ccna pres

CCNA

Exam code R/S-200-120

Presented By

Mr Danish Nauman

Basic Network components Transmission media

Connectors

NIC (Network Interface Card)

Protocols

Addresses

Hub / Switch

Modem

Router

Transmission media 10Base2

10Base5

10BaseT

10BaseTX

100BaseFX fiber optics

10BaseT

Base – signaling type

10 – Bandwidth of 10Mbps

T – Twisted pair cable

F – Fiber

10Base2

Base – signaling type

10 – Bandwidth of 10Mbps

2 – Support 200 meters

10Base2 10Base5 10BaseT 10BaseTX 100BaseFX

Name Thinnet Thicknet Cat 3,4,5 Cat 5e,6,7 Fiber optics

Users per segment 30 208 1 1

Max length 185 500 100 100

Capacity 10Mbps 10Mbps

Topology Star / Bus Star / Bus

OHMS 50 100

Cable type Transmission speed

Cat1

Cat 2 Up to 4 Mbps

Cat 3 Up to 10 Mbps 16 MHz

Cat 4 Up to 16 Mbps 20MHz

Cat 5 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps 100MHz

Cat 5e 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps 100MHz

Cat 6 Up to 10 Gbps 250MHz

Cat 6a Up to 10 Gbps 500MHz

Cat 7 Up to 10 Gbps 600MHz

Cat 7a Up to 100 Gbps 1000MHz

Connecting cables Straight through cable

Crossover cable

Rollover cable

Straight through cable• This cable is used to connect two different

types of devices.

• This is used to connect MAC device and Non

MAC device.

Switch

Router

Host

Host Hub

Switch

Hub

Router

Straight Through Cable Side 1 Side2

White Orange White Orange

Orange Orange

White Green White Green

Blue Blue

White Blue White Blue

Green Green

White Brown White Brown

Brown Brown

Crossover cable• This cable is used to connect same devices.

• This is used to connect MAC to MAC or Non-

MAC to Non-Mac.

Switch

Router

Hub

Hub Switch

Hub

Router

Switch

Crossover cable

Side1 Side2

White Orange White Green

Orange Green

White Green White orange

White Blue Blue

Blue White Blue

Green Orange

White Brown White Brown

Brown Brown

Rollover cable This cable is used to connect Router console port to PC

serial(COM) port.

This cable is called Null modem cables.

Network Interface Card (NIC) This provide network communication to a LAN.

It contain buffer.

It contain unique 48bit MAC( Media Access Controller ) address.

Protocol Protocol is a set of rules and regulations.

Two device to establish communication both should be same protocol

Addresses Addresses are used to identify the device.

There are two type of addresses.

MAC – Pre define

IP – User define

OSI Layer Open System Interconnect Layer.

This is describe how data is communicated from one to another system.

Allow multiply vendor development and standardize

OSI Layer typesApplication layer

Presentation layer

Session layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

7. Application Layer Program to program communication.

Provides network services to use application

6. Presentation Layer

Data translation and code formatting including compression and encryption.

Ensure application layer can be use data.

MPEG, MIDI, TIFF, JPEG, TXT, Quick time movie

20

5. Session Layer

Establish and maintain session across the network.

Organize communication through simplex, half and full duplex mode.

21

4. Transport Layer Segments data and adds port numbers.

Data is ensured at this layer by maintaining flow control.

Error correction and detection.

Defined reliable and unreliable end to end data communication.

Connection orient communication.

Acknowledge and are received for every segment.

Call setup, data transfer and call termination.

Connection parameters are synchronized.

Windowing technique used to control outstanding data segment and to increase throughput.

22

3. Network Layer

Data packet done here.

Responsible for sending DATA.

Assigns IP addresses.

Maintain routing table.

Find the best path.

Router

23

2. Data Link Layer

Framing of the packets is done here.

Handles error notification, network topology and flow control.

Provides access to LAN medium in an orderly manner.

Adds MAC address to frames.

Switch, Bridge and NIC

24

1. Physical Layer

Sending and receive bits.

Places data on the Network media.

Communication directly with the media.

Hub, Repeater, Cable and Connector

25

Term Definition

FTP File Transfer Protocol

TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol

WWW World Wide Web

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Voip Voice Over Internet Protocol

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

POP3 Post Office Protocol

NFS Network File System

RPC Remote Procedure Call

NETBIOS Network Basic Input/output System

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

26

Term Definition

UDP User Datagram Protocol

SPX Sequence Packet Protocol

IP Internet Protocol

IPX Internet Packet Exchange

ARP Address Resolution Protocol

RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

RIP Routing Information Protocol

OSPF Open Shortest Path First

NCP Network Control Program

SMB Server Message Block

27

Layer Protocols /Services

Application FTP, TFTP, Telnet, WWW, HTTP, POP3, SMTP, Voip, SNMP, NCP, SMB, Apple Talk

Presentation NCP, AFP, TDI

Session NFS, SQL, RPC, NETBIOS, ZIP. SCP

Transport TCP, UDP, SPX, NWlink, NetBEUI

Network IP, IPX, ARP, RARP, ICMP, RIP, OSPF, NWlink, NetBEUI

Data Link

Physical

28

Protocol Service Port Number

TCP WWW/HTTP 80

FTP 20 , 21

Telnet 23

SMTP 25

HTTPS 443

UDP DHCP 67 , 68

SNMP 161

TFTP 69 69

DNS 53 53

ICMP

IP

29

Data Encapsulation Sequence

Data Segment Packets Frames Bits

Communication methods

Unicast

Broadcast

Multicast

31

Unicast

One to one communication.

E.g.: Telephone

32

Broadcast

One to any communication.

E.g.: Radio, TV

33

Multicast

One to many communication.

E.g.: Video conference

34

Addresses

35

Hardware

Ex: MAC address

Software

Ex: IP address

Ad

dre

sses

MAC Addresses

48bit hexadecimal predefined address by manufactures.

E.g.: A1 - b5 – 56 - f3 - c8 – 33 - 60

36

• OUI• Organizationally Unique Identifier• Defined by “INA”.• There are blocks for all manufactures.

E.g.: CISCO, DELL, IBM…

Manufacture

IP Addresses

Privet

Public

Rangers

IPV4

IPV6

Versions

Dynamic

Static

Types

37

IP Rangers

Privet

-Reserved for LAN / INTRANET.

-governed by a body called INTERNIC.

Public

-Defined with routing over the internet.

-Reserved for WAN.

-Given by ISPs.

38

IP Types

Dynamic

-Addresses which are automatically assigned by a DHCP service.

-These are randomly assigned.

Static

-Addresses which are manually assigned in the properties of TCP/IP by administrator.

-These addresses will not changed unless we change them.

39

IP Versions

IPV4

E.g.: 192.168.10.100

IPV6

E.g.:fe00.0000.0000.1258.0000.0000.0000.abfd

40

8bit 4 = 32bit

Octal(8bit)

Hexa Decimal(16bit)16bit 4 = 128bit

IPV4 Classes

Class A

Class B

Class C

Class D

Class E

41

Class A

Network range 1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0

Subnet mask 255.0.0.0

Networks 126

Host per network 16777214

Privet range 10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254

E.g.: 10 . 1 . 1 . 1255 . 0 . 0 . 0

42

Network ID Host

127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255 is reserved for loopback testing purposes.

Class B

Network range 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0


Networks 16384


Privet range 172.16.0.1 - 172.31.255.254

E.g.: 172. 16 . 0 . 1255 . 255 . 0 . 0

43

Network ID Host

169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254 is reserved for APIPA( Automatic Privet IP Address )

Class C

Network range 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.0


Networks 2097152


Privet range 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.255.254

E.g.: 192. 168 . 1 . 1255 . 255 . 255 . 0

44

Network ID Host

Class D

224.0.0.0 - 239.253.255.255 is reserved for multicasting services and applications.

45

Class E

240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 is reserved for future use and research purposes( E.g.: NASA ).

1 - 126

Class A

128 - 191

Class B

192 - 223

Class C

46

Advantages of Subnetting Reduce network traffic.

Optimize network performance.

Simplified management.

Facilitated spanning of large geographical distance.

192.168.0.0 / 24

255.255.255.0

8bit 8bit 8bit

172.16.0.0 / 16

255.255.0.08bit 8bit

11.0.0.0 / 8

255.255.255.08bit

49

Subnet prefix

Subnetting class C

50

192.168.0.0 / 26

llllllll llllllll llllllll ll000000

255 . 255 . 255 . 192

N = 2n

= 22

= 4

Host per network = 2n - 2

= 26 - 2

= 62

51

l l l l l l l l128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Therefor 128+64 = 192

n = on bits (l)

n = off bits (0)

1

3

2

26 = 24 + 2

Magic number = 256 – 192

= 64

52

4

Network ID 1st IP Last IP Broadcast IP

192.168.0.0 0 + 1 = 1 63 - 1 = 62 64 - 1 = 63

192.168.0.64 64 + 1 = 65 127 - 1 = 126 128 - 1 = 127

192.168.0.128 128 + 1 = 129 191 - 1 = 190 192 - 1 = 191

192.168.0.192 192 + 1 = 193 255 - 1 = 254 255

5

2

1

Constant number

Subnetting class B

53

172.16.0.0 / 19

llllllll llllllll lll00000 00000000

255 . 255 . 224 . 0

N = 2n

= 23

= 8


= 213 - 2

= 8190

54

l l l l l l l l128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Therefor 128+64+32 = 224

n = on bits (l)

n = off bits (0)

1

3

2

19 = 16 + 3


= 32

55

4

5

Constant number

Network ID 1st IP Last IP Broadcast ID

172.16.0.0 0.1 31.254 31.255

172.16.32.0 32.1 63.254 63.255

172.16.64.0 64.1 95.254 95.255

172.16.96.0 96.1 127.254 127.255

172.16.128.0 128.1 159.254 159.255

172.16.160.0 160.1 191.254 191.255

172.16.192.0 192.1 223.254 223.255

172.16.224.0 224.1 255.254 255.255

Subnetting class A

56

10.0.0.0 / 11

llllllll lll00000 00000000 00000000

255 . 224 . 0 . 0

N = 2n

= 23

= 8


= 221 - 2

= 2097152

57

l l l l l l l l128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Therefor 128+64+32 = 224

n = on bits (l)

n = off bits (0)

1

3

2

11 = 8 + 3


= 32

58

4

5Constant number

Network ID 1st IP Last IP Broadcast ID

10.0.0.0 0.0.1 31.255.254 31.255.255

10.32.0.0 32.0.1 63.255.254 63.255.255

10.64.0.0 64.0.1 95.255.254 95.255.255

10.96.0.0 96.0.1 127.255.254 127.255.255

10.128.0.0 128.0.1 159.255.254 159.255.255

10.160.0.0 160.0.1 191.255.254 191.255.255

10.192.0.0 192.0.1 223.255.254 223.255.255

10.224.0.0 224.0.1 255.255.254 255.255.255

Router59

Routers

Modular Fixed

Modular Routers

These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the number of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots.

Fixed Routers

These types of routers have fixed number of ports.

Router Works Router used for communication between two different

device.

Connect two branch.

Router perform unicosting of data.

Interface on Router

Internal components of a Router

Serial 1 Serial 0 AUIE 0

Console

V.35 modem

modem

Telephone

PC

AUX

Diagram of 2501 series Router

Cabling information 1. Ethernet It is a LAN interface. Some of the models have an RJ45 port for 10baseT or 10/100. And some other have a 15 pin female

connector AUI (Attachment Unit Interface).

2. Serial It is a 60 pin female WAN interface for leased line

3. BRI/PRI It is a RJ45 WAN interface for ISDN

4. Async It is a 37 pin female connector for dial ups.

5. Console It is a RJ45 Connector used to configure the Router for the first time.

6. Auxiliary RJ45 Connector for remote access administration.

Telnet(Application)

SSH(Secure Shell)

Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internet work Operating System) image (RX Boot) with extremely limited capabilities and POST routines and core level OS for maintenance.

FLASH : It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off.

RAM : RAM holds running IOS configurations and provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its information when router is turned off. The configuration present in RAM is called Running configuration.

NVRAM : It is a re-write able memory area that holds router’s configuration file. NVRAM retains the information when ever router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved, it will be saved in NVRAM and this configuration is called Startup Configuration.

Configuration of a Router Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE

port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router with a console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a tool. In windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the router is powered on and accessed, the following things happen,

POST

BOOT STRAP

FLASH

NVRAM

Setup Mode

ROM (mini IOS)

If IOS is Corrupted

In Setup mode, there will be a message,

“Would You Like To Enter The Initial Configuration [Y/N]” :

If “Y” then, initial configuration starts.

If “N” would you like to terminate the auto installation?

Press “RETURN” to get started……You will land on the default prompt of the Router “ ROUTER >”.

Router>_

Working Modes Of a Router

1. User Mode (Default mode)

2. Privilege or Administrative Mode

3. Global Configuration Mode

4. Interface Configuration Mode

5. Line Configuration Mode

6. Router Mode

7. Sub-Interface Mode

USER MODE

Used to:

o PING commands.

o Router information

o RAM, ROM, NVRAM information

Enable / Privileged mode

Used to:

o View router information.

o Setting up clock and date.

o Debugging, saving any data configured in router and terminal configuration.

71

Global configuration mode

Used to:

o Name setting for the router.

o Interface configuration setting.

o Password setting.

o Routing protocol setting.

o Access list setting.

72

Routing

Router is used to talking packet from one device to another device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network with the help of router.

74

Minimum requirements for routing

Destination network address and its subnet.

Neighbor routers from which it can learn about remote networks.

Possible routers to all remote networks.

The best route to each remote network.

How to maintain and verify routing information.

75

Types of routing

Static

Default

Dynamic

76

Static routing

In static routing, the administrator have to manually add routers in each router’s routing table.

Administration distance is 1 with next hop IP address and 0 with exit interface.

Manual configuration for each destination.

To configure know destination network and its subnet mask.

77

Static route command

R1(config)#ip route 150.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 200.100.10.2 1

78

Destination network

Destination subnet mask

Next hop ip address

Administrative distance

Remove the Static routing

R1(config)#no ip route 150.50.0.0 255.255.0.0 200.100.10.2 1

R1(config)#no ip route 20.1.1.128 255.255.0.128 200.100.10.2 1

79

Advantages of Static routing

No overhead on the router CPU.

No bandwidth usage between routers.

Security ( Administrator only allows routing )

80

Disadvantages

The Admin must really understand the internetwork and how each router is connected.

If one network is added to the network , the admin must add a route to it on all routers.

It is not feasible in large networks because it would be a fulltime job.

81

Default Routing

Default routing is used to send packet s with a remote destination network not in the routing table to the next hop router.

You can only use default routing on stub networks which means that they have only one exit port out of the network.

Administrative distance is 0.

82

Dynamic Routing

This is the process of using protocols to find and update routing tables on routers.

This is easier than other two.

The function of dynamic routing protocol is advertise directly connected network and exchange the information between the routers.

83

Routing protocols IGP ( Interior Gateway Protocol )

Used to exchange routing information with routers in the same autonomous systems(AS). An AS is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain.( E.g.: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, ISIS )

EGPs ( Exterior Gateway Protocol )

Used to communicate between ASs. EGP is a border Gateway Protocol( BGP ).

84

Autonomous System

An Autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain.

IGPs operate within an autonomous system where as EGP connects different autonomous systems.

Every autonomous system has a Distinct number.

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is responsible for allocating this number.

We can use any number unless the organization plans for an EGP.

85

Dynamic routing protocol

Classfull

Routing protocol don’t advertise

the subnet mask

RIPV1

IGRP

Classless

Routing protocol advertise subnet

mask

RIPV2

EIGRP

OSPF

ISIS

86

Flavors of dynamic routing protocols

87

Type Protocol

Distance Vector Protocol RIP , IGRP

Link State Protocol OSPF , ISIS

Hybrid Protocol EIGRP

Distance Vector Protocol Link State Protocol Hybrid

Advertise Periodic advertiseRIP = Every 30 secIGRP = Every 90 sec

Advertise only at network trigger. That is new information at routing table

Advertise full routing table Advertise updates only

Advertise only directly connected routers

Flood the advertisement

Convergence Has high convergence time Convergence is low

Limit Has a limitRIP = Max 15 hopsIGRP = Max 255 hops

No limit

Network Small network Large network

Routing loop Routing loop is problem No routing loops

Neighbor relation

Don not establish neighbor relation

Formal way to establish neighbor relation

88

Co

mb

inat

ion

of

bo

th D

VP

an

d L

SP

Summarization (Router Aggregation)

Reduce the number of routing entry in the routing table called Summarization.

Advantages –

Reduction in the size of the routing table means.

Less overhead in terms of network traffic, CPU and memory.

Greater flexibility in addressing the networks.

89

Variable Length Subnet Mask(VLSM)

VLSM is used within an organization instead of CIDR ( Classless Inter Domain Routing ) which is used within the internet.

90

Classless Inter Domain Routing ( CIDR )

CIRD is the new addressing scheme for the internet which allows for more efficient allocation of IP addresses than the old Class A, B and C addressing scheme.

91

Why we need CIRD ?

With a new network being connected to the internet every 30 minutes the internet was faced with 2 critical problems.

o Running out of IP addresses

o Running out of capacity in the global routing tables.

92

RIPV1Classfull

Broadcast

No support for VLSM

No authentication

No support for discontinuous networks

RIPV2Classless

It uses Multicast address 224.0.0.9 to send updates

Support VLSM

Allows MD5 authentication

Support for discontinuous networks

94

Routing Information Protocol Version 1

95

RIPV1

Administrative distance is 120.

Classfull routing protocol.

Update time is 30 seconds.

Distance vector protocol.

It uses Hop count to calculate matric value.

It uses lowest hop to select the best path.

It uses broadcast address 255.255.255.255 sentupdates.

Support maximum 15 hops.

16th hop is unreachable and un-sharable.

Advertise classfull network.

96

97

Network A

Router 1 is going to reach to the network A

Path 1 : Router 1 Router 0 Router 4 = 2HopsPath 2 : Router 1 Router 4 = 1HopPath 3 : Router 1 Router 2 Router 3 Router 4 = 3 Hops

So RIPV1 is used Path 2 as the best path.

RIPV1 Configuration

R1(config)#router rip To enable routing protocol ripR1(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR1(config-route)#network 172.168.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR1(config-route)#network 200.100.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR1(config-route)#^Z To saveR1#copy run start

R2(config)#router rip To enable routing protocol ripR2(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR2(config-route)#network 172.168.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR2(config-route)#network 200.100.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR2(config-route)#^Z

R2#copy run start

R1#show ip route

98

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

R 20.0.0.0 / 8 [120/1] connected via 200.100.10.2

R# Debug ip rip Display sending and received updates

RIP V1 updates sending “255.255.255.255”

10.0.0.0

172.168.0.0

200.100.10.0

99

RIP route Administrative distance

ClassfullMetric [ one hop count]

R# Show ip router rip To display only RIP routers

Routing Information Protocol Version 2

100

RIPV2

RIPV2 Configuration

R1(config)#router rip To enable routing protocol ripR1(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR1(config-route)#network 172.168.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR1(config-route)#network 200.100.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR1(config-route)#version2

R1(config-route)#no auto summary

R2(config)#router rip To enable routing protocol ripR2(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR2(config-route)#network 172.168.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR2(config-route)#network 200.100.0.0 Advertise Class A default networkR2(config-route)#version2

R2(config-route)#no auto summary

R1#show ip route

101

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

R 20.1.1.128 / 26 [120/1] connected via 200.100.10.2

R# Debug ip rip Display sending and received updates

RIP V2 updates sending 224.0.0.9 update

10.0.0.0

172.168.0.0

200.100.10.0

102

Classless route

R# Show ip router rip To display only RIP routers

Remove RIP

R(config)#no router rip

103

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Link state routing protocol

Administrator distance is 110

Support VLSM

Support manual summarization

It uses cost to calculate metric value

It uses SPF algorithm to select best path

It uses multicast address 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6 tosend and receive updates

Sending incremental updates

105

It uses Hello protocol to establish neighbor relation

It uses router ID to establish neighbor relation

It uses area to communicate

It maintain three type of tables

o Routing table

o Neighbor table

o Database table

106

Router IDPriority [ Default value is 1 ]Hello interval [ 10 sec ]Dead interval [ 40 sec ]Authenticating bitStub area flagProcess ID

con

tains

Single area OSPF

The entire interface in the network belongs to same area called single area.

107

e0

e0

S1

S0

Area 1

Multi area OSPF

In multiarea, all the areas must connect to theArea o (Black Bone Area) directly of virtually( Area 3 is virtually connected to the area 0 )

108

e0

e0

S1

S0

Area 0

Area 3

Area 2

Area 1

e0

Virtual link

OSPF cost calculating

Interface bandwidth is Bandwidth 64kpbs

Cost = 108 / Bandwidth

= 108/64*1000

= 1562

109

Router ID calculating

Once OSPF is configured router automatically calculate the router ID.

This router has 2 physical interfaces e0 and s0. router ID for this router is highest IP address of physical interfaces 200.10.1.1

110

e0 S0 200.10.1.1 /25

100.10.1.1 / 25

In this router has 2 physical interfaces and 2 logical interfaces.

Route ID for this router is highest IP address for logical interface 2.2.2.2

111

e0 S0 200.10.1.1 /25

100.10.1.1 / 25

L1L0

2.2.2.2/301.1.1.1/30

OSPF Network Command

Network [sub network address] [wildcard mask] area [number]

112

Broadcast address 255.255.255.255Subnetmask 255.255.255.252 (-)

Wildcard Mask 0. 0. 0. 3

Calculation of Wildcard Mask

WCM = BCM-SNM

1. 192.168.1.0/24

255.255.255.255

- 255.255.255. 0

0 . 0 . 0 .255

2. 192.168.1.0/27

255.255.255.255

- 255.255.255.224

0 . 0 . 0 . 31

3. 192.160.1.10 0.0.0.0

OSPF Configuration

R1(config)#router ospf 10 10 is the process IDR1(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1

R1(config-route)#network 172.168.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 1


R2(config)#router ospf 10 10 is the process IDR2(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1



R1#show ip route

114

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

R# Show ip ospf interface To trouble shooting

O 20.0.0.128 / 26 [110 / 65]

115

OSPF route

R# Show ip router ospf Display only ospf routers

Classless

Administrative distance

Metric [cost]

R# Show ip ospf neighbor Display neighbor table & it contain

R# Show ip ospf database Display database table

R# Debug ip ospf adj Display ospf adjacency

Remove OSPF

R(config)#no router ospf 10

116

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol ( OSPF )

Hybrid protocol

Administrative distance 90

Classless protocol

Cisco proprietary protocol

It uses bandwidth, delay, reliability, Loading & MTU to calculate Metric Value.

It uses for unequal cost load balancing.

It uses Multicast address 224.0.0.10 to send updates

It uses autonomous system numbers

118

It maintain three types of tables

o Routing table [ Successor path ]

o Neighbor table

o Topology table [ Successor & Feasible successor path]

119

EIGRP Configuration

R1(config)#router eigrp 30 30 Autonomous number must sameR1(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0

R1(config-route)#network 172.168.0.0


R1(config-route)#network no auto-summary

R2(config)#router eigrp 30 30 Autonomous number must sameR2(config-route)#network 10.0.0.0



R1(config-route)#network no auto-summary

R1#show ip route eigrp

120

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

D 20.1.1.128 / 26 [ 90 / 26903010 ]

Trouble shooting

121

EIGRP route

R# Show ip eigrp neighbor Display eigrp neighbor table

R# Show ip eigrp topology Display eigrp topology table

R# Show debug eigrp neighbor

Adjacency process RIP EIGRP

RIP / EIGRP timerUpdate timer

30s 90s

Invalid timerTime taken to identify invalid network

90s 270s

Flush timerTime taken to remove invalid network form routing table

240s 630s

Hold down timerSame as flush timer

240s 280s

122

Routing loop

Distance vector routing protocol subject of routing loop.

There are 3 ways to avoid the routing loops.

o Split Horizon

o Route poisoning

o Hold down

123

Split horizon Split horizon says don’t send update to same

interface. That is where the updates is originated.

124

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0blocked

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

Update200.00.10.010.0.0.0172.16.0.0

Routing poisoning

If the network is failed change the metric value to unreachable value.

125

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

Fail

Before network failsRouting tableR 172.16.0.0 / 16 [120/1]

After network failsRouting tableR 172.16.0.0 / 16 [120/26]

Hold-Down

If the network is failed, remove the entry from routing table.

126

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

Fail


After network failsRouting tableNo entry for network172.16.0.0

Passive Interface Command

This command is used to control the routing updates.

127

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

Fail


After network failsRouting tableNo entry for network172.16.0.0

R1(config)#router rip

R1(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0

Bandwidth Command Specify the bandwidth to the Interface serial 0. by

default serial interface bandwidth is T1 speed (1.54Mbps).

Define the speed 128kbps to the interface serial 0

128

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24

200.100.10.1 / 24S0

S1

L1

L0

L1

L010.1.1.1 / 8

172.16.10.9. / 30

150.50.1.1 / 16

20.1.1.140 / 26

R1(config)#interface serial 0

R1(config-if)#bandwidth 128000

128kbps

128kbps

Backup and Restore the IOS and Configuration file Before you upgrade or restore a IOS and

configuration file, you should copy the existingfile to a TFTP host as a backup in case the newfile does not work.

You can use any TFTP host to perform thisfunction.

By default the Flash memory is a router is use tostore the IOS and NVRAM is used to store theConfiguration file.

130

131

Router

E010.1.1.1/24

TFTP Server10.1.1.2/24Default gateway10.1.1.1

Ethernet

• Router Ethernet IP address and TFTP server IP address has to besame subnet and both should have sane subnet mask .

• Default gateway address to the TFTP server is always router E0 IPaddress 10.1.1.1

Considerations

o Check the physical connectivity between routerand TFTP server[Ping, show ip interface brief].

o Document the IOS image file name.

o Verify the hard disk capacity of TFTP server.

o Verify the flash memory capacity [show flash].

132

IOS Backup

R1#copy flash tftp

Remote host name(or)IP address? 10.1.1.2

[TFTP server IP address]

Source file name. C2500.121.10.bin

Destination file name and then Enter.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!

[Output cut]

Upload to server done

Flash copy took 00:10:30[hh:mm:ss]

133

Restore and Upgrade IOS

Router #copy tftp flash

****NOTICE****

Flash loader helper v1.0

This process will accept the copy option and then terminate

The current system image to use the ROM based image for the copy

Router functionality will not be available during that time

If you are logged in via telnet this connection will terminate

Users with console access can see the results of the copy

operation

---***---

Proceed? [Confirm] Press Enter

134

Remote host name (or) IP Address? 10.1.1.2

[TFTP server IP address]

source file name? C2500.1251.jas10.bin

Destination file name. Enter

Erasing device

Eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

Loading c2500-1251.jas10.bin from 10.1.1.2(via Ethernet)

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!![output cut]

[OK-735532/800526 bytes]

135

Backup configuration file

R1#copy start tftp

Address or name of remote host[]? 10.1.1.2

Destination filename[running-config]?R2

!!

501 bytes copied in 9.236sec (35bytes/sec)

136

Restore configuration file

R1#copy tftp start

Address or name of remote host[]? 10.1.1.2

Source filename[]? R2

Destination filename [running-config]? Enter

Accessing tftp://10.1.1.1/R2

Loading R2 from 10.1.1.1 (via Ethernet0):

!!

[OK-501/4096 byte]

501 byte copied in 3.200 sec (62 bytes/sec)

137

Cisco Discovery Protocol( CDP )

This is used to collect the directly and remotely connected Cisco devices information.

This is proprietary protocol designed by Cisco.

138

R2R1200.100.10.1 / 24 200.100.10.1/ 24S0

S1128kbps

CDP timer

Global CDP information

o Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds

o Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds

139

R# Show cdp

R# show cdp details To see CDP details

Changing CDP Timer Value

Disable CDP under interface

140

R(config)# cdp timer 90

R(config)# cdp holdtime 240

R(config)#interface serial 0

R(config)#no cdp enable

Troubleshooting commands

Show run Display the running-config file

Show start Display the startup-config file

Show version Display the IOS type and versions well as the configuration

Show cdp neighbor Shows the directly connected neighbors and the details about them

Show cdp neighbor detail Shows the IP address and IOS versions and type and includes all of the

information from the show cdp neighbor command

Ping Tests IP connectivity to a remote device

Trace or traceroute Tests the connection to a remote device and shows the path it took through the internet work to find the remote device

141

142

CDP

Access control list, gather basic statics onpacket flow and security policies can beimplemented.

Sensitive devices can also be protected fromunauthorized access.

It is a basic Firewall.

It blocks unwanted incoming and outgoingtraffic.

144

Access Control List

Standard Access List

• It contain only the source IP address in an IP packet to filter the network.

• This is permits or denies an entire suite of protocol.

• Range is 1 to 99.

Extended Access List

• It contains source and destination IP address, protocol field in the network layer header and port number at the Transport layer header.

• Range is 100 to 199.

145

Once you create an access list, you apply it to aninterface with either an Inbound or an Outboundlist.

146

Inbound Outbound

First packet are processed through the access listand then routed to the destination.

First packets are routed to the outbound interface and then processed through the access list.

E0E1

PC1 PC2

Inbound Access List

E0E1

PC1 PC2

Outbound Access List

ACL Considerations

You can only assign one access list per interface, per control, or per direction.

This means that if you are creating IP access lists, you can only have one inbound access list and one.

Design your access list so that the more specific tests are at the top of the access list.

Anytime a new list is added the bottom of the list.

You can’t remove one line from an access list.

By default end of the access list is deny all.

Create access lists and then apply them to an interface.

147

ACL Process

ACL always compared with each add every line of the access listin sequential order that is it will always start with line 1, then goto the line 2, then 3 and so on.

ACL compared lines one by one of the access list only until amatch is made. Once the packet is matched , a line of the accesslist adds then does not compare next lines.

By default “deny” at the end of each access list. If a packet does not match any lines in the access list, it will drop the packets.

148

Standard Access List

149

e0

S1

S0

172.16.10.1/30

10.1.1.1/30

200.100.10.1/24

200.100.10.2/24

192.168.10.1/24 192.168.10.3/24Gateway 192.168.10.1

192.168.10.2/24Gateway 192.168.10.1

pc1

pc2e0

L0

L1

Ethernet

R1 R2

Standard ACL Lab

Block only packets from PC1 to Router R1.

o Source is PC1 [192.168.10.2]

o Destination is R1

o Define and apply close to destination router

R1 configuration

Define

R1(config)#access-list 10 deny 192.168.10.2

R1(config)#access-list 10 permit any

Apply


R1(config-if)#ip access-group 10

150

Access-list number = 10

151

R1(config)#access-list 10 deny 192.168.102



R1(config-if)#ip access group 10

R1#show access-list Display all the access list configured on routerR1#show access-list 10 Display only access-list 10R1#show ip interface Display access list applied to an interface and

Inbound / Outbound

Pc1:/> Ping 200.100.10.1 0%

Pc1:/> Ping 10.1.1.1 0%

Pc1:/> Ping 172.16.10.1 0%

Pc1:/> Ping 200.100.10.1 100%

Pc1:/> Ping 10.1.1.1 100%

Pc1:/> Ping 172.16.10.1 100%

Remove the access-list

You can’t remove a single line from access list. If you try to remove , it will remove entire access list

R1(config)#no access-list 10

152

Block only packets from 192.168.10.0/24 network to router R1

o Source is 192.168.10.0/24

o Destination is Router R1

o Define and apply close to destination router

R1 configurationDefine

R1(config)#access-list 30 deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255


Apply


R1(config-if)#ip access-group 30

153

Source network Wild card

154

R1(config)#access-list 30 deny 192.168.102 0.0.0.255



R1(config-if)#ip access group 30

R1#show access-list

R1#show access-list 10

R1#show ip interface

Pc1:/> Ping 200.100.10.1 0%

Pc1:/> Ping 10.1.1.1 0%

Pc1:/> Ping 172.16.10.1 0%

Pc1:/> Ping 200.100.10.1 0%

Pc1:/> Ping 10.1.1.1 0%

Pc1:/> Ping 172.16.10.1 0%

Extended Access List

155

e0

S1

S0

172.16.10.1/30

10.1.1.1/30

200.100.10.1/24

200.100.10.2/24

192.168.10.1/24 192.168.10.3/24Gateway 192.168.10.1

192.168.10.2/24Gateway 192.168.10.1

pc1

pc2e0

L0

L1

Ethernet

R1 R2

Extended ACL Lab

Configure VTY password ***** Your password

Block only Telnet traffic from PC1 to router R1 loopback 0 interface.

o Source is PC1 [192.168.10.2]

o Destination is R1 loopback 0 172.16.10.1

o Protocol is TCP

o Service is Telnet and port is 23

o Define and apply ACL to router R2

Command format

156

R(config)#Access-list [number][deny/permit][protocol][source][destination]eq[service name or port]

R2(config)#Access-list 101 deny tcp host 192.168.10.2 host 172.16.10.1 eq 23

R2(config)#access-list 101 deny tcp host 192.168.10.2 host

172.16.10.1 eq 23

R2(config)#access-list 101 permit ip any any

R2(config)#interface Ethernet 0

R2(config)#ip access-group 101

Access list 101 is applied to interface Ethernet 0 Inbound

157

Only telnet traffic is blocked from PC1 other traffics are permitted.

Remove the access-list

R2(config)#no access-list 101

158

Block only networks 192.168.10.0/24 to access WEB(WWW) traffic

o Source is network 192.168.10.0/24

o Destination is any

o Protocol is TCP

o Service and port number is WWW [80]

R1(config)#access-list 105 deny 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 any eq WWW

R1(config)#access-list 105 permit ip any any


R1(config-if)#ip access-group 105 in

PC1:>/telnet 072.16.10.1 PC1:>/telnet 072.16.10.1

…………….. …………….

Connection refused by host Connection refused by host

159

WAN connectivity types Dedicated line – Lease line and DSL

(Digital Subscriber Link)

Circuit switching – Dial up and ISDN (Integrated System Digital Network )

Packet switching – Frame relay and X.25

Cell switching - ATM

161

WAN Protocols and Encapsulation types

High Density Link Controller ( HDLC )

Point to point protocols ( PPP )

Frame Relay

162

High Density Controller ( HDLC )

This is a Cisco proprietary protocol.

It is default encapsulation used by Ciscorouters over synchronous serial links.

HDLC is a point to point protocol used onleased lines.

No authentication can be used with HDLC.

163

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

This is a data link protocol that can be used over eitherasynchronous serial (dial up) or synchronous serial(ISDN) media and that uses the LCP( Link ControlProtocol ) to build and maintain data linkconnections.

PPP uses,o Authentication

o Compression

o Multilink

o Error detection

164

Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)

Challenge Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)

This is less secure than CHAP.

Passwords are sent in a clear text and it is onlyperformed upon the initial link establishment.

When the PPP link is first established, theremote node sends back to the sending routerthe user name and password untilauthentication is acknowledged.

165

166

Internet based leased line

172.16.10.1 S0

Router A(ISDN)

Router B(Zoom)

172.16.10.2 S0

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.25.3

5.4

E01.S0

#config t

(config)#int E 0

(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0

(config-if)#no shutdown

(config-if)#exit

(config)#int S 0


(config-if)#clock rate 56000 ( for DCE )

(config-if)#bandwidth 64

(config-if)#no shut

(config-if)#exit

(config-if)#ip routing

(config-if)#ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

(config-if)#int S0

(config-if)#encapsulation ppp

(config-if)#ppp authentication PAP

(config-if)#ppp PAP sent-username password cisco

167

For router A

#config t

(config)#int E 0



(config-if)#exit

(config)#int S 0




(config-if)#no shut

(config-if)#exit



(config-if)#int S0


(config-if)#ppp authentication PAP

(config-if)#ppp PAP sent-username password cisco

168

For router B

Challenge Authentication Protocol ( CHAP )

CHAP is use at the initial startup of a link and atperiodic checkup on the link to make sure the router isstill communicating with the same host.

After PPP finished its initial phase, local router sends achallenge request to the remote device.

The remote device sends a value calculated using aone-way hash function called MD5.

The local router checks this hash value to make sure itmatches.

If the value don’t match, then the link immediatelyterminates.

Passwords are sends in Encrypted format.

169

170

Internet based leased line

172.16.1.1 S0

Router A(ISDN)

Router B(Zoom)

172.16.10.2 S0

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.25.3

5.4

E01.S0

#config t

(config)#int E 0



(config-if)#exit

(config)#int S 0




(config-if)#no shut

(config-if)#exit



(config-if)#int S0


(config-if)#ppp authentication CHAP

(config-if)#ppp CHAP hostname zoom

(config-if)#ppp CHAP password cisco

171

For router A

#config t

(config)#int E 0



(config-if)#exit

(config)#int S 0




(config-if)#no shut

(config-if)#exit



(config-if)#int S0


(config-if)#ppp authentication CHAP

(config-if)#ppp CHAP hostname winsys

(config-if)#ppp CHAP password cisco

172

For router B

Integrated Service Digital Network ( ISDN )

This is used in circuit switching WAN technology and it is a synchronous serial line.

ISDN contain 2 channels.

o Channel D – Establish the link

o Channel B – Carry the data

173

Benefits of ISDN

Can carry voice, video and data simultaneously.

Has faster call setup than modem.

Has faster data rates than modem connection.

Used as a backup line.

Used for voice conference.

Used for Small office and Home office (SOHO).

174

Types of ISDN lines

Basic Rate Interface ( BRI )

Primary Rate Interface ( PRI )

175

Basic Rate Interface ( BRI )

BRI has two B-channel and one D-channel.

B-channel + D-channel

2 * 64kbps + 1 * 16kbps

128kbps + 16kbps

144kbps Total channel capacity

48kbps Framing and Synchronization

192kbps Total Link Capacity

176

Maximum data transfer speed of ISDN BRI is 128kbps

Dial on Demand Routing (DDR)

This is used to allow 2 or more Cisco routers to dialan ISDN dial-up connection on an as needed basis.

This is only used for low-volume, periodic networkconnections using either a Public Switch TelephoneNetwork ( PSTN ) or ISDN.

This was designed to reduce WAN cost if you haveto pay on a per minute or per packet basis.

DDR works when a packet received on an Interfacemeets the requirements of an access list defined byadministrator which defines interesting traffic.

177

How DDR works?

I. Route to the destination network is determined.

II. Interesting packets dictate a DDR cell.

III. Dialer information is looked up.

IV. Traffic is transmitted.

V. Call is terminated when no more traffic is being

transmitted over a link and the idle-timeout periods ends.

178

DDR configuration

R1(config-if)#dialer-group 5

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config-if)#dialer-list 5 protocol ip permit

R1(config-if)#dialer-group 2

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#dialer-list 2 protocol ip list 10

R1(config)#access-list 10 permit host 192.168.20.2

R1(config)#access-list 10 permit host 200.100.10.2

179

Troubleshooting commands

Router#show dialer shows the number of times the dialer string

has been reached, the Idle-timeout values

of each B channel, the length of call, and

the name of the router to which the

interface is connected.

Router#show isdn active shows the number called and whether a call

is in progress

Router#show isdn status shows if you are SPIDs are valid and if you

are connected and communicated with the

provider’s switch.

Router#show dialer shows layer 3 to layer 2 mapping.

Router#debug dialer shows you the call setup teardown procedures

Router#debug isdn q921 shows layer-2 processes (local router to

local switch)

Router#debug isdn q931 shows layer-3 processes (local router to

remote switch)

180

Multilink PPP

This is a specification that enables the bandwidthaggregation of multiple B channels into one logicalpipe.

Its mission is comparable to that of Cisco’s BOD.

More specifically, the Multilink PPP feature providesload-balancing functionality over multiple wide areanetwork (WAN) links, while providing multivendorinteroperability, packets fragmentation and propersequencing and load calculation on both inboundand outbound traffic.

181

The command to enable PPP multilink

182

Router A (config-if)#ppp multilink

Router A (config-if)#dialer load threshold 50 either

183

Ra

Rb

Rc

192.168.10.2/24

192.168.10.1/24

10.12.1.2

20.12.1.2E0

E0

E0BRI 0

BRI 1

BRI 0

BRI 0

SPID 1 - 00333300

SPID 1 - 00222200

Profile 1 – 10.12.1.1Profile 2 – 20.12.1.1

Configuration for a dialer profile

Router A(config)#isdn switch-type basic-net3

Router A(config)#interface BRI0

Router A(config-if)#encapsulation ppp

Router A(config-if)#dialer pool-member1

Router A(config-if)#ppp authentication chap

Router A(config-if)#multilink

Router A(config)#interface BRI1


Router A(config-if)#dialer pool-member1

Router A(config-if)#ppp authentication chap

Router A(config-if)#multilink

Router A(config)#interface Dialer1

Router A(config-if)#ip address 10.12.1.1 255.255.255.0


Router A(config-if)#dialer remote-name Router B

Router A(config-if)#dialer string 2222 class remote

Router A(config-if)#dialer load threshold 50 either

Router A(config-if)#dialer pool 1

Router A(config-if)#dialer group 1

184

Router A(config-if)# ppp authentication chap

Router A(config-if)#ppp multilink

Router A(config)#map-class dialer remote

Router A(config-map-class)#dialer isdn speed 56

Router A(config)# interface Dialer2

Router A(config-if)#ip address 20.13.1.1 255.255.255.0


Router A(config-if)#dialer remote-name Router C

Router A(config-if)#dialer string 3333 class remote

Router A(config-if)#dialer load threshold 50 either

Router A(config-if)#dialer pool 1

Router A(config-if)# dialer-group 1

Router A(config-if)# ppp authentication chap

Router A(config-if)# ppp multilink

Router A(config)#map-class dialer remote

Router A(config-map-class)#dialer isdn speed 56

Router A(config)#ip route 10.12.1.2 255.255.255.255 Dialer1

Router A(config)#ip route 20.12.1.2 255.255.255.255 Dialer2

Router A(config)#ip route 10.13.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.12.1.2

Router A(config)#dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

185

NAT(Network Address Translation)

Router ARouter B

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.2192.168.1.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Note : 192.168.1.3 is denied from entering the network of 5.0.So it will enterwith mask.

Configuration of Router A --------------------------------

# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0

(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip nat inside

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip nat outside

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0(Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int S 0 overload

# Config t(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0

(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

Configuration of Router B --------------------------------

(Config)# ip routing(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

(Config)# access-list 10 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0(Config)# access-list 10 permit any

(Config)# int E 0(Config-if)# ip access-group 10 out

Note : Only Public IP can go to the Internetworking world.

Frame Relay

This is a connection-oriented, layer 2 networking technology.

It operates at speeds from 56kbps to 45Mbps.

This is very flexible and offers a wide array of deployment options.

This operates statistically multiplexing multiple data streams over asingle physical link.

Each data stream is known as a Virtual Circuit ( VC ).

190

VC Flavors

191

Permanent (PVC) Switched (SVC)

Implies, permanent, nailed upcircuits

A data connection is made only when there is traffic to send across the link

Don’t tear down or reestablish dynamically

Establish dynamically and can reroute around the network

Each VC tagged with and identifier to keep it unique.

This identifier known as a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI ) is determined on a per-leg basis during thetransmission.

In other word it is locally significant.

It must be unique and agreed upon by 2 adjacent frame relaydevices.

As long as the 2 agree, the value can be any valid number, andthe number doesn’t have to be the same end to end (from routerto router across a Telco Network).

192

Valid DLCI numbers are 16-1007.

For DLCI purposes, 0-15 is reserved, as are 1008-1023.

The DLCI also defines the logical connection between theFrame Relay (FR) switch and the customer premises equipment(CPE).

193

Data Link Connection Identifiers ( DLCI )

Frame Relay virtual circuits (PVC) are identified by the DLCIs.

A FR service providers such as telephone company, typicallyassigns DLCI values which are used by FR to distinguishbetween different virtual circuits on the network.

Because many virtual circuits can be terminated on onemultipoint FR interface, many DLCIs are often affiliated with it.

DLCI locally significant to the router.

This is used to identify the connectivity between local routerand local switch.

194

Frame Relay Encapsulation

To enable FR on the interface, simply issue the command encapsulation frame relay.

There are 2 types of Frame Relay Encapsulation.

Cisco – both are cisco routers

IETF – one end is non cisco router

195

Local Management Interface( LMI )

This is a signaling standard between a CPE device (router) and a frame switch.

The LMI is responsible for managing and maintaining status between these devices.

LMI messages provide information about,

Keepalives – Verify data is flowing

Multicasting – Provides a local DLCI PVC

Multicast addressing – Provides DLCI status

Status of virtual circuits – Provides DLCI status

Router A(config-if)#frame-relay Imi-type?

Cisco ansi q933a

196

Committed Information Rate( CIR )

This means, the average rate you want totransmit.

Generally this is not the same as the CIRprovides by the Telco.

this is amount you want to send on periods ofno congestion.

CIR defines Bits per seconds.

197

Frame Relay Configuration

Router A configuration


R1(config)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

R1(config)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay(Cisco/ietf)

R1(config-if)#frame relay interface-dlci 100

R1(config-if)#frame-relay Imi-type(cisco/Ansi/Q933a)

R1(config-if)#no-frame-relay inverse-arp

R1(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 10.1.1.2 100

198

Frame Relay

Point - to - Pointframe-relay Network

Router A

S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0

E 0 5.50

1.1

1.21.3

1.4 5.1

5.2

5.4

5.3

E 0 1.50

Dlci 101 Dlci 102 Router B

Fr-Switch Fr-Switch

PVC

Config t(Config)# int S 0(Config-if)# no ip address(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# frame-relay interface DLC1 102

(or)(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2

Point - to - Multi Point

10.0.0.4

101

102

A

B

C

D

103

104

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.2

10.0.0.1

4.0

2.0

3.01.0



(Config)# int S 0.1 multipoint(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.1 103 broadcast(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 102 broadcast(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.3 101 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3(Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point

4.0

2.0

3.01.0

10.0.0.1

10.0.0.3

10.0.0.2

172.16.1.2

172.16.1.1

161.16.1.1

101

102

103

104


(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# clockrate 56000(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 103 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit


(Config)# int S 0.2 point-to-point(Config-if)# ip address 161.16.1.1 255.255.0.0(Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 161.16.1.2 102 broadcast(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.3 point-to-point(Config-if)# bandwidth 64(Config-if)# clockrate 56000(Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 101 broadcast(Config-if)# no shut(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# ip routing(Config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0

Router B configuration


R1(config)#ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0

R1(config)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay

R1(config-if)#frame relay interface-dlci 200

R1(config-if)#frame-relay Imi-type(cisco/Ansi/Q933a)

R1(config-if)#no-frame-relay inverse-arp

R1(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 10.1.1.2 200

206

ccna pres

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