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PsychologyTRANSCRIPT
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 1
Psychology: Yesterday and Today
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is Psychology?
Psychology is the science1 of mental processes and behavior.
1Systematic knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Levels of Analysis
The person
The group
The brain
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Is psychology all common sense?
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
• Focused on identifying the “building blocks” of consciousness (sensations & feelings)
• Introspection: Looking within Not objectively verifiable
• Wundt set-up 1st Psychology Lab in 1879
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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science
Functionalism• William James• Influenced by Charles Darwin
Studied how consciousness helped an individual survive and adapt to an environment
Animal observations provide clues for human behavior
• James set-up the first psychology laboratory in America
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The Evolution of a Science
Gestalt Psychology• Max Wertheimer• Focused on
consciousness and principles of perceptual organization The whole is greater than
the sum of its parts
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The Evolution of a Science Psychodynamic Theory
• Sigmund Freud• The mind has separate components
Conscious and unconscious components• Much of behavior in influenced by the
unconscious• Psychoanalysis
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The Evolution of a Science Behaviorism
• John Watson & B. F. Skinner• The mind cannot be observed• Behavior can be observed• Science should study the observable• Reinforcement• Stimulus-response
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The Evolution of a Science Humanistic Psychology
• Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow• Client-centered therapy• We strive for self-actualization
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The Evolution of a Science The Cognitive Revolution
• Alan Newell & Herbert Simon• Focus on mental processes (information
processing)• Computer metaphor• Cognitive neuroscience
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The Evolution of a Science Evolutionary psychology
• Lida Cosmides, John Tooby, David Buss, & Steven Pinker
• Evolutionarily successful cognitive strategies and goals survived
• Cultural universality