CCDD Rules and RegulationsTraining Seminar

PID/FID Equipment - Use and Calibration

EquipmentPat Maloney

J & M Instruments

Field Use at CCDD FacilitiesMatt Vondra

Bluff City Materials

PID/FID EquipmentUse and Calibration

AGENDA

Presentation on PID and FID Technology

Demonstration of TVA (FID-PID)

Demonstration of RAE PIDs

Questions And Answers

PID/FID Equipment

PID/FID EquipmentUse and Calibration

Section 1100.205 Load CheckingThe owner or operator must institute and conduct a load checking program designed to detect attempts to dispose of waste at the facility. At a minimum, the load checking program must consist of the following components:

a) Routine Inspections1) An inspector designated by the facility must inspect every load before its acceptance at the facility utilizing an elevated structure, a designated ground level inspection area, or another acceptable method as specified in the Agency permit. In addition to a visual inspection, the inspector must use an instrument with a photo ionization detector utilizing a lamp of 10.6eV or greater or an instrument with a flame ionization detector, or other monitoring devices approved by the Agency, to inspect each load. All instruments shall be interpreted based on the manufacturer’s margin of error. Any reading in excess of background levels using any of these instruments must result in the rejection of the inspected load. In addition, any reading in excess of background levels on any monitoring device used by the Agency during an Agency inspection must result in the rejection of the inspected load.

PID/FID Equipment

Introduction to FID and PID gas monitor equipment and practical considerations for

field use

Pat MaloneyJ & M Instrument Co.(219) 924-4545 x104

PID/FID Equipment

MSA• Permanent & Portable Gas Monitors for Toxics & Combustible Gases• Refrigerant Monitors, Confined Space Meters & Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

SERVOMEX• Gas Analyzers for ProcessControl, Combustion, & Environmental• Features Paramagnetic 02 – Insitu Combustion CO &/or O2 & Photometric IR/UV

THERMO (including the former Foxboro TVA)• Industrial Mass Spec for Fast On Line Analysis of Process, Safety and Environmental Applications• On Line Sulfur for Gas & Refining

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YOKOGAWA• Process Analyzers for Combustion O2, Gas Chromatography, NDIR and Gas Density

RAE• Portable Gas Monitors for Toxic and Explosive Gasses - Specialists in PID Technology, Including Benzene & Butadiene Specific Portables

PID/FID Equipment

Basic Theory: Sample is introduced into an ionization chamber and exposed to an ultraviolet lamp of a specific energy. The photons of UV energy excites the sample and ions (less than or equal IP to lamp) are attracted to a collecting electrode. The collection of the ions result in an increase current which is proportional to the concentration of the compound (compared to a known calibration standard). The sample exits the system unaltered.

Photo Ionization Detection (PID)

PID/FID Equipment

Diagram of PID

PID/FID Equipment

Basic Theory: Sample is introduced into an ionization chamber and burned in a hydrogen flame. This process separates free ions (from hydrogen and carbon bonded – “hydrocarbons”) which in turn are attracted to a collecting electrode. The collection of the ions result in an increase current which is proportional to the concentration of the compound (compared to a known calibration standard). The by-products of the process are H2O and CO2.

Flame Ionization Detection (FID)

PID/FID Equipment

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Diagram of FID

PID/FID Equipment

Advantages FID Wide dynamic and linear range

(0-50,000 ppm or 5% which is 100% LEL as Methane)

Highly sensitive to hydrocarbon vapors

Can See Methane

Very stable and repeatable (with generally tighter correction factors vs PID)

Unaffected by ambient levels of water vapor

PID/FID Equipment

Requires H2 Fuel Source

Requires 16 % 02 for reading (so has Flameout Issues)

Size and Weight

Sees Methane (not really toxic – can interfere with seeing gas of interest)

More Complex Unit (Calibration & Operation - Cost and Maintenance)

Can NOT See Inorganics

Disadvantages FID

PID/FID Equipment

Size and Weight (Newer Models) and Simplicity of Use

No support gases required (works in inert conditions – no O2)

Better low end sensitivity (PPB – newer models)

Non-destructive detector (allows sample collection)

Can measure many inorganic compounds (NH3 for exam)

Sensitive to aromatic, chlorinated & unsaturated hydrocarbons

Immune to (does not see) Methane

Easier and Less Costly to Maintain (newer models – have less expensive and more accessible lamps and detectors)

Advantages PID

PID/FID Equipment

Typically sufficient range – but lower range than FID

(0-2000/10,000 ppm and looses linearity at higher ranges)

Limited to reading gasses at/below Ionization Potential of the

UV lamp installed (typically 10.6 – though 11.7 and 9.8 exist)

Affected by Moisture: 95% RH may reduce reading 25-30%

(New models do allow for dryer tubes– 15/30 minute run time)

Based on my field experience, beware the claim for moisture

immunity/compensation of some PID manufacturers.

Disadvantages PID

PID/FID Equipment

IP and Lamps IEPA requires 10.6 minimum (best lamp)

9.8 reduced survey capability

11.7 expanded range

Quickly degrades – less stable

short life

PID/FID Equipment

CENTURY® TVA1000B

PID/FID Equipment

Internal Packaging

PID/FID Equipment

Diagram of Dual System

PID/FID Equipment

CCDD Rules and Regulations

PID/FID Field Use and Calibration

Concerns Under CCDD Rules and Regulations

PID/FID Field Use

Filed Use of FID and PID gas monitor equipment at CCDD Facilities

Concerns Under CCDD Rules and Regulations

Matt VondraBluff City Materials

PID/FID

PID - Photoionization DetectorFID - Flame Ionization Detector Both are sensitive air monitoring devices Air stream pumped through detector so gases can be

analyzed Unit ionizes hydrocarbon compounds carried in the sample

air stream Ionized compounds are converted by unit into an

approximate concentration when compared to a known standard

Does not distinguish one type of compound from another

PID/FID Field Use

PID/FID Operation Calibration

Calibrate to zero using hydrocarbon free air Calibrate using 100ppm isobutylene gas

Screen CCDD materials by sampling vapors emanating off the material

Hydrocarbons found in the material will volatilize and be detected through the sample air stream

Detector will give approximate concentration in parts per million (ppm)

PID/FID Field Use

PID/FID Field Use

Place the tip of the PID near the edge of the material collected with the sampling device

Record the peak measurement shown on the PID If the PID shows a reading greater than the margin

of error, the material could be contaminated and that load should be rejected

Results must be documented

PID/FID Field Use

PID/FID Field Use

PID/FID Field Use

PID/FID Field Use

Important Considerations

Thoroughly review and understand manual Unit response time is usually within a few seconds Manufacturer provides a statement of the

sensitivity/accuracy of the device Routine maintenance is needed and should be

documented Charging Inlet filter change out Lamp change out

PID/FID Field Use

Important Considerations Environmental Factors which may affect reading

accuracy Temperature and humidity extremes Rain and sunlight Moisture and solids introduced into detector

through air sampling pump Can purchase an outside filter to minimize the

environmental factors that could affect accuracy of readings

PID/FID Field Use

PID/FID Alternatives IEPA allows for the approval of alternate devices

Field GC/MS – gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer - screens for the presence of metals

estimated $35,000 per XRF analyzer

PID/FID Field Use

Calibrating PID/FID for Background Levels PID/FID devices should be calibrated daily using

the manufacturer’s suggested gas May calibrate several times throughout the day to

account for any fluctuations in readings due to weather conditions

Calibration should occur at the CCDD inspection site

The device has a margin of error of +/- 0.1 ppm

PID/FID Field Use

Calibration StepsEach morning the inspector should:

1. Calibrate the device

2. Establish background levels

3. Apply the margin of error to determine the “rejection” threshold and record this number

4. Utilize this number when determining which loads are accepted/rejected

* See Sample Calibration Log

PID/FID Field Use

PID/FID Calibration Log

PID/FID Instrument Background Level Log

Date: _________________ Time: _________

Inspector: ____________________________

Site: ________________________________

Calibrated Background Level: _______________

Margin of Error: +/-_________________________

Rejection Threshold: 0 + margin of error = _________

Notes: __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

PID/FID Field Use

Issues Worth Additional Discussion

Sample preparation

How to deal with Back Ground measurements

PID Calibration Demonstration

PID/FID Equipment

Sample Conditioning Considerations Sample Conditioning – Concepts for improved results – not required

procedures (to my knowledge)

You want a warm representative sample(s) to test – to get better results

Cold Weather – seal off sample and raise temperature if possible (less of an issue in warm weather – but could be standardized as a procedure.

Get a sample from the center – not just a pass at the top

As easy as a Zip lock bag by floor board heater 5 min – or similar SAFE temperature increase – leave sufficient head space to test.

PID/FID Equipment

How to deal with background I have long proposed to industrial users (LDAR)

to always use a real baseline ZERO – and to include the background as part of their readings. They may have more room for inclusion than will work for CCDD applications. However, I remain a big fan of starting from a baseline ZERO and if needed – log the background and report that against the reading.

PID/FID Equipment

Zeroing out the background If you ever need to explain your numbers – people will

understand a logged offset that was recorded against the reading. (The instrument reported ZERO on the Zero gas – we noted 3 to 4 ppm background and the unit reported 12 ppm sample headspace (9 ppm actual difference after accounting for lowest average background).

Now imagine explaining that same 9 ppm after site personnel ZEROs to the back ground (unrecorded).

Baseline ZERO is simpler to maintain and explain

PID/FID Equipment

PID Cal DemoUse of Demand Flow Reg (bags used FIDs)

USE ZERO GAS (not background)

Span to Isobutylene 100 ppm

Marker Cap field check – not marker

PID/FID Equipment

MiniRAE 2000: PID Sensor Inspect sensor for damage and replace to rectify the following conditions:

Bent electrode “fingers” Teflon mask warped so that sensing electrode shows Electrodes not in the same plane If problems persist, replace PID sensor

Bent Electrode

Teflon Mask Warped

Straight Electrodes with mask removed for clarity

PID/FID Equipment

Maintenance Clean PID Lamp & Sensor

When display creeps upwards after good zero

When PID responds to moisture When movement of PID results in

response on display

No dirt build-up to foster a decrease in airspace resistance

Clean Sensor

Bias Electrode

Sensing Electrode

Dirty Sensor

Bias Electrode

Sensing Electrode

Dirt build-up absorbs water and breaks down airspace resistance leading to sensor “leakage” or moisture response

PID/FID Equipment

Maintenance Humidity Check

Cup hand over inlet or breathe into inlet for 10-20 seconds

Do not block flow If M2K reads >2 ppm or

ppbRAE reads >500 ppb, then the sensor needs cleaning

PID/FID Equipment

Maintenance

How to Clean PID Sensor Always clean sample probe and replace or clean

filters FIRST! If PID holds a stable zero after this step then further cleaning may not be necessary

Use anhydrous methanol (Lamp cleaning solution), never use water

Clean lamp face with lens tissue – do not touch with your bare hands

PID/FID Equipment

Maintaining PID Sensor Cleaning the PID Sensor

Clean sensor by immersion in cleaning solution

Do not loosen or remove screws on PID sensor

Remove the o-ring from the PID sensor

If Ultrasonic Cleaner is not available

Immerse in cleaning solution and agitate by hand

Drying the PID Sensor Let air dry overnight Warm air (not hot) will speed

drying

PID/FID Equipment

Humidity Filtering II Tubes

Temporary relief for a dirty sensor Dries sample gas for about ½ hour Measure VOCs; multiple sample use OK Useful for gasoline and chlorinated solvents CAUTION: May cause low response for some compounds or at

low temperature or concentration

Humidity Filtering II Tube(10-pack, p/n 025-2002-010)

Tube Tip Breaker

Tube Adapter(p/n 025-3002-000)

Flex-I-Probe(p/n 021-2400-100)

PID/FID Equipment

General Calibration Procedure

Prior to daily use, it is good practice to perform a Fresh Air/Zero Calibration

After Calibration, test for moisture response If readings increase more than 5ppm, clean lamp & sensor

If readings do not increase higher than 5ppm, continue with pump stall test

If unit passes, test pump to verify it will stall, if pump does not stall, service the pump Check Stall Threshold Check tubing Clean/rebuild pump or replace

PID/FID Equipment

MiniRAE 2000 Top Assembly

Filter history Green dust filter was

originally used, but proved not to work effectively

“C” filter was used next but proved to absorb too many VOCs

Now only porous metal filter is used

Lamp Housing

1 1/8” O’Ring

PID Sensor

Porous Metal Filter

3/8” O’Ring

Sensor Adapter

Lamp Housing Cap

Housing

PID/FID Equipment

Inside the MiniRAE 2000

PID/FID Equipment

Questions?

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