ccna dis1 - chapter01_personal computer hardware [compatibility mode]

8/3/2019 CCNA Dis1 - Chapter01_Personal Computer Hardware [Compatibility Mode]

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Chapter 1 - Personal Computers andApplications

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Objectives

Identify the purpose and uses of personal computers anddescribe local and network applications.

Compare and contrast different types of computingdevices.

Explain the binary representation of data. Determine appropriate components and peripheral devicesto meet requirements.

Install, verify, and upgrade computer components andperipherals.

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How and where computers are used

Computers are used all over the world and in all types of environments. These computers can be integrated into devices such as televisions,

cash registers, sound systems, and other electronic devices




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Computers may be of different sizes and processing power, butall computers have some features in common.




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Hardware - the physical components, both internal and external,that make up a computer.

Operating System - a set of computer programs that managesthe hardware of a computer.

Application Software - programs loaded on the computer toperform a specific function using the capabilities of the computer




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Local and network applications

Applications can be divided into two general categories:

Business/Industry Software - Software designed for use by a specificindustry or market.

General Use Software - Software used by a wide range oforganizations and home users for various purposes.




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Local and network applications

An application can be classified as local or networked.




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Types of computers

There are many different types of computers available including:




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Types of computers server

Server: Servers are high performance computers used in businessesand other organizations. Servers provide services to many end users

or clients.

Server hardware is optimized for quick response time to multiplenetwork requests. Servers have multiple Central Processing Units

(CPUs), large amounts of Random Access Memory (RAM) andmultiple high capacity disk drives that provide very fast informationretrieval




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Types of computers server




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Types of computers Desktops

Desktops support many options and capabilities. There is another type of computer that may look similar to a

desktop, but is much more powerful: the workstation.




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Types of computers Workstations

Workstations are high-powered business computers Workstations have multiple CPUs, large amounts of RAM and

multiple, high-capacity disk drives that are very fast




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Types of computers Portable devices

Laptop or notebook PC- They are comparable to desktops in usage and processing capability.

However, they are portable devices built to be lightweight and use lesspower, with a built-in mouse, monitor and keyboard.

- They are also not as easily upgradeable as the desktop.




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Types of computers Portable devices

Other portable devices, such as PDAs or pocket PCs, have lesspowerful CPUs and less RAM. They have small screens with limiteddisplay capabilities and may have a small input keyboard.




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Representing information Digitally

Within a computer, information is represented and stored ina digital binary format.

The term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit andrepresents the smallest piece of data.

A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or azero digit (0) Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret

letters, numbers and special characters with bits.

A commonly used code is the American Standard Code forInformation Interchange (ASCII).




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Measuring Data storage Capacity

While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit ofdigital storage is the byte.

A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of measure (UOM) used torepresent data storage capacity

When referring to storage space, we use the terms bytes (B), kilobytes

(KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).




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Measuring Speed, Resolution and Frequency

Commonly used media are: Cables, which use pulses of electricity through copper wires

Fiber optics, which use pulses of light over fibers made from glassor plastic

Wireless, which uses pulses of low-power radio waves.




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The data rate determines how long it will take to transfer a file. Data transfer rates are measured in thousands of bits per second

(kbps) or millions of bits per second (Mbps).

Download time




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In addition to storage capacity and data transfer speed, there are otherunits of measure when working with computers.

Computer Screen Resolution

Analog Frequencies




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Computer System

The components and peripherals that make up thecomputer system.




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Computer System - Preassembled Computer

Advantages:Lower cost

Adequate to perform most applications

No waiting period for assembly

Typically used by less knowledgeable consumers whodo not require special needs

Disadvantages:

Often lack the performance level that can be obtainedfrom custom built computer




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Computer System - Custom Built Computer

Advantages:The end-user can specify exact components that meet

user needs

Generally support higher performance applications such

as graphics, gaming, and server applications

Disadvantages:Generally more costly than a preassembled device

Longer waiting periods for assembly




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Motherboard

A motherboard is a large circuit board used to connect the electronicsand circuitry required which comprise the computer system




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Motherboard

When selecting a motherboard it must: Support the selected CPU type and speed

Support the amount and type of system RAM required by theapplications

Have sufficient slots of the correct type to accept all required

interface cards Have sufficient interfaces of the correct type




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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU, or processor, is the nerve center of the computer system. Itis the component that processes all of the data within the machine.




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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Important factors when selecting a CPU are the processor speed andbus speed.

Processor Speed Processor speed measures how fast a CPU cycles information. It is

generally measured in MHz or GHz.

Bus Speed CPUs transfer data between various types of memory on the

system board during its operation. The pathway for this movementof data is called the bus.




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RAM

RAM is a type of data storage used in computers. It is used to storeprograms and data while being processed by the CPU.

Stored data is accessed in any order, or at random, as needed. Allcomputer programs run from RAM.

When power is removed from the computer, any data stored in RAM is

lost.




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Adapter Cards

Adapter cards add functionality to a computer system. Some of the more common adapter cards include:

Video cards

Sound cards

Network interface cards

Modems

Interface cards

Controller cards




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Storage Devices

They are known as non-volatile storage. Many types of non-volatile storage are available for computer systems

including:

Magnetic storage devices

Optical storage devices

Static memory (flash) drives




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Storage Devices - Magnetic Storage

Magnetic storage devices are the most common form found incomputers. They include:

Hard disk drives

Floppy drives

Tape drives




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Storage Devices - Optical Drives

Optical storage devices use laser beams to record information bycreating differences in optical density.

Read only: CD, DVD

Write once: CD-R, DVD-R

Write many: CD-RW, DVD-RW




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Storage Devices - Static Memory and Memory Sticks

Static memory devices use memory chips to store information. Thisinformation is retained even after power is turned off. They connect to aUSB port on the computer and offer capacities of 128 MB or more.

These devices are known as USB memory keys or flash drives




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Peripheral devices

A peripheral is a device that is added to the computer toexpand its capabilities.

Peripheral devices are connected externally to thecomputer using a specialized cable or wireless connection.




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Peripheral devices

They can fit into one of four categories: Input devices - trackball, joystick, scanner, digital camera,

digitizer, barcode reader, microphone

Output devices - printer, plotter, speakers, headphones

Storage devices - secondary hard drive, external CD/DVD

devices, flash drives Networking - external modems, external NIC




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Case and Power Supplies




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Case and Power Supplies - Surge Suppressor

A surge suppressor is designed to remove voltage spikes and surgesfrom the power line and prevent them from damaging a computersystem. They are relatively inexpensive and easy to install.




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Case and Power Supplies - UPS

A UPS is a device that continually monitors the power to a computersystem and maintains the charge on an internal battery. If the power isinterrupted, the UPS provides backup power to the system withoutinterruption.




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Safety and Best Practices




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Installing components and verifying operation

The following procedures apply to most system components.

1. Determine if the computer component is hot-swappable. 2. Attach a grounding strap from your body to the system framework, or

chassis, to prevent any damage which may be caused by ESD.

3. If replacing a component, remove the old component. 4. Check the connection type on the new component. 5. Place the new component in the correct connection slotFollow safety precautions throughout the process.




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Once the component has been added or upgraded, close the case andreconnect the power and other cables. Switch on the system andwatch for any messages that may appear on the screen.

Certain components require the addition of a specialized piece ofsoftware, or driver, to function.




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Once installed, the component should be tested for completefunctionality.




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Installing Peripherals and Verifying Operation




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Summary

Computers are used all over the world and in all types of environmentsincluding: government, medical, education, manufacturing, legal andleisure.

There are many different types of computers available including:Mainframes, Servers, Desktop PCs, Workstations, Laptops and Hand-held portable devices.

Data is represented by binary digits (bits) organized into bytes (B),kilobytes (kB ), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).Data transfer rates are measured by bits per second. Computer screenresolution is measured in pixels. Analog frequencies, wirelesstransmissions and radio frequencies are measured in Hertz.

Things to consider when purchasing a computer: Motherboard, CPU,RAM, Adapter Cards, Storage, Peripherals, UPS, Surge Suppressors

Computers are a collection of very complex components andperipherals. Safety procedures must be followed when working insidea computer, both to protect the equipment and prevent harm to thetechnician.




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ccna dis1 - chapter01_personal computer hardware [compatibility mode]

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