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CDMA Systems Evolution to VoIP- Network Migration- Vocoder Technologies- Standards Support
Gino Scribano, Distinguished Member of Technical StaffCDG VoIP SummitFeb 8th, 2005
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IMS/MMD Architecture Issues
CDG Questions#15, How could IMS/MMD architecture be
leveraged to a competitive advantage ...#18, What migration strategy would you
recommend when transitioning from CS …
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Device Convergence1 device, accessing multiple services, via multiple access technologies
Service Convergence1 service, serving multiple devices, over multiple access technologies.
Network Convergence1 unified core, connecting multiple services to multiple devices over multiple access mechanisms
3G RAN
BSC
BSC
2G RAN
WLAN
GSM Core
CDMA Core
Enterprise
Services
Services
Services
3G RAN
BSC
BSC
2G RAN
WLAN
GSM Core
CDMA Core
Enterprise
Services
3G RAN
BSC
BSC
2G RAN
WLAN
ConvergedCore
Network
Services
Services
Services
Services
Industry-Wide Convergence
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Competitive Advantage through Rich Services & Applications
The Evolution to IMS/MMDBuilding Rich Services and Applications Every Step of the Way
1XEV-DORev. A
Circuit switch
IMS/MMDSuper Structure
IMSBridge
IMS/MMD Foundation
IS-95 1X
1xEV-DOACCESS
CORE
PoC VoIP for WiFi VoIP for CDMA
E-MAILw/ Attachment
HIGH DATA RATE & CAPACITY
LOW-MED DATA & CAPACITY
NO
N-R
EAL
TIM
E REAL TIM
E
Full Web Browsing
S/WDownload
MusicDownload
Location Based Services
SMS
Multi-MediaMessaging
DownloadRingers
Transaction Based Apps
Voice
InteractiveGaming
Live VideoBroadcast
VideoConference
Applications
Handsets
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IP
SoftswitchSoftswitchMSCMSC
HLRSMSCOTA etc.
PoCPoC
App. ServersApp. Servers
ANSI41/MAP/ISUP SS7
CDMA Access
Networks
BSC
Internet
PSTN
SS7Network
Packet Data Network
AAA HA
PDSN
Location Location ServicesServices
Migration Phase I – Today
1X / HRPD-0ServiceServiceDelivery Delivery
platformsplatforms
1X / HRPD access networksSoft switch with separate signaling and controlIP based Data, PoC & Location services , etc.WAP enabled devices with JAVA/BREW capabilities
ServicesServices
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IP
Packet CorePDSN
SoftswitchSoftswitchMSCMSC
HLRSMSCOTA etc.
IMSIMS
HSS HSS (DS)(DS) SIP ISC
ANSI41/MAP/ISUP SS7
WLANData
Cable & DSL
Alternate Access
Networks
CDMA Access
Networks
Internet
PSTN
SS7Network
Migration Phase II – IMS/MMD Foundation - Starting in 2005
IMS/MMD call server supports alternate access -broadband and WLANIP backhaul and transportIncremental services via IMSWiFi enabled VoIP devices
PushPush--ToTo--XX
Presence Presence ServicesServices
App. ServersApp. Servers
ServicesServices
BSC
CS DomainServiceServiceDelivery Delivery
platformsplatforms
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BSC
Migration Phase III - IMS Bridge -Starting in 2006
IPPacket CorePDSN
SoftswitchSoftswitchMSCeMSCe
HLRSMSCOTA etc.
IMSIMS
HSS HSS (DS)(DS)
SIP ISCSIP
ANSI41/MAP/ISUP SS7
WLANVoice / Data
Cable & DSL
Alternate Access
Networks
CDMA Access
Networks
Internet
PSTN
SS7Network
Real-time MMD services - VoIP
DO Rev A
HRPD-A RANDual mode handsets for HRPD-A / WiFiBCMCS serverIMS call server supports Cable / WLAN voice & dataWiFi VoIP - IMS bridges PS and CS domains
PushPush--ToTo--XX
BCMCS BCMCS ServicesServices
802.16802.16
App. ServersApp. Servers
ServiceServiceDelivery Delivery
platformsplatforms
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IP
Packet Core(PDSN/GGSN)
SoftswitchSoftswitchMSCeMSCe
HLRSMSCOTA etc.
IMSIMS
HSS HSS (DS)(DS)
SIP ISC
SIP
ANSI41/MAP/ISUP SS7
VoIP for HRPD-AWideband audio and narrowband telephonySeamless mobility for VoIP enabled devices Converged IP core networkCost effective platform solution that permits full assets reuse as technologies evolve
CDMA Access
Networks
BSC
Internet
PSTN
Migration Phase IV – IMS/MMD Super Structure - Starting in 2007
PushPush--ToTo--XX
BCMCS BCMCS ServicesServices
WLANVoice / Data
Cable & DSL
Alternate Access
Networks
802.16802.16
ServiceServiceDeliveryDelivery
PlatformsPlatforms
App. ServersApp. Servers
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VoIP Vocoder Issues
CDG Questions#4, Can VoIP match Voice quality and
Performance of a Circuit Switched Network ...
#5, What impact will VoIP have on CDMA capacity for mixed voice and data traffic ...
#6, What are the tradeoffs between system capacity, voice quality, QoS and other parameters ...
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Voice Bearer Path Reference
M-MBypass
M-L M-LVoIP
Circuit M-LVoIP
End-to-EndM-M
Tandem
MSCMSC
BSC
AccessGW
PSTN
MSCMSC
BSC
MediaGW
VoIPGW
AN/BSC
AN/BSC
PSTN Internet
AccessGW
M-MTandem
M-MBypass
Circuit Switched VoIP via IMS/MMD
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Voice Quality by Call Type
Best(WB; tandem free)
Better(NB; tandem free)
VoIP E2E, M-M Vocoder Bypass(SCH air, IP network)
Good+(NB; + if RS2)
Good(= baseline if QoS)
VoIP M-L, M-M Tandem(SCH air, PCM network)
Best(WB; tandem free)
Better(NB; tandem free)
Circuit M-M Vocoder Bypass(DCH air, Circuit data network)
Good+(NB; + if RS2)
Good(Baseline)
Circuit M-L, M-M Tandem(DCH air, PCM network)
Wideband Vocoder
(Eg, VMR-WB)
Narrowband Vocoder
(Eg, EVRC)
Call Type(Bearer Path)
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Voice Performance by Call Type
BetterGood
BetterBetter
GoodVoIP M-L, M-M Tandem(SCH air, PCM network)
Good(2 RF links)
BestBetter(tandem free)
Circuit M-M Vocoder Bypass(DCH air, Circuit data network)
Better(tandem free)
BestGood
Delay
Good
Best
Jitter
GoodVoIP E2E, M-M Vocoder Bypass
(SCH air, IP network)
BestGood
Circuit M-L, M-M Tandem(DCH air, PCM network)
FrameLoss
Call Type(Bearer Path)
Good: 250 ms end-to-end delay, 20ms jitter, 2% end-to-end frame lossBest: 150ms end-to-end delay, 0.5ms jitter, 1% end-to-end frame loss
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Vocoder Negotiation in IMS/MMD
AccessGW
MGCF
AN/BSC
AN/BSC
AccessGW
PSTN
Alice Bob
Alice Bob
INVITE[media= EVRC, 13K]
Response OK[media= EVRC]
ACK
EVRC
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP)enable end-to-end, prioritized, media (eg, vocoder) type negotiation.
CSCF
Vocoder type and Transcodinglocation are dependent on terminaldevice capabilities and intermediateGateway capabilities
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VoIP Vocoder Summary
VoIP can offer same voice quality as circuit for M-L and M-M tandem call typesVoIP can offer higher voice quality for M-M and end-to-end M-L IP
Effectively supports vocoder bypass & negotiationEnables higher quality wideband vocoders
VoIP can approach typical circuit switched voice performanceRequires effective QoSRequires well-engineered transport networks
SIP /SDP protocols enable scalable vocoder negotiation & technology insertionIMS/MMD architecture enables centralized and distributed transcoder locations
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VoIP Standards Issues
CDG Questions#3, Do current standards fully support
Network VoIP implementation #10, Can VoIP provide seamless
handoff mobility management …
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3GPP2 VoIP Standards Gaps
VOIP Standards in ProgressMultiple packet connections in HRPD
Required to support simultaneous VoIP and data sessionsTIA-2000-C (Multiple service instances) and C.S0063 (Multi-Flow Packet Application) completeTIA-835-D (QoS), HRPD-IOS-A (Multi-Flow Packet Application), IOS v5.1 (QoS), TIA-856-A Addendum (minor enhancements) in progress
Intra-technology HRPD Active Hard Handoff SupportRequired to prevent VoIP service interruption during handoffHRPD IOS Rev A or Rev A Addendum in progressFast Handoff support (TBD)
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3GPP2 VoIP Standards Gaps - 2
VOIP Standards Gaps Not Yet Targeted for a ReleaseInter-technology Handoff between HRPD and 1X
Required for VoIP-to-VoIP and 1X Circuit-to-VoIP handoff triggered by coverage boundariesEnhancements to TIA-873 (MMD), TIA-2000, TIA-856, HRPD IOS, and TIA-835 are needed
Inter-technology Redirection between HRPD and 1XRequired for VoIP-to-VoIP and 1X Circuit-to-VoIP handoff triggered by network events and preferencesExamples: overload control, preferred network available, etc.Enhancements to TIA-873 (MMD), TIA-2000, TIA-856, HRPD IOS, and TIA-835 are needed
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3GPP2 VoIP Standards Conclusion
Recommend 3GPP2 prioritize work to close standards gaps
Motorola, Sprint and US Cellular jointly introduced a work item (3GPP2-0094) to support these featuresSpecifications in progress complete in 05’Specifications involving call terminations, originations and intra-technology active handoffs is possible in 05’Inter-technology active handoff work is possible in 06’
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Backup Material
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Acronyms & Definitions
Shared Channel – Eg, HRPD Traffic ChannelSCH
Dedicated Channel – Eg, 1X Fundamental ChannelDCH
Media Gateway Control FunctionMGCF
Call Session Control FunctionCSCF
Audio signal bandwidth 50-7000 Hz; requires 16 KHz PCM samplingWideband (WB)
M-L or M-M call supporting RTP/IP bearer between terminal devices VoIP End-to-End
Audio signal bandwidth 200-3500 Hz; requires 8 KHz PCM samplingNarrowband (NB)
Mobile to Mobile call involving one vocoder stage in the bearer pathM-M Vocoder Bypass
Mobile to Mobile call involving more than one vocoder stage in the bearer pathM-M Tandem
Mobile to Land callM-L
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Wideband Vocoder Overview
Higher fidelity than Narrowband (eg, EVRC) vocodersWideband audio bandwidth 50-7000 Hz (16 KHz sampling)Narrowband audio bandwidth 200-3500 Hz (8 KHz sampling)
Wideband Narrowband InterworkingEnables circuit switched M-L and M-M Tandem calls with wideband service option assigned to mobiles
Current technology requires Rate Set 2 (14.4 kbps) radio channel for highest voice quality
Rate Set 2 enables higher average data rate (ADR)Higher ADR enables better recovery in frame error/loss conditions
Vocoder technology improvements enable Rate Set 1 (9.6 kbps) to be used with very good voice quality
Rate Set 1 quality is expected to be near Rate Set 2 quality in low frame error/loss conditions
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Voice Performance Factors Overview
Delay factorsNumber of Vocoder stages in pathDedicated circuit vs. shared packet links
Jitter factorsDedicated circuit vs. shared packet linksNumber of shared packet links in path
Frame Loss factorsNumber of air interface links in pathDedicated circuit vs. shared packet links