detector. Thesource fires the IR signal directly at thedetector, which then analyses the changein the signal to see whether there wasany change to the spectral fingerprint.This is clearly for fixed site forceprotection roles; there is no pan and tiltand it will therefore only detect the cloud

if it passes through the beam. If it passesunder or around the beam, it will notprovide any signal.

Yet there are clearly someapplications for which it is perfect – oneof these was described by TSWG duringthe IAFC Hazmat conference inBaltimore as being in use in a major USmetro station. Here, the detector andsource were mounted on overhead signsand were able to accurately measure thebackground – to the extent that itbecame obvious when cleaning crewscame in – and look for agent, all withoutfalse alarms. The constraints ofunderground stations makes themperfect for active stand-off detectors likeChemsight, being long, low and straight;other areas which have wider open spacesmight be more problematic. Equally, thesensor is good at smaller numbers ofthreat agents, making sure there is littleconfusion through the spectralsignatures, which would mean secondaryorthogonal confirmation.

Much of the neglect of active stand-offcomes from a shortage of use, and it maybe that familiarity with systems likeChemsight lay the path to the morecomplicated and challenging LIBSsystems. Equally, a wider use of passivestand-off detectors might mean a greaterunderstanding of the requirements ofstand-off detection and where thecapability gaps are with passive detection.Whatever the path taken, it is clear theTRL is outstripping the need and there isstill a long way to go before the user isready to come to grips with thetechnology that is available.

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LIBS size is determined by the size of the telescope, which in turn determines the distance ©CBRNe World

COUNTERTERROR EXPO


Since the terrorist attacks on theUnited States in 2001, significantactivity has been observed at the

federal, state and local levels in the nameof homeland security. Undoubtedly, thejob of retooling US government agencies,creating new ones, and co-ordinatingexpertise across the full spectrum ofpertinent departments is not easy. Andmultiple campaigns from variouslegitimate entities with differentperspectives have resulted. To wit, thecomprehensive biodefense strategy out ofthe Bush White House Security Councilsought to build a layered approach toprevent (attacks), warn, protect, containand treat. The Department of HomelandSecurity has presented its four pillars ofbiodefense for the 21st Century: threatawareness; prevention/protection;surveillance and detection; response andrecovery. And the Assistant Secretary forPreparedness and Response (ASPR) hasidentified four priorities: buildingindividual and community resilience;emphasising response in the continuumof response to recovery; leveraging thehealth care system’s capabilities; and developing/deliveringcountermeasures. Common throughoutthese high-level strategic plans is theemphasis on response.

Now, however, there are considerablesigns that US government officials arestriking a new balance between post-attack response and pre-eventpreparedness. The US Centers for DiseaseControl & Prevention (CDC) haspublished recommendations on the use ofthe anthrax vaccine in which voluntary,pre-event vaccination of emergencyresponders is supported. Recent advicefrom the US National Biodefense ScienceBoard identifies four key themes:prioritisation; anticipation;synchronisation; and leadership. In sodoing, this advisory committeeadmonishes that more focus is needed onthe most important, fruitful work, andgreater attention should be given todoing more in advance of incidents. Bothactions are extremely pertinent toanthrax, which has long been consideredthe leading bioterrorism threat.

Thanks to this new shift towards pre-attack preparedness, a new initiative –Project Equal Immunisation Policies &

Practices (EQUIPP) – has been organisedby the Institute for Biosecurity at SaintLouis University to demonstrate how toefficiently distribute anthrax vaccinebefore attack to civilian responders.Project EQUIPP is about bringing thesame protection provided to Departmentof Defense and National Guard personnelto the civilian workforce that managessuspicious powder events and those whoare responsible for the maintenance ofcivil order, the dissemination of post-exposure countermeasures and continuityof operations and government.

The idea of protecting against theanthrax weapon is not new. An estimated150,000 American military personnelreceived one or two anthrax vaccinationsduring the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Andin March 1998, a much larger vaccinationprogramme began that has nowadministered more than nine millionanthrax vaccinations to 2.3 millionpersonnel. In the current AnthraxVaccine Immunisation Program, (AVIP),anthrax vaccinations are mandated formilitary personnel serving in areasjudged to be at higher risk (such asCentral Command in Iraq, southwest Asiaand Korea), as well as for personnel withUS homeland biodefense responsibilities.

Routinely vaccinating civilians againstanthrax has been a point of considerationdating back to 1999-2000. The CDCAdvisory Committee on ImmunisationPractices contemplated pre-exposure

emergency responder vaccination well-before the 2001 anthrax letter attacks.But because of a limited supply of theanthrax vaccine and what was determinedas an “incalculable” risk, the ACIP did notrecommend routine pre-exposureimmunisation for emergency responders.And even after the covert, multi-wave,multi-site, lethal attacks in 2001, theCDC was silent on emergency respondersand left its 2000 recommendation standin a 2002 Notice to Readers.

Over the last decade, each of theACIP concerns have been addressed.Relative to anthrax vaccine supply, themanufacturer has worked closely withthe FDA and the Department of Defense(DOD) to hardwire cGMP (current andgood manufacturing procedures) and toexpand production capacity. At the timeof the original assessment by the CDC in2000, the annual production wasinconsistent and nearly every dose wasallocated to the Department of Defense.In 2010, the manufacturer produceseight to nine million doses each year; 95per cent of this output is sold to the USgovernment for the Strategic NationalStockpile (SNS). And, recently, thecompany announced it will receive a$107m award from the US BiologicalAdvanced Research & DevelopmentAgency (BARDA) to triple itsmanufacturing capacity.

Interestingly though, even withoutthis increase in production, ample doses

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AnthraxVaccine –

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Dr Thomas Zink, Biodefence and Healthcare Consultant at Saint LouisUniversity, suggests vaccine should be taken prior to its “Best Before” date

Admittedly, you may not want us to actually join you on fi eld manoeuvres. But even from behindour desks, the Meridian Medical Technologies team has a distinctive approach to collaborating with customers.

Meridian is a world leader in the design, development, and production of emergency auto-injector drug delivery systems. Buildingon 50 years of experience as a supplier to theUS military, we are now partnering with alliednations around the world.

From country-specifi c drug formulations and foreign language labeling to the completion of registration and authorisation protocols, our services are tailored to your specifi c needs.With the ambiguity and uncertainty of today’s geopolitical climate, Meridian is ready to helpyou get prepared and stay prepared.


are available for vaccinating the criticalinfrastructure personnel on the frontlines of civil defense. While the currentstatus (and total number) of SNS anthraxvaccine doses is difficult to ascertain, themanufacturer reports, that 15 milliondoses were delivered to the SNS beforeMay 2007. And an additional 18.5 milliondoses were ordered and delivered beforeJanuary 2010 (ahead of a September 2010deadline). In a presentation at the JPMorgan 28th Annual HealthcareConference the manufacturer estimatedthat, at the end of 2009, approximately 20million doses of the anthrax vaccine is inthe SNS. Almost all of these doses areFDA-licensed for a three-year shelf-life –the manufacturer only began to deliverfour-year expiry-dated vaccine in thefourth quarter of 2009. An additional 14.5million doses have been ordered by USHHS and are to be delivered beforeSeptember 2011. These doses areapproved by the FDA for four years ofshelf life.

After a 2007 Presidential HomelandSecurity Directive and a 2007 GeneralAccounting Office (GAO) report toCongress, the DOD began to developprotocols for sharing countermeasuresand medical goods between the SNS andother federal stockpiles. The Departmentof Defense AVIP requirement fluctuatesbut is estimated at about 2.5 milliondoses annually. Even with a DOD SNSallocation (using short-dated vaccinefirst) the manufacturer estimates that500,000 doses are currently lost eachmonth to three-year expiry dating. This forces the question, “Now thatample vaccine supplies exists for theDOD, and since a half a million doses ofSNS vaccine are being destroyed eachmonth, why not use short-dated anthraxvaccine to protect US civilian emergencyresponders?”

Regarding the stumbling block of“incalculable” risk, it is proposed that theimportance of anthrax bioterrorism isbest conceptualised as a (security) threatrather than as a communicable disease.Since anthrax is not contagious, theusual and customary epidemiologicalcalculations to determine the risk ofinfection and impact of immunisation(force of infection, basic and effectivereproductive number, average age at

infection and inter-epidemic period) donot apply. Instead, it is more appropriateto embrace the science of hazardassessment, where threat is calculated asa function of three variables: theprobability of danger; the existence ofvulnerability; and the degree of impact. Inthis construct, as any of these variablesapproaches zero, the overall riskapproaches zero.

From all accounts, the probability ofan anthrax attack is real and continuing.According to the Department ofHomeland Security, the threat of anaerosolised anthrax attack is the mostimportant bioterrorism concern.Declassified information has confirmedthat known enemies of the United States,including al-Qaeda, have anthraxweaponisation expertise. In December2008, the bi-partisan Commission on thePrevention of WMD Proliferation andTerrorism stressed the importance ofenhancing the nation’s capabilities forrapid response to prevent a biologicalattack – particularly with anthrax. On 21October 2009, the Commission restatedthese concerns and asserted anthrax isthe most likely near-term threat. Andthose with access to classified intelligencedata are routinely administering theanthrax vaccine to US-deployed DODpersonnel and National Guard CivilSupport Teams. All of this forwardthinking is bolstered by the fact that theUS has already suffered a covert, multi-site, multi-tier, lethal anthrax attack thatkilled five people, infected or affectedthousands and cost hundreds of millionsof dollars.

As it pertains to anthrax, the level ofcurrent vulnerability is significant. Mostimportantly, anthrax can be and has beenmade resistant to all currently-stockpiledantibiotics. Weaponised anthrax powder iseasily re-aerosolised and quicklydissipates into the invisible, odourless,tasteless, gaseous phase. Identifying thesafe zone is difficult and not fail-safe.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) isnot fool-proof. In the October 2001 HartSenate Office building attack, six of ninehazmat responders were infected, despitethe use of hazmat suits.

Antibiotics have no affect on anthraxspores or the toxins produced by theorganism, and adherence to long-term

antibiotic regimens, as seen in the 2001anthrax attacks, is poor. Vulnerability is atits greatest in an attack with antibiotic-resistant strains of anthrax. In thisscenario, post-exposure antibiotics affordno protection and post-exposure vaccinecannot be expected to confer immunityquickly enough to prevent disease.

In terms of impact, a 1970 WorldHealth Organization (WHO) expertcommittee estimated that an aircraftrelease of 50kg of anthrax over an urban,developed population of five millionwould result in 250,000 deaths (38 percent would die without treatment) and anadditional 125,000 would be severelyincapacitated. According to the WHO, thestrain on medical resources in such ascenario would be tremendous,ultimately leading to the hospitalisationof approximately 13,000 people, 100 daysof antibiotics for 125,000 people, and thedisposal of 95,000 dead. In 1993, The USCongressional Office of TechnologyAssessment confirmed the original WHOdata. It is easy to imagine theconsequential breakdown in medicalresources and civilian infrastructure.More recent modelling puts thedestructive capability of weaponisedanthrax as equivalent to that of a nuclearbomb. And from an economicperspective, the CDC developed a modelsuggesting a cost of $26.2bn per 100,000persons exposed in an anthrax attack. Inthe 2001 anthrax attacks, thedecontamination of the Hart SenateOffice Building in Washington, DCrequired several months and $23mdollars. The decontamination of thepostal plants in Brentwood, DC, andHamilton Township, NJ, required morethan one year of intense remediation andmore than $100m dollars. Interestingly,the amount of anthrax involved in thecontamination of each of these facilitieswas probably less than one gram.

Enter Project Equal ImmunisationPolicies & Practices (EQUIPP). ProjectEQUIPP is based on the observation thatan important vaccination disparity existsbetween local emergency responders andtheir federally-sponsored team mateswithin the US Department of Defense andNational Guard WMD Civil SupportTeams. Currently, local civilianemergency responders (such as

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firefighters, police/sheriff/security officers,EMT/Paramedics, Bomb Squads andhazmat members) who respond to everysuspicious powder event are notprotected with the anthrax vaccine. Buttheir federal counterparts who aresummoned to perhaps 1 per cent of theincidents are routinely vaccinated. Thisdisparity has not gone unnoticed by local,civilian emergency responders. To thesecritical personnel, it seems upside downthat, relative to anthrax, the second waveof specialists is vaccinated but those onthe bioterrorism frontline are not.

But Project EQUIPP answers a muchmore dangerous threat than disparity.Project EQUIPP addresses theindisputable fact that antibiotic-resistantanthrax renders post-exposure antibioticsuseless, with or without vaccine. Perhapsacknowledging this problem, the CDCAdvisory Committee on ImmunisationPractices (ACIP) recently releasedrecommendations for pre-exposureimmunisation of emergency responderswith the anthrax vaccine. As intelligenceabout weaponised anthrax becomes moresophisticated, and as weaknesses intraditional personal protective equipment(PPE) and post-exposure antibioticregimens are exposed, there is growingdemand within the emergency respondercommunity for the anthrax vaccine.

The undeniable threat of antibiotic-resistant anthrax and the solution of pre-attack vaccination calls for ademonstration project that: measuresimmunisation status for all pertinentadult vaccines; shares evidence-based dataon biologic threats (natural andmalicious); and maximises already-established occupational medicinenetworks to bring the anthrax vaccine toemergency responders in the MissouriHomeland Security Regional ResponseSystem (HSRRS). The Missouri HSRRSincludes the Midwest Area ResponseCommission (MARC), the St Louis AreaRegional Response System (STARRS),and rural-based responders with incidentmanagement responsibilities. Locally-deployed federal agents (FBI, USPIS,USMS, etc) are included too. Throughinnovatively using the anthrax vaccinepre-exposure, Project EQUIPP willleverage the current health care systemto reach the unique emergency responder

population and thereby improveindividual and community resilience.

Project EQUIPP is guided by theprinciples of continuous qualityimprovement: identify a realistic ideal;measure current status as compared tothe ideal; design strategies that addressobstacles to achieving the goal;tactically deploy all available resourcesto improve and reach the target;monitor progress; and adapt as needed.Pre-exposure vaccination againstanthrax for emergency responders inthe Missouri HSRRS is the realisticideal. The current status as compared tothe ideal was measured. A pilot surveyof 264 HSRRS responders stationedthroughout Missouri found that 2 percent (6/264) were already vaccinatedagainst anthrax. Vaccine hesitancy dueto concerns about vaccine safety wasidentified as a potential obstacle.Consequently, a question on willingnessto receive the vaccine (at no cost) wasincluded in 20 per cent of thequestionnaires. The results from thesmall sample of respondents (56)revealed that: 66 per cent (37/56) wouldtake the anthrax vaccine; 20 per cent(11/56) were undecided; and 14 per cent(8/56) would decline.

These data are consistent withfindings of qualitative research by APCOin 2005 where 1,050 emergencyresponders in four states (California, NewYork, Florida, and Michigan) and theDistrict of Columbia were polled bytelephone survey to determine a baselinedemand for the anthrax vaccine. In thatpopulation: 64 per cent (672/1050) werelikely or somewhat likely to take theanthrax vaccine; 31 per cent (325/1050)were somewhat unlikely or very unlikelyto be vaccinated; and 5 per cent (53/1050)did not know.

This proposal is not the forum toexhaustively discuss all obstacles andresources related to this initiative. Evenso, it is important to report that publiccommentary on the Department ofHomeland Security deliberative draftguidance regarding protecting emergencyresponders after a confirmed wide-areaanthrax release was overwhelmingly insupport of preventive anthrax vaccinationfor emergency responders.

A recurring theme that speaks to both

hurdles and solutions is the notion thatpublic education underlies all biodefensepolicy and that full disclosure ofinformation is essential. Undoubtedly, thenational recommendation supportingpreventive emergency respondervaccination hinges on the requirementthat immunisation is offered on avoluntary basis. The ideal of informed,voluntary decision-making involvesawareness of realities and probabilitiesand therefore requires that anyoneoffered the vaccine directly receive allthat is known about the risks ofvaccination and the risks of remainingunvaccinated. In the national smallpoxvaccination programme, the paucity ofthreat and risk information was identifiedas a key component to the resistanceexperienced. As a result, dialogueregarding anthrax threat and the safety ofthe anthrax vaccine is a critical successfactor. And so, the last 12 months havebeen dedicated to introducing thepremise and rationale for pre-eventvaccination to all stakeholders in theMissouri HSRRS and this will continuefor the life of the Project. Key to thiseffort has been the fact that this is not amandatory vaccination programme, andthat self-assessment of risk to anthraxexposure is the cornerstone.

As a result of this communicationcampaign, a strong consensus has beenbuilt on behalf of Project EQUIPP due ingreat part to the commitment to dialogueand exchange of data and ideas. Keystakeholders include state and localpublic health officials, emergencymanagement planners, fire and policeleadership and occupational medicine.

Project EQUIPP is poised forimplementation and is only awaitinginput from the Department of Health andHuman Services on funding and access tothe short-dated anthrax vaccine dosesheld within the Strategic Nationalstockpile. In conclusion, the threat ofanthrax bioterrorism is real andcontinuing. The solution is known andavailable. Project EQUIPP is one initiativeseeking to demonstrate an efficientmethod of utilising short-dated anthraxvaccine in the SNS to provide neededimmunity to local civilian emergencyresponders in order to maximisecommunity preparedness and resilience.

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Abiological attack on an unpreparednation is likely to disrupt thenation’s security, hospitals, public

health services, critical infrastructureand the emergency services sector (ESS).The Graham-Talent commission stated“it is more likely than not that a weaponof mass destruction [most likely abiological weapon] will be used in aterrorist attack somewhere in the worldby the end of 2013.”

The nation must prepare now in orderto ensure we build resilient communitiesbefore a significant attack. Resilientcommunities must have resilientemergency services. Emergency servicespersonnel provide security, care for the sickand injured, extinguish fires, haul trash,provide water and ensure all the basicservices in a community. Emergencyservices are the front lines for thepreservation of human life andinfrastructure; workers and their familieswho provide services within this groupmust be protected in order to providecritical services during times of anintentional or naturally occurring event. The people who comprise the emergencyservices sector need a stable anddependable system governed by predictablelaw to operate during an emergency. Onecrucial element which ensures thedependability of the emergency servicesector is medical countermeasures. Thecurrent Public Health EmergencyCountermeasures Enterprise Review(https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/documents/MCMReviewFinalcover-508.pdf)is an important first step. The review hadthe limited purview of improving thecurrent system by better/faster science andimproved logistics: “The ultimate goal ofthis review is a modernisedcountermeasure production process wherewe have more promising discoveries, moreadvanced development, more robustmanufacturing, better stockpiling, andmore advanced distribution practices.”

A more fundamental review iswarranted if we, the US, want a medicalcountermeasure system that will protect usthrough the potential threats of the 21st

century. The alphabet stew of programmes(CRI, MMRS, BARDA) were conceivedseparately and remain largely separate. Thecurrent review provides the emergencyservices sector and the federal agencies anopportunity to improve our nationalprotection. It must have a perspectivelarger than the federal government and bedeveloped from the end users’ perspective.

A medical countermeasure programmethat does not protect the emergencyservices sector first is, at a minimum,insufficient and arguably negligent. Thevery people charged with ensuring thecontinuity of all systems must be central inthe conception of how the programme isrun and be a central part of the answer towhy the programme exists.

An expanded review is warranted, andmust be undertaken with the engagementof the emergency services sector. Thisgroup encompasses those who are mostdependent upon a protective medicalcountermeasure program. This expandedreview would answer the followingquestions: who can a medicalcountermeasure programme protect: whydo we want to protect those people; whenshould those people be protected and inwhat order should that protection beissued; what legal and liability protectionsmust be enhanced to ensure that medicalcountermeasures are endorsed and utilisedby the emergency service sector?

From the development andprocurement of MCMs to the placement,distribution and delivery, this strategy mustrecognise the benefit of including theemergency services sector. We mustincorporate the lessons learned with theexperience of the ESS sector – those whotranslate strategic paradigms intooperational achievements. The ESS sectorcan contribute by addressing the regulatoryand liability-related barriers, ground-proofing plans and advising on the formatand delivery mechanisms that must guideresearch and development.

A strong national bio-defence strategyrequires that the legal and liability barriersto effective execution must be addressed.The scope of practice barriers prevented a

full response to the 1976 swine flu,undermined a successful smallpoxcampaign in 2002 and remain unresolvedafter the 2009 influenza pandemic. Stateslack cohesive standards to ensure theemergency services sector has the legalauthority to distribute and administerMCMs in line with emergency conditions.Of equal importance is the lack of a definednational strategy to address the worker’scompensation protections required for anational MCM.

On 22 June the International Securityand Biopolicy Institute (ISBI) convenedan Emergency Services Sector and MCMWorking Group. The papers written bythis group were the basis from a meetingof leaders from national associations inChicago on 27 August. These leaders haveissued a call for a new CountermeasureAdvisory Board to assist the NationalSecurity Council and the HomelandSecurity Council in ensuring the nation isbetter protected. This advisory board,with a combination of local emergencyservices sector representatives and policyanalysts, would inform our nationalplanning and make a system that isworkable for the local operators duringtimes of an emergency. Theseperspectives would allow lessons learnedfrom public health responses as well asnon-health related emergencymanagement activities to regularlyimprove the system. In addition, it wouldprovide a forum to initiate lower-level co-ordination in specific MCM requirements.

The emergency services sector is, bydefinition, the point of the spear during adomestic response and must be thebeginning of the development of anymedical countermeasure review. At a timewhen there is no “front line,” when allparts of the globe are potential targets,protecting those people who protect us allis essential for the continuity ofgovernance and the nation’s security.

The authors acknowledge: Chief GreggLord, Sheriff Lenny Millholland and ChrisWalsh in developing this article.

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Tim Stephens (National Sheriffs’ Assoc.) Steve Bice (Steven Bice and Assoc.),Brent Davidson (International Security and Biopolicy Inst.), Robert Hoekstra

(International Security and Biopolicy Institute) and John Walsh (International Assoc. ofEmergency Management) on creating a 21st Century Med CM advisory Structure


Fitting the billFitting the bill


Some might say the point of an advancedbriefing is to let industry know what’sgoing on. One might even say it is to givecompanies a chance to plan in advance.Those people would be mad… recklesseven. A collective sigh echoed around thehall when Brigadier General JessScarbrough (Joint Program ExecutiveOfficer for Chemical and BiologicalDefense at the DoD) announced that, asthe budget wasn’t set all, figures andplans presented were notional and basedon best-guess. Any further attempts topush a PM would lead to the response:“Sir, I cannot speculate on that issue”.Very helpful. Delegates paid more than$500 to be shown a series ofpresentations about what JPEO and DTRAdream about spending money on. Greatvalue – especially for the delightfullunch, where the staff clearly wanted toavoid the embarrassment of poisoning aCBRN conference by making-safe(cremating) the chicken.

A cynical person might have started areport in the manner of the firstparagraph. A less cynical person, however,would have suggested the briefing wasmore like a magic eye picture. Close up itseemed busy and bewildering, but whenyou took a step back it all became clear.Most poignant was the silentannouncement canning Joint BiologicalTactical Detection System (JBTDS). Silentbecause, rather than making a big showand dance about the removal of three-quarters of a billion dollars ofprocurement, it was just quietly removedfrom the slides. “What JBTDS figures…?Hmm, are you sure you saw a US JBTDSprocurement figure…? Can’t be – see Ihave nothing about it in my slide pack!”

So it was, not with a bang, but awhisper, that one of the JPEO’s biggestCBRN projects dissolved, leaving anumber of large companies with lovelylooking prototypes and grumbling undertheir breath. A similar number weremore loudly chirping good riddance to aproject deemed optimistic by even themost enthusiastic of supporters. Forthose in biological detection who hadn’tcome across those requirements, tryGoogling JBTDS industry briefs. A

personal favourite was the requirementto fit it all into a space less than half acubic foot!

X-factor and Pop Idol could learn athing or two from the buoyantenthusiasm that sizzled from the PMs andtheir DTRA opposites, with the focusbeing on the medium and long-termneeds. The slides about businessopportunities in the near-term flashed byso quickly that a bout of giggles startedwhen the room was asked for questions –one wag near me commented that theonly slide that went faster than financewas Contact Information.

Col Charles B Millard could scarcelycontain his excitement about being one ofthe only areas that was On-Presidential-Message. In addition to the DOD beingtold to build one MCM production facilitycompared with the two from the DHHS,there was a real air of optimism about theBio Surveillance programmes and betteruse of informatics and diagnostics.Further, the Common Analytical Labprogramme was being widely gossipedabout as one of the few genuineopportunities coming up for industry; itmight be complete coincidence, but thiswas reflected in the Program OfficeStands. The new TransformationalMedical Technologies, CB MedicalSystems and Biological Defense standsseemed better manned and more effusivethan their brethren. Glossy hand-outs,well briefed aides, lots of free pens andhard and soft copies of briefs – comparedto some lonely looking CAMs and maskson the Contamination Avoidance andSoldier Protection stands.

My personal favourites were Scott AWhite’s and, newly returned (to DTRA),Jerry Glasow’s presentations. JPMInformation Systems are probably theguys who can really deliver bettercapability through better use and fusionof all the other capabilities, which theyobviously know, and despite not reallygetting the attention they deserve theysoldier on. They were also the onlyJPM/S&T area that acknowledged pastissues and problems. One warms to ateam that can say “Hey, no one has beenlooking after this capability properly; it

fell through the cracks. That was wrongand we are going to try and sort it,” asopposed to the sometimes candyflosswonderment of the other areas.

Greater detail will be publicly releasedsoon, and it might be wrong to subvertthe JPEO procedure, so we will offer someobservations from the whole event. BGScarbrough seemed detached, offering adelivery spattered with long pauses andenigmatic scanning of the audience –which almost led to an applause falsestart. He left the audience in no doubtthough; industry was loved, and thankedfor their contribution to defence over theyears. Further they were needed for thehard times ahead. Oh, and we wererelevant, definitely relevant. Did I mentionrelevant? This was somewhat underminedby him absenting himself for much of theday for DOD meetings, suggesting somepretty urgent discussions.

The format is good, though and ransmoothly. The one-to-one meetings on thesecond day were well thought-out andvaluable – a level of openness and accessthat other countries would do well toemulate (although the total cost toindustry for the event would conservativelyequip an entire CBRN recce team!)Questionable expenses do not seem to havebeen reduced by some of the officesthough… you are more likely to get aBooz, Camber, Batelle or SAIC businesscard from many of the people on thestands than a JPEO one. These“communications” and “process” expertsare squarely in the sights of the beancounters – one wonders how the UK CBRNteam can still believe that their KSPinitiative is original when you see how ithas been used in the US for so long.

If you didn’t go this year, and youwant to do business in CBRN in the US,then I’d advise attendance in future,particularly making use of the one-to-ones. It is a good chance to network,sound out ideas and get the measure ofpossible spending. It would be even betterif the organisers facilitated thenetworking a little more – possibly by aspeed dating service for SMEs to Primes –or themed research and procurementnetworking tables.



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David Morton went to the DoD’s Chemical Biological Defense Advanced Planning Briefing for Industry and wondered what was missing…

JBTDS? These aren’t thedroids you’re looking forJBTDS? These aren’t thedroids you’re looking for

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Since Genencor® first developed enzymes for defense purposes, theorganization has continually invested to further develop thesetechnologies, which has led to some remarkable innovations. We arecommitted to finding new ways for our enzymes to meet the needs ofmilitary and civil defense.

Today, European and U.S. military forces are putting our enzymaticsolutions to the test – in order to validate that our products deliveradvantages for logistics, safety, and the environment. Defense laboratories in Germany and the U.S. have found, forexample that enzymes can greatly reduce logistical burdens, whileremaining highly effective in decontaminating chemical and biologicalagents.

Enzymes are also biodegradable, which makes them a powerfulalternative if one is looking to reduce the impact of decon solutions onequipment and clothing. As the enzymes degrade, there will also beless impact on the environment.As our world faces increasing danger from chemical and biologicalthreats, Genencor continues to introduce new ways to help yourespond.

A world leader in industrial biotechnologyGenencor®, a division of Danisco A/S, is a world leading enzymesupplier and a pioneer in enzyme innovation and metabolic pathwayengineering. Genencor improves processes and productperformance, and creates new products, for a spectrum of industries.The industries we serve range from biofuels and laundry detergentsto animal nutrition and food.In collaboration with customers, technology leaders, governments,and other stakeholders, Genencor develops and manufacturescompetitive, biobased solutions. Our innovations create valuethroughout the supply chain, from raw material to finished product,while improving industries’ sustainability profiles.Genencor was founded in 1982, and today is part of Danisco A/S,with a global manufacturing, sales, and distribution network thatspans more than 40 countries. The division’s dedicated workforce ofworld-class experts drive Genencor to become the growth engine inindustrial biotechnology.

Key marketsGenencor produces and supplies hundreds of enzyme products tocustomers in more than 150 countries.Industry focus areas include:Textiles—desizing, biofinishing or biopolishing, denim abrasion,denim bleaching, peroxide removal, and leather processingFabric and Household Care—a complete offering of proteases,amylases, and mannanases for liquids and powders, focused on coldwater washing performance

Grain processing—Biofuels—enzyme solutions for starch conversionSweeteners—carbohydrates processing for sweetener productsIndustrial Markets—a broad range of applications in processingproteins, soy, and other raw materials, as well as in biosafetydecontamination products for medical, military, and first-respondersettingsAnimal nutrition—a comprehensive range of enzymes and betainefor pig and poultry feeds under the Danisco trademarkFood and beverages—a full range of enzymes and biobasedingredients for the various food and beverage industriesBiochemicals—expertise in synthetic biology and metabolic pathwayengineering to design microbes and processes for manufacturingbiochemicals and other molecules

Genencor creates value through collaborationGenencor® works in close cooperation with customers, technologicalinnovators, and other stakeholders to improve business andsustainability outcomes.We are committed to:Improving product value and performanceAchieving high-performance outcomes for industryCreating novel productsDecreasing total manufacturing costsIncreasing production yieldsReducing natural resource consumptionImproving sustainability outcomesDiminishing manufacturing constraintsReducing reliance on non-renewable raw materialsOur collaborative projects have led to many technological andcommercial breakthroughs.

Find more information at: www.genencor.com

DEFENZ™ – Enzyme solutions for Biosafety

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Idaho Technology leads in the development ofreliable and sensitive BioThreat detectioninstruments. Known for its history of releasinginnovative instruments, Idaho Technology producedthe first ruggedized PCR-based instrument in 1999,the R.A.P.I.D.®, making possible lab quality results inthe field. Other products include the NEW FilmArrayand RAZOR EX instruments along with freeze-driedreagent kits, and sample purification kits.

RAZOR™ EX BioThreat Detection System – Ahand-carry instrument designed specifically for fielduse that provides sensitive and reliable detectionand identification of biological threats using cutting-edge PCR technology. The battery operatedinstrument weighs 11 lbs, operates with freeze-driedreagents, and requires minimal sample preparationwhich means that it can be used anywhere bymilitary, civil defense, and security personnel.Reliable positive/negative results for 10 pathogensare available in just 30 minutes.

-NEW- FilmArray Biological Detection System– A multi-use instrument utilized to screenbioterrorism pathogens or diagnose clinicalconditions such as respiratory diseases. Thislaboratory-based instrument integrates advancedsample preparation with sensitive PCRtechnology within a compact, easy-to-useinstrument. Minimal hands-on time or training isrequired to operate the FilmArray, just hydratethe assay pouch, inject the unknown sample,and load into the instrument. The FilmArrayautomatically analyzes the data and providespositive / negative calls in 1 hour. TheBioThreat Pouch, used with the FilmArray,contains 25 assays covering Category A and BBioterrorism pathogens.

Idaho Technology, Inc.www.idahotech.com/BioDefense/

Idaho Technology BioThreat Detection

Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion(RSDL) – www.RSDecon.com – apatented, broad spectrum skindecontamination product intended toremove or neutralize chemical warfareagents or T2 toxin from the skin, leaving anon-toxic liquid that can be washed awaywith water. Deployed in both Gulf Wars,RSDL has been adopted by severalmilitary services around the world, and iscurrently undergoing fielding by the U.S.Department of Defense for deploymentwith U.S. troops.

RSDL has been fielded by the militaries ofAustralia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland,Slovenia, Sweden, and The Netherlandsand by First Responders in Australia,Canada, France, Sweden, and selectunits in the United States.

RSDL has also equipped firstresponders deployed to provide securityat significant international events, suchas the Olympic Games and G7 & G8Heads-of-State meetings, where it wasavailable to protect VIPs and the public.

RSDL® Removes or Neutralizes ALL Known Chemical Warfare Agents:GA (TABUN) • GB (SARIN) • GD (SOMAN) • GF (Cyclohexyl SARIN)• VX (Nerve Agent) • HD (Mustard) • T-2 Toxin

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Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion

Smiths HGVI™Smiths Detection is a leading worldwide provider of advancedsecurity solutions and government regulated technology products thatdetect and identify chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, andexplosive (CBRNE) material and other dangerous or illegalsubstances.

Our newest products and solutions: -

LCD-NEXUS™LCD-NEXUS is a high performance chemical warfare agent identifierand toxic industrial chemical detector, suitable for fixed and movingplatforms; capable of detecting chemical concentrations down tomiosis levels.

HazMatID 360™HazMatID 360 is an advanced version of the rugged and portableHazMatID chemical detection system. The new upgrade enhancesthe proven technology with wireless communications capabilities andadvanced mixture analysis to enable comprehensive data scrutiny forfaster decision-making.

BIO-ACT™BIO-ACT is a complete emergency response assessment solution forrapidly assessing and confirming the identity of biological warfareagents by utilizing complimentary technologies.

SmartBio™ SensorEnhanced real- time, field portable biological agent detector withincreased sensitivity and enhanced software, the system detects thepresence of airborne biological microbes and bio-toxins, providing activemonitoring and classification to help protect against biological threats.

Contact us to schedule a personal [email protected]: +44 1923 240285www.smithsdetection.com

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Scott are leaders in the design and manufacture of Respiratory ProtectionEquipment (RPE). Their range includes military and civil defence masks and filters,powered breathing systems, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) andescape sets.

Scott have been supplying RPE to military markets for over 30 years. They havesupplied the in service filter to the UK MoD for the last 20 years and their M95respirator ensemble has been in service with the Finnish MoD for over 10 years.From this base M95 has been supplied to meet the requirements of military andCivil Defence customers all over the world including geographic markets as diverseas the USA and Japan, Australia and Chile and the Czech Republic and Malaysia.

Their expertise, at the cutting edge of RPE technology, is indicated by contractsthey are currently working on. These include the General Service Respirator (GSR)contract for the British MoD, the M 2005 for the Finnish MoD and the End ofService Life Indicator Technical Demonstrator Programme for the UK MoD.

Scott is part of Tyco Fire and Security, a division of Tyco International. This givesScott the benefit of the backing and resources of a major international company.

www.scottsafety.com

Scott Health & Safety

Decontamination, Protection and DetectionNBC-Sys is one key specialist in Nuclear,Biological and Chemical Protection,Decontamination and Detection systems.

Air Treatment Systems:NBC-Sys has experience in air treatment, ofarmoured vehicles (installed systems ondifferent generations of vehicles) andhardened or soft shelters.- Air Filtration Units- Air Conditionning Units- Complete range of filters (NBC, NBC+TIC's) from 12 to 300 m3/h

Decontamination systems:SDA : thorough decontamination for vehicleSDMS : decontamination for sensitivematerialSymoda : decontamination for aircraftPersonnal decontamination line (military andcivil defence)

Individual protection:Gas masks ( soldiers and helicopter pilots)Filters (NBC NATO , NBC+TIC's)Blowers

Detection systems:Individual nerve-agent detectorPaper detectorChemical detector kit

NBC-Sys has also a great experience in thefield of Emergency Response and DisasterManagement.

Intervention face to toxic hazards:- NBC terrorism- Civil Defence- Industrial Accidents (Nuclear and Chemical)- Hazmat Transportation Accidents

Protecting the public :- EVATOXTM System- Active and passive containment system

Contacts:Bruno DAVID Marketing & Sales DirectorTel: +33 4 77 191920Fax: + 33 4 77 191929e-mail: [email protected]://www.nbc-sys.com

NBC-Sys

Formerly sold under the Ahura Scientific brand,Thermo Scientific handheld chemicalidentification instruments are rugged, ultra-compact systems for rapid incident response.The company’s complementary product families—FirstDefender® (Raman) and TruDefender™(FTIR)—maximize in-the-field coverage of abroad range of hazardous materials andmixtures including TICs/TIMs, chemicalweapons, explosives, narcotics, precursors andmore.

FirstDefender RM and FirstDefender RMX arethe company’s next generation Ramaninstruments. At half the size and weight of thefield-proven flagship FirstDefender, they deliverchemical ID results up to 5 times faster with thesame easy to use interface. FirstDefender RMXincludes a fixed probe for connection to tacticalrobots through an integrated RS232 port. Allproducts include automatic mixture analysis and

are built with the ruggedness, accuracy andease of use required by military and civilian firstresponders.

TruDefender FT is a handheld FTIR systemdesigned to complement FirstDefender foridentification of solids and liquids. TruDefenderFT is easy to use in Level A gear, yet ruggedenough to withstand the rigors of field use.TruDefender FTG is the latest in the company’sFTIR product family, used for headspace gasanalysis.

More information atwww.thermoscientific.com/ahura.

Thermo Scientific – Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Worldwide leader in research, development and mass production of CBRN/F protective suits,Paul Boyé Technologies offers a complete range of products to meet the requirements ofArmed Forces and Civil Defence (soldiers, decontamination experts, aircraft pilots, helicopterpilots, special forces, police forces, military police, medical personnel, fire-fighters). In usewithin 38 countries in the world, Paul Boyé CBRN protective suits have gained internationalrecognition thanks to their high technological level. Used by all international organisations(UNO, OPCW, IAEA, NATO...) for chemical disarmament operations, they have proven theirsuperiority and comfort in the hardest climate.

Paul Boyé Technologies

Environics Oy provides complete CBRNsecurity solutions from early warning toconsequence management. Company hasover 20 years of experience and its detectorsare being used to monitor the safety andsecurity of people and environmentworldwide. From a single portable chemicaldetector to a complete nationwide CBRNmonitoring system, Environics providescomplete solution for the ability to respond toCBRN threats.

This year Environics introduces the followingnew solutions:

ENVI BioScoutTM is a continuously operatingearly-warning bioaerosol detector for fixedand mobile CBRN Monitoring Systems. Itdetects concentrated releases of life-threatening airborne biological particles

including bacteria, biological toxins, rickettsiaand viruses.

EnVision is an Ad-Hoc CRN Monitoring andWarning system enabling CRN detection at acertain event or area without having to installa fixed detection system. EnVision is solutionfor military and public safety applications.

RanidPro200 is mobile radiation detection,identification and data collection unit. It isdesigned to be unnoticeable and it utilizeslaptop computer and smart phone as easyuser interfaces. RanidPro200 is ideal forcovert operations.

EnviScreen is real-time CBRN andEnvironmental Monitoring System which isdeveloped in cooperation with usabilityspecialists and behavior scientists to offer

maximal performance even in high stresssituations. System is scalable form single siteto full nation-covering monitoring networks. www.environics.fi

Environics – Innovative Solutions for Security

AirBoss-Defense is the Project and ContractManagement Division of AirBoss of AmericaCorp. We specialize in the design,manufacturing and sales of Chemical,Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN)Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

As part of AirBoss of America Corp. Portfolio ofbusinesses, we have access to diverse rubbertransformation and development facilities.Capabilities include rubber custom mixing,calendaring, extrusion, injection moulding andspecialized hand assembly products.

Renowned internationally for our CBRN handwear, footwear and Gas-masks, our range ofproducts also includes Fire Fighting andExtreme Cold Weather footwear (ECW), Multi-Purpose Safety Boots and a wide range ofindustrial extruded and moulded rubber

engineered products for the defence andindustrial markets. We maintain a highlyexperienced, well-trained work-force of over 350person and certified ISO 2001:2000.

AirBoss-Defense’s «Ultimate Protection»Mission assures the highest quality PPE to ourever-broadening client base including ArmedForces of NATO, its allies and First Respondersaround the world. We commit ourselves indeveloping products using the most advanceresearch and innovative technologies to helpprotect the people that value life above theirown.

AirBoss-Defense Tel: +1 (450) 546 0283, Fax: +1 (450) 546-0213Email: [email protected]: www.airbossdefense.com

AirBoss-Defense – the Ultimate Protection

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If you decon plan is to “call somebody”,

If your decon plan includes mops andbuckets,

If your equipment’s so labor intensive,taking off your mask seems reasonable,

You might need Intelagard!Seriously, Intelagard systems are highlyeffective and easy to use, even when you’rein full gear. Intelagard systems have beenused for decontamination, hazmatremediation, and rapid fire suppression.

Intelagard systems employ advancedCompressed Air Foam (CAF) technology.Through military sponsored testing;Intelagard equipment was proven toproduce finished foam that prolonged thewet contact time between the substrate andliquid suspended in the finished foam -critical in maintaining dwell time required toneutralize chemical and kill biologicalwarfare agents. Intelagard systems are inuse by military and civilian responderorganizations in several countries torespond to CBW incidents as well as fires.Intelagard is dedicated to high qualitystandards and excellent customer service.

For two decades, Intelagard systems andsolutions have been used to protect livesand property. Intelagard’s innovativeapproach to Compressed Air Foam (CAF)proved invaluable in tests and trialsconducted by Sandia National Laboratoriesin 1999 where conventional CAF Systemswere tested for their ability to applydecontaminant. In these tests, Intelagardsystems were proven to produce the mostconsistent foam quality and decontaminantefficacy. All of Intelagard’s systemsaccommodate a wide array of chemistries

through materials compatibility and function.Today, Intelagard is the only originalequipment manufacturer offering a completefamily of Compressed Air Foam Systemsthat are multi-mission compatible andscalable to suit both CBW responders andfirefighters.

Portable and Large Scale EquipmentIntelagard’s portable systems include theMacaw backpack, Merlin handcart, andSwiftCAF All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) systems.The Macaw is powered by an on-board aircylinder, or by a direct hose feed from an aircompressor. The system is capable ofapplying virtually any liquid-based materialthrough an array of accessory nozzles, andcan expand foaming solutions up to 70times. Macaw units are fully portable,comfortable to carry, and are currentlydeployed by the US military, FirstResponders, and more. While conventionalfire extinguishers deploy approximately 20seconds of dry chemical, the Macaw maybe emptied up to four times using a singleair cylinder. The unit is operational whilebeing refilled as the tank is not pressurized.

The Merlin is a twin-tank, dual-pump, cart-mounted unit that can expand solutions upto 70 times. The equipment case detachesfrom the cart for use as a hand-carrieddrafting system for limited access sites.

All Terrain Vehicles become rapid responseunits with the SwiftCAF ATV system. Theseare excellent response systems for ruggedterrain and areas hard to reach withconventional vehicles.

Large scale systems are also available. Formore information, please contact Intelagardtoday at 303-309-6309 orwww.intelagard.com

Tired of mops and buckets?

TSI’s M41 PATS tests how well a military gas mask fits the soldier. Modern militarymasks are capable of a high degree of protection, but ONLY if they are fitted correctlyand donned properly. The M41 provides a numerical measurement of the Fit Factor ofthe mask while it is being worn by a soldier.

The soldier dons their own assigned mask and performs a series of exercises thatsimulate typical activities. The M41 provides a Fit Factor for each individual exercise aswell as an overall Fit Factor. When used as part of a training program the M41 PATSensures that personnel get the best possible protection from their assigned mask.

TSI’s Fluorescence Aerosol Particle Sensor (FLAPS™) Systems alert personnel of thepotential presence of a harmful biological threat and trigger sample collection andidentification systems for threat confirmation. The FLAPS technology offers highsensitivity with low false-alarm rates, while maintaining low operating costs. FLAPSsystems are used for fixed, vehicle, and shipboard applications. They are also used asreferee systems at most test sites throughout the world.

TSI CBRN Defense products have successfully supported every major U.S. militaryeffort since Desert Storm. They are used by foreign allies worldwide to addressemerging defense and homeland security requirements.

TSI Incorporated

CAPABILITY PROFILES



ICx Technologies offers advanced capabilities todetect threats in all of the critical CBRNE segments– chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear andexplosive. These compact, portable, laboratory-caliber systems are in use across the spectrum ofindustries, including incident response, forceprotection, field-based forensics and critical facilitysecurity.

Incident ResponseAs the first to enter a potential disaster zone, firstresponders require tools that can do the job and getpersonnel back to safety fast. ICx provides lightweight, mobile, fast, and effective CBRNEequipment that can readily be taken into the hotzone.

Force ProtectionICx has developed re-configurable modules thatallow rapid response to CBRN threats. The systemis designed to support comprehensive

reconnaissance operations in order to characterizethe threat and confirm or deny the presence ofWMDs.

Field-based Forensics/Mobile LabsIn the event of a CBRNE attack, response mustbe effective, deployment quick, and identificationand sample-handling accurate. ICx is changing theparadigm from “sample-to-lab” to “lab-to-sample”with the development of easy to use, laboratoryquality systems designed for use in the field.

Critical InfrastructureICx has developed the first practical, affordableCBRN security solution for critical infrastructure. Asa “detect-to-protect” system, ThreatSense™ uses alayered approach to counter aerosolized threats aswell as the movement of radioactive sources.

For more information on the ICx detection solutions,visit www.icxt.com www.icxt.com

ICx Technologies CBRNE Detection Capabilities

Dräger is an international leader in the fields ofmedical and safety technology. Over fivegenerations, Dräger has evolved into a publiclytraded, worldwide group. The company’ssuccess is based on the four key strengths of itsvalue-driven culture: customer intimacy,professional employees, continuous innovationand a commitment to outstanding quality.

“Technology for Life” is the guiding philosophy.Whether in clinical applications, industry, miningor fire and emergency services, Dräger productsprotect, support and save lives.

The safety division offers customersconsultancy, products and services for anintegrated hazard management, especially forpersonal and facility protection. The currentportfolio comprises stationary and mobile gasdetection systems, respiratory protection

equipment, fire training systems, professionaldiving equipment as well as alcohol and drugdetection units.

The current product range of the medicaldivision includes anesthesia workstations,ventilators for emergency, critical and home careas well as warming therapy for prematureinfants. Patient monitoring, IT solutions,accessories and consumables, ceiling supplyunits, light systems and central supply systemsfor medical gases complete the portfolio.

Dräger has about 11,000 employees worldwideand is present in more than 190 countries. Thecompany has sales and service subsidiaries inover 40 countries. Its development andproduction facilities are based in Germany,Great Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, SouthAfrica, the USA and China.

Technology for Life

Bruker Detection , a division of BrukerDaltonics, is the leading company in the fieldof CBRN detection and has for over 30 yearsbeen the expert for development,engineering and manufacturing of “easy touse”, reliable detection equipment. TheBruker CBRN product line includes stand-offas well as point detectors, handheld as wellas stationary, systems for onsite analysisand solutions for platform integrations.

Bruker Detection constantly makes greatefforts to improve their CBRN product lineand to adapt to the ever increasing needs ofthe CBRN detection market. The demand forreliable instrumentation in the field ofSecurity and Safety has become increasinglyhigh. Flexible detection equipment, providedby Bruker Detection, enable first respondersto fulfil their demanding tasks.

Our CBRN detector range is based on ionmobility spectrometry, mass spectrometry,Fourier Transform IR spectrometry, semiconductor based radiation detection andvarious bio detection technologies e.g.

Main fields of application are:Stand-off Detection; Point Detection; OnsiteAnalysis; Platform mounted applications

Contact Bruker Detectiona Divison of Bruker DaltonicsLeipzig-GermanyPhone: +49 (341) 2431-30Fax: +49 (341) [email protected]

Bruker Detection-Expect the Unexpected

First Responders using chemical agent warninginstruments RAID-M 100 for their missions

CAPABILITY PROFILES



Germfree designs, engineers and integratesmobile laboratories into full military chassis,ISO containers or commercially availablecivilian vehicles. Integrated Air Filtration-HVAC systems are designed to operate from(-40°C to +43°C) and can be changed fromnegative pressure containment for laboratoryoperations (up to BSL-3) to positive pressureoperation for collective protection.Laboratories are engineered to meetapplicable STANAG requirements. Our latestlabs are designed to meet the demands ofmilitary missions as well as public healthassignments. Germfree experts can workwith you for analytical equipment selectionand development of a safe, efficient andergonomic laboratory design.

Germfree’s second-generation mobile labsfeature safe sample entry from the outside

directly into the high containment Class IIIBSC-Glovebox with integrated specializeddetection equipment. Shielding for radiationprotection is available.

Germfree is a leading innovator in thedevelopment of ruggedized primarycontainment equipment (Class II & III BSC-Glovebox and fume hoods) and exhaust airfiltration systems that meet or exceed U.S.Military Standards. Germfree specializes indeveloping interconnected containmentsystems such as a Glovebox and a fumehood. For the safe and secure movement ofsamples into and out of containment, RapidTransfer Ports allow these items to besafely moved between containment systemsor even between laboratories withoutbreaking containment.www.germfree.com

Germfree

Tetracore was founded in 1998 by scientistswith extensive experience in BW detection.They developed BioThreat Alert® (BTAs) Kitswhich analyze suspicious samples for therapid detection of:

Anthrax; Ricin; Plague; Botulinum toxin A andB; Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) ;Orthopox (the family of smallpox) ; Abrin ;Brucella ; Tularemia

They are by far the leader in first responderfield identification of samples for biothreatagents. BTAs are used worldwide by HazMatteams, law enforcement, federal, state, andlocal governments, and corporations.

Tetracore has now developed an all newinstrument for use with our BTAs – the RapidBioAlert reader. Superior to other readers

previously used with Tetracore BTA strips,The Rapid BioAlert is a fully functionalWindows based ultra-mobile PC (UMPC)with Wi-Fi and bluetooth capability – it issmaller, lighter, more accurate, easier to use,and can store data on thousands of readings.It easily interfaces with other computers and,in turn, is easily updatable. Using the RapidBioAlert eliminates guesswork by providing aquantifiable analysis which can be stored orsent electronically.

Please contact us for more information:Tetracore, Inc.9901 Belward Campus DriveSuite 300Rockville, MD 20850 USA240-268-5400www.tetracore.com

Tetracore - Experience counts!

i-bodi is an innovative leader in projectresearch, development, manufacture andproject management. We are specialists indeveloping bespoke and low volumes ofproducts from customer defined specifications,with particular experience in computercontrolled test platforms for CBRN protectiveclothing and respirator evaluation.i-bodi has developed heated and sweating,anthropometrically correct mannequins that canbend, walk and run. Head-forms with softpolymer skins that fully articulate and breathe,they can be heated and sweat, and haveinternal cameras for fogging evaluation and canmimic speech.

With over 20 years of industry experience, wespecialise in providing intelligent solutions forboth industry and large governmentorganisations.

i-bodi can be employed at any stage of theproject lifecycle to aid the customer in thedevelopment of their product, from initialconcepts through to prototyping andmanufacture.

As a contractor we can enhance your projectwith expertise in CAD design, 3D laserscanning, 3D rapid prototyping,mechanical/electronic and software engineering,product documentation and customer supportservices.

i-bodi

CAPABILITY PROFILES



Blücher GmbH in Erkrath can look back over a historythat spans forty years. Still in family hands, thistraditional company has retained its very high ethicalclaim of: Always focusing our activities on protectinglife.

The core business of Blücher GmbH is thedevelopment and production of high-efficiency filtertechnologies. Based on spherical, high-performanceadsorbers - in principle similar to activated carbon -pollutants, smells and other unwanted substances arereliably filtered out of gases and fluids and safelybonded. For optimum protection and comfort in allcircumstances, whether in action, at work or play.

Research, development and innovation have madeBlücher a world market leader for CBRN protection.Over 10 million of Blücher’s SARATOGA® brandprotective suits and systems in over 40 countries

speak for themselves. Even the most demanding taskforces, including OPCW inspectors who are confrontedwith CBRN hazards every single day, rely onSARATOGA® from Blücher.

The SARATOGA® systems include not only CBRN butalso ballistic protection as well as protection againstfoul weather, fire and cold. But comfort too is alsotaken seriously. Integrated ventilation systems forcooling and moisture management with designed-inweight minimisation reduce the physical strain andensure adequate mobility.

Blücher Technologies: A tradition of innovation

As the world leader in the development and manufacture of auto-injector drug delivery systems for the emergency treatment ofindividuals, Meridian Medical Technologies has served as a criticalsupplier to more than 30 countries and the U.S. Department ofDefense. Today, we are building on nearly 50 years of experience toproduce the highest quality auto-injector products that deliverantidotes for chemical nerve agents.

Unlike a traditional syringe, which can be cumbersome and time-consuming, auto-injectors provide a compact and portable deliverysystem to meet the demanding operational needs of allied militarypersonnel around the world.

For more information, please visit us at www.meridianmeds.com

Meridian Medical Technologies

Emergent BioSolutions Inc.Emergent BioSolutions Inc. is a profitable,multinational biopharmaceutical companydedicated to one simple mission – to protect life.

The company focuses on the development,manufacture and commercialization of biologicproducts, consisting of vaccines and therapeuticsthat assist the body’s immune system to prevent ortreat disease. Emergent’s marketed product,BioThrax® (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed), is the onlyvaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration for the prevention of anthrax.BioThrax is not authorized for use outside of theUnited States and India.

In addition to BioThrax, the company has multipleclinical and preclinical product candidates that aredesigned as medical countermeasures for useagainst biological agents that are potentialweapons of bioterrorism and biowarfare. To viewthe company’s product portfolio please visitwww.emergentbiosolutions.com

The company currently employs approximately 600people with offices in the United States, the UnitedKingdom, Germany and Singapore.

CAPABILITY PROFILES



Cristanini company located in Verona (Italy) is aworldwide leader in the research, development andproduction of CBRN decontamination/ detoxificationsystems and products. Established in 1972, Cristaninihas since acquired a reputation of manufacturing small,medium and large scale CBRN systems and mobilefield stations for a simultaneousdecontamination/detoxification of personnel, vehicles,equipment, sensitive material and terrain.

Cristanini experience and know-how is the result ofyears of dedicated research, applied engineering andthe production of equipment and accessories withinnovative solutions for CBRNdetoxification/decontamination.

The R&D program is conducted in cooperation with themost famous University and Institutes, includingNationals Military Labs. The state-of-the-art R&D isvalidated by more than 25 patents. This is the result of

a creative work and an integrated problem solvingapproach.

BX 24 is proved to be the most effective CBRNdecontamination/detoxification solution in the world.Moreover, Cristanini family of of decontaminantsincludes other products such as BX 40 for aircraftinteriors and nuclear decontamination, BX 30 fortraining, BX 29 for personnel and SX 34 for sensitivesurfaces and materials including detection instruments.

Cristanini Company is NATO Constructor since 1987with NATO Certificate A5009 and with Product QualityCertification AQAP2110 and ISO 9001:2000. Cristanini systems are based on the concept “ONLY 1 SYSTEM – 1 PRODUCT- 1OPERATOR” that is Sanijet C.921 + CBRN BX 24 Decon/Detox +SANIJETGUN Lance, a system that radically changedthe traditional decontamination philosophy.www.cristanini.com

CRISTANINI S.p.A.

Air Techniques International is a recognizedglobal leader in the development,manufacture, and service of equipment fortesting high purity air filters and protectivemasks.

ATI’s comprehensive services include aDOE-Certified Filter Test Lab for both filterand mask testing. We also provide full life-cycle repair and maintenance of all our testequipment in our ISO-9001 facility.

ATI's Protective Mask Leakage Tester(PMLT) is a uniquely portable device thatprovides overall leak testing of masks andspecific mask components without requiringthe user to wear the mask.

The system is used to confirm mask seal andfunction as well as individual fit. The PMLTsets up in minutes to provide six separatemask test options. It sports a user-friendlytouch pad, digital display screen, andheadform options that support mostcommercial and military protective masks.

2HF For Fit Testing only, the 2HF portable fittester can measure stable and repeatable fitfactors well in excess of 100,000 and isvirtually maintenance-free.

TDA- 100P & 110P are great choices forproduction and development environments totest respiratory filters less than 100 liters perminute to large collective protection filters upto 2,500 cubic feet per minute. They can be

custom-configured to meet specific customerneeds, including integration into automatedproduction systems.

www.ATItest.com

Air Techniques International (ATI)

For more than 50 years the OWR brandhas been established in the NBCdefence market on an internationalscale.

CBRNe threats have become part of thereality of today’s life and will remain athreat for the future, but by using moderntechniques and user-friendly applicationsOWR’s mobile and scalable systems forprotection, detection, decontaminationand medical treatment help protect oursocieties.

As a systems and technology integratorwith experience, know-how and teamcompetency, we realize advanced costeffective solutions that limit the impact ofCBRNe events.

Based on depth of experience andcontinuously evolving design concepts,OWR offers the customer integratedCBRNe defense systems to protect thevaluable systems of human beings.

Contact:

OWR GmbH Oberschefflenzer Str. 9 74834 Elztal-RittersbachGermany

[email protected]

Systems for Systems by OWR

CAPABILITY PROFILES



Bertin Technologies is amultidisciplinary company whichprovides innovative solutions in thefields of healthcare, sustainabledevelopment, defence and industry.

For several years, Bertin Technologieshas been developing state of the artsolutions for the detection andidentification of chemical and biologicalwarfare agents. Early warning, detectionor identification of chemical andbiological weapons attacks, areessential. In order to achieve suchfunctions, Bertin Technologies investsR&D efforts to propose newtechnologies to CBRN teams.

Biological detectionCoriolis®: cyclonic air samplers foroutdoor or indoor collection of airbornepathogens.Coriolis®MS: ruggedized air samplerfor surveillance of critical areasCoriolis®FR: portable equipment forfirst responders

Biological analysisKIM: provides rapid identification ofbiological agents using the immuno-agglutination under field technique.

Chemical detectionSecond Sight® MS: uncooled infraredcamera for detection and visualizationof dangerous gas clouds (CWA, TIC,and VOC). It has been designed forcritical area surveillance and protectionagainst chemical threats.

Contact Information:Bruno VallayerCBRN Director e-mail: [email protected]: +33 139306070www.bertin.fr

Bertin Technologies10 bis, av AmpèreParc d’activités du Pas du Lac78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux FRANCE

BERTIN TECHNOLOGIES EQUIPMENT FOR BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL THREATS DETECTION

Proengin has developed biological and chemical warfare agents fielddetectors using flame spectrophotometry. The well known and worldwidely used AP2C has proven the capacity of that technology to bethe most reliable on the field with the lowest false alarm rate and thesimplest ease of use.

The new extended range field handheld chemical detector AP4CNew developments such as the AP4C have extended the capacityof that technology to include chemical warfare agents and Toxicindustrial materials in a simultaneous mode. There is no limitationin number of gases detected by the AP4C. All nerve agents, allblister agents and all blood agents can be detected by AP4C withinthe requirements of response time and sensitivity of NATOrecommendations.Canadian Forces have selected the AP4C to replace their oldtechnology IMS detectors. Their selection was based on the capacityto prove with real live agent that AP4C could meet those standards.

The AP4C has extended the range of chemicals that can be detectedby Proengin chemical detectors. All dangerous compoundscontaining Sulphur, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and/or the chemical liaisoncan be detected in a simultaneous way.

Of course, as for the AP2C, the AP4C has the capacity to work invery severe environmental conditions ( explosive areas) and themeasurements are unaffected by high humidity levels or by presenceof other organic chemical compounds such as paint.

www.proengin.com

Proengin

TALON robots support a modular CBRNE/Hazmat kit that can be purchased asan addition to new or existing models of the GEN IV TALON robot. This latestmodular capability from the makers of the widely used TALON family of robotsincludes detectors for radiation, nerve agents, excessive temperatures,explosives, TNT, and volatile gases.

The CBRNE/Hazmat module is the latest in a series of “plug and play”capabilities being developed for TALON robots to make them more adaptable,affordable, versatile, and cost-effective to deploy. QinetiQ North Americapreviously announced an add-on heavy-duty shoulder and gripper for the TALONGEN IV, enhancing the robot’s ability to lift heavy debris and making it strongenough to carry a mine detector.

TALON® robots have all-weather, day/night capabilities and can negotiate almostany terrain. They can also be configured to support a variety of commerciallyavailable x-ray inspection systems, giving the user the ability to drive the robotdown range and have it remotely x-ray a suspicious package or suitcase todetermine the contents.

For further information, please visit www.talonrobots.com. Grant writing assistance is available.

TALON® CBRNE/Hazmat Module

Avon Protection, part of Avon Rubber p.l.c., is the world leader inadvanced CBRN respiratory protection solutions. Avon’s latestproducts include:

CE approved ST53™Avon has received CE certificationfor its ST53™ multi-functionalrespiratory system making itaccessible to a wider audience.

The ST53™ gives users a selectionof respiratory possibilities when inthe heat of a threat scenario. Theuser can switch between negative(filter) and positive (SCBA) pressurethrough the simple movement of aneasy to locate lever on the front ofthe mask. With a range ofaccessories available, the ST53™ is the perfect system for buildingand confined space entry where the threats are unknown.

NH15The NH15 Emergency Hood is theideal companion for users whorequire instant protection to escapefrom a CBRN situation quickly. Itprotects against all airborne CBRNthreats as well as liquid agentsplashes for a minimum of 15minutes. It can be fitted effectivelyin under 30 seconds, and iscompact for easy storage.

And now, the NH15 can be used bythe oil and gas industry. This isbecause it provides 100 minutesprotection against Hydrogen Sulphide at 5,000 ppm.

www.avon-protection.com

JCAD-SIM / LCD-SIM chemical detector simulatorThe Argon JCAD-SIM/LCD3.2e-SIM simulation system is designed tosafely provide civil and military users of M4 JCAD and LCD3.2edetectors with a critical level of operational competence without therisk of damage to their real equipment or incurring unnecessaryconsumable expenditure.

The JCAD-SIM/LCD3.2e-SIM responds to safe electronic sources thatsimulate chemical threat vapours, toxic industrial substances or falsepositives. This means you no longer need to use simulants that canharm the environment, saturate expensive instruments and thetraining area, or pose potential health and safety risks. You can safelyuse the sources in any environment, including public buildings. Mostscenarios can be set in less than ten minutes and, because youcontrol the sources, your scenario will not have changed when it istime for the exercise.

Essential for training in the correct use of multiple detectors,simulation sources that represent specific substances enable youconduct realistic training for multiple instrument types such as JCAD,LCD, AP4C and Hapsite. All of our simulators are fully compatible withthe PlumeSIM wide area field exercise training system.

The JCAD-SIM/LCD3.2e-SIM system includes a pre-use simulated confidence check accessory andreusable simulation sieve packs for training in thecorrect replacement procedure. Simulated sieve packdepletion and low battery warnings may be initiatedthrough use of a dedicated instructorcontroller.JCAD-SIM/LCD3.2e-SIM also recordsstudent use to enable a comprehensive after actionreview of operational errors.

For further information on JCAD-SIM / LCD3.2e-SIM and to arrangea demonstration, or to request a FREE copy of Argon Electronics’CBRN Training Equipment Guide, please contact:

Argon Electronics (UK) Ltd, Unit 16 Ribocon Way, Progress Business Park, Luton, Bedfordshire, LU4 9UR U.K.Tel: +44 (0)1582 491616Fax: +44 (0)1582 492780E-mail: [email protected]

Avon Protection

CAPABILITY PROFILES


Zephyr Technology is a global leader in real-time "Physiological Status Monitoring"(PSM) solutions for Defense, FirstResponder, Training and the AcademicResearch markets.

Remote real-time physiological monitoring isone way that incident commanders canimprove visibility of operational personnel.

Zephyr’s PSM Responder and PSMDefense Solutions incorporate our smartfabric technology to deliver vital signinformation from up to 64 people to theincident command. By making thisinformation available, Zephyr’s PSMenables better command decisions bymonitoring the physical well being the team!Zephyr’s solution is comfortable,unobtrusive and cost effective to deployover existing tactical radio systems.

HAZMAT and CBRN response teams are anincreasingly important as incidents can occuranywhere and anytime. The teams arerequired to deploy in situations that can beextremely challenging due to environmentalconditions and the technical demands of thetask. When combined with impermeableprotective clothing and heavy equipment,

such as SCBAs and containment gear, theperformance and safety of the downrangepersonnel can be readily compromised.Typically, the first sign that a team memberis in trouble is when they make a mistake orcollapse.

Join other CBRN, HAZMAT, SWAT andSpecial Forces groups who use Zephyr’sPSM. Contact Zephyr today and get one foryour team!

Zephyr TechnologyPhone: 443-569-3603www.zephyr-technology.com

Zephyr Technology – Remote Physiological Monitoring


CAPABILITY PROFILES



In the battle against the threat of an attack with NBC weapons, theFederal German Armed Forces will rely on 73 highly mobile,container-based, compact decontamination systems from KärcherFuturetech. The decontamination equipment of the site for theradioactive decontamination, detoxification and disinfection of thetroops, TEP 90, which will be delivered to the NBC defence unitstogether with carrier vehicles from Iveco-Magirus AG from 2007 to2010, represents a new milestone in the history of KärcherFuturetech GmbH. Parallel to the delivery of the serial TEP 90models, the newly developed "family of decontamination agents"was accepted by the Federal German Armed Forces.

The highly effective RDS 2000, BDS 2000 and GDS 2000 agentsfor quick radioactive, biological and chemical decontaminationstand out due to their good compatibility with materials andbiological degradability. Already since the end of 2007, the Federal

German Armed Forces has been equipped with EDS-G, an enzymesystem for decontamination of G warfare agents. The "LightDecontamination Equipment for Personnel" is another newdevelopment. This system, which consists of three units(equipment for the decontamination of persons and personalequipment, and for water transport) is particularly suitable formissions of the Special Operations Divison (DSO) in the frameworkof rapid operations.

Strong Performance for the Federal German Armed Forces - “Safety first”

Developed by Lockheed Martin CoherentTechnologies, the PROWLR lidar systemprovides remote detection, ranging, tracking andhigh discrimination of biological and non-biological aerosol clouds with low false alarmrate. The system provides 24/7 surveillance andgives early warning of biohazards from a stand-off distance exceeding 5 km. This capabilityallows significant response time for improvedWarfighter protection offered in a cost effectiveand easily maintainable system.

Coupled with advanced signature extraction andnoise reduction algorithms, PROWLR enablesaccurate analyses of bio-aerosol hazards. Thediscrimination and limited classification is achievedby using backscatter measurement techniquesbased on aerosol optical signatures at keywavelengths, and by simultaneously probing theshape, size, and refractive index of the aerosols.

Features and Capabilities• Long-range detection of bio-aerosols such asspores, vegetative bacteria, toxins and viruses• Discrimination of biological from non-biologicalhazards• Real-time threat assessment• Reduced false alarm rate• Continuous day- and night-time operation for fullcoverage• Eye-safe operation• Field-proven remote sensing capabilities• Discrimination range up to 5 km• Tested successfully at Dugway Proving Groundsand Eglin Air Force Base

ContactStuart Wiens – Director of Business Development303-379-3228 [email protected]

Mark Blair – Program Manager303-379-3233 [email protected]

Lockheed Martin

Hygie-Tech SA provides expertise and software for use in the field ofcomputational fluid dynamics (“CFD”). Hygie-Tech software solutionsare widely applied to the practical problems of clean roommanagement and the prevention of cross contamination.

HG_Flow.ProtectHG_Flow.Protect is a new CFD software tool designed for facilitatingthe protection of persons and products in areas potentiallycontaminated with airborne hazards. HG_Flow.Protect visualises andquantifies airflows and diffused aerosols in an environment, offering aprecision solution, as environments including people and equipmentmay be scanned with a 3D laser scanner to produce details accurateto a scale of one millimetre.

Unlike many CFD softwares which rely on supercomputers, Hygie-Tech programmes can operate on an Apple Mac 8-core. Thiscapability, coupled with the product’s rapid calculation time and userfriendly interface means that Hygie-Tech offers a highly specialistsolution that can be utilised directly and routinely by engineers.

In disaster contingencyplanning, HG_Flow.Protectis a valuable tool,particularly with regardsthe threat of chemical andbiological attacks. Thesoftware facilitates thecreation of prevention anddecontamination plansrelating to scenarios whichmay involve dangeroussubstances including Anthrax, toxic gas, Sarin, or even metallicpowders and clusters such as Polonium.

T: +41 (0) 21 / 641 50 70 E: [email protected]

Hygie-Tech SA

CAPABILITY PROFILES



HDT Engineered TechnologiesHDT Engineered Technologies is a proven leader in the design,development and production of integrated, deployable solutions forgovernment, commercial and military customers. HDT productsinclude CBRN protection systems, Base-X® and AirBeam™ shelters,Nordic™ ECUs, heaters and power generation including expeditionaryenergy efficiency solutions. Our dedicated team provides unparalleledcustomer support and training.

HDT provides a full suite of collective protection products andservices. Our products meet stringent environmental requirements fortactical military vehicles, and HDT provides CBRN filtration systemsfor shipboard and building applications. The HDT AirePod™ providesa modular filtration system with integral heating/cooling and isintegrated with building HVAC systems.

HDT is well known for our expeditionary shelter systems for rapiddeployment. As a result, HDT has developed lightweight man-portableCBRN filtration systems for softwall and hardwall shelters. Thesesystems are a fully integrated, turnkey solution. The chemical /biological liner, shelter, ECU, filtration system, and monitors are fullyintegrated into a ColPro suite. These suites can be complexed

together to create large ColPro facilities. HDT teamed with theCanadian DND to provide fully integrated 50-man and 100-mantransportable collectively protected systems that include contaminationcontrol areas with a personnel decontamination capability.

For more information, please visit our website at www.hdtglobal.com

Counter Terror ExpoCounter Terror Expo will be held next in the Grand Hall ofthe Olympia Exhibition & Conference Centre in London,19-20 April, 2011.

Counter Terror Expo is the annual event for professionalstasked with delivering a formidable and effectiveresponse to the threat from international terrorism andbrings both focus and clarity to the complex andmultifaceted task of protecting people and assets fromthose with the intent and determination to strike out.

Counter Terror Expo brings the world's leading experts inthe field from within government, the armed forces,security services, law enforcement, private sectorprofessionals and academia, together with industrialistsat the cutting edge in developing the tools necessary tocombat the scourge of terrorism.

Comprising a centrepiece conference programme,showcase exhibition and extensive programme of highlyspecialised workshops, the event delivers insight,

analysis and perspective to the threats faced, presents aunique opportunity to demonstrate counter-measuretools available to professionals in the field and providesaccess to valuable knowledge from industry specifictechnology experts.

Counter Terror Expo has been designed specifically toprovide a secure environment in which those with avitally important role to play in the counter-terrorismarena can come together to share experience and gainthe knowledge needed to address many of the mostintractable problems faced today.

Counter Terror Expo is held annually in the Grand Hall ofthe Olympia Exhibition & Conference Centre in London,brings over 200 internationally renowned experts togetherwith more than 400 leading industrialists and attracts inexcess of 7000 delegates and visitors.

For more information please visitwww.counterterrorexpo.com/cbrne

DeconGel™ is decontamination solution for chemical and radioactivethreats. It is a proven, tough, professional, military-grade, safe, watersoluble, and environmentally friendly product for extreme, hard-to-cleancontamination remediation challenges in any industry. DeconGel™ isexceptionally effective against radioactive isotopes, and has thestrength to pull off any job – from nuclear plant decommissioning andnuclear medicine spills, to chemical and hazardous materials clean-ups(lead, mercury, asbestos, methamphetamines, and common householdproblems such as mold, dirt, oil and grease). DeconGel ™ hasoutstanding efficacy, and can save time and money through reducedlabor and minimized waste and EPA reporting requirements.DeconGel™ is used in the US, Canada, UK, and other locations toremove radioactive materials and Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TIC).

Visit www.decongel.com to find more information and see ourdemonstration video.

Also, check out our YouTube Channel athttp://www.youtube.com/user/CBIPolymers and be a part of our following on Twitter athttp://www.twitter.com/decongel

Questions? Call us! +1 808 949 2208

A PRODUCT OF CBI POLYMERSSOLUTIONS FOR CHEMICAL & RADIOACTIVE CLEAN-UP

CBI Polymers – DeconGel™

CAPABILITY PROFILES



Biral develops and manufactures instruments for thecollection, detection and identification of airbornebiological particles. These have been designedprimarily for the detection and characterisation ofbiological weapons and Biral detection equipment hasbeen included in every generation of bio-detector inservice with the UK armed forces.

Our real time, generic detection system, VeroTect™, isnow being used or assessed by armies and domesticsecurity services world-wide and our Aspect™ aerosolsize and shape analyser has been adopted as thenon-specific trigger detector for the Japanese DefenceAgency mobile CBRN Reconnaissance vehicles.

Biral has a considerable history of developingprototype systems at the cutting edge of technologyand has recently delivered the Portable IntegratedBattlespace Biological Detection Technology (PIBBDT)technical demonstrator to the UK MoD. This is a fully

self-contained, specific biological warfare agentdetector, which is now undergoingcomprehensive trials at Dstl, Porton Down.

Other recent development projects includea Fluorescence Lidar System (BODE) forstand-off detection of biological agentsand compact systems for the collectionand identification of micro-organisms formilitary applications and for monitoringanimal health. The collection systemsdeveloped for these projects are now beingoffered as stand-alone systems for use inmilitary and internal security applications.

BiralTel (UK): 01275 847787Tel (Intl): +44 1275 847787Email: [email protected]/cbrn

Biological Detection Capability

Avir Sensors is the developer and manufacturer of the ChemSight™,an open-path infrared detector of hazardous gases. It includes aneye-safe IR lamp which projects a beam towards the detector for longline of sight detection.

The ChemSight™ is a multi-chemical, non-contact, detector that cancontinuously monitor (24/7, 365 days/year) large indoor and outdoorspaces (e.g., subways, building air inlets, stadiums, fence lines) todetect, identify and quantify most TICs and CWAs. It may also beinstalled to monitor and protect high visibility events. A system ofChemSight™ detectors can form an effective trip-wire that triggers aninstantaneous response when a toxic release crosses it.

With its fast response (1 sec) and embedded SiteProtector™software, the ChemSight™ can communicate with control centers orbe configured to directly trigger actions or alarms when detectingchemicals in its digital signature library. The ChemSight™ is a self-contained system that utilizes a web browser user interface, locally

stores months’ worth of historicaldata and a signature library whichis remotely updateable.Permanently installedChemSights™ have beencontinuously operating for morethan a year with no consumablesand nearly no down time,maintenance calls or false alarms.

Contact Avir Sensors for more information or to schedule a personaldemonstration [email protected] call 01-434-973-1450 x231

Avir Sensors ChemSight™

ABB Analytical MeasurementFounded in 1973 as Bomem Inc, ABB Analytical Measurementenables scientists around the world to perform throughexcellence in infrared spectroscopy. With more than 35 years ofexperience in Fourier Transform Infrared technology innovation,ABB continues to set the standards in developing andmanufacturing innovative FT-IR Spectroradiometry solutions inthe field of atmospheric sounding, military targets IR signaturecharacterization and gas detection. ABB offers advanced field-deployable sensors serving in the standoff detection ofChemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) and other chemical threats.ABB also develops solutions with reliable airborne andspaceborne optical instruments, infrared calibration systems,and hyperspectral imaging spectroradiometers. In its largeportfolio, ABB also includes a prestigious space technologyheritage while contributing to several space missions.

For more information: www.abb.com/analytical.

CAPABILITY PROFILES



Mirion Technologies is a global provider of radiationdetection, measurement, analysis and monitoringproducts and services. For over 50 years, Mirionproducts have been used in industrial nuclearenvironments and CBRN military applications.

Our Health Physics Division has leveraged ourradiological expertise in the nuclear and militarymarkets to offer a new product line focused onRadiological Detection and Identification

SPIR Ident Portal and Mobile systems:The latest generation of configurable AdvancedSpectroscopic Detection devices. Its unique algorithmsallows quick identification of low level radioactivesources and masking scenarios inreal time. The SPIRIdent Portal version is designed to monitor Vehicles,Cargo, Containers, Luggage and Pedestrians insupport of critical infrastructure surveillance. The SPIRIdent Mobile is a deployable solution for Ground, Air orMarine surveillance

SpiR-ID:The next generation Advanced RadionuclideIdentification Device is a rugged handheld monitordesigned to efficiently search for radioactive materialsand “on the fly” discriminate threats (illicit nuclearmaterials trafficking and RDDs). It is also intended forthreat confirmation after detection.

The SPIR ID is ideally suited for all applications thatrequire efficient detection, search and identification ofradiological threats: military, civil defense, border andcustom inspection.

Visit our web site: www.mirion.com

Systems and Equipment to Protect People, Property and the Environment from Nuclear Risks

Wheelbarrow remains the product of choiceacross the world and there is considerable workunderway to develop its capability still furtherwith the launch of the Mk9 vehicle in early 2010,capabilities including Low profile 3 fingeredgripper with integral ceramic cutter, Wirelesshand controller, CBRN sensors, Pre-setPositions, Pitch and roll sensors, Improved rangeand video quality, Secure Digital Wirelesscommunications (COFDM). We continue at thesame time to invest in other product developmentactivity. This was demonstrated when, after along and competitive exercise, we were awardedthe contract to deliver the new fleet of EODvehicles to the UK MoD(Cutlass). Thisprogramme sealed REMOTEC UK’s reputation asthe benchmark for remote bomb disposaloperations, as it has been now for more thantwenty years.

We have a range of vehicles and equipmentspecifically configured for EOD, Surveillance,HazMat and CBRN professionals, building uponour experience in delivering over 2000unmanned vehicles worldwide. We now offer fullybespoke integrated solutions for EOD teams andoperators throughout the world. C4i commandand control crisis management (Touchtable)capability is also being integrated to provide anoverarching command capability.

We set the standard for performance andspecification

Northrop Grumman Remotec

North by Honeywell CBRN Safety ProductsNorth By Honeywell, a part of Honeywell Life Safety Division, is themost diverse manufacturer of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)in the world. First responders and emergency personnel rely on Northproducts for protection against chemical, biological, radiological andnuclear (CBRN) hazards as well as toxic industrial chemicals (TICs).North manufactures 13 complete product lines—over 7,000 PPEproducts—in ISO 9000 certified plants and employs over 3,000people worldwide.

North works closely with distributors and end users to provideinnovative product design, quality manufacturing and valuabletraining and support to our customers. Our goal is to enhanceworker safety, improve productivity. And create confidence on the joband in the marketplace.

Our product lines offer superior head-to-toe protection for eye andface, hearing, respiratory, hand, fall protection, first aid, traffic safety,lockout/tagout, government and disaster preparedness. For moreinformation visit www.northsafety.com

Stand Off Detection RoundupCB

RN

eWO

RL

D

C

CATSI EDM

Yes

FTIR

Passive

5000 Metres

14.5

Yes

Modular

75 kg

Field

DRDC

Canadian Forces

AgentDetected(C,B,R)

Identification

Detectiontechnology

Passive/Active

Maximumstand-off

(in Metres)

Maximumscan rate

(degrees persecond)

Agent/cloudtracking?

Size ofsystem

(LxHxW cm)

Weight ofsystem

Libraryupgradeable

in...

Day/Nightoperable

Tested by

Remote use

In servicewith

1

Both

Yes

1 ABB Bomem 2 Bruker 3 Bertin 4 Airsense 5 GD ATP 6 Block 7 Block

116 CBRNe WORLD Spring 2010 www.cbrneworld.com

C

RAPID

Yes

FTIR

Passive

5000 Metres

120 azimuth,20 elevation

Semi-automatic

52 x 41 x 37

29 kg

Factory

DSTL, FOI,Dugway

Mil: Sweden, UAERomania, Slovenia,

Civ: Romania,Japan

2

Both

Yes

C

Second Sight

Yes

Uncooled LWIRcamera

Passive

4000 Metres

N/A

Yes

67 x 33 x 28

18 kg

Field

CEB, Dugway, Brno

French Forces

3

Both

Yes

C

SIGIS 2

Yes

FTIR

Passive

>5000 Metres

15

Yes

37 x 119 x 58

67 kg

Factory

German Forces

Civ: Germany, Italy,Denmark, Austria

4

Both

Yes

C

I-SCAD

Yes

FTIR

Passive

>5000 Metres

144

Yes

Modular

18.6 kg

Field

US Military

US Military

5

Both

Yes

C, E

LaserScan

Yes

QCL Laser AbsorptionSpectrometer

Active

0.6 Metres

Not supplied

No

25 x 20 x 12

4.3 kg

HQ

US Government

New product

7

Both

Yes

C

PORTHOS

Yes

FTIR

Passive

5000 Metres

Not supplied

No

30.5 x 34 x 16.5

7 kg

HQ

US Government

US Government

6

Both

Yes

8 Avir 9 VOP Trencin 10 VOP Trencin 11 CEA 12 Northrop Grumman 13 Lockheed Martin 14 SESi

117Spring 2010 CBRNe WORLDwww.cbrneworld.com

C

ChemSightModel CS450

Yes

Open path, IR

Active

45 Metres

N/A

N/A

17 x 19 x 57 (Detector)35 x 35 x 27 (Source)

8.2 kg (Detector)4.5 kg (Source)

Field

US Government

US Government,Commercial industry

8

Both

Yes

C, B (in testing)

DD-CWA-A

Yes

CO2 DIAL (C)DISC (B)

Active

>1500 Metres

18

No

54 x 28 x 26

29 kg

HQ

Slovak armed forces

Slovak armed forces

9

Both

Yes

C, B (in testing)

DD-CWA-S

Yes

CO2 DIAL (C)DISC (B)

Active

>1500 Metres

18

No

54 x 28 x 26

29 kg

HQ

Slovak armed forces

Slovak armed forces

10

Both

Yes

C

LIBS

Yes

Laser InducedBreakdown

Spectroscopy

Active

<20 Metres

N/A

No

90 x 50 x 40

110 kg

Factory

CEA

Research device:TRL6

11

Not supplied

Not supplied

C

MCAD

Yes

FTIR

Passive

5 Metres

26

Yes

56.5 x 35.4 x 22.2

46 kg

Field

US Government

Not supplied

12

Both

Yes

B

PROWLR

No

LIDAR

Active

5000 Metres

5

Yes

60 x 120 x 60

100 kg

Field

Dugway, Eglin

New product

13

Both

Yes

B

JBSDS - 1

No

LIDAR, IR, UV

Active

> 5000 Metres

2

Yes

244 x 130 x 193

314 kg

Field

US DoD

US DoD

14

Night, Low light

Yes

Sponsored by

118 CBRNe WORLD Winter 2009 www.cbrneworld.com

Crystal ball By CJ RosattoCB

RN

eWO

RL

D

In the last edition, we foretold thatpersonnel will be categorised asbelonging to one of two groups from a

threat prospective. The first group wouldbe personnel on static bases where thefocus is on collective detection, warning,reporting and protection. The secondgroup would be personnel who areconsidered manoeuvre forces, where thefocus is on individual detection andmoving away from the threat. The CrystalBall also foretold that CBRN detectionequipment would focus on “plugginginto” other force protection operatingsystems. We were going to explore CBRNspecialists in proactive activities such asCBRN intelligence collection andanalysis, but this will now be covered in alater edition.

After some excellent research came tolight, in this edition of the Crystal Ballwe are going to look at what pastliterature tells us about the future andhow those issues should be consideredon the modern battlefield. We can learna great deal from some of the researchthat has gone into the official beginningof gas warfare: the First World War. OurCombat Studies Institute of the US ArmyCommand and Staff College produce avery well-known publication called theLeavenworth Papers. Chemical Warfarein World War 1: The AmericanExperience, 1917-1918 is LeavenworthPaper Number 10. Written by Major (P)Charles E Heller (USAR) in 1984,Heller’s paper chronicles theintroduction of chemical agents in theFirst World War, the US Army’s tentativepreparations for gas warfare prior to andafter American entry into the war, as wellas the AEF experience with gas on theWestern Front.

“The shortage of respiratorsnotwithstanding, no individual couldenter the combat zone unless equippedwith a mask”. Some things should notchange. The issuing and carriage ofrespirators should be mandatory forcoalition forces. It has, however, alreadybeen mentioned in previous editions ofthe Crystal Ball that not all partners in

Central Asia do this. The failure of somecoalition forces to provide respirators toall individuals entering the combat zoneunnecessarily passes on risk to thecoalition commander. At the very least,the issuing of respirators would reducethe risk in the event of a CBRN release.Leading an international coalition isdifficult enough at the best of times; as ageneral rule, all nations should equiptheir personnel with respirators prior toentering the combat zone.

Heller states that, “A unit’seffectiveness depended on properdefensive gas measures”. This was in partdue to the fact that, “80 per cent to 90 percent of all gas attacks experienced by theAEF took place during the hours ofdarkness” and that “of the chemicalagents employed by the Germans againstthe allies, mustard gas was responsible for39 per cent of AEF gas casualties”. It isagainst these types of observations thatwe try to put the modern CBRNasymmetric threat in perspective, and theissue of technical versus practicalrequirements.

There seems to be a dilemma inseeking technical solutions for what couldbe considered practical problems. Indiscussing the development of respiratorsand other protective equipment, Hillermentions, “Unlike the British and French,the Russians devoted few resources to thedevelopment of chemical protectiveequipment. Consequently, they sufferedthe greatest number of chemicallyinflicted casualties”. Given respirators inthe first place, the Russians could havesignificantly reduced their casualties. Thisreinforces the argument that allindividuals entering a combat zoneshould be issued a respirator.

How daunting are the modernasymmetric CBRN threats? The threat isnot from “263 tons of chlorine gasreleased from 12,000 cylinders as releasedby the Germans against the Russians atBolimov on the 2nd May 1915” whichresulted in more than 6,000 Russiandeaths. The current threat is more at a“terrorist” and limited-release level. With

the absence of sophisticated detection andwarning systems in the First World War,“one of the most important functions of agas officer became the determination ofwhen to give the order to mask andunmask. At gas schools trainees weretaught to ‘taste gas’ sniffing just enoughair to identify a chemical agent by its ownpeculiar odor”. Knowing the signs andindicators of a release are just asimportant to the individual soldier as anydetection and warning system. Thosetechnical systems have their place, but sodoes the practical training and educationof the CBRN threat. As mentioned in anearlier issue of the Crystal Ball, a modularapproach to CBRN training is a way ofmaximising the limited training timeavailable to soldiers.

The lack of time for CBRN training isnot new. “When the training section ofthe AEF’s GHQ became operational, itprepared a standardized division trainingschedule. Initially, the period of time adivision spent preparing to enter the linewas supposed to be three months. Onlytwo days of the schedule were allocated toGas Instructors. Later, as the demand forcombat units increased, the gasinstruction decreased to a mere six hours.This was vigorously protested by the GasService. In the spring of 1918, when theGerman offensives required a shorteningof the division training cycle to bring newunits into the line, gas instruction wascut further.”

This observation reinforces the factthat, regardless of the CBRN threat, theamount of training time for CBRN willalways be insufficient. As mentioned inthe last edition of the Crystal Ball, themodular approach to CBRN training,together with the ability to trainmodules in theater if the threat changes,is one way to address the historicalproblem of inadequate training time andpriority conflicts.

The Crystal Ball foretells that a review ofhistorical documents will lead to a greaterunderstanding of the modern asymmetricCBRN threat.

CBRNe Convergence 2010, 2-5 November, Rosen Plaza, Orlando,Florida. More information on www.icbrnevents.com

The Crystal Ball is an article written for each edition of CBRN World.The magazineis focusing on the growth of defence against non-conventional weapons, from NBC,to CBRN to CBRNe.The aim of the Crystal Ball is to raise issues that will likelyeffect CBRN defence in 20 years’ time.


Governor Gabriel Cinomis, a Prairie Dog, gives hisopinion of CBRN matters from his unique perspective

CBR

NeW

OR

LD

Words barely begin to describe the thoughts racing through mybrain with respect to recent events here in Dogtown. MsChuckworthy brings me daily reports – often conflicting – of theongoing battle at the highest levels of the Dogtown Ministry ofDefence to completely neuter the entire chemical and biologicaldefence programme.

As I understand this convoluted story, it began with an eagerminion of bureaucratic orthodoxy – a completely inoffensivelemming really, appointed to a position which, it seems, had notbeen fully explained. This right honourable member heard thePrime Minion was looking for volunteers for a project. This Projectwas of great national importance and needed a home and someoneto shepherd it; this really was going to be the bastion to allhomeland defence.

The Right Honorable Member, in one of those moves one canhardly blame a lemming for doing, volunteered to take on theProject. What is unclear is whether or not our courageous lemminghad read the fine print about this Project which showed it came withno funding whatsoever. Having volunteered, the Right HonorableMember then had to scrape together more than one billion nuts.

Let me place that on a separate line: one billion nuts.Where to get such money when this project was not mandated

by any legislative body nor was prepared for in the normal budgetaryprocess? To further exacerbate the situation, Dogtown has hadserious financial issues ever since a small group of ferrets managedto completely scupper the world’s financial system, then convincedevidently stupid dogs it wasn’t their fault and persuaded the dogs togive them money to fix their mistakes, after which they actually justturned round and lined their dens with it. But I digress.

Nuts are tight, and the Gopher-Mole conflict rages onward. Dogswith inferiority complexes and mental illnesses continue to threatenthe world with chemical, biological and nuclear death anddestruction from their mountain dens. Worse, truly evil bastardswhose lives were forfeited when they came up with the ideas, havecontinued to design new chemical and biological terrors to raindeath and destruction on dogs who could not give a Gambian rat’stail which side is best to cross oneself. Where, oh where, to come upwith this billion or so nuts?

The Right Honorable Member decided to turn to his ownprogramme – the massive Defence Against Bad Stuff (DABS)programme. This ponderous, initially mismanaged, thunderingmuppet of a programme is the only source for the military’schemical and biological defence materiel. The powers that bedecreed that, once DABS was in place, no one else could do work inthis area (defining what precisely constituted work in the restrictedarea has given lawyer dogs fevered dreams for years). Removing abillion nuts from DABS effectively places a great big dagger throughits heart.

What will the effect be in terms of materiel? Potential eliminationof protective gear (or at least curtailing replacement of existing gear),ending many programmes, including certain detectors, specialisedsoftware – the list trails onward. Granted, some of these programmesare stinkers and needed to be cancelled, but the requested(demanded) cuts to some materiel left me simply gobsmacked.

One item I have yet to mention is what this new Project actuallyentails. When one thinks of a billion-nut effort, one thinks of adesign study for a new plane, ship or other juicy piece of militaryhardware. Not this time. This is for a government-owned,

contractor-operated vaccine production facility. Initially, I wasintrigued. Would this facility produce those orphan medications andnostrums designed to combat diseases and afflictions only militarydogs are likely to encounter? That would be useful, as the civilianpharmaceutical industry has shied away from any such effort, likeMs Chuckworthy from fleas. Finally, a place where botulinum toxinantidote, ricin antidote, vaccine for Horrific Hemorrhagic Fever ofthe Month, and that pesky Bacillus anthracis vaccine can bemanufactured with potentially more accountability if things go awry.As it stands now, if a civilian pharmaceutical industry manufacturesa military medical item, especially an orphan drug, they cannot beheld accountable for any serious problems. They can be heldaccountable for issues encountered during product development.That little “out”, paid for no doubt with posh trips I was neverinvited to attend, simply engenders a complete lack of proper testingon the pharmaceutical company’s end.

This was evidently not the facility’s intended purpose, however.This facility is slated to produce Prairie Dog Influenza vaccine forthe general populace. With internal Dogtown Ministry of Defencenuts. Nuts which were already budgeted for the benefit of the wardog. Nuts for programmes three-quarters of their way through theircycle, about to deliver materiel to the various armed services, insome cases replacing old materiel already discarded.

Ms Chuckworthy has spared me having to attend the feeding-frenzy meetings this whole mess has spawned. She has instead senta very knowledgeable contractor to keep tabs on it all. Did I mentionI’m losing that asset too? One rant at a time, however.

The story keeps getting better! The government has asked whythey should purchase one of these facilities when they can purchasethree for three times the price? Yes, in addition to one beingconstructed out of DMoD internal nuts, two more are beingconstructed by robbing other budgets. None of these are due tocome to completion for five to ten years. Why not just take oversome ailing pharmaceutical company’s plant and retrofit a bit? I’dbet good nuts no one has done the analysis of alternatives.

I mentioned in a prior column there was talk of so-called“insourcing”. This dubious plan had various government andmilitary entities jettisoning their contractors and trying to hire dogsback as direct employees (minus all their accumulated seniority andpay). Plans were made, position descriptions written (often by thosevery contractors), and the command to move forward was given. As Iam familiar with the labyrinthine governmental hiring practices, Iam fully prepared to not be able to hire anyone remotely competent.The majority of the competent people are in the very industry groupnow being snubbed as somehow less loyal and worthy because theytake a salary, and because they are in industry and not already ingovernment they are at a competitive disadvantage to lesser-qualified governmental or military employees.

The Head Minion of the Dogtown Ministry of Defence recentlystated the entire insourcing effort is a complete failure. Evidentlyothers did not get the memo or define failure in some alien way, asthe project continues within the DMoD. For now, I’ve directed MsChuckworthy to purchase as many bird cages as she can get herpaws on for my canary-based detector network, bin bags for ourheads and the latest biology and chemistry text books.

‘Till next I poke my head up.Gabriel Cinomis

Prairie Dog


cbrne world autumn 2010

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