CEBU

GeographyGeographyHistory History

and and CultureCulture

1.1.IntroductionIntroduction

2.2.Geography of CebuGeography of Cebu

3.3.An Outline of An Outline of Philippine HistoryPhilippine History

4.Cebu History4.Cebu History

Physical Geography:

9°25'N and 11°15'N latitude and between

123°13'E and 124°5'E

600 kilometers south of Manila

Boundaries:

East---Camotes SeaWest---Tanon StraitNorth--Visayan Sea Southeast--Bohol

Strait

L - 250 kilometers

from North to South

W - 45

kilometers across at its widest point

5,088 sq. kms.

(508,839 has.)

1.7% of the total land

area of the country

• Ringed by about 166 smaller islands & islets of which

Mactan, Bantayan and Camotes are considered the largest.

• 1,000 meters highest elevation (Mt. Manunggal)

• Narrow coastlines, limestone plateaus, coastal plains, rolling hills and rugged mountain ranges.

• Lowland areas are more extensive in Carmen,

Mandaue, Cebu City, Talisay, Carcar, Argao, Barili,

Toledo, Asturias, Balamban. Bogo, San Remigio, Medellin

and Daan Bantayan

Average Annual Rainfall:   1,638.20 mmMinimum Monthly Rainfall:    50.40 mm Maximum Monthly Rainfall:   206.50 mm Mean Temperature Range: 26.49 C-28.79 C

Minimum Temperature:    22.69 C Maximum Temperature:    33.19 C

No major river systems or large lakes

30% arable land

Soil composition is mainly porous

calcareous materials that do not hold much water. Cebuanos most likely have

always been part time farmers and part time fishermen.

Probably formed 350 million years ago with

large marshes and abundant vegetation.

A million years BP, during the Pleistocene period (with four Ice Ages) Cebu was nothing more

than a series of coralline-topped islets which

eventually joined together to form one

island.

Cebu is a separate biogeographic and distinctive zone, thus the existence of endemic species of flora

and fauna.

BUBALUS CEBUENSES

The Cebu Flowerpecker was thought The Cebu Flowerpecker was thought to be extinct until 1992, when it was to be extinct until 1992, when it was

rediscovered in Tabunan. rediscovered in Tabunan. It is one of the most endangered It is one of the most endangered

birds in the world. birds in the world.

www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6967E/x6967e07.htm

Table 1. Total Population of Top 10 by Sex: Cebu, 2000

MunicipalityTotal Population Percent Male Female

Cebu 2,377,588 100.00 1,194,700 1,182,888

     Lapu lapu City (Opon) 217,019 9.13 106,099 110,920

     Talisay City 148,110 6.23 71,309 76,801

     Toledo City 141,174 5.94 71,719 69,455

     Danao City 98,781 4.15 49,423 49,358

     Carcar 89,199 3.75 45,276 43,923

     Naga 80,189 3.37 40,332 39,857

     Minglanilla 77,268 3.25 39,898 37,370

     Daanbantayan 69,336 2.92 34,738 34,598

     Bantayan 68,125 2.87 34,542 33,583

     Liloan 64,970 2.73 32,619 32,351

     Other Municipalities 1,303,417 55.66 668,745 654,672

Population:

* 2.8 million people of whom 700 thousand live in Cebu CityRank

City  Population in 2000 

1. Metro ManilaMetro Manila 9,932,560

2. * Metro Cebu* Metro Cebu * 1,195,5683. Davao CityDavao City 1,147,116

4. Zamboanga CityZamboanga City 601,794

5. Antipolo CityAntipolo City 470,866

6. Cagayan de Oro CityCagayan de Oro City 461,877

7. Bacolod CityBacolod City 429,076

8. General Santos CityGeneral Santos City 411,822

9. Iloilo CityIloilo City 365,820

10.

Iligan CityIligan City 285,061

Alcantara Alcoy

Alegría Aloguinsan

Argao Asturias Badian

Balamban Bantayan

Barili Boljoon Borbon Carcar Carmen Catmon

Compostela Consolación

Cordova

Daanbantayan Dalaguete Dumanjug Ginatilan

Liloan Madridejos Malabuyoc Medellin

Minglanilla Moalboal

Oslob Pilar

Pinamungahan Poro

Ronda Samboan

San Fernando San Francisco

San Remigio Santa Fe

Santander Sibonga Sogod

Tabogon Tabuelan Tuburan Tudela

Cebu City Danao City

Lapu-Lapu City Mandaue City Talisay City Toledo City

Dialect: Cebuano is the dialect in the province, . . . widely spoken in the Visayas and Mindanao. Cebuano is the indigenous language of Cebu. . . spoken in most parts of Central and Southern Philippine Islands, including Bohol, Western Leyte, Negros Oriental, the northern and eastern coasts of Mindanao, and parts of Bukidnon, Agusan, Surigao, Davao, Cotabato, and Zamboanga del Sur.

In the Camotes Islands, Porohanon is a language related to Waray-Waray . What distinguishes it from Cebuano is that what is normally "y" in Cebuano is "z" in Porohanon.

In Bantayan Island, Bantayan Visayan ... is closer to Hiligaynon than it is to Cebuano.

Spanish is spoken by its mestizo and Spanish communities.

Chinese (Fookien & Mandarin) are spoken by the Chinese Cebuanos.

English is also used in education, media, commerce, and the government.

Usual Question: Why Cebuanos and most Filipinos do not speak Spanish?

The Cebuano speaking world

Number of native speakers:Approximately a little more

than 20 million…

An Outline

of Philippine

History

400,000 BC

People belonging to the species Homo Erectus were the first to set foot in the Philippines

50,000 BCEThe Tabon Man made Stone tools

in the Tabon Cave in Palawan

40,000 BCE Negritos started to settle4500-300 BCE Multiple Austronesian migrations

100 - 900 CE

Emergence of several settlements in different parts of the Archipelago like the

Sulu Archipelago, Maguindanao, Surigao, Butuan, Misamis,

Zamboanga, Negros, Panay, Cebu, Manila

1240 CETuan Mash`ika, a Muslim,

traveled and introduced Islam to Sulu

1521 Arrival of the Spaniards

1565 Start of Spanish Colonization of the Philippines with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

1570 Conquest of Manila & transfer of the Spanish Capital to Manila

1570-1770

Continuing process of conquest, colonization, & Christianization of the Philippines and the Filipinos despite threats from the Portuguese, Dutch and British to oust them from the Islands. Threats also came from several insurrections and rebellions from various parts of the Islands. The continued resistance of the people from the Muslim, Cordillera and other interior parts of the archipelago mostly failed.

1770 – 1898

Gradual incorporation of the Philippines to the expanding global trade network. Cash Crops were introduced for cultivation Commercialization of the Economy Opening of the Philippines to World Trade (1834) – The Rise of the Middle Class Opening of Schools and a University to the Filipinos - Rise of the IlustradosRise of Philippine Nationalism – Propaganda MovementPhilippine Revolution – Declaration of Philippine Independence

1898 – 1946

American Period of Philippine History Introduction of Self Rule by the Filipinos Introduction of Popular Education, Health and Sanitation ProgramsPhilippine Commonwealth Pacific War in the Philippines Granting of Philippine Independence

History of

Cebu

What was the state of Cebu before 1521?

When and where did Spanish Rule Begin in the Philippines?

Why did Legazpi move the Capital of the Spanish Colonization from Cebu to Manila and what happened to Cebu after the Spaniards

transferred their capital to Manila?

When did Cebu finally re-emerge as a major city in the Philippines?

What was Cebu’s involvement during the Philippine Revolution?

What was the state of Cebu during the American Period?

How did Cebu survive the ravages of WWII?

How did Cebu emerge as the Queen City of the South?

Where to Cebu?

What was the state of Cebu before

1521?

Butuan

Cebu

Negros

Panay

Sulu

Maitum

Earliest

Known

Settlements

We do not exactly know when Cebu was populated but some evidence point to the early metal age

as the earliest.

We are definite that it was through migration.

Settlers from nearby islands.

Fishing villages that eventually also became cultivators.

Promontory (Ilihan) dwellers

As to when the Cebuanos became seaport traders, that is not clear but definitely in the 9th and 10th

centuries Cebu was already actively engaged in trade.

TRADE LINKS BETWEEN

EUROPE, AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA

Trade Items

Gold

Metal works

Cotton

Food Supplies

Marine Products

Slaves

Pottery (Cebu Red)

Cultivated Products

Rice

Millet

Sugar Cane

Porcelain

Musical Instruments

Beads

Religious Icons

Silk and other embroidered cloth

One way or another, inhabitants in the Philippines were

able to participate in the trade

network.

A crude Ganesha found in Maktan.

BALANGABALANGAYY

ISLA DE PINTADOS

Based on archaeological finds from the Magallanes and Lapulapu

Street area: This area may have been the oldest section of the city

2 meters section:

Three burials were found &together with the bones, an iron dagger, beads and gold were found. Possibly iron age.

1.3 to 1.2 section

9 burials; 6 of them had Asiatic potteries

(Yuan, early Ming, Siamese and Annamese pottery.)

Habitation areas with an array of artifacts.

Middens with fishbone, shells, fowl, pig, sinkers, worked bone antlers, ornaments, earthenwares, iron slags, native pottery, cloth, post holes…

Dwellings •Post holes

•Rectangular to square

•Wooden stilts made of heavy round timber (probably mangrove, therefore water resistant)

•Probably like typical coastal dwellings where the front of the house faces dry land and the back part towards the sea (convenient for docking vessels)

Middens•Fishbones ( small and large fish)

•Shallow and deep sea shells

OTHER CRAFTS

•Red clay Pottery with blackened bottoms

•Weaving

Back strap horizontal loom (lompot), most likely used with the evidence of cloth and nets

(also based on Pigafetta’s accounts and others)

LUTAWS?

Semi-nomadic boat people drawn to the island because of its rich marine

resources

Peterson claims though that

Cebuanos at the start of the

contact period had already become promontory dwellers.

•Ancestor Worship

•Animism

•Anthropomorphism

•Magic and Spells

•Spirit world actively involved in

daily life

WORLD

VIEW AND RELIGION

PERMEATES EVERY ASPECT OF DAILY LIFE,PERMEATES EVERY ASPECT OF DAILY LIFE,

CULTURE AND SOCIETYCULTURE AND SOCIETY

PHYSICALREALM

SPIRITUALREALM

PHYSICALREALM

SPIRITUALREALM

WORLD VIEW AND

RELIGIONSACRED GROVES

TRADITIONAL LAWS

PREMIUM IN BEING ELDERLY

DIWATA, LAON

BABAYLAN, BAILAN

1521

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magellan-Map-En.png

1521 was when the first contact

between the Spanish

forces and the

inhabitants of Cebu

happened

First Philippine Massni Carlos V. Francisco, undated

 http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/

spread_of_roman_catholicism_and_.htm

Nag unsa man na

sila diay?

Unsa ni?

Biraaah…bug-at bayaaa niiii!

Unsa man diay na?

Ayay!!!Slide ko

da’…

Naa pa’y lain?Naa pa?

Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525)

Sebastian Cabot (1526) Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos* (1542)

1565

From Villa San Miguel to Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus

Spanish Fort City in Cebu was established on

May 8, 1565 and named Villa San Miguel in honor of Sr. San Miguel

June 4, 1565 Treaty between Spaniards and Cebuanos

Periodic acts of hostility on both sides

Occasional Portuguese attacks and food shortage

Cebuanos were subsistence farmers

1569 Legazpi moved to the island of Panay

1570 Returned with 50 Spanish couples to settle

in Cebu and renamed the settlement

after the Holy Child

1571 Legazpi moved to Manila

Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)

Cebu’s role as regional trade center was undermined by the Galleon Trade based in Manila.

The Galleon trade also did not carry much of Philippine products (only 10%) and the only product that were from Cebu were the lampotes (cotton gauze)

Its traditional trade linkages with other Asian and SEAn traders was disrupted as traders began to by-pass the port of Cebu.

1594 Decree allowed Spanish citizens in Cebu to build

and send one Galleon to New Mexico but the trade items that could be loaded were limited to products that did not necessarily have a high demand in New Mexico

1604 the Cebu based Galleon Trade closed…

Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)

1611 the Spaniards tried to revive the Galleon Trade but were turned down.

Spanish population declined as well as that of the Cebuanos in the port area.

Cebu was reduced to being an outpost of Spanish Colonial Administration

Inter-island trade also was disrupted by Moro raids and whatever little domestic trade activities existed, the Alcalde-Mayor monopolized this…

Rene B. Javellana’s Fortress of Empire, 1997

James Warren Ilanun & Balangingi 2002

Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)

Introduction of the concept of land ownership In theory, the crown owned all of the lands…

Changes in the landholding patterns.

Banilad Estate in Banilad and the Talisay-Minglanilla Estate of the Augustinians

Mandaue Estate of the Jesuits

Chinese and Chinese mestizos also began acquiring land holdings

Introduction of New Crops

- corn - tobacco - cacao

Took a while before the Cebuanos were able to adjust to these new crops…

Conversions and Colonization in Cebu

Beginnings of Missionary Work in Cebu

1565 Augustians and 2 Secular Priests

1592 Jesuits

1622 Recollects

Became a diocese in 1592 that included all of the Visayas, Christian Mindanao, Palawan, the Carolines, Marianas and Palau islands until 1865

But Cebu was basically Augustinian territory as they owned the Banilad Estate,

Talisay-Minglanilla Estate and the guardians of the Holy Cross and the Image of the Sto.

Nino

Jesuits also had a small estate in the North (Mandaue Estate) …

Conversions and Colonization in Cebu

CONVERSION ISSUES

Not sweeping as we sometimes would like to believe

scarcity of missionaries

the few who where in Cebu concentrated their work in Cebu port area

visitas were rarely visited

accounts point to the widespread practice of pre-hispanic customs and beliefs

and practices even after WWII

reducciones were not immediately successful as very few chose to live in the

cabecera

accounts of some missionaries who wrote about their second thoughts as to whether they will ever succeed in their missionary endeavors…

Conversions and Colonization in Cebu

Conversions and Colonization in Cebu

1860 CEBU

WAS OPENED TO

WORLD TRADE

When did Cebu finally re-emerge as a major city in the Philippines?

Along with the opening of Philippine ports to world and global demand for agricultural products, large plantations surfaced in the region, especially in the

Visayas –Filipinos would come to call them "haciendas”

Other cities in the Visayas and Mindanao opened to

world trade:

Ilo-ilo (1855) – sugar and rice from plantations in Panay and Negros and textiles from Europe

Tacloban – agricultural products, mainly abaca, from Samar and Leyte abaca (closed in 1884)

Zamboanga - also agricultural products, mother of pearl, pearls, coffee,

Population Increase and Distribution by Region: Population Increase and Distribution by Region: Cebu, 1818-1840Cebu, 1818-1840

Region 1818 1834 1840

Cebu City & environs 29,808 (40%) 48,854 (38%) 66,032 (40%)

Southeast Coast 20,565 (28%) 37,526 (29%) 43,002 (26%)

Northeast Coast 6,231 (8%) 10,727 (8%) 14,283 (9%)

Southwest Coast 12,150 (16%) 22,318 (17%) 28,677 (17%)

Bantayan & Northwest 5,235 (7%) 10,777 (8%) 12,952 (8%)

TOTAL 73,989 (99%) 130,202 (100%) 164,946 (100%)

Source: Michael Cullinane’s, “The Growth of population in Cebu during the Spanish Era:

Constructing a Regional Demography from Local Sources.”

In Population and Demography, eds. Doeppers and Xenos, p. 105

“…“…a time between times” a time between times” 1898-1906 - A highly disturbed period :

Health crisis, agricultural collapse Period of relative stability, 1906-12 Improvements in infrastructure, public

education, health, sanitation and public order

Introduction of modern commercial farming, 1920s

Backdrop of agricultural products, 1930s American colonialism strengthened

economic forces already at work in the Spanish period…

CEBU OVERTAKES ILO-ILO CITY AS PREMIERE COMMERCIAL AND TRADING

CENTER

SOUTH OF MANILA

Cebu becomes the main base for

the Philippines’ shipping industry .

Urban Center Population

Metro Manila 11,553,427

Metro Cebu 2,314,897

Davao City 1,650,337

Zamboanga City 774,407

Cagayan de Oro 553,966

Bacolod 499,497

Iloilo City 418,710

The three living Negrito groups today (solid red dots) and a much larger area with many still living

or only recently extinct possible Negrito relatives.

http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter25/text25.htm#homeground