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CCS: CATTURA E SEQUESTRO DELLA CO2:STATO ATTUALE E TECNOLOGIE
Cover image: Aerial view of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration carbon capture facilities located at Tomakomai City, Hokkaido, Japan. Image provided by JCCS.
Guido Magneschi
CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
Reserves to production ratio:
~75 years
CONTENUTI:
1. Il ruolo della CCS
2. Stato dei progetti CCS
3. Tecnologie di cattura della CO2
Fossil fuel demand growing and reserves robust
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017Source: IEA World Energy Outlook, 2016 (New policies scenario)
Fossil fuel proved reserves:
~7 trillion barrels of oil equivalent
Reserves to production ratio:
~80 years[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE][CELLRANGE]
13%
14%
19%
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
[CELLRANGE]
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
1990 2014 2040
Primary Energy Demand by Fuel Source(million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent)
Nuclear Renewables Fossil Fuels
Solar and Wind
CCS is a vital element of a low-carbon energy future
Source: International Energy Agency (2017), Energy Technology Perspectives 2017, OECD/IEA, Paris
A transformation in how we generate and use energy is needed
0
10
20
30
40
50
2015
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
Gt C
O2
em
issio
ns
Nuclear 6% CCS 14% Renewables 35% Efficiency 40% 2DS
2DS
Reference Scenario (current ambition)
31
Gt C
O2
Source: International Energy Agency (2017), Energy Technology Perspectives 2017, OECD/IEA, Paris
CCS contributes 14% of cumulative reductions through 2060 in a 2DS world compared to „current ambition‟ (Reference Scenario)
CCS is critical in a portfolio of low-carbon technologies
CCS is deployed more widely and more rapidly in
moving from 2DS to B2DS
International Energy Agency (2017), Energy Technology Perspectives 2017, OECD/IEA, Paris
2DS refers to a 2oC Scenario; B2DS refers to a Beyond 2oC Scenario, limiting average future temperature increases to 1.75°C
Light areas in the right graph represent cumulative emissions reductions in the 2DS, while dark areas represent additional
cumulative emissions reductions needed to achieve the B2DS
0
10
20
30
40
50
20
15
20
20
20
30
20
40
20
50
20
60
GtC
O2
2DS to B2DS
Renewables 15%
CCS 32%
Fuel switching 18%
Efficiency 34%
Nuclear 1%
2DS
B2DS
Reference Scenario ─ current ambition
0 100 200 300 400
GtCO2 cumulative reductions in 2060
Source:
Note:
Mitigation costs more than double in scenarios with
limited availability of CCS
*Percentage increase in total discounted mitigation costs (2015-2100) relative to default technology assumptions – median estimate
+ 7% + 6%
+ 64%
+ 138%
Baseline cost
with all mitigation
options utilized
Source: IPCC Fifth Assessment Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers, November 2014.
Cost increase under
limited technology
availability scenarios50
100
150
Perc
en
tag
e*
Nuclear phase out Limited solar/wind
Limited bioenergy
No CCS
Reserves to production ratio:
~75 years
CONTENUTI:
1. Il ruolo della CCS
2. Stato dei progetti CCS
3. Tecnologie di cattura della CO2
A significant task within one generation
37 large-scale CCS facilities -
combined CO2 capture capacity
of approximately 65 Mtpa*:
• 21 facilities in operation or
construction (~37 Mtpa)
• 5 facilities in advanced
development (~11 Mtpa)
• 11 facilities in earlier stages of
development (~17 Mtpa)
OECDNon-OECD
~3,800 Mtpa of CO2 captured
and stored by 2040 (IEA 2DS)**
37 Mtpa
Global Status of CCS
November 2017
*Mtpa = million tonnes per annum
**Source: data sourced from International Energy Agency (2017), Energy Technology Perspectives 2017, OECD/IEA, Paris
Note: 2040 IEA 2DS data includes ~600 Mtpa “negative emissions” from BECCS
More facilities to be operational in 2018
7 8 8
12 1315 15
17 17
4
-
5
10
15
20
25
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Nu
mb
er
of
fac
ilit
ies
Facilities to enter operation Facilities in operation
Actual and expected operation dates up to 2022 for large-scale
CCS facilities by industry and storage type#
* Assessing CCS possibilities from ammonia production, from cement production and from waste-to-energy sources
# Facilities in the Operating, In construction and Advanced development stages
Reserves to production ratio:
~75 years
Geographic distribution of operational facilities
CANCELLED CCS LARGE-SCALE FACILITIES IN EUROPE
Peterhead,
UKPower sector
(1.0 Mtpa)
Don
Valley, UKPower sector
(1.5 Mtpa)
ROAD, NLPower sector
(1.1 Mtpa)
Compostilla, ESPower sector
(1.3 Mtpa)
Porto Tolle, ITPower sector
(1 Mtpa)
Jänschwalde, D
EPower sector
(1.7 Mtpa)
Bełchatów, PLPower sector
(1.8 Mtpa)
White
Rose, UKPower sector
(2.0 Mtpa)
Ulcos
Florange, FRSteel production
(0.7 Mtpa)
Getica, ROPower sector
(1.5 Mtpa)
PLANNED CCS LARGE-SCALE FACILITIES IN EUROPE
Caledonia Clean
Energy, UKPower sector
(3.0 Mtpa)
Full chain CCS, NOVarious industrial
sources
(1.3 Mtpa)
Teesside
Collective, UKVarious industrial
sources
(0.8 Mtpa)
CO2
SAPLING, NL, NO
, UKCO2 pipelines &
shipping infrastructure
(PCI)
Teesside CO2
Hub, BE, GER, NL,
UKCO2 pipelines &
shipping infrastructure
(PCI)
Rotterdam
Nucleus, NL, UKCO2 pipelines
infrastructure
(PCI)
CO2 Cross Border
Transport
Connections
project, NL, NO, UKCO2 shipping
infrastructure to NCS
(PCI)
ERVIA,IrelandCCGTs + Refinery
(2.2 Mtpa)
Magnum project, NL Hydrogen (4.0 Mtpa)
PLANNED SMALL-SCALE CAPTURE PROJECTS IN EUROPE
Acorn, UKNatural gas
processing
(Full chain CCS)
CLEAG
Geothermal, HRPower sector
(1.5 Mtpa)
LEILAC, BECement production
(CO2 capture)
H21 Leeds City
Gate project , UKHydrogen
CEMCAP, EuropeCement production
(CO2 capture)
Cadent Liverpool-
Manchester
Hydrogen Cluster
project, UKHydrogen (0.73 Mtpa)
Green Hydrogen
project, NL Hydrogen
ECRA Cement
project, AU and ITCement industry
(Oxyfuel technology)
Reserves to production ratio:
~75 years
CONTENUTI:
1. Il ruolo della CCS
2. Stato dei progetti CCS
3. Tecnologie di cattura della CO2
OVERVIEW OF CO2 CAPTURE SYSTEMS
Capture routes
for power
generation
Classified by application
POST-COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
Systems for the separation of CO2 from flue gases produced
by a combustion
State of art: chemical absorption with amine-based
solvents - Standard solvent is a solution of Mono Ethanol
Amine (MEA) 30-40%-wt in water
Several companies have produced proprietary amine based
solvent with improved performance and resistance but also
alternative solvents (e.g. amino-acid salts) for CO2 capture
purposes
Overall efficiency penalty* (in power plants):
PC plants 9-11%-points (20-25% less power output)
NGCC plants 8-10 %-points (15-20% less power output)
* Including CO2 compression to 110 bar
CHEMICAL ABSORPTION WITH AMINE-BASED
SOLVENTS
Flue GasLP Steam
Cooling Water
Electric Power
CO2
Condensate
N2/O
2
Source: Sintef
~130 °C
saturated
>95 % pure
90% captured
~40 °C
PC 12-14% CO2
NGCC 3-5% CO2
There are a few examples of large scale project using this technologies.
Main developers: Mitsubishi, Shell, Aker, Fluor
Petra Nova Carbon Capture
Operating since January 2017
Location: Texas, United States
Industry: Power generation
Capture Type: Post-combustion CO2 capture (1.4 Mtpa)
Storage: CO2-EOR in West Ranch oil field
Milestone: Over 1 million tonnes of CO2 captured.Source: NRG
CCS PROJECTS (POWER) USING AMINE ABSORPTION
Boundary Dam CCS
Operating since October 2014
Location: Saskatchewan, Canada
Industry: Power generation
Capture Type: Post-combustion CO2 capture (1.0 Mtpa)
Storage: CO2-EOR in Weyburn Oil Unit (and Aquistore)
Milestone: Over 1.5 million tonnes of CO2 captured.Source: SaskPower
PRE-COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
Systems for the separation of CO2 from H2 (before combustion)
Applied to Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle (IGCC) or Hydrogen
production plants (15-60 %vol CO2)
State of art: chemical absorption with physical and chemical
solvents (commercially available processes)
chemical solvents: e.g. Methyl Diethanolamine (MDEA)
physical solvent: Rectisol and Selexol
mixtures of chemical and physical solvents are also possible
Overall efficiency penalty* in IGCC plants is 9-11 %-points (20-25%
less power output)
* Including CO2 compression to 110 bar
CO2 ABSORPTION BY PHYSICAL SOLVENTS
Example of application in IGCC
40 °C
48 bar 21 °C
1.7 bar
OXY-COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
Systems for the combustion of fuels in oxygen in order to produce a
near pure stream of CO2 ready for compression and transport
Applicable to any combustion processes but,
1. The boiler must be air leakages free,
2. Flue gas recirculation is required (to avoid high combustion T)N
2
Oxygen
Fuel
CO2 (+ H2O)OXY
COMBUSTION
Air
Air
Separation
Unit (ASU)
OXY-COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
NEW
NEWNEW
EXISTING
OXY-COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
Require only additional electric power (ASU), no heat (steam)
Do not use chemical solvents
Overall efficiency penalty* in coal fired power plants:
PC plants 7-10%-points (20-25% less power output)
NGCC plants 11-13 %-points (25-30% less power output)
Main Developers: Air Liquide, Air
Products, Praxair, Linde, Babcock&Wilcox, Doosan, Foster-
Wheeler, Alstom
No large scale project existing today with oxy-combustion
*including CO2 compression to 110 bar
SUPERCRITICAL CO2 GT (ALLAM CYCLE) OF
NET POWER
NET Power‟s Allam Cycle technology combines oxy-fuel combustion with a
supercritical CO2 turbine to generate power. Oxygen, produced using an Air
Separation Unit (ASU), is combined with fuel and high pressure CO2 in a
combustor and sent through a CO2 turbine where power is produced. CO2 and
water exit the turbine and go into a heat exchanger where the water is
condensed out and some of the CO2 is looped back to the combustor while the
rest exits the system through a high pressure CO2 pipeline
NET Power is completing construction of the first 50MWth demonstration plant in
Texas
Source: NET Power
CO2 CAPTURE IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Industrial
Sector
Process
(CO2 sources)
Estimated year of
maturity
Oil refining Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC)
Residues gasification
Hydrogen from Synthetic Gas Reforming (SGR) *
2020-30
2015-20
Currently mature
Hydrogen from fossil
fuels/biomass
Coal/Biomass Gasification
Steam Methane Reforming
Currently mature
Currently mature
Natural gas processing Gas sweetening * Currently mature
Liquid fuel Synthesis Fisher-Tropsch process * Currently mature
Bio-fuels synthesis Ethanol *
Bio-synthetic gas (digestion) *
Currently mature
Currently mature
Chemicals Ammonia * Currently mature
Iron & Steel Blast furnace
Direct Iron Reduction (DRI) *
2020-30
Currently mature
Cement Calcinator 2020-30
* Near pure CO2 streams are produced as part of the existing process
Different capture technologies can be used in each industry, some are the same
presented before, some are specifically developed for a certain industry (eg.
direct calciners for cement factories)
First-of-a-kind CCS costs in different industries
Source: Global CCS Institute (2017)
Relative US DOE cost reduction targets and timing for second
generation and transformational carbon capture technologies
Source: Fueling the Future: Safe, affordable, secure energy, Plasynski (2015)
Note: COE = Cost of Electricity
Promising innovative technologies under development
Technology/Developers Case Study Application Development TRL*
Oxy-combustion/Supercritical CO2 Power
Cycle
(Allam cycle)
NET PowerNew-build natural gas-fired power
generation
50 MWth demo (about 200 t/d CO2)
plant near completion
(Texas, US)
6-7
Chemical Looping Combustion
Babcock and Wilcox, Alstom, University of
Utah, Chalmers University
Babcock & WilcoxNew-build coal or gas fired power
generation
250 KWth (2 t/d CO2) pilot plant tested.
Now planning construction of a 10MWe
pilot (70 t/d CO2)
4-5
Fuel cell-facilitated capture Fuel Cell Energy
New-build or retrofit power
generation (post-combustion) and
industrial applications
Fuel Cells are commercial although no
specific CCS test done yet. Planning a 2.3
MWe pilot on both coal and gas-fired
flue gas in Alabama
3-4
Direct Separation Calciner (Flash
Calcination)CALIX
Cement production (calciner
emissions)
First pilot under construction as part of
the LEILAC project (BE).
150 t/d CO2 (240 t/d cement)
5-6
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Multiple universities globally, MOF
Technologies
New-build or retrofit power
generation (post-combustion) and
industrial applications
Lab/bench scale testing 1-2
Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift
reaction (SEWGS)ECN
Pre-combsution at Integrated Coal
Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCC)
and blast furnaces gases at steel
production facilities
14 t/d pilot SWEGS unit is near operation
at Swerea MEFOS in Lulea (SE) as part of
the STEPWISE project
5-6
* The TRL is assigned basing on DOE definitions;
Conclusioni (1)
La CCS è una tecnologia necessaria per raggiungere gli accordi di Parigi.
Senza la CCS i costi aumentano del 140% e la probabilità di stare sotto i 2°C è
molto bassa (IPCC, IEA)
140 Gt/CO2 dovranno essere catturate da oggi al 2060 (IEA). Oggi sono
catturati circa 38 Mt per anno, con 17 progetti operativi.
Nel futuro la CCS su impianti industriali giocherà un ruolo critico, coprendo
circa il 50% del totale. Per alcune industrie la CCS è l‟unica vera soluzione
percorribile (vedi: cementifici)
La tecnologia CCS e‟ matura (anche per grossi volumi) ma non ancora
largamente applicata. Ci sono molte tecnologie a disposizione e la ricerca sta
continuando ad abbassare i costi (oggi tra 60 e 200 Euro/t)
Esistono sufficienti risorse per lo stoccaggio a livello mondiale, anche se certe
aree godono di migliore accesso rispetto ad altre.
Al livello politico mancano strumenti finanziari o incentivi che favoriscano lo
sviluppo di progetti. Il principali incentivi per progetti CCS sono l‟applicazioni di
EOR oppure la Carbon Tax.
Conclusioni (2)
In Europa ad oggi le nazioni che includono la CCS nei loro programmi di
decarbonizzazione, e quindi più attive nella promozione della CCS sono la
Norvegia, L‟Inghilterra e l‟Olanda.
Aree densamente industrializzate possono godere di infrastrutture condivise
per il trasporto e lo stoccaggio della CO2 (CCS clusters). La CCS è
particolarmente interessante per l‟industria del ferro, petrolifera e del cemento.
Si sta assistendo ad un ritorno d‟interesse verso l‟idrogeno come combustibile
pulito. In attesa che tecnologie per l‟idrogeno “rinnovabile” a basso costo siano
sviluppate, la produzione di idrogeno da gas naturale con CCS è oggi la
soluzione più economica.
C‟è grande interesso verso gli utilizzi della CO2 come materia riciclata (Carbon
Capture and Utilization, CCU), ma in molti casi gli utilizzi non garantiscono
l‟eliminazione della CO2 dall‟atmosfera in modo permanente.
The Global Status of CCS: 2017
http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/webform/gl
obal-status-ccs-2017
www.globalccsinstitute.com
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