ccfi sponsored “doubling food production in five years” feb 1-3, 2013 role of pesticides in food...
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CCFI sponsored “Doubling Food
Production in Five Years” Feb 1-3, 2013
Role of Pesticides in Food
grain ProductionG T Gujar
Division Of Entomology
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi
“No amount of technologies or external assistance can feed a nation
that does not itself prioritize food security and agriculture” and Feeding the world has been possible because of
agricultural technology”
Norman Borlaug.
Estimation of crop losses due to insect pests
Crops Yield loss (million tonnes)
Monetary value of estimated loss
(million rupees)
Rice 32.2 240138
Cotton 18.9 339660
Oilseeds 4.2 61000
Pulses 2.6 43551
Rapeseed- mustard 1.5 26100
Wheat 4.1 41368
Sugarcane 87.1 70667
Total Crop losses are estimated at Rs 9,00,000 million (Rs 90,000 Crores)
Source – Economic Survey – 2009-10
Dhaliwal et al., 2010
Integrated pest control is a pest management system that, in the context of
associated environment and population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques
and methods in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest population at level below those
causing economic injury
(FAO, 1972)
Government of IndiaGovernment of IndiaThe national agricultural policy (para 24) The national agricultural policy (para 24) (1985) has laid special emphasis on IPM: (1985) has laid special emphasis on IPM:
“……Integrated pest management and use of “……Integrated pest management and use of biotic agents in order biotic agents in order to minimize the to minimize the indiscriminate and injudicious use of indiscriminate and injudicious use of
chemical pesticides,chemical pesticides, which would be the which would be the cardinal principle covering plant protection” cardinal principle covering plant protection”
Pesticide Use in Different Countries
World –Pesticide Production : 2.2 million ton worth $ 43 billion
India-4th largest producer
Pesticide Usage and Crop Productivity in different countries
Pesticide consumption & Rice or Corn Yield in different countries-2010
Consumption of Pesticides in India(1955-2001)
Insecticides Usage in Principal crops
Crops No. of insecticides registered
(as on 31/11/2012 )
Groups which belongs OC OP Carbamates Others
Rice 62 1 24 7 30
Cotton 79 2 17 6 54
Vegetables
59 3 22 6 28
Wheat 13 0 7 1 5Soybean 9 0 8 1 0
Total 222 6 78 21 117
Source: Compiled from Crop wise directory of CIB
Herbicides usage in Principal crops
Crops No. of Herbicides registered Groups which belongs
Phenoxy Aryloxy -phenoxy
propinate
Chloro-acetamide
Sulfonyl urea
Urea Thio-carbamates
others
Rice 35 3 3 6 8 0 0 15
Wheat 21 4 5 0 3 2 1 6
Soybean 16 0 5 2 1 0 0 8
Cotton 10 0 2 2 0 1 0 5
Potato 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
Total 85 8 15 10 12 3 1 36
Source: Compiled Source: Crop wise directory of CIB
Fungicides usage in Principal crops Crops No. of
Fungicides
registered
Groups which belongs
DMI MBI MBC Dithiocarmates
Phosphothiolates
phenylureas
others
Rice 30 7 3 2 4 1 1 12
Potato 21 1 0 1 7 0 0 12
Grapes 35 7 0 3 3 1 0 21Wheat 13 5 0 3 3 0 0 2
Soybean 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
vegetables 23 0 0 3 7 0 0 13
Apple 24 5 0 2 0 0 4 13
Total 149 28 3 14 24 2 5 73
Source: Compiled from Crop wise directory of CIB
DMI – Demethylation Inhibitors; MBI – melatin Biosynthesis Inhibitors; MBC – Methyl benzimidazole carbamates
Pesticide Usage in different States in India (2009-10)
Crop Avoidable loss % Cost benefit Ratio
Cotton 49-90 1:7
Rice 25-51 1:7
Mustard 35-75 1:12
Groundnut 29-42 1:26
Maize 20-25 1:3
Sugarcane 8-23 1:13
Pulses 40-88 1:4
Vegetables 36-60 1:3-14
Fruits 20-35 1:3
Cost benefit Ratio of pesticide use
Pesticide Use and Cotton Productivity in India
Jassid Control and Productivity in Bt cotton
Treatments % reduction over control at 10 DAT**
Seed cotton yield ( q/ha)
Fipronil 5% SC 70.9 (57.50)a 13.5
Spirotetramat 150 OD 42.6 (40.63)de 9.3
Imidacloprid 70% WG 50.0 (45.01) cd 11.1
Buprofezin 25% SC 59.4 (50.51)b 12.2
Spiromesfin 240% SC 46.0 (42.68)de 10.1
Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 37.2 (37.43)g 8.6
Acephate 75% SP 53.0 (46.78)c 11.4
Control( untreated) - 7.2
*Figures in parentheses are angular tranformed values, Numbers followed by same superscript are not statistically different.
Ramalakshmi et al 2012
Control of mirid bug and productivity in Bt cotton
Treatments g or ml/Lit Seed cotton yield (q/ha)
Net Returns ( Rs./ha)
IBC ratio
Acephate 75 WP( 1.0g) 16.18a 41586 19.80:1.00
Fipronil 5 SC( 1.0 ml) 12.11e 30497 13.86:1.00
Nimbecidine 0.03% EC (3.0 ml)
10.95f 27405 12.68:1.00
P..lecanii WP (1×108conidia/ml)(1.0g)
9.68h 24536 15.33:1.00
Profenophos 50 EC (2.0 ml) 14.17b 34899 10.38:1.00
Buprofezin 25 SC(0.5 ml) 12.49d 31223 12.48:1.00
Untreated check 8.17i - -
Reference: Sugandi & Mallapur (2011)
0500
1000150020002500300035004000 3471 3640 3529 3360
2781
Yield (kg/ha)
Control of Insect pests and crop yield of Pusa Basmati 1401 during kharif 2010
Control of planthopper and crop yield of Pusa Basmati 1401 during kharif 2011
Control of insect pests and productivity in okra during kharif 2009
TreatmentYield (t/ha)
Yield gain over
control (t/ha)
Net profit(Rs./ha)
Econeem - Fipronil - Cartap hydrochloride
3.70 1.34 12960.00
Acetamiprid - Fipronil - Cartap hydrochloride
3.75 1.39 14040.00
Thiamethoxam - Fipronil - Cartap hydrochloride
3.77 1.41 14240.00
Control 2.36 - -
* Market price : Okra – Rs. 12/kg; **Cost of input includes cost of labour, insecticides, appliances etc. Rakesh Sharma
Pesticide use in Pigeon pea yield and avoidable losses
Treatments Total pod damage
(%)
Avoidable losses
(%)
Yield (q/ha) Additional Yield (q/ha)
Carbosulphan 25 EC
31.1 30.3 15.23 4.64
Acetamiprid 20WP
21.6 30.2 15.20 4.60
Indoxacarb 14.5 SC
34.0 26.7 14.48 3.88
Methomyl 40 SP
38.8 25.3 14.19 3.49
Imidacloprid 17.8 EC
18.3 42.7 18.51 7.91
Dimethoate 25 EC
27.0 37.7 17.01 6.42
Control 63.3 - 10.59 -
Reference: Mishra et al 2012
Scirtothrips dorsalis management different IPM modules of Capsicum (2009-10)
Modules Mean number of
thrips/ 5 leaves (Days after spray)
% Leaf curl (Days after spray)
Module –I 1.0 47.9
Module- II 0.45 25.0
Module-III 1.2 47.9
(Nandini et al 2011)
Module-I : profenophos – abamectin - NSKE 5% - Verticillium lecanii – fenazaquin – profenophos - abamectin & NSKE 5%;Module-II : Imidacloprid - abamectin + dimethoate – acephate – dicofol + imidacloprid – dimethoate + imidacloprid – imidacloprid + abamectin – Dicofol + fenazaquin & abamectin;Module-III : Imidacloprid – Verticillium lecanii – dimethoate + dicofol – dicofol – neem – abamectin – thiamethoxan & Verticillium lecanii.
Treatment Yield (q/ha) (Rs/ha)
Gross Returns (Rs/ha)
Cost of Cultivation (Rs/ha)
Net profit (Rs/ha)
C:B ratio
Ground-nut
Trap /Intercrop
Module I(Groundnut+sunflower; N.rileyi+NSKE)
30.02 5.0 86,300.00 16110.00 70,190.00 1:4.3
Module II(Groundnut+ foxtail millet; emamectin)
39.95 4.5 1,07,525.00 17,675.00 89,850.00 1:5.1
Module III(farmer’s practice-only Quinalphos)
20.00 - 50000.00 16,510.00 33,490.00 1:2.0
Economics of IPM modules in Groundnut during kharif 2009
(Yambhatnel et al., 2011)
Combination products
for wide range of pest specieshigher efficacy
resistance management
• 12 insecticide mixtures for insect control• 17 fungicide mixtures for disease control • 7 herbicide mixtures registered for weed control
Insecticide Mixtures for BSFB in Brinjal-- KHARIF 2010
Insecticide Schedules Dose (a.i./ha) Percent Damage(W/W)
Triazophos 350 18.84 (25.69)
Triazophos 700 14.97 (22.52)
Deltamethrin 10 21.35 (27.43)
Deltamethrin 20 16.96 (24.25)
Mixtures of the above insecticides
Triazophos + deltamethrin
360 19.59 (26.24)
Triazophos + deltamethrin
720 8.44 (16.76)
Control 27.07 (31.33)
C.D. (0.05) 5.42
Insect Resistance Management
Insecticide Resistance is Ubiquitous
More than 500 insect and mite species have evolved resistance
Cost of pesticide resistance is estimated at $ 1 billion annually
IRM
• Cotton bollworms, Jassids, whitefly, planthoppers resistant to conventional insecticides
• Diamondback moth resistance
• Mohan and Gujar (2003): Crop Protection 22;495– DBM has shown very high degree of resistance to
Fenvalerate (20,000 ppm-3%)
– Flufenoxuron (18,000 ppm-28%)
– Fipronil (505-fold)
– Cartap (24-fold)
IRM in cottonEconomics of cotton production in the IRM/Farmer Practice.
Particulars Pooled ( 2005 & 06)
IRM FP
Average yield ( q/ha.) 21.0 19.6
% increase in yield over Non-IRM villages 7.01 -
No. of sprays 5.0 8.5
% decrease in spray over Non-IRM villages 40.95 -
Cost of spray( Rs./ha.) 2552.5 4162.5
Reduced cost over Non-IRM villages(Rs./ha.)
1610 -
C:B ratio 1:3.25 1:2.69
Net profit ( Rs./ha.) 28277.5 24032.5
Net profit over Non-IRM villages( Rs./ha.) 4245.0 -
Reference : Bajya et al( 2010)
Sustainable Crop Productivity in Action
Bt Insecticidal toxins-Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab; Cry1C; Cry1F and Vip
Herbicide use on herbicide tolerant crops like soybean, cotton, corn and canola
SoybeanCotton
Transgenics too compliment Pesticide Use and Pest management
Trait Area (m ha)2008
Area (mha) 2010
Herbicide tolerant
79 93.9
Double & triple stacked
26.9 42.2
Insect resistant
19.1 23.9
Total 125 160 m ha
Trait $ million in 2007
$ million in 2010
Herbicides 16,801 17,597
Insecticides 9,367 11,042
Fungicides 8,293 10,565
Others 1,722 1,956
Yield Improvement Potential (%)
28% prevented losses due to pest, weeds & diseases
42% actual losses due to pests, weeds & diseases
30% further losses due to drought, heat, cold, salinity
Source: Bayer Cropscience research, Emkay research
Use of safe and effective pesticides in judicious manner in conjunction with agronomic practices
Pesticide combinations to achieve wide spectrum of activity and economy
Pesticide use for Insect Resistance management and as a component of IPM
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Thanks
Thanks to
Organizers –CCFI, New Delhi
Director and Jt Director (R), IARI, Dr. Vinay KaliaDr. Rakesh SharmaDr. Subhash ChanderDr. ShankarganeshDr. SujithraResearchers and Students