ccagg manual

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Laymanized Manualon Monitoring

Infrastructure Projectsby a Practitioner

by theConcerned Citizens of Abra

for Good Government (CCAGG)

Afliated Network for Social Accountabilityin East Asia and the Pacic

...connecting citizens to improve governance

published in cooperation with

United Nations

Development Program


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Laymanized Manual

on MonitoringInfrastructure Projects

by a Practitioner

by the

Concerned Citizens of Abrafor Good Government (CCAGG)


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2010 by the Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Government and the Affiliated Networkfor Social Accountability in East Asia and the Pacific (ANSA-EAP). This is a release edition,published January 2010.

This edition of the Laymanized Manual on Monitoring Infrastructure Projects by aPractitioner is published by ANSA-EAP in collaboration with the Concerned Citizens of Abrafor Good Government (CCAGG).

This material may be copied and used for research, educational, scholarly or non-profitpurposes without permission of either ANSA-EAP or CCAGG. We request that ANSA-EAP and CCAGG be cited as the source of the information and that any photo credits orbylines be similarly credited to the photographer or author or ANSA-EAP or CCAGG,as appropriate. If a copyright is indicated on a photo, graphic, or any other material,permission to copy and use these materials must be obtained from the original source.

Material in this publication is subject to revision. The findings, interpretations, andconclusions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the viewpoint of ANSA-EAP, its donors, and its associated institutions.

The Ateneo School of Government, a unit of the Ateneo de Manila University (Philippines),operationalizes and oversees the development of ANSA-EAP, with support from The WorldBanks Development Grant Facility. ANSA-EAP is an independent project of the AteneoSchool of Government under the Ateneo de Manila University, which is the executing agencyof the project. As a project of the Ateneo, it falls under the legal governance of the AteneoBoard of Trustees and President.

For more information, please contact:

ANSA-EAP Operations Team

Ateneo School of Government, Pacifico Ortiz Hall, Fr. Arrupe Road, Ateneo de ManilaUniversity, Loyola Heights, Quezon City 1108, Republic of the Philippines.Telephones: +6 32 426-6062 and +6 32 426-6002 ext 4627. Fax: +6 32 920-2920.E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.ansa-eap.net

2010 by the Affiliated Network for Social Accountability in East Asia and the Pacific(ANSA-EAP). This is a release edition, published January 2010.


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ForewordPreface

AcknowledgmentsIntroduction

The Origin of the Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Government (CCAGG)Independent Monitoring DescribedProcess of MonitoringThe Performers in Project Implementation and Their Roles in Monitoring & EvaluationCCAGG Tools in MonitoringGovernment Procurement Reform Act (RA 9184)Basic Computations

I. ROAD CONSTRUCTION/REHABILITATION

Project BillboardCommon Equipments UsedClassification of Road

Work Items Involved in Road Construction/Improvement/Rehabilitation:

A - Earthwork* Clearing & Grubbing (Item 100)* Removal of Structures and Obstructions (Item 101)* Excavation (Item 102)* Structure Excavation (Item 103)

* Embankment/Backfill (Item 104)

B - Subbase and Base Course (Preparation for Concrete Pavement)* Subgrade Preparation (Item 105)* Aggregate Subbase Course (Item 200)* Aggregate Base Course (Item 201) .* Placing of Forms* Erroneous Practices in Subbase & Base Preparation* Erroneous Practices in Placing of Forms

C - Surface Courses* Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (Item 311)* Process of Concrete Production* How to Assess Item 311, Placing of Forms* Erroneous Practices in Concrete Works* Common/Major Defects in Concrete Pavement

D - Drainage & Slope Protection Structures* Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert (RCPC) &

Storm Drains (Item 500)

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Table of Contents


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2 Laymanized Manual on Monitoring Infrastructure Projects by a Practitioner

* Erroneous Practices in Drainage Construction* Riprap & Grouted Riprap (Item 504) & Stone Masonry (Item 505)* Gabions (Item 509)* Erroneous Practices in Backfilling* Erroneous Practices in Stone Masonry Wall Construction* Common Defects/Deficiencies in Project Implementation

of Road Construction/Rehabilitation

II. FLOOD CONTROL* Flood Control Structures* How to Assess Flood Control

III. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

* Types/Classifications of Bridges* Types of Bridges* Equipments Used in Bridge Construction* Stages of Bridge Construction for Conventional Single Span

Bridge* Steps of Constructing Multi-Span Bridge

IV. IRRIGATION SYSTEM* Diversion Works* Earthwork Activities* Concrete Works

* How to AssessV. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY

* Types of Services* Typical Design of Level 1* Typical Design of Level 2* Types of Wells* Common Items of Work in Water Supply Project

VI. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION* Construction Activities* Steel Reinforcing Bars

Designation, Areas, Perimeters, and Weight of Standard Bars* Forms for Concrete Works* Concrete Works* Quality Control Guidelines in Handling Concrete* Additional Points to Consider in Assessing Buildings* Methods & Equipment for Handling & Placing of Concrete

VII. GLOSSARY OF TERMSVIII. REFERECES

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3Foreword

Forewordt is a privilege and an honor to be alongtime partner in good governanceof the Concerned Citizens of Abra forGood Government (CCAGG) towardthe achievement of the MillenniumDevelopment Goals by 2015. We are trulyproud that this Laymanized Manual onMonitoring Infrastructure Projects bya Practitioner has paved the way formajor milestones, innovations, and best

practices in civil society involvementand participatory project monitoring ingovernment operations. We are inspiredby CCAGG experiences and best practicesin promoting participatory audit, whichare now being replicated nationwide andhas been awarded both at the nationaland international levels.

This Manual is again given duerecognition with its reprinting with helpfrom the Affiliated Network for Social

Accountability in East Asia and thePacific (ANSA-EAP). It is as relevantnow as it was a decade ago when it waslaunched. It is our hope that this Manualwill encourage more public awarenessand civil society and will support thePhilippine governments commitment tothe United Nations Convention againstCorruption (UNCAC), which was ratifiedlast 2006. UNCAC is one major vehiclefor combating corruption by makingnational governments commit to a basic

set of transparency and accountabilityprinciples.

CSO involvement in UNCAC will givemuch value by making governmentaccountable in terms of how theyrespond to their obligations and dutiesto citizens. CSOs such as the CCAGG and

other anti-corruption groups can bring ademocracy dividend by creating a spacefor increased dialogue and partnershipsbetween civil society and government.This continues to be a work in progress.Sustained and vigorous effort from CSOswill be needed to promote understandingand mobilize public pressure forimplementing and monitoring UNCAC atthe local and national levels.

Over the years, UNDP has supportedgovernance initiatives in more than 170countries covering various aspects ofpublic administration, anti-corruption,legislative reform, local governance,and justice reforms. There is a criticaldemand for better governance becausethis is key to reducing poverty andpromoting development especiallyin the areas of security, corruption,employment, and education. In support

of good governance in the Philippines,UNDP programs and projects will createenabling environments to ensure citizensparticipation and make governmentsaccountable. It will also supportinitiatives with the highest long-termimpact on the poor and disadvantagedgroups.

Once again, we salute CCAGG for itsunwavering efforts and commitment inchampioning the cause against corruption

and promoting good governance.Further, we congratulate CCAGG for itspioneering work in participatory audit inpursuit of a corrupt-free society.

UNITED NATIONSDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

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Preface

his manual is the result of 20 years ofproject monitoring experience of theConcerned Citizens of Abra for GoodGovernment (CCAGG), whose vision isto make project monitoring effective byinvolving grassroots participation. TheCCAGGs achievements in championinggood governance are recognized andcited by the Philippine Governmentas well as by local and foreign privateinstitutions. For example, TransparencyInternational has cited CCAGG bygiving CCAGG its first Integrity Awardduring an event in Ottawa, Canada, inSeptember 2000.

Through this manual, it is hoped thatlaymen will better appreciate standardspecifications on infrastructure projectimplementation and thus enable themto assess substandard project outputs.Equipping and motivating them toactively participate in social concernswill lead to an increased publicoversight on government projects.Tangible outputs will be measured or

judged based on standards not just onplain opinion.

The CCAGGs experience in monitoringand the assistance of the United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP)inspired the conceptualization of thismanual. The basic step is to equip

the grassroots with appropriate butsimplified technical skills and pertinentinformation on project implementation.Moreover, this manual serves asan instrument to share the groupscapability on project monitoring ofinfrastructure projects to the peopleand encourage them to actively engagein a mission to combat corruption. Thisskill on monitoring was acquired by thegroup through the help of the NationalEconomic and Development Authority(NEDA) in 1987.

The peoples growing interest

and increasing vigilance in manyways deterred corrupt practices ingovernment. Project monitoring isgeared to effectively contribute in thedecreaseif not total eradicationof the incidence of corruption ingovernment bureaucracy. Eventually,delivery of basic services to the intendedbeneficiaries will be improved.

Corruption accentuates problems of

sluggish economic growth and under-development. Its major impact is theloss of scarce government resourcesresulting to poor delivery of basic socialservices. It should be realized, however,that combating corruption is not onlythe concern of the national leadershipand the anti-corruption agencies but of

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5Preface

every citizen particularly the grassroots,who should benefit from these projects.The most pernicious impact of corruptionis social damage. The grassroots who arethe helpless victims continues to suffer amiserable life.

A World Bank study on the PhilippineGovernment reveals that more than 50percent of funding for infrastructureprojects is wasted to corruption. TheOmbudsmans Office, likewise, reportsgovernment loss of US$48 billion for the

last 20 years while the Commission onAudit (COA) estimates a loss of Php2 billionevery year because of corruption.

Under the Global Competitiveness Index,the countrys standing remains low and isconsistently sliding down. By the end ofyear 2005, the country ranked 77th with ascore of 3.47. This is from rank 76th in year2004 and 66th in year 2003.

The Corruption Perception Index (CPI)published by Transparency Internationalis another measure of prevalence of

corruption in the country. The scoringsystem is from a scale of 1 (meaning highperception of corruption) to 10 (negligibleperception). In other words, countries withhigher scores are considered as sufferingfrom lesser government corruption. TheCorruption Perception Index shows thatthe Philippines standing continues to slidedown. In 1999, the CPI for the country was3.6 or rank 55th out of 99 countries rated. In2003, out of 133 countries, the Philippinesranked 97th with a score of 2.5. At the endof 2005, the Philippines was ranked 117th.

Finland, with a score of 9.7, remains on topas the country with the least corruption.

Clearly, the corruption incidence in thePhilippine Government is very alarming.Government efforts in fighting corruptionseem to be ineffective. For this reason, thecitizenry is encouraged to get involved incurbing this menace by participating in themonitoring of government projects.

CONCERNED CITIZENS OF ABRAFOR GOOD GOVERNMENT


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The Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Government (CCAGG) is gratefulto the following:

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) of Manila for itsfunding support in the writing of this manual;

Affiliated Network for Social Accountability in East Asia and the Pacific

(ANSA-EAP) for funding the printing of this manual;

Dr. Leticia P. Madriaga, Dean of Academic Affairs of the Divine WordCollege of Bangued for editing this manual; Engineers Chona Ramos,Edwin Bringas, and Ernesto Bayoan of the Department of Public Worksand Highways-Abra Engineering District for their technical expertise inreviewing the manual; and to Mr. Frank Asia for the cover design andlay-out of this manual;

The CCAGG Staff for going through the voluminous collections ofpictures and choosing the most suitable ones for this manual.

Acknowledgments



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INTRODUCTION

n 1986, following the installationof Mrs. Corazon Aquino asPresident of the Philippines, apump priming project calledCommunity Employment andDevelopment Program (CEDP)was launched. It funded communityprojects like farm-to-market roads,health centers, school buildings,markets, spring development and otherswhich were implemented by community

beneficiaries. I t had a feature, which,during that year, was a real novelty.Non-government organizations (NGOs)were tapped to monitor CEDP projectsand thus ensure their implementation.

The Concerned Citizens of Abra for GoodGovernment (CCAGG) was invited by theNational Economic and DevelopmentAuthority (NEDA) to participate in this

program. It therefore entered into aMemorandum of Agreement (MOA) withNEDA and the Ministry of Budget andManagement (DBM) with the followingconditions:

1. NEDA will train CCAGG on themechanics of monitoring;

2. NEDA will provide CCAGG the list,location and implementation agencies ofall CEDP projects in Abra3. MBM will provide CCAGG theinformation on the funding and releasesof payments for CEDP projects in Abra4. CCAGG will monitor the implementationof CEDP projects; and5. It will send feedback to NEDA andMBM regarding its monitoring findings.

In addition to items 4 & 5, CCAGG tookto itself the organization of the projectbeneficiaries and transferred to themthe monitoring technology taught byNEDA. It also did advocacy work both inprint and on air about the CEDP projectscoming in to Abra. The Abrenos werethrilled by their newfound involvementin enforcing government accountability.

Vigilantly, the people of Abra watchedproject implementation. They werehappy for their new found commitmentin enforcing honest and integrity throughmonitoring.

In the course of their monitoring, CCAGGread a full page report of the DPWH Abra

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published in a regional newspaper whichsaid that twenty of the projects they weremonitoring were already reported finished.They themselves asked how this could bewhen some of these projects were not yetstarted, or have just begun or were butmidway in implementation. They reportedthe matter to NEDA. They also sought anaudience with the DPWH secretary andrequested him to send an incorruptibleaudit team to verify their complaints.The audit team found their complaintsmeritorious. They also unearthed

certificates of project completion signedby section chiefs and turned over to theend-users. An administrative case wasfiled against the eleven erring engineerswhich found them guilty. Eleven engineerswere suspended from office for a period oftime without pay, commensurate to theirguilt.

For pursuing the case unrelentingly,President Cory Aquino cited the CCAGG in

a fitting ceremony in Malacaang Palace.The DPWH Director for Region-I alsodirected their district office that no projectswill be paid without the monitoring reportof the CCAGG..

The successful initiation of the CCAGG intomonitoring emboldened them all the moreto go into project monitoring. In 2000,Transparency International gave CCAGG its

first Integrity Award for its exemplary fightagainst graft and corruption at the locallevel. In the same year, the Commissionon Audit (COA) and the CCAGG signed aMemorandum of Agreement to pilot testParticipatory Audit in Abra. This was thefirst ever experience of COA in involving acivil society organization in its audit works.

This project was meant to enhance publicaccountabiolity of COA and was funded bythe United Nations Development Program(UNDP). A Memorandum of Agreementwas signed by the COA and CCAGG toformalize their engagement. COA thenwas headed by Chairman Celso Gangan.Twenty-three road projects of the Dept. ofPublic Works and Highways (DPWH) andcommunity-based projects of the Dept.of Environment and Natural Resources(DENR) implemented in 1999 and 2000The joint venture was adjudged a success

and was replicated in Samar, CamarinesNorte, and Mt. Province. This experienceproved that public accountability can beenhanced transparent and accountablegovernance through citizens participation.

The good that citizens monitoringcould give in attaining transparencyand accountability in the prosecution ofgovernment projects has reached manyplaces in the Philippines. Many civil

society organizations sought the CCAGG toreplicate its activities with them. To date,there is now a Nothern Luzon Coalitionfor Good Governance (NLCGG) composedof twenty-one civil society organizations,academe and Church-based social actioncenters in the Cordilleras, Region I andRegion II. Many of them have started toflex their muscles in exacting honesty andaccountability in governance in their areas

of operation.

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9

Independent Monitoring Described

he task of an independent monitor is

never easy. It requires preparationslike understanding the project cycle,program of work and the activitiescontained therein. They also need toknow the basics and technicalities ofmonitoring and evaluation and do theactual monitoring activities. There isalso the inherent risks attendant tothe work. For example, monitors areoffered bribes and are often threatenedphysically.

Monitoring by the NGO starts withthe procurement process. The NGOmonitors sit as observer in the Bids andAwards Committee (BAC). The winningbidder has the lowest calculated andresponsive bid. The bidder will submitthe corresponding documents to perfectthe contract and sign the contractagreement. When the winning bidderreceives the notice to proceed, mobilization work starts. The NGO monitorsvisit the project site where an ocularinspection is done before project beginsfor bench marking.

On site observations during projectimplementation are done. Interviews

are also conducted with workers and

residents in the area who observe andsee how the project is executed. Theseconstitute the feedback mechanism ofcitizens to project mangement about theagency field personnels performance.This is to ensure that field performancevis-a-vis reports sent to the office areconsistent.

While still in the project site the monitorsalready discuss their findings and initial

recommendations to the contractor andto the government engineer or to theirrepresentatives if they are not around.These findings and recommendationsare transmitted in formalcommunications to the implementingagency and to the contractor.Sometimes, the independent monitorsrequest for an audience with theagency head and contractor to discusscontentious issues and thus exploreacceptable solutions to problems metin the project site. Such problem solvingsession is sometimes extended in theproject site in the presence of localgovernment officials and residents atthe project site. Corrections and otherrecommendations agreed upon are

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followed up in subsequent meetings andproject visits. A copy of these correctionsand other recommendations are furnishedto the Commission on Audit (COA).

Public Participation in Project Monitoringand Evaluation as a Right

Over the years, CCAGG encounteredcommunities who wanted to plungeinto monitoring work but were deterredby fear of meeting detractors who askquestions like Where did you get your

authority to intervene in a purely technicalendeavor? The CCAGG stands firmon the principle of two basic collectiverights of every citizen such as the right toparticipate in governance and the right toinformation which promotes transparency.Communities, endowed with these rightsare free to intervene and to express theirwill for the improvement of their life.

Government institutions and

instrumentalities, as duty holders, arecompelled to respond to the rightfuland appropriate demands of the people.Monitoring findings will serve as valuableinputs to government on how to managepublic resources efficiently.

Gender Perspective of Monitoring

Monitoring was and will never be a job

for men. Women and children who areoften left at home are the innocent butmindful witness whenever there are newgovernment projects in an area. Thesewomen and children provide feedbackbased on what they saw and heard. Attimes, they ask good questions on theprocess of construction work Why do you

pour cement to a muddy road? Why wasthe mixture of cement and aggregateswatery? Children also report anomaloustransaction like Why did the barangaycaptain brought home bags of cement andsteel bars after a drinking spree with theproject supervisor? The contractor usedPozzoland not Portland cement. Theseand many more are some of the indirectinterventions of woman and children inthe field of monitoring.

Good Governance Result From Monitoring

Experiences have shown fruitfulparticipation in Monitoring trickled downto greater benefits of having a well-implemented project. Mothers who arehousehold managers are relieved fromworry if they have need to rush theirdaughters to a hospital in an unholy hourknowing that the road is safe to travel.She will not feel hesitant to send herchild to a school knowing that is it well-

built. If her family lives in a farm, she hasassurance that they can transport theirgoods to the market through a farm-to-market road. And most health workers,school supervisor and even by their localexecutives. Mobility is enhanced as thereare more vehicles plying the route andtransportation cost is cheaper because oflesser wear and tear of vehicles. All theseare indicators of improved living condition

to the advantage of children, womenand elderly as end result of citizensparticipation in monitoring.



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11Independent Monitoring Described

ProcessofMonitoring

- Periodic statusreport, POW/Project Plans,

designs- Tenderdocuments

- Exceptionreports

- Monitoring- Reporting/Feedbacking

- Problem solvingsession

- Follow up ofrecommendations

Deviations arebrought to theattention of thehigher ups for

proper action.

Post Evaluation/ImpactAssessment

- Final /completion report- Statistical data- Beneficiarysurvey result- Interview,

feedbackingresults- Communitybeneficiary profile

- Assessment onsocio-economic

and politicalimpact.

- Follow uprecommendations

- Bench Marking- Actual Projectfunctionality

Stages ofmonitoring

DocumentsGathered

MonitoringProcess/Activities

Framework ofAnalysis

ImplementationPhase

- Program ofworks- Plans andspecifications

- Contact

agreement

- Gather andreview projectdocuments- Communitymeetings- On-field visit/

ocular inspectiona. Addendumb. revisions/

change order

- As perprogrammedvs. as

implementeda. Timeb. Cost

c. Performance- Functionality ofthe project


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The Performers in ProjectImplementation and Their Roles inMonitoring and Evaluation of Projects

A. The Implementing Agency

This refers to regular governmentagencies, government controlled or ownedoffices, state colleges and universitiesand local government units in-charge ofproject implementation. They are mostaccountable for either success or failure

that may occur in the project. They are theproject stewards, up to the turnover to theproject beneficiaries.Most frequently seen representatives ofthese offices in the field are the following:Project Facilitator - aids or assists inthe process. He/she has the completeknowledge on the Project being undertakenincluding the Terms and Conditions

stipulated in the Contract between thegovernment and the Project Contractor.For his role, he must be well equippedwith knowledge relative to engineeringindustry standards and experienced inconstruction works.

Quality Assurance Unit - This is a divisionin a government office tasked to assessproject implementation and ensure that

such is undertaken in accordance withthe Plan and Specifications. It is also theirduty to perform appropriate tests beforethe final payment due to the Contractor isgiven.

B. The Project Contractor

It is a company or individual registered tothe Philippine Contractors AccreditationBoard (PCAB) with a formal contract todo a specific job, supplying labor andmaterials and providing and overseeingstaff if needed.

Here is a list of the Project Contractorswork force. It is the contractorsresponsibility to hire manpower that issuitable to do the required output. Their

presence in a project is called for, only iftheir specializations are to be utilized.

a.Project Engineer- Assigned to perform thebasic management functions of deciding,directing, monitoring and controlling allaspects of the project implementation inaccordance with the approved plans andspecifications and as approved by thegovernment representative.

b. Foreman - A worker in charge of a crewof fellow workers. The foreman is part ofthe hierarchy of an organization, passingdown decisions from higher up and givingfeedback from those below.

c. Lead man - Next to the foreman, askilled worker that can give instructionsto his fellow workers in the absence of theforeman.

d. Carpenters - They are responsiblein building the wood forms into whichconcrete is poured for high-risebuildings, highways, and hydroelectricpower projects. Carpenters erect thescaffoldings and staging. They install thepartitions, doors, windows, flooring, wood



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trusses, roofs, and almost every otherwood component of a structure.e. Mason - A semi-skilled or skilled workerwho plays a key role in building work.His works includes bricking, plastering,beveling, brick laying, hawking andtrowelling.

f. Welder - A skilled worker assigned tofabricate and install steel structures suchas steel trusses, steel windows, grills,steel gates, etc.

g. Steel man - a worker assigned on allactivities involving the assembly andinstallation of steel reinforcements of astructure.

h. Helper - A semi skilled worker whoworks at a job that requires physicalstrength and stamina, they can assistdirectly to skilled workers.

i. Laborer - An unskilled hired worker

who works at a job that requires physicalstrength and stamina.

j. Electrician - A licensed person to install,maintain, repair, or approve electricalwiring or electrical goods

k. Plumber- A mechanic expert in sanitaryplumbing and pipe work. Installs andrepairs pipes and fixtures, especially for

water, drainage, or heating systems in abuilding

l. Operator - Somebody who operatesinstrument, or heavy equipment like roadroller, road grader, transit mixer, dumptruck, etc.

C. The Community People

Generally, projects are planned afterthe high demand of it is foreseen by thegovernment. In some instances, therole of political leaders is optimal inthe acquisition of projects. Either way,the community people must have to beconsulted before a project commencesconsidering that as inhabitants they havethe best knowledge of their immediateneeds and necessities.

In most project implementations,beneficiaries partake as just mereonlookers. They excitedly watch themovements of the builders, with greatanticipation on the finished product. Fulltrust to the builders is decisively given.

Project implementation is not alwaysa success. At times, basic engineeringstandards are neglected that causesa domino effect to the satisfactory

performance of a project. Grooming thebeneficiaries to partake in the process,as independent monitors is indeed a goodmove to address the deficiency statedabove.

The community people are dependablesource of information regarding projectimple mentation. Curiosity and excitementenvelop and make them observant on the

day-to-day undertaking in the project.Some may not know the significance ofwhat they witness but are sharp enough torelate what took place.

In the CCAGG, the work is done by wayof social teachings and communitymobilization. In this process, the people



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are convened in a meeting to familiarizethem with the upcoming or ongoingproject; strengthen them with theConstitutional Provisions that permit allcitizens to take part in the implementationof any government undertakings; and aidthem with the basic technical knowledgeon the performance of a project. This way,they are able to draw a logical relationthat connects them to the project and inthe long run, will push them to be watchful.

Engineer Irene Bringas of CCAGG and Asst. DistrictEngineer Leo Mustard of DPWH together withthe project beneficiaries are discussing on sometechnical issues of the project.



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CCAGG Tools in Monitoring

CAGG monitors have tools when theyconduct project inspection. These arethe following:

1. Steel tape to measure actual workdone;2. Record book to write findings,observations and engineering analysis;3. Camera to capture the actualphysical status and perceived defectsor commendable points;4. Voice tape recorder to documentinterviews with project stakeholders;

and5. Packed lunch or snacks. CCAGGmonitors do not want to incur a debt ofgratitude to contractors who would loveto serve food. If they are indebted, theywill not be free and this might cause adistortion in the monitoring report.Legal Bases of Monitoring

CCAGG monitors active presence

in project sites often times makedetractors uncomfortable. They asksarcastically Where did you get yourauthority to monitor governmentprojects? Almost always, the monitorspoint to the legal basis of monitoringwhich are:

a) Philippine Constitution of 1987The Philippine Constitution of 1987has enshrined on its pages peoples

organizations. Section 23 Article II (OnState Policies) states:

The state shall encourage non-government community-based orsectoral organizations that promote thewelfare of the nation.

Section 15 and 16 respectively of ArticleXIII of the same Philippine Constitution

of 1987 spoke of the role and rights ofpeoples organizations as:

The State shall respect the role ofindependent peoples organizations toenable its people to pursue and protect,within the democratic framework theirlegitimate and collective interests andaspirations through peaceful means.

Peoples organizations are bona

fide organizations of citizens withdemonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and with identifiableleadership, membership and structure.The right of the people and theirorganizations to effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political and economic decision-making

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shall not be abridged. The State shall bylaw, facilitate the establishment of adequateconsultation mechanism.

b) Executive Order No. 175Signed on May 23, 1988 by PresidentCorazon Aquino, this Executive Orderprovided guidelines for the implementationof local government projects funded fromNational Funds. These guidelines includethe following:

a) The creation of Pre-qualification,

Bids and Awards Committee (PBAC) ineach province and municipality shallbe responsible for the conduct of pre-qualification of contractors, bidding,evaluation and bids and recommendingawards to contracts;b) The creation of Project MonitoringCommittee (PMC) that will monitor theimplementation of projects.

There is a provision in the PBAC where an

NGO sits as an observer but in the PMC, anNGO is a regular member.

c) Executive Order No. 376

The President, Mrs. Corazon Aquino signedExecutive Order # 376 on November 2,1989. It established the Regional ProjectMonitoring and Evaluation System (RPMES)which envisions to monitor and evaluate all

development projects (economic, social,physical, infrastructure developmentprojects) at the regional, provincial andmunicipal levels funded from national andlocally generated resources. The RPMESshall be implemented by developmentcouncils at various levels.The project monitoring committees (PMCs)

that oversee the operation of RPMES wereestablished in each region through EO 376and in each LGU levels through MO 176. Atthe National level, the NPMC is composedof NEDA, DBM, OP-PMS and DILG withNEDA as the secretariat. At the regionallevel, RPMC is composed of NEDA, DBM,DILG, OP-PMS and NGO representatives.While at the LGU level, PPMC compositionis subject tot he discretion of the Localdevelopment council subject to theinclusion of DILG, NGO representativesand nominees of the development council.

The deputized NGO monitors are taskedto:

a) Assist the PMC or development councilin the monitoring and evaluation of projectsby identifying implementation problems oroutstanding performance through projectexception reports;b) Ensure effective/efficientimplementation of projects through

vigilance; andc) Act as government partners in ensuringtransparency in project implementation

d) Republic Act 9184 otherwise knownas the Government Procurement ReformAct (GPRA)

It provides a mandatory venue for peoplesparticipation through the Bids and Awards

Committee (BAC). The law requires thatin all stages of the procurement process,the Bids and Awards Committee shallinvite two observers. One coming fromduly recognized private sector associationand the other from a Non-GovernmentOrganization (NGO) duly registered withthe Securities and Exchange Commission



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(SEC). Another feature of the law is theinclusion of the Government ElectronicProcurement System (GEPS). This willbring the procurement to a more level

playing field through the availment of agreater number of potential bidders.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9184AND ITS IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS

WARRANTIES ON INFRASTRUTURE PROJECTS:The accountability of a contractor in the performance of a project is neither coterminous

with the end of actual construction activities nor on the turnover of the project to theimplementing agency or to the beneficiaries. The Philippine Government provided a venue

to safeguard the serviceability of a project within its designed life span through RepublicAct 9184 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations, Rule XIX on Contract Prices andWarranties as stated below:

Section 62.2For the procurement of infrastructure projects, the contractor shall assume full

responsibility for the contract work from the time project construction commenced up tothe final acceptance by the government and shall be held responsible for any damage ordestruction of the works except those occasioned by force majeure. The contractor shall befully responsible for the safety, protection, security, and convenience of his personnel, thirdparties and the public at large, as well as the works, equipment, installation and the like tobe affected by his construction work and shall be required to put up a warranty security......

The warranty security.... shall be returned only after lapse of the said warranty period.

WARRANTY SECURITY ON MATERIALS USED:Section 62.2.1

The defects liability period.... shall be one (1) year from project completion up to the finalacceptance by the Government. During this period, the Contractor shall undertake the repairworks at his own expense, of any damage.... on account of the use of materials of inferior quality...

Any contractor who fails to comply with the preceding paragraph shall suffer perpetualdisqualification from participating in any public bidding....

WARRANTY SECURITY ON STRUCTURAL DEFECTS AND/OR FAILURE OF THE COMPLETEDPROJECT:

Section 62.2.2 After final acceptance of the project by the Government, the contractor shall be held

responsible for structural defects and/or failure of the completed project with the followingwarranty periods from final acceptance, except those occasioned by force majeure and thosecaused by other parties:



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What to MonitorThere are a lot of projects to monitor. Lineagencies and even local government unitsimplement projects like:1. Road Construction and Rehabilitation2. Bridge Construction3. Buildings

a. School Buildingb. Multi-purpose Hallsc. Health Centersd. Municipal Hallse. Public Markets

4. Irrigation Canals

5. Spring Development6. Reforestation Projects

Technical Bases of MonitoringInfrastructure Projects

Throughout the years of working withimplementing agencies and monitoringtheir projects, the CCAGG learned a lot.The DPWH has a reference book calledthe Blue Book. This is the DPWHs

Standard Specifications for Highways,Bridges and Airports. This is a referencebook of all activities being undertaken bysaid agency.An independent monitors best guidesin evaluating a project are the Plan, theSpecifications and the Program of Work(POW) prepared by the implementingagencies. These are all pre-requisitesfor the approval and implementation of a

project.

The PlansIt contains a flat representation of aproposed building structure, all of thestructures parts and arrangementswith its apt dimension and proposedmaterials to be used. Several significant

specifications on the structure are alsopresented here.It sometimes happens that revisions takeplace during implementation to suit actualsite condition. It is therefore advantageousto have project plan to check some changeorders or additional work done. An as builtplan is usually made after revisions aremade.Drawings are classified into Architectural,Structural, Electrical, Plumbing andMechanical approved and countersignedby an Architect, Civil Engineer, Electrical

Engineer, Sanitary Engineer or MasterPlumber and Mechanical Engineer or asthe need necessitates.

The SpecificationsIt is a written description of requirementsin the execution of a proposed project.It states particulars as to size, shape,quality, color, manner and procedures ofimplementation in a concise and directlanguage easily understood by the users.

The Program of WorkThe POW indicates complete informationof a project its location, the source offund, contract amount and the modeof implementation. Included also inthe POW is its schedule of manpowerand equipment use, item description,estimated quantities, unit and total cost,estimated breakdown of expenditures

and the agency officer who prepared andapproved the POW.

In a POW, prominent are figures ofthickness, widths, lengths, areas andvolumes. Sample illustrations arepresented below to explain the derivationof these measurements.



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r = radiusd = diameter

20

BASIC COMPUTATIONS

Units of Measurements commonly used:1 kilometer = 1000 meters1 meter = 100 cm =1000 mm1 meter = 3.28 feet1 foot = 12 inches

Board Foot (Bd. Ft.):

Examples:

1. Convert 35 feet to metersSolution:35 feet X 1 meter = 10.67 meters

3.28 feet

2. Convert 50 cu. ft. to cu.m.Solution:50 cuft X (1 meter) ^3 = 1.417 cu.m.

(3.28 feet) ^3

3. Convert 1000 inches to meters

Solution:1000 inches X 1 ft X 1 meter = 25.407meter

12 inches 3.28 ft

4. Convert 750 sq. m. to sq. ft.Solution:750sqm X (3.28 ft)^2 = 8068.80 sq.m

(1meter)^25. Get the number of Bd. Ft in 25pcs 2 x 2 x12 lumber.

Soution:25pcs X 2 X 2 X 12 = 100 bd. ft.12

Areas and Volumes:

1. Circle

Area = r2

= d2

4

Volume of a Cylinder: = ( r2) x H

= [ d2] x H

4

2. Rectangle

Area = L x WVolume of a prism:

= L x W x H (or thickness)

3. Square

Area = S x SVolume of a Cube:

= S x S x H (or thickness)

4. Triangle

12# of pcs x A(in inches) x B (in inches) x Length (in feet)

L

W

L = Length

W = Width

S

SS

SS = Equal sides

b

h b = base

h = height

Area =1

2bh



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Contributory to the quality and speed ofwork are the following:

Experience and Skill of the Workers intheir Field.

Workers should be tasked accordingto their field of specialization. Theemployment of an appropriate manpowerwill hasten the completion of an activityand finishes it in good quality.

As independent monitors/stakeholders,

we must always consider this concern. Wehave to know our builders and trace theirbackgrounds by having a little talk withthem at times.

We have been seeing poor project executiondue to the employment of unskilled andvery young workers.Tools and Equipment of Good Quality andStandard.

The Contractor must have to utilizeappropriate sound tools and equipment inevery stage of the project or as provided inthe Program of Work. Tools and equipmentwere created to make mans works donefaster, easier, and finer.

A common scene in some project sitesnowadays is the display of defective tools

and equipment. Some contractors wouldsay they have it but malfunctioned in theprocess so they have no choice but to doit manually or not employ it anymore, theroadbed needs not be compacted becauseits been used by traffic, or they also donot have to use the vibrator becausethe workers are stomping on the fresh

concrete, etc. These excuses should notbe allowed especially when the use ofthese tools and equipment are specified inthe contract. It would not be there withouta purpose

Availability and Sufficiency of Materials.

Ten percent (10%) Mobilization cost isgiven to the Contractor to cover expensesprior to construction including a well-builtwarehouse. The Contractor must maintaina well-built warehouse in the project site

enough to contain sufficient good qualitymaterials for the project. Advance deliveryof materials to the project would not be aproblem.



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ROAD CONSTRUCTION /

REHABILITATION

I.

Road Construction / Rehabilitation

Project Billboard

Billboard

This is a project requirement to promote transparency in implemention. It should be dis-

played conspicuously within the boundary of the project throughout the project duration.This is also a requirement provided for in the the Commission on Audit (COA) memorandum.


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Common Equipments Used in Road Construction

2. Backhoe - It is used to

dig trenches for structureexcavation such as protectionwalls, culverts, etc. Also usedin trimming uphill slope roadboundaries.

3. Bulldozer - Is for movingearth, cutting slopes for anew road and for spreadingaggregates.

1. Loader - This is used forloading excavated materialsfor disposal or haul. Itcan be used alternatelywith bulldozer to spread

aggregates in Subbase andBase course preparation.



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Common Equipments Used in Road Construction

5. Grader - It is used to form the section of a roadway to thedesired level and in preparing the road for compacting.

4. Road Roller - It is used for consolidating/compacting thesubgrade subbase and base course in road construction.



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Description

Roadis an open way/access for vehicles,persons and animals to transport fromone place to another.

Classification of Road

1. National Road - This road connects oneprovince to another province. Its mini-mum thickness is 0.23 meter (9 inches)and a width of 6.10 m eters for a two

way traffic.2. Provincial Road connects the munici-palities within the province. It adopts a 9inch thickness and a width of 6.10 metersfor a two way traffic.

3. Municipal Road - refers to the road net-work within a town. Its thickness is 0.2meter (8 inches) with a width of 6.10

meters for a two way traffic.4. Barangay Road - refers to the road that

connects the barangays from the town.The mimimum thickness is 0.15 meter(6 inches) with an ideal width of 4.50meters.

5. Farm-to-Market Road - this refers to theaccess to transport of products to themarket outlet.The minimum thicknessis 0.15 meter width an ideal width of 4.50meters.

General work items involved in road con-

struction/rehabilitation are the following:I. EarthworkII. Subbase and Base CourseIII. Surface CoursesIV. Drainage and Slope Protection



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It should consist of clearing all vegetationand debris as designated in the contract.The work should also include the preser-vation of all objects designated to remain.

Method of measurement forpayment

1. Area Basis - the work to be paid forshould be the area acceptably clearedand grubbed as indicated in the programof work.

2. Lump Sum Basis . When the Bill ofQuantities (BOQ) contains a Clearingand Grubbing lump-sum item, nomeasurement of area will be made.

3. Individual Unit Basis (Selective Clearing).Cleared trees of 1.4m in height will bepaid. Trees less than 150mm in diameterwill not be measured for payment. Whenthe measurement of cleared trees is bypiece, it will be done in accordance withthe following schedule of sizes.

This item consists of the removal andsatisfactory disposal of obstructionslike buildings, fences, old pavements,abandoned pipelines, etc. which are notpermitted to remain.

Bridges, culverts, and other drainagestructures in use by traffic should not beremoved until satisfactory arrangementshave been made to accomodate traffic.

Blasting or other operations necessaryfor the removal of an existing structureor obstruction, which may damage newconstruction should be completed prior tothe start of the new work, unless otherwise

provided in the special provision.

Clearing and grubbing(Item 100)

Removal of Structuresand Obstruction (Item 101)

Diameter ofheight of 1.4 m.

Payment Itemdesignation

over 150 to900mm

Small

over 900mm Large

A. Earthwork



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Method of Measurement

Removal of obstructions paid on a lump-sum basis should include all structuresand obstruction encountered within theroadway. However, removal of specificitems shall be paid on a unit basis.

Whenever the Bill of Quantity does notcontain an item for any aforementionedremovals, the work will be considered asan obligation of the contractor under othercontract item.

How to Assess:

* Clearing & Grubbing (Item 100)

1. All surface objects like trees, stumps,roots and other protruding obstructionsshall be removed.

2. The monitor should verify the existence

of structures to be cleared prior to theexecution of work.

3. For environmental concerns, thecontractor should only confine theiroperations within the work limit specifiedspecially when the project is new roadopening.

4. Look for the change of methodThe area being cleared and grubbed will bethe basis of payment.

* Removal of Structures andObstructions (Item 101)

Prior to placing of new work, all existingstructures or obstruction indicated not toremain in the plan be removed.



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This item shall consist of roadway andborrow excavation, and the disposal ofmaterials in accordance with specificationsand in conformity with the lines, gradesand dimensions shown in the plans or asestablished by the Engineer.

Roadway Excavation

It includes excavation and grading forroadways, parking areas, intersections,

approaches, slope rounding, benching,waterways and ditches; removal ofunsuitable materials from the roadbedand beneath embankment areas; andexcavating selected materials found in theroadway as ordered by the Engineer forspecific use in the improvement.

Roadway excavation will be classified as:

1. Unclassified Excavation consists of theexcavation and disposal of all materialsnot classified and included in the bill ofquantities under other pay items.

2. Rock Excavation consists of igneous,sedimentary and metamorphic rock whichshould be blasted.

3. Common Excavation are those notincluded in the BOQ under rock excavation

or other pay items.

4. Muck Excavation consists of the removaland disposal of deposits of soils andorganic matters not suitable for foundationmaterials regardless of moisture content.

Borrow Excavation consists of theexcavation and utilization of approvedmaterials required for the constructionof embankments or for other portions ofthe work, and is obtained from approvedsources or quarry site.

Excavation (Item 102)

Solid rock in Boliney is being blasted using dyna-mite to give way to road building.

A bulldozer is shown widening a portion of Abra-Kalinga Road.



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1. Case 1 Borrow consists of materialsobtained from desigated sources.2. Case 2 Borrow consists of materialsobtained from sources provided by thecontractor

Prior to excavation, a pre-constructionsurvey,following an approved plan isundertaken by the contractor under thecontrol of the Engineer. The result of thesurvey will establish the baseline for thecomputation of the actual volume of theexcavated materials.

All excavations should be finished inreasonably smooth and uniform surfaces.Excavation operations shall be conductedso that materials outside of the limits ofslopes will not be disturbed.

Conservation of Top Soil

Suitable top soil excavated from the areawhere embankment is to be placed shallbe kept separate from other excavatedmaaterials for later use and stored at alocation approved by the Engineer.

Utilization of Excavated Materials

All suitable materials removed from theexcavation site are used in the formationof the embankment subgrade, shoulders,slopes, bedding, and backfill for structures

and for other purposes shown on the plansor as directed.

How to Assess Excavation (Item102: Widening or Opening)

1. Compare existing field profile/conditionwith that of the plan.

2. Verify the class of soil that is beingexcavated and compare it with the class ofsoil loaded into the cost breakdown.3 Verify the actual quantity of work to bedone vis--vis the programmed4. The planned width of the road is met.5. The roadbed is set with respect to theplanned grades and slopes6. The newly constructed roadway is freefrom landslides.

7. The quantity of rock and common earthexcavation is calculated separately as basisof payment.8. The road shall be provided with earthcanal or side ditches to avoid scouring atthe roadway due to water run-off.9. Verify the actual quantity of work to bedone vis--vis the programmed.

A backhoe is widening and sloping a sharpcurve along Abra-Kalinga road.

Road opening in Barangay Ampalioc, Lubaalong Abra-Cervantes Road



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This consists of the needed excavationof foundations of bridges, culverts,underdrains and other structures.

Construction Requirement/Process

1. Prior to any excavation operations, allnecessary clearing and grubbing in an areashould performed in accordance with Item100.

2. Excavation: Before any excavationis made the cross-sectional elevationsand measurements shall be taken onthe undisturbed ground. The naturalground adjacent to the structure must notbe disturbed without permission of theEngineer.

3. Trenches or foundation pits for structures

or structure footings are excavated to thelines and grades or elevations shown on theplans or as staked by the Engineer. Theyhave to be of sufficient size to permit theplacing of structures or structure footingsof the full width and length shown.

4. Boulders, logs and other objectionable

materials encountered in excavation areremoved.

5. After each excavation is completed, thecontractor notifies the Engineer. No foot-ing, bedding material or pipe culvert willbe placed untill the Engineer has approvedthe depth of excavation and the characterof the foundation materials.

The elevations of the bottoms of footingsas shown on the plans are consideredas approximate only and the engineermay order in writing such changes indimensions or elevations of footings asmaybe deemed necessary to secure asatisfactory foundation.

Structure Excavation (Item 103)


Depth of excavation shall be

reckoned at the downhill side.


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How to Assess StructureExcavation (Item 103)

1. The trenches or foundation pits forstructures should be excavated to thedesigned width, length and depth.2. The depth of excavation thoughappoximated on the plans canl beadjusted in order to secure a satisfactoryfoundation.

Embankment (Item 104)

Description

Embankment or backfill of holes, pits withthe roadway is compacted using approvedmaterials.

Construction Requirements

1. Embankment material should not contain

deleterious matters like peat and sod.2. Compacting should be done in layerswith a maximum thickness of 20c.m. forevery layer.3. Look for the established vertical controlpoint. This will be used for the computationof the actual volume of embankment.4. Verify the actual source of embankmentmaterials and compare it with the approvedquarry site.5. Any approved change in the quarry

site/borrow pit location should beara corresponding adjustment on thecomputation of cost.

How to Assess Embankment (Item104)

1. Look for the established vertical controlpoint. This will be used for the computationof the actual volume of embankment.2. Verify the actual source of embankmentmaterials and compare it with the approvedquarry site.3. Any approved change in the quarrysite/borrow pit location should beara corresponding adjustment on thecomputation of cost.

4. Make sure that the materials usedis granular such as sand and gravel orselected borrow.5. The embankment should be compacted.6. The embankment should be completedas planned and programmed.



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Prior to the placing of subbase/ basecourse,a subgrade preparation should be conducted.The existing road should be levelled/ scrapedto its grade and lines.

B. Subbase and Base Course(Preparation for Concrete Pavement)

DescriptionSubgrade Preparation is the removal of unsuitableand detrimental organic materials such as grassroots and sewage which can not be properlycompacted which may eventually cause thesurface to sink or make the surface uneven.

How to Assess Subgrade Preparation(Item 105)?a) Prior to commencing subgrade preparation,all culverts, cross drains (including their fullycompacted backfill), ditches, drains and drainageoutlets must be done first.b) The subgrade are prepared to the full width ofthe roadway.c) This should be properly graded, compacted andstabilized.

d) In a cut section, the subgrade is the originalsoil lying below the subbase and base materials.e) The subgrade consist of the materials takenfrom nearby roadway cuts or from borrow pit.f) Determine the area of work to be done andcompare it with the program.


1. Prior to the placing of Subbase Course forconcrete pavement, the Subgrade is levelled tothe planned grade. After levelling the roadwaythrough the use of a road grader, this is compactedusing a roadroller. When it is already compacted,the subgrade is now ready to overlay Item 200(Aggregate Subbase Course).2. Prior to commencing preparation of thesubgrade, all culverts, cross drains, ditches anddrainage outlets (including their fully compactedbackfill) is completed.

Scraping the existing road surface is done inorder to set its designed grade. Backfilling orcut could also be done but it depends to theplanned road elevations.

Subgrade Preparation(Item 105)



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The subbase/base course is the materiallaid on top of the subgrade. It consistsof crushed stone or gravel which maysometimes be mixed with either soil orasphalt binders.

How to Assess?

1. Verify the actual area and thickness ofthe compacted road base vis--vis the plan.2. For the materials, the coarse aggregatesshould be provided with right amount ofbinding materials and should be mixeduniformly.3. The sub-base and base materials shouldbe compacted in accordance with thespecifications.4. Verify the source of materials

Types of Subbase Course & BaseCourses

1. The granular base course or untreatedsoil mixture is a road surface describedas gravel road which consists largely ofstone pebbles or crushed rock particlesmixed with either clay, lime or other finematerials to serve as binder.

Characteristics of the subbase / base:

a) should be free of large rocks/stones,b) the full width of the roadway should beproperly prepared/compacted.c) the maximum compacted thicknessis 150mm for each layer. If the requiredthickness is greater than 50mm, thematerials should be spread and compactedin two or more layers of approximatelyequal thickness.d) the road surface should be properlyshaped to prevent water accumulation

within the roadway.e) The subbase and base should be properlyprepared and compacted prior to placingof forms.f) Verify the actual area and thickness ofthe compacted road base vis-a-vis the plan.g) For the materials, the coarse aggregateshould be provided with right amount ofbinding materials and should be mixeduniformly.h) Verify the actual source of materials and

compare it with the approved quarry site.2. The base course is treated with eitherasphalt, lime, portland cement, or othermaterials as binding materials to stabilizethe road bed.Asphalt treatment is applied primarilyto make the road surface waterproof andbinds the granular materials.

Aggregate Subbase Course(Item 200) & AggregateBase Course (Item 201)



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Material Requirements/Process

Aggregates for subbase and base course consistof hard, durable fragments of crushed stones, ornatural gravel and sand or other finely dividedmineral matter.


1. Prior to placing of subbase material, theexisting surface of the road is graded and finishedas provided under subgrade preparation.

2. Sand and gravel are mixed with soil as bindingmaterial for better result when compacted.

3. Spreading - The materials shall be spread bya road grader uniform in thickness. When morethan one layer is required , compaction shouldbe done before the succeding layer is placed.

4. Compaction - The subbase material iswatered with sprinklers mounted on trucks andcompacted through the use of a road roller.or by drying in order to obtain the requiredcompaction. The maximum required thicknessis 6 inches but if it is more than this, theaggregate subbase shall be spread in two ormore layers of approximately equal thickness.Compaction is done to the whole width of theroad including its required shoulder.

5. Item 201 (Aggregate Base Course) is thenplaced over the compacted subbase. The

procedures/methods of construction is the samewith Item 200 (Aggregate Subbase Course).

6. After compaction is done, field density test(FDT) is conducted to the prepared road baseto determine its strength and readidness forconcreting.

Spreading subbase course materials at thedesignated width and length. The maximumthickness of each layer shall not exceed 150mm (6 inches)

Stocking of subbase or base materials are doneat the station limits of the project. Spreadingwill follow with the designed thickness butshould not exceed 150 mm for each layer.


The spread of aggregate subbase course isfollowed by compaction to the full width of theroadway.


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Field Density Test (FDT)

This is a process and method of testingthe compaction strength of the road bed toensures the stability of the foundation/roadbed of the concrete pavement.

How to do FDT?

1. There are instruments to be used in anFDT These are :

a. Crowbarb. Funnel

c. Platform Balanced. Plate with circular hole (w/ specifieddiameter)e. Container with sand

2. Dig a circular hole in the prepared/compacted road bed (w/ specified depth &diameter)

3. Bring the excavated materials to thelaboratory for testing.

4. Secure the result of the laboratory test.

When to do FDT?

1. Field Density Test is done before placingthe forms and pouring of concrete to theprepared road bed.

If the result of the FDT reached almost 100%(soil density), then the road base is now readyfor concrete pouring.

After compaction activity, the materials engineer

conducts Field Density Test (FDT) to the preparedroad base to determine its degree of compaction.

Using tamper in the compaction of road baseis not enough to meet the density required ofa road pavement. It is always suggested thata road roller is used.



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After setting the forms toits grade/ elevation andalignment, any area at theprepared roadbed foundto be higher than the form

bottom is trimmed, and thelower areas is with granularmaterials and thoroughlyrerolled or compacted.

Placing of Forms

Extra care should be exercisedwhen removing forms. Useof appropriate tools such ascrowbars should be strictly

observed. In case any portionof the concrete pavement isdamaged, it should be repairedimmediately with fresh mortarmixed in the proportions of 1part cement and two parts fineaggregates.

Placing of forms for concretepavement shall only be doneafter the subbase and basehad been properly compactedor prepared. At least 100mlength of roadbed shouldbe set with forms aheadof the mixer inorder thatthe concreting will go oncontinuously.



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Erroneous Practices in Base Preparation

Scraping of the other lane foranother round of subgrade/s u b b a s e p r e p a r a t i o n i s amalpractice in road construction.Large vivro-compaction equipmentcould impart crack on the adjoiningconcrete and disturb hardeningwhen concrete is still at its earlystages of ageing. Appropriatecompaction at the proximity of thecenterline is hard to implement asthere are extending dowels.

Big sized aggregates are usedas base course. This will createisolated areas of toughnessthat will induce flexural cracksupon loading. Manually operatedtampers should not be usedfor wide surface consolidationbecause the attainment of thedesired degree of compaction isimposable.

Compaction of the roadbed afterthe installation of side forms is

a construction malpractice. Itwill render the edge short of therequired degree of compaction.The sidewalk will be left looseand susceptible to scouring fromsurface runoff.



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Erroneous Practices in the Placement of Forms

In this photo, the formset is not seated firmly incontact with the base to

conform exactly to thedesign length and grade.

In the photo, the roadb e d w a s n o t w e l lformed indicative of nonapplication of desiredconsolidation. Side formsare part ia l ly d iggedinto the ground denyingthe pavement of the

designed thickness whencompleted.



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Description

This item shall consist of a pavementof Portland Cement Concrete, with orwithout reinforcement, and constructedon the prepared base in accordance withspecifications and in conformity with thelines, grades, thickness and typical cross-sections shown on the plan.

The concrete pavement when properlyconstructed will last for years withrelatively low maintenance cost. A widevariety of concrete pavement designs have

been developed ranging from 8-13 inchesthickness.

Prerequisite of Item 311:Item 105- Subgrade PreparationItem 200- Aggregate Subbase CourseItem 201- Aggregate Base CourseItem 500- Pipe Culverts or Storm Drains

Required Materials

A. Portland CementOnly Type-I Portland Cement shall be usedunless otherwise provided for in the SpecialProvisions. Different brands or the samebrands from different factories shall notbe mixed nor shall they be used alternatelyunless the mix is approved by the Engineer.

B. Fine AggregatesThis consists of natural sand, stonescreenings or other hard, strong anddurable materials approved by the Engineer.

Fine aggregate from different sources ofsupply shall not be mixed or stored in thesame pile nor used alternately in the sameclass of concrete without the approval ofthe Engineer.

C. Surface Course

Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (Item 311)



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C. Coarse AggregateIt shall consist of crushed stones, gravel,or other approved inert materials that arehard, strong, and durable and free from anyadherent coatings.

D. Reinforcing SteelThis must conform to the requirements ofItem 404, Reinforcing Steel. Tie bars shouldbe deformed bars. Dowels are plain roundbars.

E. Water

Water used in mixing, curing or otherdesignated applications are reasonablyclean and free of oil, salt, acid, alkali,grass or other substances injurious to thefinished product. Water which is drinkablemaybe used without test.

F. Joint FillersPoured joint fillers are mixed asphalt andmineral or rubber filler. They have topunched to admit the dowels. The filler foreach joint are furnished in a single placefor the full depth and width required forthe joint.

G. Proportioning, consistency andstrength of concrete

The design mix is based on the absolutevolume method. Specifications requireapproximately 9.0 bags of cement per cubic

meter of concrete based on a 40 kilogramsper bag of cement.

Water used in mixing with concrete should be reasonably clean.



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Process of Concrete Production

Requirements for Successful ConcreteStructure

1. Strength - This is the measure of thecapacity of concrete to carry passingvehicles without failure.2. Resistance to degradation3. Economy

Activities involved in the production ofconcrete (ACI 304R)

1. Measuring ingredients or batching- Measuring ingredients can be done

either through the volumetric method orby weighing ingredients.2. Mixing3. Transporting4. Pouring5. Curing6. Inspection

Steps in the production of concrete

1. Measuring ingredients/BatchingThe ingredients to be measured area. Cementb. Fine aggregatec. Coarse aggregated. Watere. Mixtures

Though all Portland cement are basicallythe same, eight types of cement aremanufactured to meet different physicaland chemical requirements for specificapplications:

a. Type I is a general purpose Portlandcement suitable for most user.

b. Type II is used for structures in wateror soil containing moderate amounts ofsulfate , or when heat build-up is a concern.c. Type III cement provides high strengthat an early stage, usually in a week or less.d. Type IV cement resists heat generated byhydration that is used for massive concretestructure such as dams.e. Type V cement resists chemical attackby soil and water high in sulfate.f. Type IA, IIA & IIIA are cement used tomake air-entrained concrete. They havethe same properties as types, I, II & III

except that they have small quantities ofair-entrained materials combined withthem



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AGGREGATESare riverbed materials suchas sand, gravel or crushed stones whichmust be clean, hard, strong, and durable.Old concrete which has been crushed is afeasible source of aggregate.

The aggregates should be free of absorbedchemicals, coatings of clay, and other finematerials.

Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete aredivided into two distinct categories.

a. Finenatural sand or crushed stone withmost particles passing through a 3/8 inch(9.5mm) sieve.b. Coarseare any particles greater than0.19 inch (4.75mm) but generally rangebetween 3/8 and 1.5 inches (9.5mm to37.5mm) in diameter.

Crushed river stones are wellgraded aggregates and are idealfor a more durable mixture

A metal sieve used to screen river

aggregates



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WATER

Almost any natural water that is drinkableand has no pronounced taste or odor can beused in mixing water for making concrete.Water suitable for making concrete,however may not be fit for drinking.

2. Mixing

Mixing maybe done either manually orthrough a portable mixing machine at the job site or thru a central batching plant.

Proportion of mix is dependent on thestrength and workability requirement ofthe work.

3. Pouring

Concrete pouring shall be continuous upto the last construction joint which areregularly spaced at 4.5m between joints.If there are excess concrete at the end ofthe days works, it maybe placed one-third

or two-thirds of the succeeding block. If itis insufficient to accomplish these lengthsbetter discard.

Tips on working with concrete:

A. Cement:the most common used cementis Portland. It should be dry, powdery andfree of lumps. Store cement away fromdamp floors. Stack the bags close togetherto reduce air circulation.

B. Sand, gravel and water: Theseingredients are commonly combined in a1:2:3 (1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 3 partsgravel) proportion for common application.

The amount of water used to mix ingredientsis the most important factor in determiningthe final strength of the concrete. Usually,between 16 to 24 liters of water is mixedwith each 40 kg bag of cement.

When mixing the ingredients in a transitmixer, add about 10% water. Then graduallyadd water uniformly with the dry materialsleaving another 10% to be added after thedry materials are in the drum. Allow 5 or 6minutes after all the materials are in themixer.



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When mixing by hand; the mixing areamust be both clean and water tight. Use

the following procedure:i. Spread the sand evenly over the mixingarea.ii. Spread the mixture evenly and add thegravel on it and mix it thoroughly. All drymaterials should be thoroughly mixedbefore water is added.iii. Shape dry mix into a pile/cone and form ahollow bowl in the center. Pour some of thewater into the bowl, gradually mixing in thedry mixture until all the water is absorbed.

Re-form the pile and bowl/cone, add andmix more water. Repeat until concrete isready to be poured.

C. Finishing

Once the concrete is poured into the roadbed, its surface should be kept rough byfinishing with a trowel or by lighly brushingor brooming the surface. This is to preventpeople from sliding when the road getswet.

D. Curing

After the road beds are filled, the pavementmust be cured until it reaches the requiredstrength. Forms filled with concrete shouldnot be removed from 18-24 hours to allowenough time for the concrete to set andto prevent premature drying on the side ofthe concrete.

Curing involves keeping the concrete dampso that the chemical reaction that causesits hardening will continue for as long as

necessary.

The best way to keep the concrete dampis to cover it with canvass, empty cementbags, burlap, palm leaves or straw. Thecovering should be kept damp so that it willnot absorb water from the concrete.

In manual mixing, all dry materials likecement and aggregates are thoroughly mixedbefore water is added.

Burlap - one of the many methods of concretecuring whereby a continuous fabric is laid to covera newly concreted road. This is to prevent evapo-ration of moisture of the aging concrete.

Only one lane at a time is poured with concrete fortraffic consideration. For the protection of the newlyconstructed lane, a sign SLOW DOWN is installedand maintained for its protection. The pavementshall be openned to traffic only after curing is at-tained. In the event that the contractor permitstraffic before curing period is attained, any damagethat maybe incurred shall be his accountability.



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How to assess Portland CementConcrete Pavement (Item 311)?

A. Pre-Construction

a. Prior to pouring of concrete, the roadbase should be well-prepared.b. Ensure that there is no excessivecrowning on the base cross-sectionalprofile. This will create a substandardpavement in terms of thickness of the midsection.c. No boulders are laid over the prepared

road base that will lessen the requiredthickness of the pavement.d. The forms should be rested over theprepared base and not embedded in theground.e. Dowel and tie bars are present with theirspecified size and spacing.f. The aggregates are screened. Themaximum size of coarse aggregate (gravel)is 2 1/2 inches.

g) River mix gravel or unsreened aggregatesshould not be used without the approval ofthe engineer.h) Dirty aggregates should not be used.i) Excessive crowning of the base cross-sectional profile. This will createa substandard pavement in terms ofthickness of the mid section. j) Verify for the provision of the specifiedslope/crown of the pavement surface.k) River mix gravel or unscreened

aggregates should not be used withoutthe approval of the engineer.l) Provision of specified tie barsm) Provision of control or weakened planejointsn) Construction joint should be located at1/3 or 2/3 away

B. During Construction

a. The concrete mixture should be ClassA. A bag of cement is mixed with 2 boxesof fine aggregates (sand) and 4 boxes ofcoarse aggregates (gravel).b. Concrete vibrator or concrete screederwith vibrator should be used duringa spreading of concrete to preventhoneycombs.c. Too much water or too wet concretemixture will weaken the structure.d. For every 4.50m length of the pavement,

a contraction joint or weakened plane jointshould be provided.e. For every pouring of concrete, the endof the pavement should be provided withdowel bars spaced at 0.30m O.C.f. Shear key or groove is provided at thecenter line (pavement side) for betterconnection to the other lane.g. Brooming on the pavement surfaceshould be uniform in depth and direction.

The recommended dimension of dowels for joints.



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2. Contraction Joints - These are used to allow for contraction or shrinkage of concreteto prevent cracking. Dummy Contraction joints are cut at a depth of approximately 1/5 ofthe pavements thickness.

Method of MeasurementThe area to be paid for under this item is according to the length measured horizontallyalong the centerline of each roadway.

Types of Joints in Cocrete Roads

1. Expansion Joints- The adjoining slabs permit the concrete to expand as the temperatureincreases. This is provided at right angles to the centerline of the road and should extend

to the full width and depth of slab at a distance, which varies from 18-27 meters.

Illustration of expansion Joints

Cross-section of a span of a concrete pavement



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C. Post Construction

The contractor and implementingagency should see to it that thepavement is not open to trafficuntil the curing period is met.

The monitors should do thefollowing:

a. Check if the programmedquantity and thickness are met;b. The pavement is free fromhoneycombs;c. There are no major cracks likelongitudinal, transversal and criss-cross cracks;d. There is no surface scalinge. All contraction joint or weakenedplane joint are sealed with asphalt.

When the monitors suspect that

the road under construction isof poor quality, they may seekhelp from the Quality AssuranceUnit (QAU) of the DPWH Regionor Central office to conductboring test. Slabs extracted arebrought to a laboratory to test theircompressive strength.

Cross section of a concrete pavement.

Young monitors measuring the accomplishment of the contractorin Denden-Callao road in Villaviciosa, Abra.

QAU officials conducting boring test in specific locations alongAbra-Ilocos Sur road.



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A well-prepared base ready for concrete pouring.

After placing the pavement forms, compaction work at the road base shall only be donefor correction purposes.



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Preparations for Concrete Pavement

Filling of aggregatesin the measuring boxshould be levelled inorder to attain the exactproportion of concretemixture.

If the measuring box beingused for aggregates is notthe prescribed one which is12 inches x 12 inches x 12inches in inside dimension,computing the capacity ofthe container is necessaryto make sure that the

same quantity of coarseaggregates per 1-bag ofcement is met.

Concrete pouring usingtransit mixer.



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Using concrete vibrator in thenewly poured concrete mix isdone to avoid honey combs.

Concrete screeder wi thvibrator is one of the toolsused to level the surface of thepavement.

A monitor is checking the groove

dimension for compliance with shearkey provision. The tie bars link theseparately poured lanes.



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Erroneous Practices in Concrete Works

Unscreened aggregates do notconform to the required ratio offine and coarse aggregates.

Too much gravel bedding willdiminish the thickness of thepavement thus diminishing itsflexural strength. It Concretealso results into a differentialcost as the gravel bed is cheaperthan the concrete it displaced.

Concrete mixing using 1-baggermixer. The aggregates usedare unscreened. It is advisablethat the aggregates to be usedare screened inorder to meetthe required size diversity ofthe coarse aggregate necessaryto produce the benef ic ia lcharacteristic of the hardenedconcrete.



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Erroneous Practices in Concrete Works

The road beds are laid withboulders thus lessening theconcrete mix poured intothe pavement. This affectsnot only the strength of thepavement but also its life

span and cost with the costunrecoverable.

No concrete stopper is placedat the end of the pavement. Thiswill affect the proper pavementjoints for future connection.



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Erroneous Practices in Concrete Pavement

Bamboo was used as moulderfor shear key thus resultingto an irregular shape anddepth of the groove.

The roadbed was not levellednor cleared of protruding

stones prior to the placingof forms. The pavementform was embedded into theground resulting into a thinnerpavement which is short of therequired thickness.

Shear key



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Common/Major Defects in Concrete Pavement

Transversal crack in the picturedpavement is caused by poorlycompacted sub-base and base beforethe pouring of the concrete. For a

major defect such as this, the wholespan should be removed and replaced.

Major longitutidinal crack as picturedis caused by poor preparation ofsub-base and base coarse. To a moreserious degree, longitudinal crack iscause by an occurence of a poor strataunderneath. This defect calls forthe removal and replacement of theconcrete pavement as well as stratatreatment.

Scaling as shown in the picture can becaused by any of the following:

- insufficient cement- poor quality of aggregates used- premature opening of the pavementto traffic

For major scaling, the pavement isrecommended to be removed andreplaced.



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Common/Major Defects in Concrete Pavement

This picture shows improperbrooming of a concretepavement. Brooming shouldbe regular in space, depthand direction.

Severe honeycombs arevisible on the pavement side.This might be due to non-useof concrete vibrator. Thistype of defect will affect the

strength or quality of thepavement.

Major scaling on thepavement surface might bedue to insufficient cementratio or the pavement wasopened to traffic beforethe concrete curing period.This defect calls fora remove and replaceorder.



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Bituminous Pavement

The bituminous pavement is a combinationof mineral aggregates and bituminousbinders.

There is only one thing to remember: abituminous road is asphalt road.

Qualities of a good asphalt road

1. The surface must be free from cracks orshrinkage.

2. It must withstand weather conditionbrought about by water, heat, cold, andoxidation.3. It must be resistant to internal moisturesuch as water vapor.4. It must possess a tight surface5. It must be smooth riding with skid freesurface.

The durability of an asphalt pavement liesor depends much upon the construction of

the subgrade and the base course.

Asphalt Concrete Pavement

Asphalt concrete is the highest type ofdense bituminous pavement suitable forthe most heavily traveled roads.

A prime coat is applied over untreated and

treated base before asphalt concrete is laid.The purpose is to bind any loose particles ofthe base and likewise act as a bond betweenthe base and the pavement to deter risingmoisture from penetrating the pavement.

The thickness of a compacted asphaltconcrete ranges from 2 inches for lightly

traveled road to 6 inches or more for roadswhere traffic is heavy.

Base Preparation

Before spreading the aggregate, the base isbe cleaned of all loose foreign materials. Inthe case of previously constructed asphaltsurface, the existing base is swept until thesurface is free of mud or other covering.

A prime coat is applied to the prepareduntreated base or in the case of previously

constructed asphalt or cement surface,tack coat is applied to improve the adhesionbetween the base and the surface course).

When new aggregate is to be used for theroad to mix surface course, the existingsurface have scarified lightly and bladed touniform grade and to cross section shownon plans and then rolled or watered asdirected.

Surface Treatment

The surface treatment is a method ofupgrading or rejuvenating an existingpavement. The asphalt overlay is one ofthe surface treatments commonly used.

Asphalt Overlay

Overlay is a layer of asphalt laid on an

existing pavement. The purpose is tostraighten out a distorted surface or tocover cracks and joints of the pavements.Overlay thickness could be from 50mm to150mm.



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Description

T h i s i t e m c o n s i s t sof the construction orreconstruction of pipeculverts and storm

d r a i n s , o f t e n t i m e sreferred to as conduits.Culverts are reinforcedconcrete drainage havingdimensions of 0.30mto 2.0m