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TRANSCRIPT
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Configuring and testing
CCNA Exploration Semester 1
Chapter 11
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Topics
The Internetwork Operating System(IOS).
Devices that have the IOS embedded.
IOS commands available to a device.
IOS modes of operation.
Basic IOS commands.
Basic show commands.
Configuration files
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Internetwork Operating System
Most Cisco devices use the Cisco IOS.
Details vary with the device and feature
set.
Normal access through a command line.
Stored in flash memory and can beupgraded.
Usually copied into RAM when the device
is powered on, and run from RAM.
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Access to the interface
Console port via serial connection
Initial configuration
Disaster recoveryWhen network access has failed
Password recovery
As well as general management
Console access does not require apassword. Configure a password. Lock
the door.
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Telnet, SSH, Aux
Later management can be via Telnet
There must be an IP address on the port
A password must be configured
Secure shell gives better security
AUX port can be used locally or viamodem but by default does not showerror messages
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Configuration files
Hold the commands that have beenconfigured on the router to customise it.
Running configuration in RAM holdscommands that are in current use
Startup configuration in NVRAM holds
saved commands. These are kept whenthe power is off and usually copied backinto RAM when the router is re-started.
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Router storage areas
ROM
Permanent
Holds POST, bootinstructions, basic IOS
Flash
Keeps contents
Holds IOS image
NVRAM
Keeps contents
Holds startupconfiguration file
RAM
Volatile
Holds runnning config,tables, queues etc
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Router IOS modes
User EXEC mode
Privileged EXEC mode
enable disable+ password
Global Configuration mode
Configure terminal Exit or Ctrl+z
Specific Configuration modes
Exit EndVarious commands
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Router prompts
User EXEC mode
Privileged EXEC mode
Global Configuration mode
Specific Configuration modes
Router>
Router#
Router(config)#
Router(config-if)#and others
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EXEC modes
You log in to User EXEC modeRouter>
You can give basic monitoring commands but
cannot change the configurationEnterenable to go to Privileged EXEC mode
Router#
Password may be used for security
You can give more commands and can go toconfiguration modes
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Configuration modes
Start in privileged EXEC mode and enter theconfigure terminal (config t) commandRouter# config tRouter(config)#
The prompt changes
This is global configuration mode
Additional commands take you to interfaceconfiguration, router configuration etc.
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Leaving configuration modes
From interface configuration mode thereare several ways of getting to privilegedEXEC
Router(config-if)# exitRouter(config)# exitRouter#
Router(config-if)# endRouter#
Router(config-if)# Ctrl+z
Router#
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Command Structure
Followed by
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? To get help
? Gives a list of commands availablefrom the current prompt.
Command followed by space then ?Gives a list of keywords or argumentsthat can be used.
Start of command followed by ? with nospace shows how the word can becontinued.
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Shortened commands
Router#show running-config
Router#show run
Router#sh ru
It needs enough letters of each word to
be unambiguous. (Tab key shows wholeword)
Router#s ru
% Ambiguous command: s
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Other error messages
Switch#clock set
% Incomplete command
Switch#clock set 19:50:00 25 6
% Invalid input detected at ^ marker
Router#show runming-config
% Invalid input detected at ^ marker
^
^
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Keyboard shortcuts
Tab completes a partial command
Backspace erases to left of cursor
Ctrl+D erases at cursor (Delete doesnot)
Ctrl+Z returns from any config modeto privileged exec mode
Ctrl+C leave Setup mode
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Show commands
Show ? To get a list
Many different show commands to
give information about every aspectof the router and its operation
We use some of the most common.
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General show commands
Show running-config shows theconfiguration file from RAM
Show startup-config shows the saved
configuration file from NVRAM
Show version gives information about the
IOS and the router itself. It shows theconfiguration register, which controls howthe router starts up.
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Show interfaces
Gives statistics for all interfaces In particular, says if the interface is up and if the
protocol is up important in troubleshooting.
Show interfaces serial 0/0 to show oneselected interface
You can shorten to show int s 0/0
Show ip interfaces gives IP statistics
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Save configuration
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#copy run start (shortened)
Router#wr (Old fashioned, short for write,but it works and is safe.)
Beware! A typing error in the copy commandcan delete the operating system. If you getan odd message about Flash hands off
call for help.
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Hostname
Router>enable
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname Paris
Paris(config)#
Configure a suitable hostname so thatyou know which router you are managingand so that you can identify it in network
documentation.
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Console password
Paris(config)#line con 0
Paris(config-line)#password cisco
Paris(config-line)#login
Paris(config-line)#exit
Restricts access via the console
Use cisco as the password in labs.
Use a proper strong password on
production networks
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Vty password for Telnet
Paris(config)#line vty 0 4
Paris(config-line)#password cisco
Paris(config-line)#loginParis(config-line)#exit
Allows and restricts access via 5 vty lines
Use cisco as the password in labs.
Use a proper strong, different password
on production networks
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Enable and enable secret
Paris(config)#enable secret class
The password class is needed when you
type enable to enter privileged exec mode
This password is encrypted
Paris(config)#enable password ciscoNot encrypted, used on older routers
If you configure both, then only the
enable secret is used.
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Message of the day
Paris(config)#banner motd # Nounauthorised access #
# is a delimiter to show where themessage starts and ends.
Any character can be used as long as it
does not appear in the message.
The message should make it clear thatunauthorised access is forbidden.
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Reload
Shuts down the router and thenstarts it again.
If the configuration has changed thenyou are prompted to save it.
The running configuration in RAM is
lost.
The startup configuration fromNVRAM is (usually) loaded into RAM
on startu .
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Back up to TFTP server
Start TFTP server software on host
Paris#copy running-config tftp
Remote host []? 172.16.1.1
Name of configuration file to write [Paris-config]? Paris12Oct07
Write file Paris12Oct07 to 172.16.1.1?[confirm] y
Writing Paris12Oct07 ! ! ! ! ! ! [OK]
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Back up as text file
Start text capture
Name file
show run
Stop text capture
Open saved file and
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TeraTerm text file
TeraTerm is an open source Telnet client.
It can also act as a SSH client
It can capture text and save it as a file.
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Erase startup configuration
Paris#erase NVRAM:startup-config
Paris#erase startup-config
Paris#erase start
If you reload, then the router starts up with the defaultconfiguration. No passwords, no IP addresses etc.
Caution if you get this command wrong then you could
erase something else, e.g. IOS
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Restore file from TFTP server
Router#copy tftp running-config
You will be prompted for IP address and file name.
Configuration is copied into RAM and takes effect atonce.
Save to NVRAM.
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Restore text file
Go to global configurationmode
Hyperterminal Transfer
menu
Send text file
Or
Copy text from text file
Paste to host into Hyperterminal session
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Configure a router interface
Paris(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
Paris(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit
Interface names vary, depending on whether the routeris modular and on the bandwidth.
E.g. interface Ethernet 0 on an older router
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Configure a router interface
Paris(config)#interface serial 0/0
Paris(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
(Paris(config-if)#clock rate 64000)
Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit DCE only
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Description
Paris(config)#interface fa0/0
Paris(config-if)#description Connects to Paris centralswitch
Can include circuit and contact information
Not needed for the operation of the router
Valuable for documentation as it is included in the
configuration listing
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Switch interfaces
Switch physical interfaces do not have IP addresses
They are active by default and do not need the noshutdown command.
It can be useful to give them a description.
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Switch IP address
The switch IP address goes on a virtual interface, not areal one, normally VLAN1.
SwA(config)#interface VLAN1
SwA(config-if)#ip address 172.16.255.1 255.255.0.0
SwA(config-if)#no shutdown
SwA(config-if)#exit
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Switch default gateway
SwA(config)#ip default gateway 172.16.255.254
Just like a workstation, a switch needs a defaultgateway if it exchanges messages with devices on a
different network. The default gateway is the address of the local router.
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Interface show commands
show interfaces states whether up or down, givessome protocol information and statistics about interfaceuse.
show ip interface gives IP addresses and much more.
show ip interface brief gives summary of IPaddresses and whether up/down. Very usefulcommand.
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Up or down
Interface status: Layer 1
Up
Down
Administratively down (no shutdown to bring up)
Protocol: Layer 2
Up
Down (no keepalive signal received)
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Ping step by step
Ping 127.0.0.1 (loopback, is TCP/IP OK?)
Ping own IP address (are NIC hardware and softwareall right? Is IP address bound?)
Ping local hosts (checks own configuration and that ofothers)
Ping gateway
Ping other intermediate routers Ping hosts on remote networks
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Network baseline
Measure and record performance
At different times
Under different conditions
Repeatedly over a period of time
Build up a record of network performance
Useful in troubleshooting and optimising the network
Helps predict future problems
Helps planning for change
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Find out about nodes
Ping used from workstation, router or switch showsif destination can be reached
Traceroute shows hops along the path
Arp -a on workstation shows list of MAC and IPaddresses
show mac-address-table on switch shows list of MACaddresses and switch ports
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Summary
Hierarchical Design model addresses performance,scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.
Traffic Analysis is used to monitor networkperformance.
Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access
Distribution
Core
Switches selected for each layer must meet the needsof each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of thebusiness.
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Labs & Activities
Type Detail
Lab 11.1.6 Mandatory*
Lab 11.1.7 Mandatory
Lab 11.2.1 Mandatory
Lab 11.2.2 Review carefully
Lab 11..2.3 Mandatory
* If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended
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