ccna introduction

CCNA (CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE)

INTRODUCTION

CCNA

EXAM 640-822 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices 1 ( ICND 1)

EXAM 640-816 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices 1 ( ICND 2 )

EXAM 640-802

EXAM FEES :- $250

DURATION :- 75- 90 MINUTES

NO. OF QUESTION :- 55-60

PASSING MARKS :- APPROX 85 %

SYLLABUS :-

A. INTRODUCTION

B. The OSI reference Model

C. Networking Basic

D. Data Encapsulation Method

E. Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model

F. TCP/IP

G. Subnetting , VLSM

H. IOS & SDM

I. Router Intro & Basic Commands, Configuration, Telnet

J. IP Routing :- Static, Default & Dynamic

K. Protocols :- RIP, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP

L. Switching & STP

M. VLan

N. Access list : Standard & Extended

M. NAT( Network Address Translation )

O. Wireless Techlogies

P. IP v6

Q. WAN ( PPP, HDLC, Frame Relay, ISDN )

Course Introduction, Intro to Network,Media , symbols

TCP/IP, OSI Layers Networking devices,

Cisco 3-layer structure

Wireless,IPV6*

Wan intro…

and practical,

NAT, PAT

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

OSPF(single area),

Access control list

IP addressingIP classes,

Static routing, Dynamic Routing-

RIP1, RIP2 Switching Intro..STP, VLAN, Inter- Vlan-

Routing*

Practical's of above

topics(Cont.)

Break

Subnetting

Super netting,

VLSM……

IOS cmds,..

Routing Introduction and its types

PPP,

HDLC,

Frame-Relay,

VPN*

ISDN*

Course FlowCourse Flow

Router Intro,component

sIOS MODES

Day 6

Routing IGRP,EIGRP

SDM, CNA,

DHCP, DNS

TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP Model is a specification for computer network protocolscreated in the 1970s by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense.

The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the Internet Reference Model, the DoD Model (DoD stands for Department of Defense) or the ARPANET Reference Model.

TCP/IP defines a set of rules to enable computers to communicate over a network, specifying how data should be packaged, addressed, shipped, routed and delivered to the right destination.

TCP/IP is generally described as having four 'layers'

The TCP/IP Model and related protocols are currently maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

Application Layer – We use this layer for troubleshooting, file transfer, internet activities, and a slew of other activities. This layer interacts with many types of applications, such as a database manager, email program, or Telnet.

Transport Layer -

The Transport Layer provides flow control, error control, and serves as an interface for network applications.

Internet Layer – The Internet Layer provides logical addressing. More specifically, the internet layer relates physical

addresses from the network access layer to logical addresses. This layer also provides routing that may reduce traffic, and supports delivery across an internetwork.

Network Access Layer -

The Network Access Layer is fairly self explanatory- it interfaces with the physical network. It formats data and addresses data for subnets, based on physical hardware addresses. More importantly, it provides error control for data delivered on the physical network.

To address the problem of network incompatibility, To address the problem of network incompatibility, the International Organization for Standardization the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched networking models in order to (ISO) researched networking models in order to find a generally applicable set of rules for all find a generally applicable set of rules for all networks.networks.

Using this research, the ISO created a network Using this research, the ISO created a network model that helps vendors create networks that are model that helps vendors create networks that are compatible with other networks. compatible with other networks.

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model released in 1984 was the descriptive model released in 1984 was the descriptive network model that the ISO created. network model that the ISO created.

It provided vendors with a set of standards that It provided vendors with a set of standards that ensured greater compatibility and interoperability ensured greater compatibility and interoperability among various network technologies. among various network technologies.

OSI ModelOSI Model

The OSI reference model has become the primary The OSI reference model has become the primary model for network communications. model for network communications.

Although there are other models in existence, most Although there are other models in existence, most network vendors relate their products to the OSI network vendors relate their products to the OSI reference model.reference model.

Dividing the network into seven layers provides the following Dividing the network into seven layers provides the following advantages: advantages: • It breaks network communication into smaller, more It breaks network communication into smaller, more

manageable parts. manageable parts.

• It standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor It standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor development and support. development and support.

• It allows different types of network hardware and software to It allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate with each other. communicate with each other.

• It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers. It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers.

• It divides network communication into smaller parts to make It divides network communication into smaller parts to make learning it easier to understand.learning it easier to understand.

1. Used for applications specifically written to run over the network 2. Allows access to network services that support applications; 3. Directly represents the services that directly support user applications 4. Handles network access, flow control and error recovery 5. Example apps are file transfer,e-mail, NetBIOS-based applications

Function

DNS; FTP; TFTP; BOOTP(UDP , FOR AUTP IP ADDRESS) ; SNMP (SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL- FOR

COLLECTING AND MANAGING DEVICES ON N/W E.G. servers,printers , hubs etc.) SMTP; MIME(Multipurpose internet mail

extension,in 1992 for sending non-text email-attachments for sending mail e.g. spreadsheet, audiao file etc.); NFS(Network file

system, developed by Sun microsystem for file sharing.); TELNET; SMB(Server Message Block , for sharing

files,printers,)

Protocols

APPLICATION LAYER( User Interface )

1. Translates from application to network format and vice-versa 2. all different formats from all sources are made into a common uniform format that the rest of the OSI model can understand 3. responsible for protocol conversion, character conversion, data encryption / decryption, expanding graphics commands, data compression 4. sets standards for different systems to provide seamless communication from multiple protocol stacks 5. not always implemented in a network protocol

PRESENTATION LAYER

Function( Translation )

A. establishes, maintains and ends sessions across the network B. responsible for name recognition (identification) so only the designated parties can participate in the session C. provides synchronization services by planning check points in the data stream => if session fails, only data after the most recent checkpoint need be transmitted D. manages who can transmit data at a certain time and for how long E. Examples are interactive login and file transfer connections, the session would connect and re-connect if there was an interruption; recognize names in sessions and register names in history

NetBIOS , Named Pipes*(mainly used with unix) , RPC

SESSION LAYER

PROTOCOLS :-

Function

TRANSPORT LAYER

Function

A. additional connection below the session layer B. manages the flow control of data between parties across the network C. divides streams of data into chunks or packets; the transport layer of the receiving computer reassembles the message from packets D. provides error-checking to guarantee error-free data delivery, with on losses or duplications E. provides acknowledgment of successful transmissions; requests retransmission if some packets don’t arrive error-free F. provides flow control and error-handling, maintain v.c.

PROTOCOLS :-TCP, ARP, RARP; SPX,ATP(AppleTalk Protocol)

Network Components :-

Gateway ,Advanced Cable Tester, Brouter

( packets; flow control & error-handling )

A. translates logical network address and names to their physical address (e.g. computername ==> MAC address) B. responsible for

* addressing * determining routes for sending * managing network problems such as packet switching, data congestion and routing

C. if router can’t send data frame as large as the source computer sends, the network layer compensates by breaking the data into smaller units. At the receiving end, the network layer reassembles the data

NETWORK LAYER

Function

IP; ARP; RARP, ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol,; RIP; OSPF; IGMP; IPX ; NWLink,NetBEUI,

PROTOCOLS :-

( addressing; routing )

Brouter ,Router, Frame Relay Device, ATM Switch Advanced Cable Tester


A. turns packets into raw bits 100101 and at the receiving end turns bits into packets. B. handles data frames between the Network and Physical layers C. the receiving end packages raw data from the Physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer D. responsible for error-free transfer of frames to other computer via the Physical Layer E. This layer defines the methods used to transmit and receive data on the network. It consists of the wiring, the devices use to connect the NIC to the wiring, the signaling involved to transmit / receive data and the ability to detect signaling errors on the network media

DATA LINK LAYER

Function( data frames to bits )

PROTOCOLS :-

Logical Link Control error correction and flow control manages link control 802.1 OSI Model

802.2 Logical Link Control

Media Access Control communicates with the adapter card controls the type of media being used: 802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet)802.4 Token Bus (ARCnet)802.5 Token Ring

802.12 Demand Priority

Bridge ,Switch, ISDN Router, Intelligent Hub, NICAdvanced Cable Tester


A. Transmits raw bit stream over physical cable B. Defines cables, cards, and physical aspects C. Defines NIC attachments to hardware, how cable is attached to NIC D. Defines techniques to transfer bit stream to cable

PHYSICAL LAYER

Function

PROTOCOLS :-

IEEE 802, IEEE 802.2, ISO 2110:1989(25-pole DTE/DCE interface connector and contact number

assignments, ISDN Network Components :-

Repeater , Multiplexer, Hubs , Passive , Active , TDR

( hardware; raw bit stream )

EncapsulationEncapsulation

All communications on a network originate All communications on a network originate at a source, and are sent to a destination. at a source, and are sent to a destination.

The information sent on a network is The information sent on a network is referred to as data or data packets. referred to as data or data packets.

If one computer (host A) wants to send data If one computer (host A) wants to send data to another computer (host B), the data to another computer (host B), the data must first be packaged through a process must first be packaged through a process called encapsulation.called encapsulation.

Encapsulation wraps data with the Encapsulation wraps data with the necessary protocol information before necessary protocol information before network transit.network transit.

EncapsulationEncapsulation

Five conversion steps in order to Five conversion steps in order to encapsulate data: encapsulate data: • Build the data – Layers 7 - 5 Build the data – Layers 7 - 5 • Package the data for end-to-end transport – Layer 4Package the data for end-to-end transport – Layer 4• Add the network IP address to the header – Layer 3Add the network IP address to the header – Layer 3• Add the data link layer header and trailer – Layer 2Add the data link layer header and trailer – Layer 2• Convert to bits for transmission – Layer 1 Convert to bits for transmission – Layer 1

Encapsulation of Data for Network Delivery

Encapsulation of Data for Network Delivery