cebit big data 2012 - graeme mcclure, engineering lead, smart networks - network automation, sp...
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Electricity Analytics- More than Customer Billing
Graeme McClure
Senior Protection & Control Engineer - Network Automation, SP AusNet
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More to Smart Data then Remote Meter
Reading
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Integration of Metering, GIS and SCADA Data
Benefits the Utility and indirectly Consumers
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• Requires a knowledge of what the data represents
• How the data is obtained
• From where the data is sourced
•What values should be Expected
• Sources of distortion to the information obtained from data
Obtaining Information from Metering, Distribution and
Transmission Network Data Bases
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The Value of Information derived from data can
be time Dependant
• A large number of beneficial outcomes can be obtained with
data which is hours / days or Months Old
• Major benefits can be obtained by having data available and
processed near real time
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Applications with historical Data• Customer Billing
• Planning for Line and Transformer Loading
• Voltage Line Drop Compensation Fine Tuning
• Monitoring Service Cable condition (Safety)
• Customer Phase allocation
• Identifying locations for real time monitoring
• Strategic Asset Placement
• Identifying sites to investigate for non-technical losses
• Maximum Safe Load analysis of Protection
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Applications with Near Real Time Data• Targeted Demand Response
• Closed Loop Line Voltage Regulation
• Customer Outage / Restoration Notification
• Micro Grid Stability
• Field Battery Discharge Test
• Phase Identification
• Meter Tampering
• Registered & Unregistered solar site identification
• Excessive protection operations
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Applications with Near Real Time Data (cont.)
• SCADA triggers to auto extract fault recordings from relays
–Via engineering access (not SCADA)
• Flicker analysis
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Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
• Interval Metering
• Under Voltage Alarm (unsolicited priority)
• Over Voltage Alarm (unsolicited priority)
• Tampering alarms
• Voltage
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Customer Voltage Map (AMI Alarms)
• Telemetered Metering provides
indication of Under Voltage ,
Normal Voltage and Over Voltage
in Real Time
• Red Dots are Over Voltages
• Green Dots are Normal Voltage
• Can be used as feedback for IVVC
– exclude customers with solar as
control points
• What to do about customers who
are over voltage due to solar?
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Load Balancing• Ideally equal real time loading on each phase
• Establish LV phasing connectivity for each transformer
• Summate AMI load data for each meter to create virtual transformer
load profile per phase
• Identify solar distribution across phase and affect on voltage drop
• Identify load to be moved to a different phase
• Establish correct phasing for HV line devices, ACRs etc.
• Identify lateral phases that can be moved to a different phase
• Identify single phase transformers that can be moved to different
phases
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Load Balancing Important for Voltage Regulation
• The more uniform the load
distribution across phases, the
easier voltage regulation is to
achieve
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Phase Identification
• All phases can be referenced real
time to a master phase identifier
• Use to correct phase reporting
for remote SCADA connected
devices
• Helps to balance load distribution
• Useful when commissioning new
devices
• Also use SCADA / AMI data
matching for faults and voltage
drop
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Customer Phase allocation• Use supply outages and voltage drops to allocate individual
single phase customers to a particular phase.
• Phase out LV of an individual transformer
• Phase out HV line devices
• Phasing should be absolute so that customers on B phase on
one transformer can be compared to a customer on B phase
on another transformer for comparison of line loading
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Transformer Load Planning
• Large load increases often experienced on Distribution Transformers
during Heat Waves
• Virtual Load Profile can be constructed by combining the load profiles
of those customers connected to the Transformer
• Virtual Load Profile run day after Heat Wave
• Used to identify those Transformers that Require Real time Monitoring
and Demand Response Capability
• SP – AusNet had approximately 300 Transformer Failures in 4 Days
during a Heat wave 3 years ago
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Identifying sites to investigate for non-technical losses
• Phase measurement of a distribution transformer
• Phase assignment of customers
• Summations of customers on each phase
• Allowance for line loss
• Compare to actual measurement at the Transformer
• Flag areas for closer examination
• Also use line drop models based on Voltage at transformer
and each house
• Houses with measure values less the calculated value are
possibly consuming unmetered load
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Meter Tampering
• Cover removal switches which are connected to alarms in
AMI
• Cross reference to works orders to see if legitimate
• Flag tamper alarms where no works orders for site
• Unauthorised disconnection of supply
–Removal of supply fuse to “work” on home
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Maximum Safe Load analysis of Protection
• Checking load data from SCADA against Protection Settings
for field device
• Alarm when limits are encroached on
• For Over Current
• For Distance relay starter
–Plot position of mho for protection review
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Line Loss Reduction
•For distribution companies no economic drivers at the
moment for line lose reduction.
•Under a Carbon Tax ?
•Regulatory Change ?
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Field Battery Discharge Test• Small sealed lead acid batteries in the filed are a maintenance
issue for utilities
• Typical life 2 to 7 years
• Affected by Heat, charging conditions, Level of discharge
• Resistive load test periodically done on some
• Outage enables discharge testing to be done
–Know time until coms lost after supply loss
–Know expected hold up time for battery
–Flag batteries that didn’t keep communications going long enough / flat
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Excessive protection operations
• Mostly an issue with ACR fast trips & trees
• ACR trips reclose on fast operation
• Tree contact isn’t lone enough for time delayed operation so protection
resets (40 seconds)
• Another fast trip occurs soon after
• etc.
• Can also be unravelling conductor strand
• Alarm if more than X operations in a time period Y (e.g. 6 in 3 hours)
– Dispatch crew to fix issue
– Indicate to temporarily suppress fast trip operation
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SCADA triggers to auto extract fault recordings
from Relays• Via engineering access (not SCADA)
• Package and distribute for analysis
–Reduce to hours or min. way presently takes days if field staff dispatched
–Stored data often over written before it can be retrieved
–During a fault, not enough staff to do manually
–Data for difficult faults can aid analysis real time.
– Important for in depth post fault analysis
• Applicable for Transmission & Distribution
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Voltage Regulation
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Improve Environment for LV Embedded
Generation• LV Inverters should shut down when Voltage they need to
generate at is greater then 253 Volts
• Voltage to the zero current flow point held by dominant
generator (grid).
• Embedded generator needs to have voltage high enough to
allow for voltage drop from Inverter to the zero current flow
point
• Keep zero current flow point Voltage down to enable
maximum Voltage build on Inverters.
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Voltage Profile of All Houses Polled
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Enhanced Customer Safety
Detecting Failed Neutral Connection
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Voltage Profile of All Houses Polled
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Voltage Profile of Individual House
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Closed Loop Voltage Regulation
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Why Closed Loop Voltage Regulation?
• Embedded feeder Generation
–Domestic Solar
–Small Generators (Base load 300kVA to 8 MVA)
– Intermittent Generators (Wind, peak micro Generation)
• Voltage Compliance
• Demand Reduction during Peak Loading time
–Set before Load Shedding
–Differ Capacity Upgrades on individual Feeders
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Closed Loop Voltage Regulation
• Real Time Voltage (LV) Monitored in the Field
• Used to control the Tap Position of Zone Substation LTC
• Also used to control Tap Position of Line Regulators
• Control Switching of field capacitor banks
• Objective to reduce the Voltage spread at individual supply
Points
• Makes driving the Voltage at supply points lower possible
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Customer Outage / Restoration
Notification
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Outage Management
• Important to Know Both Loss and Restoration of Supply
– Many examples of when an individual Customers Supply Fuse Operates at the same
time as Major Line Protection Device
• Call Out Crew fixes Main issue and assumes that everybody is back on
• Secondary Call Out Hours Later to Restore Supply to Individual Customers
– Credit in Network Performance for Partial Restorations
• Integration of SCADA Data and Metering Information in Real Time
• Important that it is Loss of Supply NOT Loss of Communications
• Used to Audit SAIDI, SAIFI & MAIFI
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Micro Grid Stability
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Real Time Data accessible locally
• Historical Metering Data used to select real time Monitoring
Locations
• SCADA signals communicating locally to control generation,
Storage & Switching
• SCADA requests to Metering system for Demand Response
so as to NOT overload Micro Grid Capability
–Load Shed Water Heating
–Demand Restriction of Customers?
–Contracted Manageable Loads
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QUESTIONS ?
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Issues That Need to Be Considered When
Designing Smart Data Applications
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Missing Data
• Not all data sources are present for the historical point of
time you are mining for
• Equipment can go offline
• Disruption to data with equipment failure and change over
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Flat Lining
• Transducers can lockup
• Maintaining a variable such as ambient air temperature at a
constant value is an indication of flat lining
• Affects variables such as
–Temperature
–Currents
–Voltages
–Complex analogue variables
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Order of Magnitude
• Simple Order of Magnitude storage of values can cause
issues. Especially if they come form different transducer
types. i.e. CB feeder relay and down line switch.
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Range Control
• Range control can often clip analog variables causing them to flat line at a magnitude higher or lower then expected.
• Example of a variable for SWER line Voltage. Record indicated a constant 8 kV. Line voltage should have been nominally 12.7kV. Two issues;–Value less then expected.
–Value flat lined, would expect some small fluctuation. Note when line was off this value also went to Zero.
– Initially Suspected incorrect variable mapped
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Signed Data
• Signing of data can cause issues when looking at data from
different sources about the same physical quantity.
–Mostly when analysis is done of binary variables
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Events Generated during Test & Commissioning
• Operation number for field devices can look higher than
actual field performance
• Distorts network reliability analysis unless filtered out.
• Many IEDs cannot exclude testing from their wear and life
indicators
• Desirable to have flags to indicate data being generated by
test and commissioning
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Variations Due to Network Switching
• The operation of the network can affect what loads are
connected to a particular part of the electricity network at any
point in time
• Apparent Load increase could be due to extra line segments
being switched onto the end of the line.
– Issue when looking for maximum line loads
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Phase Rotation
• Line construction can affect the mechanical position of
electrical phases
• Field transducers often assume phases allocated to a
mechanical position. i.e. B phase is in the centre. A phase is
on the left and c phase on the right.
–Affected by which side of the pole a transducer is located on
–Phase rotations associated with power lines Teeing off around corners
• Makes line segment loading calculations problematic
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Field Time and SCADA time
• Because of communications delays often desirable to
process events based on field time rather the time stamp
associated with data being received.
• Some systems don’t report field time correctly
• Important to note time source when reconstructing events
record
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Time Synchronisation and Drift
•When considering the sequence of data from different
transducers consideration should be made for the degree to
which field time can be compared
–Are all the times synchronised to the same time ?
– Is their an offset in some IEDs ?
–To what accuracy ?
–What is the clock drift of the IED ?
–What is the accuracy to the synchronisation method ?
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Daylight Savings
• Sometime daylight savings adjustments is made to records
– Is it a correction on the display only?
–What is the base time of the raw data?
–Are the transducers affected by daylight savings? i.e. new smart meter
clocks.
–Does the real world change with daylight saving, however the data locked
to UTC for example.
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Accuracy and linearity of Field Transducers
• Often variations are seen because the field devices are not
linear over the complete range being monitored.
–Notably current Transducers recording fault levels
–Did the transducer have sufficient time to accurately record field value
e.g. high magnitude fault currents
–What is the accuracy to the field transducers?
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