ccri text 2012a

72
“Native” Americans Beringia Eskimo Northwest Anasazi Pueblos Water conservation Similarities Diet Hunt, farm, fish Bows & arrows No writing Vs. Europeans Less dense No wheels or ships Small animals only Ericsson Prince Henry Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498 Portugal inches along African coast Slaves Religion Cape Verde 1 st plantations

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Page 1: Ccri text 2012a

• “Native” Americans

• Beringia

– Eskimo

– Northwest

– Anasazi

• Pueblos

• Water conservation

– Similarities

• Diet

– Hunt, farm, fish

• Bows & arrows

• No writing

• Vs. Europeans

– Less dense

– No wheels or ships

– Small animals only

• Ericsson

• Prince Henry

• Bartolomeu Dias

• Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498

• Portugal inches along African coast

– Slaves

– Religion

• Cape Verde 1st plantations

• Ottoman Turks

– Genoa & Venice

Page 2: Ccri text 2012a

– Atlantic nations look west

– Spain

– Moors

• Columbus

– Bad with the ruler

– San Salvador

• Bahamas

– Hispaniola

• La Navidad

– Returns with natives

– 4 trips

– Columbian Exchange

• Goods, ppl & ideas

• Treaty of Tordesillas

– Portugal

– Brazil only

– de Gama 1498

• Cabot

– Northwest Passage/ cod

• Cabral

– Vespucci

• Balboa

• Magellan

– West voyage not feasible

• Conquistadores

– Cortez

Page 3: Ccri text 2012a

• Aztec

– Empire, tribute, sacrifice

• Spain most powerful after

– Pizarro

• Inca

• French

– Verrazano

– Cartier

– Up to now

– No settlements in America

– Spanish Empire

– Portugal to China

– International fishing

– Huguenots

– Challenge to Spain

– St. Augustine 1st

• England

– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti

• Factors encouraging exploration

– Technological advances

– Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich

– Gold, glory & the Gospel

• England supplants Spain

– Henry VIII

– Elizabeth

• Reform

Page 4: Ccri text 2012a

– Drake

– Roanoke Island

– Armada

• Spain defends Cath.

• English pond

• England Colonizes in a Big Way

• Hakluyt

– New trade partners

– Ease unemployment

• Pressure valve

• 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave

• Joint-stock company

– VA London

– VA Plymouth

– Takes time for profit

– Jamestown

– License to poach

– Terrible location

Page 5: Ccri text 2012a

• Swamp, drought

– Gentlemen/servants

– Search for gold

• 38/144

– Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor

– Could have done better if they learned to farm

– John Smith

• Harsh

• “The Starving Time”

• Powhatan Confederacy

– Aid led to survival

– Weapons for reinforcing

• Lord de la Warr

– Irish tactics

• Raid, burn, steal

• Natives inferior

• Almost exterminated due to VA success

• John Rolfe

– Made VA a stable colony

– Seals peace by marriage

• Spread of the vile weed

– Scattered settlements

– Constant encroaching

• Labor force

– Indentured

• Lack of labor

Page 6: Ccri text 2012a

• Poor, willing

• Cheap, abundant

• 2x or 3x pay

• Most migrants to Chesapeake

• Many premature deaths

• Society of servants and ex-servants

• Sometimes sold

• Extended– legally

– Stole, ran away, pregnant

– Women no marriage

– Freedom dues

– Headright

• Wealthy gentry class

– More land, more workers

– New arrivals in 1619

• Africans & wives?

• House of Burgesses

– Series of harsh rulers

– Representative self-government

• Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies

• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.

• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629

• Maryland

– Proprietary

• Lord B’more

• Sanctuary

Page 7: Ccri text 2012a

– But… conflict

» Majority Protestants as yeoman

» Catholics as gentry

– Act of Toleration 1649

• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants

• Polarized society post 1649

– Land, money in east

– Untamed in the west

– Gov. Berkeley

• No elections for 15 years

• Only male landowners & heads of households

• Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians

• Bacon’s Rebellion

– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed

– New workforce

• New England

• Pilgrims

– Separatists

– Too corrupt

– Holland

– Mayflower Compact

• Political body & legal auth

• Will of majority

– Squanto

• Pilgrims as allies

• Thanksgiving

Page 8: Ccri text 2012a

• Mass. Bay Colony

– Covenant

• Contract for a mission

– “City Upon a Hill”

• Reform the Church of Eng.

– King’s puppet

– Families, educated, college

– Voting rights

• Property owning males

• Popular got big tracts

• The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted

• Connecticut

– Thomas Hooker

– All males

– Fundamental Orders of CT.

• Rhode Island

– Roger Williams

• Land belonged to…

• Freedom of religion

– Newport 1658

– Anne Hutchinson

• Comm. Directly with God

• Relations with Indians

• Pequot War of 1637

– White settlement disrupted trade

– Narragansett allies

Page 9: Ccri text 2012a

– Heavily criticized

• Tried to Christianize

• Indians knew only unity stops encroachment

• King Philip’s War

– Encroachment

• Surrounded Indian towns

• Sassamon

• Mohawk

• Great Swamp

• Sold into slavery

• Debt, ruined frontier, hatred

• Eunice Williams stayed

• Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock

• Trouble in New England

• Salem

– Tituba

• Witchcraft

• Specters

– Causes

• Continual disorder explained by blame

– Indian attacks

– Decline of Puritan society

– Ergot

• The Other Colonies

• New York

– 1609 Hudson

Page 10: Ccri text 2012a

– Albany

– New Netherlands

– New Amsterdam

• Manhattan

• Patroonships

• Headright

– Diverse

– Huguenots

• Peter Stuyvesant

• Duke of York– James

• Pennsylvania

– Wm. Penn

– Quaker

– Proprietary

– Indians

• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims

• Those having probs elsewhere

– Religious toleration

• “in the souls there is no sex”

Page 11: Ccri text 2012a

• Carolina

– Restoration as others

– Barbados in south

• Charles Town

• Slaves

• Staple crops

– Eliza Lucas

– VA influence in north

• Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented

• Georgia

Page 12: Ccri text 2012a

– Oglethorpe

– Buffer/Reform

• Between two empires

– Savannah

• Navigation Acts

– Mercantilism—raw materials

– Only English/colonial ships

– Enumerated

– Designed to make money and stop competition

– Board of Trade

• Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated

– Salutary Neglect

• Robert Walpole

– Ignoring leads to more wealth

• Admiralty Courts

• Crown attacks colonies charters

– Mass Bay Colony charter revoked

– Dominion of New England

• Under direct English control

• All land titles invalidated

– Edmund Andros

– Glorious Revolution

• Influenced colonists to rise as well

• Mass Bay restored with additions

– Leisler’s Rebellion

– Coode

Page 13: Ccri text 2012a

• More Indian Wars

– New York

• Beaver Wars

• Iroquois

– Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them

– North Carolina

• Tuscarora—many enslaved

– South Carolina

• Yamassee

– Abused by whites (sold into slavery)

– Threatened lands

– Spanish intrigue

• Slavery

– Portuguese

– Africans practiced violence

• Europeans didn’t have to

• Xtianized them instead

– Triangular Trade

• Products/ trade became basis of European economy

• Middle Passage

– Rebellion

• Stono

– Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom.

• Colonial experiences

– The Great Awakening

• First shared

Page 14: Ccri text 2012a

• Religious indifference

– Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers

– Most didn’t go to church

• Revivals

– Jonathan Edwards

» Sinners…

• Led to religious diversity

• Enlightenment

– Liberty, liberty, property

» John Locke

• Right of rebellion

» Peter Zenger

– Religion

» Deism

» God the Clockmaker

– Ben Franklin

» Poor Richard’s

• Work & wealth

• The French in America

– Champlain

• Coureurs de bois

• Black Robes—Jesuits

– Robert de la Salle

• Mississippi

– No suppression of Indian

– They liked European goods

Page 15: Ccri text 2012a

• Kept Spanish out

• Wars with the French

– King William/Queen Anne

• Mostly European affairs

• Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection

– King George’s War

– Louisbourg

• Colonists furious

– Boston widows

• French and Indian War

– Contested land

• Ohio Valley

• French forts

• Gov. Dinwiddie

– Washington

» Surrenders

» British retaliate

• Nova Scotia

– Albany Congress

• Albany Plan for Union

– Ben Franklin

» Win Indians—they made no commitment

» Colonists meet annually

» Colonies & crown refused

• Not enough or too much independence

– General Braddock

Page 16: Ccri text 2012a

• Duquesne—war declared

• Colonists refused to fight

• British thought colonists bear the responsibility

• Indians side with French—less land-hungry

– William Pitt—Great Commoner

• Picked better commanders

– Recruitment was local now

• Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt

– Boon to colonies economy

– Turning point

• Focus on North America

– Attack Quebec

– Cripple France’s colonies

– Plains of Abraham

» Wolfe & Montcalm

» Iroquois allied w/ GB

– Treaty of Paris

• Indians lose land as colonists mover west

• England east, Spain west

– Colonial hangover

• Colonists have military confidence

Page 17: Ccri text 2012a

• Colonist officers treated poorly

– No promotions—British discipline brutal

– Amateurs

• British concerns

– Americans traded with enemy

– Americans begin to head west

– Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Refused to surrender lands

• Britain raised prices

• Several British forts attacked

• Many lives lost, long time to quell

• Britain retaliated with germ warfare

– Proclamation of 1763

• Keep peace—no settling west

• Stationed soldiers here for same

• British problems

– War debt

– Colonists should help pay for empire

– Pitt’s role

– Standing Army (where?!?)

– Quartering Act

• Sugar Act

– Molasses Act

– Rewards for capture

• Stamp Act

– Internal tax

Page 18: Ccri text 2012a

– James Otis

• No rep in Parle

• Direct rep here

• Grenville virtual

– Sons & Daughters

• Boycott

– VA Resolves

• Patrick Henry

• Caesar, Chas I and George

– Stamp Act Congress

• First successful union

• 9 of 13

• Rights & Grievances

– Tax and represent redux

– Jury w/o trial

– Restrict on trade

• Prevent distribution

– Andrew Oliver

» Effigy

– Thomas Hutchinson

» All resigned

• Boycott worked

• Declaratory Act

• Townsend Acts

– Revenue Act of 1765

– Customs collectors paid by crown

Page 19: Ccri text 2012a

– Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea

– Writs of assistance

– New York Assembly

– Circular Letter

• Sam Adams

• Tax w/o consent?

• VA Assembly agrees dissolved

• Currently

– Taxes

– Houses searched

– Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds

• Boston Massacre

– March 5, 1770

– Soldiers withdrawn

– Townsend repealed

• Gaspée

– Crown’s commission to find perpetrators

– Committees of Correspondence

• Cooperation to oppose

• Boston Tea Party

– British East India Tea Co.

• Smuggled tea

• Tax lowered

• Favoritism

• Hurt current suppliers

• Hurt smugglers

Page 20: Ccri text 2012a

• “Intolerable” Acts

– 1. Boston Harbor

– 2. Mass. Charter

– 3. Trials in England

– 4. New Quartering Act

– 5. Quebec Act

• New borders

– Land granted to Catholics!

– No precedent

– General Gage

• First Continental Congress

– Rights & Grievances

• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response

• Continental Association

– Manage boycott

– Ben Franklin

» “we must hang together…”

– Colonists forced to choose sides

– Meet again in one year

• Lexington & Concord 4/75

– Stockpiles

– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes

– Sam Adams/John Hancock

– Boston under siege

• Second Continental Congress

– G. Washington C-in-C

Page 21: Ccri text 2012a

– Mass Militia named Cont. Army

• Bunker Hill

– 3 attempts

– Pyrrhic victory

– Hessians

– Ports closed

– Halifax

Page 22: Ccri text 2012a

• Ethan Allen

• Canadian Invasion

– Ben Arnold

• Fawkes Day

– Americans need European support

• Common Sense/ Thomas Paine

• Hessian = war’s unpopularity

• Independence needed for European support

– Richard Henry Lee

– “these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states”

– Committee formed

• Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al

• SC & GA edit

– “all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…”

– Government purpose is to allow constituents…

– Government derive their power

– If government fails…

• All signers… treason!

– All states were encouraged to write const

• All took power away from executive

Page 23: Ccri text 2012a

• Battle of New York

– No pursuit

– Lots of desertion

– The Crisis

• Brit ad/disadvantages

– Profession army

– 3000 miles

– Re-conquer w/o destroy

• Divide and conquer

• Tories

• Keep allegiance

• Americans

– Good generals/ bad also

– Home game

– Bonus (land) for enlistment

• Women

– Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher

• New Jersey

– Delaware River

• Trenton

• Princeton

• Britain attempts to cut off NE

– Howe

– Philadelphia

– Burgoyne

– Saratoga

Page 24: Ccri text 2012a

• One of the world’s biggest!

• French

– Repossess

– Reconcile?

• Home-rule

• Philadelphia

– Brandywine

– Accomplished nothing

– Fired-up colonists

• Valley Forge

– Baron von Steuben

– Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy

• War in the west

– Iroquois Alliance

– George Rogers Clark

– Indians neutral to British

• War on the sea

– John Paul Jones

• Bonhomme Richard

– Privateers

• War in the South

– Charleston/ Savannah

• Put Tories in charge

• African-Americans

• Nathaniel Greene

– “we fight, get beat, fight again

Page 25: Ccri text 2012a

– Guerrilla warfare

» Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter

» Drag British inland

– Yorktown

• De Grasse

• Cut their loses

– Treaty of Paris

• State Constitutions

– Reduced power of governors

– Most bi-cameral

– Limited voting rights—25-50% of all males disenfranchised

• South—at least you ain’t Black

– VA had Bill of Rights

Page 26: Ccri text 2012a

• Republican government

– Elected reps

– Most favor weak central government

– Articles of Confed.

• 1st constitution

– Conduct foreign affairs

– Maintain armed forces

– Borrow money

– Issue currency

» Could not

» Regulate trade

» Draft an army

» Tax

» To pass law—9 of 13

» To amend—all 13

» No exec, no judicial

» Tariff tried but…

– One vote per state

– Ratification problems

» Western lands

• March 1781

• Accomplishments

– Won war

– Foreign affairs

– New states

• Land Policy

Page 27: Ccri text 2012a

– Ordinance 1785

• First independent source of revenue

• rectangular with 1 of every 36 for education

• 640 acres each—$1 per acre

• Public auction

• Speculators

– Ordinance of 1787

• Northwest Territory

• 3 to 5 states

• 60,000

• Equal to others

• Bill of Rights

• No slavery

– Fugitive slave law included

• Problems with money

– Soldiers wages

– 1781 march on PHL

– Paper $ worthless

– Dept. of Finance created

• Robert Morris

• 5% on imports

– Denied—A of C government could get too powerful

• Depression

– Rice crop destroyed

– Farms confiscated for non-payment of state taxes

– West Indies closed to trade (Britain)

Page 28: Ccri text 2012a

– Britain flooded

• Shay’s Rebellion

– Mass broke

– Tax farmers

– Judge taking lands

– Shay leads rebellion to courts, arsenal

– 4 killed by Bowdoin’s troops

• Many feared future rebellions

• A of C not strong enough

• Slavery

– Many states immediate to gradual in Northern states

– Manumission

– All men…. Quok Walker

• Only humans in South

– NJ let free & women vote

• Constitutional Convention

– Annapolis Conference

– Madison/Hamilton

• Changes—A of C too weak

• 55 delegates—most lawyers, all rich

• Closed doors no notes

– VA Plan & NJ Plan—how to satisfy big/small states

• VA 2 house, both pop proportional, chief chose by legislature

• People choose lower, lower chooses upper

• NJ one house one vote per state

• Plural execs

Page 29: Ccri text 2012a

– The Great Compromise

• Roger Sherman

• 2-house, H of Reps by pop, Senate (2 for all states)

• 3/5 clause

• Slavery not interfered with till 1808

• 9 of 13 states required to ratify

• Ratification

– Federalists

– Anti-Federalists

• Fear of a distant power

• Bill of Rights

– Delaware

• New Hampshire

• Virginia

– B of Rights to be added

• New York

– Federalist essays

• Detailed failure of A of C

• First Election

– Washington

• Adams

• Dept of State—Jefferson

• Dept of the Treasury—Hamilton

• Dept of War

• Cabinet (advisers)

– Adams just presided of Senate

Page 30: Ccri text 2012a

• Judiciary Act of 1789

– Supreme Ct.

– John Jay

• Bill of Rights

– Madison

– 12—10

– Nothing on who could vote

• Financial Problems

– Hamilton

• Tariff

– To protect/ foster

– South no, North yes

• Report on Public Credit

• Fed debt (par)

– Speculators—wealthy have stake

• Assumption

– States

– South not happy

– Washington

• National Bank

• Vault, loans, currency

• Strict

• Loose—Necessary & Proper

• Political parties

• Whiskey Rebellion

– Hamilton’s programs

Page 31: Ccri text 2012a

• 25%

• Barter = no cash

• Serious threat

• Nationalize PA militia

• Frontier Problems

– Indians look to Britain/Spain

– Anthony Wayne

• Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794

• Treaty of Greenville 1795

– Ohio

• European Problems

– French Revolution

– Neutrality

– Citizen Genet

– Jefferson resigns

– British impress

• Jay’s Treaty

– Hamilton’s role

– Northwest

– Withdraw

– Pay for ships

– Allow trade w/ British W.I.

– Freed slaves

– French capture US ships

• Executive Privilege

– Pinckney’s Treaty

Page 32: Ccri text 2012a

• Right of Deposit

• Mississippi

• Washington’s Farewell

– Precedent

– Party system

– Foreign alliances

• Election of 1796

– Adams/ Chas. Pinckney

– Jefferson/ Burr

– 71-68

– 12th Amendment

• Adam’s Presidency

– Problems w/ France

• XYZ Affair

– Shipping

– Talleyrand

• Undeclared war

– Dept of Navy

– Alien & Sedition Acts

• Aimed at Republicans

– 14 year naturalization

• Sedition Act

– KY & VA Resolutions

• Constitution a compact

• Nullification

Page 33: Ccri text 2012a

• Election of 1800

– Adams hurt by A/S & taxes to build navy

– Jay’s Treaty

– Whiskey Rebellion

– Jeff called Jacobin etc

– Fathered mulatto

– Atheist

Page 34: Ccri text 2012a

– Jeff v. Burr

– 26 ballots later

– Deal made?

– Hamilton role

– VA threat to march on DC

– Revolution of 1800—peaceful transition—“we are all Republicans, we are all…”

• Jeff presidency

– Weak gov’t

• States center of power

– Compact!

• New capital

• Pay down debt

– Albert Gallatin

– Warships decommissioned

– Army downsized

– Excise tax abolished

– Sedition Act expires—many freed

– Repealed Naturalization Act

– Kept par, assumption, tariff

• Midnight Appts

– Keep feds in power

– John Marshall

– Marbury v. Madison

• Madison Secy of State***

– Writ of mandamus

Page 35: Ccri text 2012a

– Part of 1789 Act unconstitutional because only exec can enforce, not SC

– Judicial Review

– Sam Chase—big proponent of Sedition Act

• Senate too Federalist

• SC maintains its independence

• Foreign Policy

– Tripoli

• Increased tribute refused by Jeff

• War declared

• Stephen Decatur

– Louisiana Purchase

• French get Louisiana back

• Threat to Right of Deposit

• French Empire here?

• Eli Whitney

• Robert Livingston, James Monroe mission

• Haitian Revolt

– Toussaint L’Ouverture

– Malaria killed 1000s of French soldiers

– War w/ GB financed by sale

• Federalists oppose—losing influence to South & West

– Strict v. loose

– Louisiana 1812

– Doubled size

– Lewis & Clark

» Foster good relations

Page 36: Ccri text 2012a

» Flora/fauna

» Water route to Pacific

» Claim to Oregon

» Sacajawea

• Scout/translator

• Domestic

– Essex Junto

» New England, NY & NJ

• NE threatened by Louis. Purchase

» Burr as governor of NY

» Hamilton remarks

» Duel

» Burr flees

• Southwest Empire?

• Acquitted of treason

• 2nd Term

– Problems w/ Britain & France

• Continental system

• Orders in Council

• Impressment

– 6,000 from 1808-1811

• Chesapeake v. HMS Leopard

– 3 dead, 18 wounded

• Embargo Act

– Disaster

– Smuggling

Page 37: Ccri text 2012a

– GB not as reliant as hoped

– Feds in Northeast hating on Jeff

– Started Industrial Revolution as US became self-sufficient

• 1809 Non-Intercourse Act

– Every nation except GB/FR

• Election of 1808

– Madison but Feds gain seats in Congress

– Macon’s Bill Number 2

• Hope both drop restrictions

• Napoleon deceives

– War Hawks

• Henry Clay

• John C Calhoun

• Andrew Jackson

• Anti-British

– Tippecanoe

• William Henry Harrison

• Prophet/Tecumseh

• Federation

• Tecumseh flees to Canada

• Causes for War

– War Hawks push for declaration of war and attack on Canada

– Attack Florida

– Impressment

– Federalists opposed

– Sectional vote

Page 38: Ccri text 2012a

– Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow

• War of 1812

– Ad: GB tied up w/ Napoleon

• Home game

• Canada real target & not heavily populated

– Dis-ad:

• Small army & old

• “Mr. Madison’s War”

– Invasion of Canada

• William Hull & Detroit

• NY militia

– Lake Erie

• Oliver Hazard Perry

• Retreating British (former loyalists) at Thames/Tecumseh by Harrison

• York

– Naval Victories

• USS Constitution

• Mostly fought on inland lakes

• Privateers very successful

• British impose blockade

– Economy crippled

– Treasury broke

– Bank allowed to expire

– 1814 Napoleon defeated

• British invade Chesapeake

– Washington

Page 39: Ccri text 2012a

– Baltimore 8/14

» Francis Scott Key

• British invade from Canada

– Macdonough

» Plattsburgh 9/14

» Too costly

• Southwest Campaign

– Andrew Jackson

– Horseshoe Bend

– Treaty of Ghent

• Status Quo Ante Bellum

• Battle of New Orleans

• Hartford Convention

– Feds last hurrah

• Openly traded w/ GB

• Militia refused to leave states

– 3/5 Clause—60 day embargo—1 term President—no successive Pres. From same state—2/3 vote for new states

– Delegation arrives same time as news of Jackson victory

• Era of Good Feelings

– Nationalism high

– BUS re-chartered 1816

• Local banks printed worthless

• War effort hurt

– Tariff of 1816

• Protect

– Florida

Page 40: Ccri text 2012a

• Adams- Onis

– 1816 Election

• James Monroe

– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818

• Demilitarized Great Lakes

• To the Rockies

• 49th

• Panic of 1819

– Westward migration

• Steamships

• Land speculation

Page 41: Ccri text 2012a

• Wildcat banks

• Couldn’t redeem notes

• 1st panic ever

• Many people lost $$$

• Led to distrust of BUS

– MD tried to tax BUS out of existence

– McCulloch v. MD

• MO Compromise

– Whitney and LA Purchase

– Slavery to foreground

• Profitable & expanding

– Balanced Senate

• Tallmadge Amendment

– Gradual abolition

– Dangerous precedent for rest of LA Purchase

» Dangerous for South too

– Comp reached

• Clay

• MO slave, Maine free, 12-12

• No slavery north of 36-30

• Foreign Policy under Monroe cont’d

– Monroe Doctrine

• US with GB help

• Closed

• US stays out of European affairs

• Britain maintains trade & Canada

Page 42: Ccri text 2012a

• Election of 1824

– Caucus system breaks down

• One party

• Crawford—Clay—Adams—Jackson

• Jackson wins pop & electoral but

– Plurality

– House

– Clay’s role

– “Corrupt Bargain”

• Adam’s Presidency

– Internal improvements

• National road

• Canals

– Chesapeake & Ohio

– Erie—private

• National University?

• Naval College?

• Election of 1828

– Jackson

• Democratic Republicans (Democrats)

– Property qualifications dropped (RI 1842 Dorr)

• Rachel

• Opposed to all things Adams

– Adams

• National Republicans

• Jackson’s Presidency

Page 43: Ccri text 2012a

– Inauguration

• “King Mob”

– Spoils System

• Loyalists

• Beginnings of patronage in a two-party system

• Jackson & the Tariff of 1828

– Inherited

– Abominations

– South manufactured little

– South sold worldwide so could be penalized

– Real crux—slavery could be interfered with by feds

• MO Compromise rekindled

• Denmark Vesey Rebellion 1822

• SC Exposition

• Calhoun

• KY & VA Resolutions

– Nullies

• Tariff of 1832

– Not enough

– Declared null & void

– Threatened secession

– Jackson… “Hang the first…”

– Clay compromise

» 1833 tariff drops to 1816 levels

» Force Bill

• Repealed nullification & nullified Force Bill

Page 44: Ccri text 2012a

• Indian Removal—Trail of Tears

– Cherokee Americanized

• Sequoya alphabet

• Slave owners

• GA refused to recognize them

• Supreme Court ruled them a sovereign nation

• Worcester v. GA

• “John Marshall has made his decision…”

• West to save them

• Sauk/Fox led by Black Hawk

– Davis/Lincoln

• Seminole/Osceola

• Eaton Malaria

– Peggy Eaton—wife of Sec’y of War

– Floride Calhoun

– Rachel???

– Entire cabinet resigned

– Martin Van Buren sympathetic

– Becomes frontrunner for VP

• The Bank War & Election of 1832

– BUS controlled economy

– Private & answerable to few

– Controlled gold & silver

– Nicholas Biddle

– Clay/ Webster try to re-charter in 1832

• Charter not up till 1836

Page 45: Ccri text 2012a

• Force the issue w/ Jackson to beat him

• Vetoed (as he did more than any other Pres.)

• Clay as Nat-Rep

– 1st National Nominating Conventions (no more caucus) with platforms

• Third Party—Anti-Mason

– William Wirt/ William Morgan (former Mason)

– Anti- Jackson party

– Later morphed into Whigs

• Killing the Bank

– Roger Taney

– BUS calls in loans to create crisis

– “Pet” banks

• Wildcats again

– Specie Circular

• Public lands in “hard” currency to counter wildcats

• Led to less speculation but another panic in 1837 that cost his successor

• Whig Party origins & the Election of 1836

– Anti-Jacksonians—King Andrew I

• Only last so long

• South hates tariffs

• North hates slavery

• Clay hates Jackson

• Westerners for Clay & the American System

• Anti-Masons

– Election of 1836

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• Van Buren

• Whigs—“Favorite Sons”

– Wm. Henry Harrison

• Van Buren’s Presidency

– First born in “America”

– “Machine-made”

– Other Dems resented

– Trouble in Maine

• Aroostook

• Webster-Ashburton 1842

– Abolitionism in full swing

– Panic of 1837

• Land spec.

• Wildcats

• Specie Circular

• Wheat crop fail

• Pet banks failed

• Government $$$

• Buren– laissez faire

• Independent Treasury Bill

– Trail of Tears 1838

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• Election of 1840

– Tippecanoe & Tyler too!

• Military hero (figurehead) & lackey for votes

• Whigs (Clay) to pull puppet strings

• “Log Cabin Campaign”

– Democrats playbook

– “Van, Van is a used up man”

– Martin Van “Ruin”

– Economy cost him dearly

• Panic of 1837

• John Tyler

– More an anti-Jackson Democrat

– His Accidency

– Anti-Bank, Anti- Tariff, Anti-Internal Improvements

• All at odds with Clay

– Whig Congress

• Ended Independent Treasury Bill

• Passed new Bank of US

– Vetoed

– Mass resignations

– Expelled by Whig caucus

» Pres. w/ no party

– Webster stayed on as he was negotiating W-Ash.

• Texas

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– Mexico wanted to populate after independence

– Stephen Austin

• 300 Rom. Cath. Families

• Failed to become “Mexicanized”

• Some one step ahead of American law

• Mexico emancipated 1830

– Forbid any more American colonization

– Forbid any more slavery importation

– Stephen Austin to Mex. Cy.

• Santa Anna tosses him in jail 1833

• Santa Anna suspends all local rights 1835

– Raises army

• Lone Star Republic

– 1836 Independence

– Sam Houston as C in Chief

– Alamo

• Davy Crockett/Jim Bowie—martyrs

• San Jacinto

• Santa Anna forced to terms

– Texas Independence

– Rio Grande as border

– Anna repudiated when released

– Texas asks for annexation

– Jackson recognized them, but northern cries of “slavocracy”

– Mexico considered them a province in revolt

• Texas attracts attn of all Europe, esp. Britain

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– Cotton, no tariffs

• Election of 1844

– Texas big issue

– Clay—Whig—no platform v.

• Clay waffled on Texas

– Polk—Democrat—pro-Texas, pro-annexation

• 54’40 or fight, California

– Anti-slavery Liberty Party caused Democrat win in NY

– Polk win meant mandate for Tyler

• But, joint resolution

– Mexico left Texas (& US) little choice

• European intrigues draw US into war?

• Oregon

– Britain (Hudson Bay Co. losing population race

• Robert Gray, Lewis & Clark

– Manifest Destiny takes root

– Polk cooled to 54’40 when we got Texas

• At war too

• South not excited for Oregon now

• Oregonians sour on South too

• Problems with Mexico

– Polk wants California

– Mexico recalled ambassador after annex

– Nueces (prior to annex) v. Rio Grande

• Nueces Rio Grande no man’s land

– Slidell to Mexico to buy California

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• Not received

• Zack Taylor to Rio w/ 4,000

• American blood shed on American soil

– US declared war

– “spot resolutions”—precise spot

– Northerners not happy

» HD Thoreau—“Civil Disobedience”

– Britain ready to seize CA

• War with Mexico

– Polk hopes for quick victories

– Polk & Santa Anna

• Reneged & rallied

– Taylor heads south

• Buena Vista

– Winfield Scott from Veracruz

• Must capture Mex. City

– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

– NM & CA

• Effects of war

– 1st invasion

– 13,000 lives—mostly disease

– Lots of experience for the upcoming CW

• Slavery issue rekindled

– Wilmot Proviso

– Southern “Slavocracy”

• Election of 1848

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– Democrats—Lewis Cass

• Popular sovereignty, but no stand in territories

– Whigs—Zack Taylor—slaveholder, no stand in territories

– Free-Soil Party—Van Buren

• Against slavery, pro-Wilmot

• Racists who didn’t want to share new lands

• abolitionists

• “free soil, speech, labor, men”

– NY again!

• California dreaming

– John Sutter—49ers

– Grows fast!

– Most anti-slavery, many lawless

– Government badly needed

– Taylor encourages bypass territory and come in free

– Still tied—nothing on horizon for South

• California as precedent for rest of Mexican cession?

• Compromise of 1850—Clay urges North/South to compromise—aided by Taylor’s death

– Fugitive Slave Law

• Underground RR

– Harriet Tubman—“Moses”

– California—balance permanently tilted

– NM & Utah—pop. Sovereignty

• North Opposition to FSL

– $5 if freed, $10 if returned

– Aid in escape?—fines and jail

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– Personal liberty laws

• Denied use of jails, hampered fed officials

• Massachusetts refused to enforce (nullification)

– The one saving grace for South is being quashed in North

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852—Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Election of 1852

– Democrats—Franklin Pierce—deadlock led to “dark-horse”

• Pro-slavery northerner

• “the hero of many a well-fought bottle”

– Whigs—no Fillmore—need another war hero

• Winfield Scott

• No consistent support from sectional Whigs

– End of the Whig Party

• Pierce Presidency

– Expansionism

– Wm. Walker—Nicaragua—overthrown

– Cuba—Ostend Manifesto—word leaked to Northerners

– Gadsden Purchase

• West coast difficult to get to

• Secy of War J. Davis sent Gadsden (S. Car.)

• Terminus in South

– Kansas-Nebraska Act

• North wants Terminus

• Stephen Douglas

• Nebraska split into 2 territories

– Popular sovereignty

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» Voided MO Comp.

» Voided 1850 FSL in practice in North

» New Republican Party

• Prevent spread of slavery

• Democratic Party becoming very Southern

• Republicans not a factor in South

• New Lecture 2012 begins here

• The Problem with Kansas 1855-1856

– New England Emigration Society

• Abolitionists

• Henry Ward Beecher—“Beecher’s Bibles”

– South fear Kansas to be free

– 1st government

• Border Ruffians—Lecompton—pro-slavery

• Topeka—Free

• Pierce recognizes pro-slavery

– Violence

• Lawrence shot up

• Pottawatomie Creek—John Brown

– Senate problems

• Charles Sumner—“The Crime Against Kansas”

• Andrew Butler—Preston Brooks

• Election of 1856

– Democrats

• Pierce & Douglas tainted by Kansas

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• James Buchanan

– Doughface

– Pro-popular sovereignty

– Republicans

• John C. Fremont

• No slavery in territory

– Know-Nothing Party

• Anti-Catholic

• Anti-Foreigners

• Millard Fillmore

– Results

• “Fire-eaters”

• Election of “Black” Republican force them to secede

• Intimidated some in North to vote for Buchanan?

• Dred Scott

– Illinois & Wisconsin Terr.

– Sued for freedom

– Supreme Ct.

– Roger Taney—not a citizen!

– Property! Could be taken anywhere!

– Made MO. Compromise unconstitutional

– Republicans called it an “opinion”

• Defied the Southern majority SC

• Buchanan & Taney part of “Slave Conspiracy”

• Southerners incensed

• Illinois Senate Election 1858

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– Douglas

– “Honest” Abe

• K-N Act flipped him to Republicans

– Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• Freeport Doctrine

• Despite SC ruling territories had to pass laws “helping” slavery exist

• Won election, lost Southern support

– Douglas didn’t support Lecompton either

– South split up Party

• Lincoln got attn of party leaders

• John Brown—Part II

– Harper’s Ferry

– Scheme to invade South

– “Secret Six”

– Captured quickly

• Election of 1860

– Democrats split at convention

• Northern wing—Douglas (ILL)

• Southern wing—John C. Breckinridge (KY)

– Federal protection of slavery

– Republicans

• Lincoln—

– South secessionists threaten secession before election

– Internal improvements

– RRs

– Free homesteads

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– Protective tariff

– NO EXTENSION OF SLAVERY IN TERRITORIES

– Constitutional Union Party

• John Bell (TN)

• Remnants of Whigs, Know-Nothing

• Secession

– South Carolina—followed by several (7, then 11)

– Montgomery—CSA

• Sooner or later with Republican Party now

• North won’t fight

• Northern economy needed cotton

• South could repudiate debt if war came

– Jeff Davis

– Buchanan “Lame Duck”

• Did nothing

• Compromise?

– Lincoln takes office

– Crittenden Amendment

– Lincoln refused—platform called for no extension of slavery

• Lincoln’s Inaugural

– Respect slavery where it existed

– War in the hands of the South

• Fort Sumter

– South seized Fed. Property within boundaries

– Low on supplies

– Provisions sent

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– Anderson/ Beauregard

– Lincoln needed South to be aggressor (Border states stay in Union)

• Border states

– MD—suspended habeas corpus

– MO—guerrilla warfare throughout the war

– Lincoln must say war is preserve Union, not over slavery (at 1st)

– 75,000 for 90 days

– Upper South secedes—Richmond capitol

– South blockaded

• Advantage South

– Defensive war—military superior—cotton

– Dis-ad—no factories—transportation shaky— 9- 3.5 million ppl

• State’s rights problems

• Ad North

– Factories—RRs—navy (military & commercial (for trade with Europe))

– 22 million ppl— + immigration

– Dis-ad—military leaders—rank & file fighters

• Southern aims

– European intervention (cotton)

– Warehouses full—Egypt—India

– North kept GB at bay by—grain, corn, popular sentiment (UT Cabin), issue of slavery

• Diplomacy

– Trent

– “one war at a time”

– CSS Alabama—captured many before sunk off France

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• 15.5 million fine 1871

• Staffing

– Draft 1863—hiring of “subs”—Draft Riot NYC

– South—draft 1862 (17-50)!—subs & slave-owners—

• “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

• Finances—North

– Nat’l Banking System (Fed. Reserve Bd. today)

• Greenbacks, bonds—tariffs

• First millionaires—military industrial complex

• Finances—South

– Blockaded, bonds, greybacks (reckless abandon), farm tax

– Blockade & invaders crushed economy

– Transportation suffered greatly

• Women—took men’s jobs (farm, industry)—sewing machine—spies

– Profession nurses (Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix)

• And the War Came

– Bull Run

• Army green—maybe win & capture Richmond?

• “picnic-like” atmosphere

• South wins but… think war’s over

• North knew it had to fight harder

– McClellan & Peninsula Campaign

• Overcautious

• Jackson tricks so DC looks vulnerable

• JEB Stuart circles McClellan

• Lee counters defeating Union

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– War at Sea

• Blockade becomes more effective

• Merrimac (Virginia)

– Monitor (100 days)

– On to Antietam

• Pope defeated quickly at 2nd Bull Run

• Lee invades Maryland

• McClellan restored

– Plans found

– Bloodiest day in history

– Draw but Mac doesn’t give chase

– Burnside

– Results

» GB & France on verge of recognition

» Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

• He did where he couldn’t and didn’t where he could

• Strengthened moral cause—esp. abroad

• Off-year elections not good

• Southerners thought he was trying to start an insurrection

• A fight to destroy the “Old South” now

– African-American Efforts

• 180,000 – 38,000 died

• 54th Mass—Fort Wagner—Robert Gould Shaw

• Fort Pillow massacre—300 dead

• South conscripted 1 month before end

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– Gettysburg

• Burnside lost at Fredericksburg

– Replaced with “Fighting” Joe Hooker

» Lost at Chancellorsville

» Stonewall Jackson

• Replaced with Meade

• Lee to invade North again

– Take attn off VA—Fred., Chancellorsville

– Rile the peace protesters

– 3 days not decided till

– Pickett’s Charge

» High water mark of Confederacy

• Gettysburg Address

– War in the West

• Where Lincoln found his general

• Henry & Donelson

– Kept KY & opened TN

• Shiloh

• New Orleans—Farragut

– Divided the Confederacy

• Vicksburg

– Last protection for western supply lines

– Day after Gettysburg

• Chattanooga & Chickamauga

– Cleared TN of Confederates

– Grant promoted

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– Sherman takes over in West

• Atlanta—Savannah

– Total war

– Life off land

– Sherman “neckties”

– Destroyed supplies & morale

» Desertions up

» Saved worst for South Carolina

– Elections of 1864

• National Union Party—temporary

– Andrew Johnson

• Democrats

– McClellan

• Sheridan & Sherman seal it

• Soldiers vote at front and/or furloughed

• South more despondent

– Grant in the East

• Lee

• Wilderness—Spotsylvania—Cold Harbor

– The “Butcher”

• Siege at Petersburg

• Richmond captured

• Lee cornered at Appomattox

• Davis tries to escape to TX

– Captured in GA jailed

– Lincoln—Ford’s Theatre—John Wilkes Booth

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• “Our American Cousin”

• Reconstruction

– Leaders arrested later pardoned

– South—“Gone with the Wind”

• Economy in shambles

– Banks closed

– Transportation broke

– Farms destroyed

– Freedmen’s Bureau

• O. O. Howard

– Clothing, food, medical care, education

– Blacks thirst for knowledge

– President Andrew Johnson

• Congressman from TN

– Refused to secede

– Democrat mistrusted by all

• Presidential Recon.

– Lincoln attempted

– 10% Plan

– Wade-Davis 50%

» Congressional Recon—who has the right?

• Suicide—conquered provinces

– Pocket-veto

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– Moderates (Lincoln & many)

– Radicals (Stevens & few)

– Johnson used Lincoln’s Plan

» Congress not in session

» Personal petitions—granted many

» Ratify 13th Amendment

– Black Codes

» Labor force regulated

» Slaves no more but…

» Contracts

» Negro-catchers

» No vote, land, jury

• Sharecroppers

– Northerners? Who the hell won the war?!?

• Congressional Reconstruction

– Southern Congressmen

» Alex Stephens!

– Republicans alarmed

» During the war

• Tariff raised

• Homestead Act

• Pacific RR Act

» South representation gains

• 12 votes in House

• 12 votes in Electoral College

• Could align with Northern Democrats

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• Johnson says country “Reconstructed”

• Congress not happy

– Congress takes over

» Freedmen’s Bureau vetoed (year to year)

» Congress passed Civil Rights Bill (CRB) over veto (Citizenship)

» 14th Amendment—puts teeth into CRB

» 10 states refuse (all except TN)

– Off-Year Elections

» Johnson campaigns against 14th

» Accused Radicals of promoting anti-black riots

» Veto-proof election both houses

– Radicals

» Sumner—Senate

» Stevens—House

– Reconstruction Act

» 5 military districts

» Led by generals—policed by soldiers

» Conditions for readmission

• 14th Amendment

• Universal male suffrage—in state constitutions

– Tenure of Office Act

» Edwin Stanton

• Radical spy

• Johnson dismissed

• Impeached

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• “high crimes and misdemeanors”

– 15th Amendment

» Race, color, previous condition

» Women?

• Election of 1868

– Republicans—Grant

– Wins due to black vote

– Ku Klux Klan

• Intimidate blacks, carpet-baggers, Redeem

• Republican Party in South for Blacks only

• Enforcement Acts

– Protect AA Civil Rights & put Klan on trial

– Once redeemed

• Grand-father clause, literacy test, poll tax

– Grant’s admin

• Terribly corrupt

• Hurts Reconstruction

• Democrats gain House in 1874

• Election of 1876

– Democrats—Tilden

– Republicans—Hayes

– South Car., LA, FLA

– Compromise

• Hayes

• Troops pulled

• Key member of Cabinet

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• Southern RR

• Most gains erased

• Civil Rights Act of 1875

• 1890s Jim Crow

• Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

• Brown v. Board 1954

• Solid South

– Reagan 1980