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trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG‹csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG‹csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) onf jrefrmEdkifiHrS orkdif;a=umif;aemufcH uGJjym;onfh wdkif;&if;om; trsKd;orD; tzJG‹ tpnf; toD;oD;jzifh pkaygif;zJG‹pnf;xm;aom yxrOD;qHk;tzJG‹ jzpfonf? tzJG‹csKyfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHESifh e,fedrdwfcsif; xdpyfaeonfh b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ tdENd,ESifh xdkif;EkdifiHwdk‹rS e,fpyfa'orsm;&Sd trsKd;orD; tzJG‹tpnf; (12) zJG‹ yg0ifonf? 1999 ckESpf 'DZifbm (9) &ufwGif wnfaxmifzJG‹pnf;cJhonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tzJG‹csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH) onf trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef; wdk;wufjrifhrm;vmapa&;ESifh t&nftcsif; jynfh0 apa&;twGufomru t&nftcsif;jr‡ihfwifjcif;/ pnf;±Hk;csOf;uyfjcif;/ okawoeðyjcif;ESifh rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm;rSwqifh 'Drdk ua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh trsKd;om;jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&; tygt0if u¾tm;vHk;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; ydkrdkyg0ifvkyfudkif vmapa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae onfh tzJG‹tpnf;jzpfonf? Women’s League of Burma (WLB) P.O. Box 413 GPO Chiang Mai 50000 Thailand Email: wlb@womenofburma.org Website: www.womenofburma.org

aus;Zl;wifv$m pDa'gpif®yif tpD&ifcHpmvkyfief;pOftwGuf wefzdk;&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm; yHhydk;ulnDay;aom tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;ESifh Amarsanaa Darisuren; Nalini Singh ESifh Usa Lerdsrisuntad tygt0if wpfoD; yk*~vrsm;udk aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf? tvkyfrsm;onfh =um;rS tcsdefay;+yD; enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m ulnDyHhydk;ay;aom Brenda Belak, Pippa Curwen ESifh Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, vlxkusef;rma&;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;XmerS Dr.V. Suwanvanichkij wdk@udkvnf; txl; aus;Zl;wif &Sdygonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;tzGJ‹csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH)rS tajcðyI pwifvkyfaqmifaom pDa'gpif®yif tpD&ifcHpm vkyfief;pOftwGuf b¾ma&; tm;jzifh trsdK;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&; tpDtpOf (NRP) rSwqifh ulnDonfh 'wfcsf-jrefrm aumfrwD (DBC) ESifh Burma Relief Centre (BRC) rSwqifh ulnDonfh Inter Pares wkd@tm; aus;Zl;txl; wif&Sdygonf?

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LNDO vm;[ltrsKd;om; wdk;wufa&;tzGJ@tpnf; LWO vm;[ltrsKKd;orD; tpnf;t&kH; MMCWA jrefrmEdkifiHrdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif; MNCWA jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD MNHC rGeftrsKd;om; usef;rma&;aumfrwD MoU em;vnfr_ pmc|efv$m MRDC rGefu,fq,fa&;ESif @zGH@®z;a&;aumfrwD MSWRR vlr_zlvHka&;/ u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme MTC r,fawmfaq;cef; MWAF jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf MWO rGeftrsKd;orD; tpnf;t±kH; MYPO wdk;wufaom rGefvli,frsm;tzGJ@tpnf; NCGUB jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH !Gef@aygif;tpdk;& NGO tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf; NHEC trsKd;om; usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;aumfrwD NLD trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf NLD (LA) trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) NYF wkdif;&if;om; vli,frsm; qkH&yf OMWO ta0;a&muf rGeftrsKd;orD;tzGJ@ PWO yavmiftrsKd;orD; tzGJ@tpnf; PWU ytkd0f;trsKd;orD; or*~ PYNG yavmifvli,f vkyfief;uGef,uf RWU &cdkiftrsKd;orD;rsm; or*~ SCOEWBA e,fpyfa'oa&muf/ wkdif;&if;oltrsKd;orD;rsm; u,fq,fapmifha±Smufa&;tzGJ@ SGM a&$obm0"gwfaiG@ v_yf&Sm;r_ SHRF ±Srf;vl@tcGifhta&; r¾dKif SLORC EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ SPDC EdkifiHawmf jidrf;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@®z;wkd;wufa&; aumifpD SRDC &Srf;u,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;aumfrwD SWAN &Srf;trsKd;orD;a&;&m qufoG,fv_yf&Sm; aqmif&Gufa&;toif; TWU xm;0,ftrsKd;orD; or*~ UN urBmhukvor*~ UNAIDS urBm@ukvor*~ udk,fcHtm;usqif;aoma&m*gqdkif&m yl;wGJtpDtpOf UNDP urBmhukvor*~ zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&; vkyfief;tpDtpOf UNESCO urBmhukvor*~ ynma&;ody`HESifh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&mtzGJ@ UNIAP urBmhukvor*~ vlukeful;r_qdkif&m at*sifpDrsm;twGif; vkyfief;pDrHcsuf UNICEF urBmhukvor*~ uav;rsm; &HyHkaiGtzGJ@ UNIFEM urBmhukvor*~ trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&; &HyHkaiG UNPFA urBmhukvor*~ vlOD;a&qkdif&m &HyHkaiGtzGJ@ USD tar&duefa':vm USDA jynfaxmifpk }uHhckdifa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;toif; (}uHhzGH@)

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1

tESpfcsKyf jrefrmppftpdk;& (EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;aumifpD) onf pDa'gpmcsKyfudk 1997 ckESpfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf? 1999 ckESpfwGif pDa'gaumfrwDodk@ ay;ydk@aom ‚if;. yxrqHk; tpD&ifcHpmudk 22 }udrfajrmuf pDa'gaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif jyefvnfoHk;oyfcJh=uonf? wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udk OD;aqmifolrSm trsKd;om;jzpfonf? 2007 ckESpfwGif ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;. 'kwd,ESifh wwd,t}udrf aygif;wifjyxm;aom yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmudk pDa'gaumfrwDodk@ ydk@cJhonf? pDa'goabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyftm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef cGJjcm;qufqHr_/ tajccHOya'/ rl0g'rsm;ESihf pDrHcsufrsm;qdkif&m t"dy`g,fzGihfqdkcsuf (tydk'f 1/ 2 ESihf 3)

ppftpdk;&. 2007 ckESpf/ tpD&ifcHpmt& ‚if;rS pDa'gpmcsKyf. &nf&G,fcsufESihf usm;r cGJjcm; qufqHjcif;qdkif&m t"dyg,f

zGifhqdkcsufudk em;vnfonfhazmfjyr_udk rawG‹&Sd&ay? jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;onf arG;zGm;pOfuwnf;u tcGifhta&; tjynfh tpHkudk &&Sdydkifqdkifxm;+yDjzpfaoma=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH twGif;wGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; rjzpfyg[k ppftpdk;&rS twdtvif; ajymqdk xm;onf? ‚if;. EkdifiHtwGif; jzpfyGm;aeaom tpDtpOfcs csKd;azmufaeonfh pdk;&drfzG,f&m cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk todtrSwfðy&ef qufvuf jiif;qdkaejcif;onf ppftpkd;&rS cGJjcm;qufqHr_udk yaysmufap&efESifh trsKd;orD;wef;wla&;udk jr‡ifhwifay;&ef pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf ay:vpD (rl0g') rsm;udk oabm±dk;jzifh jyXmef;ay;rnf qdkonfhar#mfvifhcsufESifh tvGef tvSrf;uGma0;vsuf±Sda=umif; odompGm azmfjyaeonf?

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;onf xda&mufaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom ppfrSefonfh wef;wla&;udk r&&Sd=uay? ppfwyfrS vwfwavm twnfðycJhonf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf usm;rwef;wla&;udk xda&mufpGm jr‡ifhwifjcif;udk rvkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtjyif trsKd;om;rsm;om ydkifqdkifaom toif;tzGJ@[k ajymEdkifzG,f&m±Sdonfh ppfwyfrS Oya' ðya&;. txufv$wfawmfESihf atmufv$wfawmfae&mrsm;. 4 yHk 1 yHkudk csKyfudkifEdkif&ef tmrcHcsufay;xm; jyefonf? wcsdefwnf; rSmyif ppftpdk;&u trsKd;orD;rsm;. wef;wla&;ESifhywfoufI em;vnfap&ef tultnDay;Edkifonfh ,m,Dtxl;pDrH csufrsm; qdkonfudkvnf; rdwfqufay;&ef vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhay?

EdkifiH. tajccHOya'rS wdkuf±kdufenf;ESihf oG,f0dkufenf;jzifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk azmfjy&ef jyefvnfðyjyifr_rsm; ðyvkyf +yD;jzpfa=umif; (odk@r[kwf) pDa'gpmcsKyfESifh ‚if;. tajccHrlrsm;udk jynfwGif;w&m; Oya'ðya&;wGif xnhfoGif;xm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;udk n$ef;jyajymqdkr_rsm; r&Sday? rdom;pkqdkif&m Oya't& vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;/ tarGpm;tarGcH arG;pm;jcif;/ ypPnf;ydkifqkdifr_ESihf tarGqufcHr_qkdif&m tcGifhta&; ESihf ywfoufI ArmESifh Armr[kwfaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;rS usifhoHk;aom "avhxHk;wrf; Oya'rsm;rSm tv#Hy,fyif jzpfonf? xdkOya'trsm;pkonf trsKd;om;rsm;tm; rdom;pka&;&mudpPrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&; tcGihf tvrf;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsydkifcGihftm%mudk ay;tyfxm;csdefwGif tdrfr_udpPvkyfaqmifolrsm;ESihf uav; arG;zGm;apmifhxdef;olrsm; tjzpf trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcef;u¾udk tav;ay;azmfjyxm;onf?

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd usm;rqkdif&m cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk azmfjy&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;yHkqdkif&m ,EW&m;wnfaqmufyHkrSm tuef@ towfrsm;pGm &Sdaeonf? wEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;,EW&m;wGif ppftpdk;&. AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;.ZeD;rsm; acgif;aqmif xdef;csKyfzGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tpdk;&xdef;csKyfzGJ@pnf;aom tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;) yg0ifonf? ‚if;wdk@onf ppfwyf. rl0g'rsm;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef trdef@ay;xmjcif;cH&+yD; pGrf;&nfjr‡ihfwifa&;tajccHaom csOf;uyfenf; rsm; toHk;ðyjcif; (odk@r[kwf) tcGifhta&;rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;rsm;rSvnf; ydwfyifcH&onf? yk'fr 5 - usm;rqdkif&m tcef;u¾ESihf yHkpHcGuftwGif; xnfhoGif;jcif;

ppftpdk;&. tpD&ifcHpmt& ‚if;rS w&m;r#waom vlr_a&;qkdif&m yHkpHcGufoGif;jcif;udk tenf;i,fom em;vnfa=umif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyxm;onf? ‚if;rS vlxkodk@ay;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom ,Ofaus;r_

2

qkdif&m wefzdk;rsm;udk jr‡ihfwifxm;+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;. vkyfEdkifpGrf;tm;rsm;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;onfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihf tnD tusOf;csKH;yHkazmfxm;um jrefrmhvl@todkif;t0dkif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tqifhedrfhaom toHk;cscHae&mrsm;wGifom ae&may;xm;a=umif; ay:vGifaponf? ppftpdk;&. tpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m usifh0wftjzpf azmfjyxm;aom [D&dESihf =owWy (t&Sufw&m;ESifh ta=umufw&m;) onf ax&0g'Ak'<bmomwGif vlwkdif; apmifhxdef;tyf aom oDvESpfyg;jzpfonf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh Ak'<w&m;wGif xdkusifh0wfESpfckvHk;onf trsKd;orD;ESihf trsKd;om;twlwuG apmihfxdef; &rnfh w&m;jzpfaomfvnf; ppftpdk;&. vufcHajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm rdrdudk,fudk,fedrfhcswwfaom tðytrl&Sdonfh trsKd;orD;rsm; ESihf rdom;pkaqGrsKd;om;csif;ESifh vifa,mufsm;tm; ±dkaousKd;EGHpGmtvkyftau|;ðyaom trsKd;orD;rsm;udkom ‘trsKd;orD;aumif;’ jzpfonfqdkonfh t,ltqudk ±dkufoGif;xm;qJ jzpfonfudkvnf; avhvmawG‹±Sd&onf?

jrefrmEkdifiH. vlr_a&;e,fy,f/ ae&mtrsm;pkwGif v_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;rSm trsKd;om;rsm; jzpf=uonf? ta=umif;rSm ,ae@ jrefrmjynf. ,Ofaus;r_onf ppfwyf. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif &Sdaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ppfwyfonf &Gmwdkif;/ ®r@e,fwkdif;ESifh ®r@}uD;wkdif;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;. Xmewdkif;ESihf tqifhwdkif;Y tm%m&mxl;ESihf oufqkdifaom ae&mtm;vHk;udk v$rf;rdk;jyef@ESH@aeonf? yk'fr 6 - vlukeful;jcif;

ppftpdk;&. pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m pDrHcef@cGJr_nHhzsif;aom/ ppfwyf. toHk;p&dwfudkom OD;pm;ay;aom/ vlr_a&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk vpfvsL±_xm;aom rl0g'rsm;onf tpkd;&. vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sdjcif;tay: uef@owfwm;jrpfr_rsm;ESihftwl a&$@ajymif;r_rsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif;udk jzpfay:ap+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;i,frsm;tay: ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_rsm; jrifhrm;vmaponf? TuJhodk@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_rsm; jzpfay:aponfh jy\emt&if;tjrpfudk azmfxkwf&rnfhtpm; ppftpdk;&onf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;. v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_tay: ydkI uef@owf wm;jrpfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifvm+yD; a'oqdkif&m tm%mydkifrsm;. ‚if;wkd@tay:r#wr_ r&Sdjcif;ESifh aiGn‡pfjcif;rsm;ydkI rsm;jym;vmatmifyif vkyfaqmifay;aeonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&. 2005 ckESpf/ vlukeful;r_ yaysmufa&; Oya'opfudk jyXmef;+yD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif tjypfrJhonfholrsm;onf vlukeful;r_ yk'frrsm;jzifh zrf;qD;I tjypfay; jcif;rsm; cHcJh&onf? yk'fr 10 - ynma&;

ppftpdk;&onf jrefrmEkdifiH. ynma&;tcef;u¾udk vspfvsL±_xm;jcif;onf tvGefpkd;&drfp&m aumif;vS+yD; ynma&; toHk;p&dwfonf jynfwGif;0ifaiGpkpkaygif; (GDP) . 1 '\r 3 &mckdifE_ef;om &Sdonf? xdktajctaersm;a=umifh ausmif;rsm;/ q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESihf ausmif;oHk;ypPnf;rsm; vHkavmufr_ r&Sdjcif; (txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;ESifh yËduQjzpfyGm;r_'%fcH&aom a'orsm;) ESihf vmbfpm;r_rsm;onf ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;t=um; trsm;tjym; jzpfay:aeonf? ynma&;tqifhtwef; edrfhusae csdefrSmyif ausmif;p&dwfrsm;rSm rSef;qIyifr&Edkifavmufatmif ododomom w[kefxdk;jrifhrm;vmonf? ae&mtESH@ tjym;jzpfyGm;aeaom usm;rqdkif&m tawG;tac: tðytrlrsm;a=umifh om;a,muFsm;av;rsm;. ynma&;rSm orD;rdef;uav; rsm;xuf ydkIOD;pm;ay;cH&+yD; orD;rdef;uav;rsm;rSm ‚if;wdk@. rdom;pkudk ulnDaxmufyhH&ef ausmif;rS xGufvdkuf&jcif; (odk@r[kwf) ynmoifaepOftwGif;rSmyif tcsdefydkif; tvkyfudk vkyfaqmifae=u&jcif;rsm; jzpfay:aeonf?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf t"duvkdtyfcsufjzpfaom ynma&;udk ppftpdk;&rS vpfvsL±_xm;csdefwGif ‚if;wkd@. ppfwyf ausmif;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm; tajrmuftjrm;vkyfaqmifxm;jcif;udk =unhfjcif;tm;jzifh ppftpdk;&onf ppfwyftr_xrf;rsm;udk tcGihfxl;cHpm;cGihfay;aom ynma&;pepfudk zefwD;aea=umif; awG@jrifEkdifonf? ppftpdk;&onf ppfwyftm%m wnf+rJa&;twGuf ynma&;udk vufeufwckozG,f toHk;ðyae+yD; ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;onfvnf; EkdifiHawmfudk opPm&Sd&efESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;. ykefuefv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk ESdrfeif;&efESihf umuG,f&ef oabmw&m;rsm; oGwfoGif;cH =u&onf? ausmif;oif±kd; n$ef;wrf;rsm;wGifvnf; ppftm%m±Sifpepf}uD;pdk;a&;tawG;tac:rsm; wjznf;jznf;csif; pdrfh0ifvmr_ jrifhrm;vmonf?

3

yk'fr 12 - usef;rma&;

ynma&;enf;wl usef;rma&;tydkif;wGifvnf; EkdifiHb¾maiG. 3 &mcdkifE_ef;atmuf avsmhenf;pGm toHk;csae+yD; tpkd;&rS axmufyHhay;r_ r&Sdoavmufyifjzpfonf? tpkd;&. usef;rma&;qkdif&m =unhf±_ apmihfa&Smufr_pepfrSm r&Sdoavmufenf;yg;+yD; aq;0g;/ aq;±Hktaxmuftul ðyypPnf;rsm; jywfvyfr_ESihf pepfwus oifwef;ay;xm;aom usef;rma&;0efxrf; rvHkavmufr_ rsm;ponfh qdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaersm; jzpfay:aeonf? ,ae@ ul;pufa&m*grsm;a=umifhjzpfaom aoqHk;r_rsm;/ tm[m& csKd@wJhr_ESihf uav;arG;zGm;jcif;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;a=umifhjzpfaom aoqHk;r_rsm;onf raoqHk;oifhaom aoqHk;r_rsm;jzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jzpfyGm;r_E_ef;jrifhrm;vsuf&Sdonf? trsKd;orD;ESihf uav;rsm;onf (txl;ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiH ta&S@ydkif; ppfyGJZHkrsm; twGif;&Sd trsKd;orD;ESihf uav;rsm;) usef;rma&; apmihfa&Smufr_r&Sdaom tajctaewGif a&muf&Sdae+yD; xdka'o&Sd uav;i,f rsm;. 3 yHk 1 yHkrSm touf 5 ESpfrwkdifrD aoqHk;ae=uum trsKd;orD; 12 a,mufwGif wa,mufrSm ukd,f0efaqmifr_ESihf oufqdkifonfh tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh toufaoqHk;=u&onf? TuJhodk@ usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_tajctaersm;onf urBmay:wGif tqdk;0g;qHk; tajctaersm;wGif yg0ifaeonf?

urBm@ukvor*~ udk,fcHtm;usqif;aoma&m*gqdkif&m yl;wGJtpDtpOf (UNAIDS) .tqdkt& jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd HIV/AIDS tajctaerSm ‘ta&S@awmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm;&Sd pdk;&drfzG,f aumif;aom ul;pufa&m*grsm;xJrS a&m*gwck’ jzpfonf [k azmfjyaeonfh=um;rSmyif ppftpdk;&rS a&m*gul;pufjyef@yGm;a&;udk azmfjy&ef ta&;}uD;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wm0ef ,ljcif;r&Sday? TxufydkI odomxif&Sm;onfrSm 2008 ZGefv 10 &ufrS 11 &ufae@twGif; usif;yaom HIV/AIDS ESifh ywfoufI ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcH. txl;tpnf;ta0;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH. a&S@wdk;vkyfaqmifr_tpD&ifcHpmukd wifjyEkdifr_ r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf?

ppftpdk;&rS ukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf jrefrmjynftwGif; v_yf&Sm;aeaom EkdifiHwum tpdk;& r[kwfonfhtzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;tay: uef@owfwm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfvmcJhonf? vlxk tajcðy usef;rma&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifr_ rsm;rSmvnf; ydwfyifcH&jcif;/ vkyfykdifcGifhrsm; pnf;=uyfjcif;rsm; cH=u&onf? ‚if;wdk@ukd,fYurl vlxkudk[efjyvkyfaqmifjy&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh ‚if;ppftpkd;&rS zGJ@pnf;xm;aom GONGOs rsm;udk vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_rsm; ulnDaxmufyhHay;&ef twGuf [kqdkum pkaqmif; zGJ@pnf;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? xdk GONGOs tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyf/ jrefrmEkdifiH rdcifESihfuav;apmihfa&Smufa&;toif;ESihf jynfaxmifpk }uHhcdkifa&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;toif; ponfwdk‹uJhodk@aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yg0ifonf? yk'fr 14 - aus;vufa'o trsKd;orD;rsm;

jrefrmjynfwGif; aus;vufa'o&Sd jynfolrsm;/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf rdef;uav;i,frsm;onf ppftpdk;&. ppfwyf wdk;csJ@a&;udkom OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifjcif;/ a&wdktusKd;&vm'fukdom=unhf+yD; obm0 o,HZmwrsm;udk acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwf xkwfjcif;/ twif;t=uyfapcdkif;aom pdkufysKd;a&;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm; usifhoHk;jcif;wdk‹a=umihf tvGeftrif;qif;&JiwfrGwfr_'%fudk cHpm;ae=u&onf? ppfwyftajcpdkufa&;ESihf &HyHkaiG&SmazGa&;vkyfief;pDrHcsufrsm;a=umifh twif;t"rRe,fajrodrf;ydkufr_rsm; jrifhrm; vm+yD; tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; xdef;odrf;&efESihf wnfaqmuf&ef jynfolrsm;udk twif;t"rR vkyftm;ay;ckdif;apr_rsm; toHk;ðyr_rSmvnf; qufvufwnf&Sd aeqJyifjzpfonf? t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwf,lr_rsm;udkvnf; oifhavsmfvHkòcHaom obm0 ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; rxm;&SdbJ vkyfaqmifaeonfhtjyif a'ocHjynfolrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vHk;0 xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r±SdbJ pDrHvkyfaqmifaeonf? avmifpmqDxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf =uufqlyifpkdufysKd;&ef EkdifiHw0Srf;&Sd jynfolrsm;udk twif;t=uyf trdef@ay;jcif;rsm; yg0ifaom ppfwyf. pdkufysKd;a&;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm;onf jynfolvlxktwGuf }uD;rm;us,fjyef@onfh qif;&J'kuQrsm; óuH&jcif;ESihf tpm;tpmtwGuf vHkòcHr_r&Sdjcif;rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf? ppftpdk;&. bdef; pdkufysKd;a&;udk ‘bdef;tpm; tpm;xdk;taxmuftyHhay;aom a&G;cs,fp&mrsm; vkyfay;jcif;r&SdyJ’ wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;rsm; tyg t0ifjzpfaom tpkd;&. rl;,pfaq;0g;ESdrfeif;a&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf }uD;rm;aom tpm;tpmjywfvyfr_ESihf a&G@ajymif;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf?

4

ppftpdk;&rS wkdif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;twGif; usm;rtajccHaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;tygt0if tpDtpOfcs csKd;azmuf aeaom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf jynfoltajrmuftjrm; jynfwGif; tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpfolrsm;/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ 'kuQonfrsm;ESihf w&m;r0if a&G@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;tjzpf xGufajy;ajymif; a&$@r_rsm;udk jzpfvm=uaponf? taxGaxGt}uHðycsuf trSwf 19 - trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;onf orkdif;pOfwav#muf jzpfay:cJhaom usm;rqkdif&m cGJjcm;qufqHr_ wckwnf;omruyJ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ r&Sdjcif;ESihf ppfwyftkyfcsKyfr_a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiH. tqifhwkdif;/ ae&mwkdif;wGif t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk &ifqkdifae=u&onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ ywf0ef;usiftodkif;t0dkif;ESihf txl;ojzihf EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfolrS usK;vGefaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk cHpm;ae=u&+yD; xkdtajctaersm;twGuf ‚if;wdk@tm; jyefvnfukpm;ay;Ekdif&ef tultnDrsm; vnf; r&&Sd=uay? ppftpkd;&rS cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_rsm; vl@todkif;t0kdif;twGif; &Sdaea=umif; todtrSwfðy em;vnfjcif;r&Sdr_wdk‹a=umifh ,cktcg ppfwyfrS rk'drf;usihfjcif;udk usL;vGef cGifhðyxm;aom tajctaewGif a&muf ±Sdaeonf? tm%m&Sdaomolrsm;/ txl;ojzihf ppftpdk;&ppfwyfrS wzufapmif;eif;Ekdifaom/ t=urf;zufvkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk vkyf±dk; vkyfpOfyrm usL;vGefavh&Sdonf? ppfwyfrS trsKd;orD;ESihf rdef;uav;i,frsm;tay: rk'drf;usifhaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; e,fajrrsm;wGif rsm;pGmawG@Ekdifonf? ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;wkd@. jypfr_rsm;udk umuG,f&ef twGuf ppfwyftr_xrf;rsm;onf a'otoD;oD;rS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;/ rsufjrifoufaorsm;ESifh rk'drf;usihfcH&onfh trsdK;orD;rsm; xHrS rrSefruef udk,fwdkifoufaoxGufqdkcsufrsm;ESihf ajymqkdcsufrsm; &&Sd&ef tjypf'%fcwfr_/ +cdrf;ajcmufr_ESihf a=umuf&G@Hatmif vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk oHk;aeonf? jynfolrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh ukvor*~tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS 0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if jyifyrS vlrsm;udk Ttr_udpPESihfywfoufI rajym&ef +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;cH=u&onf?

5

ed'gef; jrefrmEdkifiHta=umif; tusOf;csKyf

vlOD;a& - 54 oef; wkdif;&if;om;tkyfpk - t"du vlrsKd; 8 rsKd; - ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ csif;/ Arm/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;/ tpdk;&trsKd;tpm; - ppftm%m&Sif jynfwGif;ppf - 1948 ckESpfrS ,cktcsdefxd jzpfyGm;aeqJ t"du bmompum; - jrefrm/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;bmompum;rsm; t"du udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ - Ak'<bmom/ c&pf,mef/ tpPvmrf ukvor*~ EdkifiHtqifh - tqif;&JqHk;EdkifiHrsm;xJrS ekdifiHwEkdifiH (LDC) (1987 ckESpfrSpI) t"du0ifaiG - obm0"mwfaiG@/ a&"mwftm;/ u|ef;opf/ ajratmufowWK/ ausmufrsuf

&wem

'kuQonfrsm;

tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom b*Fvm;a'h±Sf/ tdENd,ESihf xdkif;ekdifiHrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS 'kuQonfrsm; (450000) ausmf?

xkdif;EkdifiHwGif todtrSwf ðyxm;aom 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;wGif aexkdifol 'kuQonfrsm;rSm cef@rSef; acs (140000) cef@?

jynfwGif;ae&mrJholrsm; - 600000 cef@?

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vlrsKd;rsm;

3%

9%7%

4%

2%2%5%

68%

Arm

&Srf;

u&if

&cdkif

w&kwf

rGef

tdEdN,

tjcm;

6

jrefrmEkdifiH. urBmhtqifhtwef;

ppfwyftiftm;tqifh (wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdaom ppfom;ta&twGufay:rlwnfI) urBmhtqifh eHygwf 10 urBmay:wGif uav;ppfom;oHk;pGJr_ trsm;qHk; urBmay:wGif twif;t"rRvkyftm;ay;apcdkif;r_trsm;qHk; urBmay:wGif 'kwd, bdef;xkwfvkyfr_trsm;qHk; urBmay:wGif tqif;&JqHk;EkdifiH 50 wGif wEdkifiHtygt0if vmbfpm;r_tqifh - eHygwf 179 (atmufajcrSa&wGufv#if) usef;rma&;qdkif&m vkyfaqmifr_- EkdifiHaygif; 191 EdkifiHwGif 190 ae&mrSm&Sd vlwkdif;twGuf ynmoifcGifh&&Sda&; taumiftxnfazmfr_ - 129 EdkifiHwGif 94 ae&m&Sd

ckESpf tvdkuf jrefrmEkdifiH. orkdif;jzpfpOfrsm; (2008 ckESpf arvtxd)

1885 +Adwdo#rS jrefrmEkdifiHudk udkvdkeDtjzpf odrf;ydkuf

1947 azazmf0g&D yifvHkoabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqdkEdkifcJh/ (vGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;acgif;aqmifwdk@t=um; jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf twlwuG awmif;qdk&ef oabmwlnD onfhpmcsKyf)

1947 Zlvdkif 19 tjcm;tmZmenfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihftwl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf}uHcH&onfhae@

1947 pufwifbm ucsifESifh &Srf;vlrsKd;rsm;tm; 10 ESpfjynfhv#if cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEkdifcGifh&Sda=umif; tmrcHjyXmef;xm;onfh zuf'&,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twnf ðyjyXmef;cJh?

1948 Zefe0g&D jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&onfhae@? vGwfvyfa&;&v#if&csif; jynfwGif;ppf pwifjzpfyGm;onfhae@ (ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkrsm; A[kdtpkd;&tm; qef@usifwkdufcdkuf&ef vufeufukdif wkdufyGJ 0ifcJh=uonf)

1962 rwfv 2 ppfwyfrS jrefrmjynf. 'Drkdua&pDpepf pwifysufokOf;cJhonfh ppfwyftm%modrf;onhfae@ (Tae‹rSpI ppftkyfpktqifhtqihfrS ,ae@xufwkdif jrefrmEkdifiHudk tkyfcsKyfaeqJyifjzpfonf)

1962 - 1988 ppfwyfrS jrefrmEkdifiHudk a'0gvDcHonfhtqifha&mufatmif vkyfaqmifcJhaom ‘jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qdk&S,fvpfpepf’udk OD;aqmifcJhonfhumv?

1987 jrefrmEkdifiH (LDC) EdkifiHjzpfvmonfhckESpf (urBmhtqif;&JqHk;EdkifiHrsm;xJrS wEdkifiH tygt0if jzpfonfhESpf)

1988 EdkifiHtESH@ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifaom 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkonfh vlxkqENjyr_}uD; jzpfyGm;cJhonfhckESpf?

1988 pufwifbm 18 ppfwyfrS ‘EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&;ESihf wnfaqmufa&;aumifpD (SLORC) emrnfjzifh wzef toGifajymif;um +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyolrsm;tm; &ufpuf=urf;ñuyfpGm ESdrfeif;+yD; tm%mjyefvnf odrf;ydkufcJhonfhae@?

7

1990 ar ppfwyfrS taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ ðyvkyfusif;yonfhv? (trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD tzGJ@csKyfonf a&G;aumufyGJwGif axmufcHrJ 89 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfjzifh tEkdif&cJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfrS a&G;aumufyGJ &vm'fudk ,ae@tcsdefxd todtrSwfr ðyao;ay?)

1990 aemufykdif; a&G;aumufcH&aom v$wfawmftrwfrsm;pGm tzrf;cH&jcif;/ axmifcscH&jcif;ESihf twif;t"rR 0efcHuwdvufrSwfxdk;cdkif;jcif;wdk‹a=umifh tcsKd@rSm jynfyodk@ xGufajy;cJh=u&onfhtcsdef?

1992 ppfwyftm%mudk ydkrkdcdkifrmap&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'topf rl=urf;a&;qGJ&ef ‘trsKd;om;nDvmcH’ vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk pwifcJhaomESpf?

1995 NLD rS trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk oydwfarSmufaomESpf?

1997 SLORC rS ‚if;wkd@bmom ‘EkdifiHawmf+idrf;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;aumifpD’ tjzpf trnf ajymif;vJcJhonfhESpf?

2003 ar 30 }uHhzGH@tzGJ@0if (ppftpdk;&vufyg;aprsm;)rsm;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vkyf}uHwkdufcdkuf onfhae@?

2004 Zefe0g&D ‘pnf;urf;&Sdaom 'Drkdua&pD’twGuf vrf;jyajryHk tqifh 7 qifhudk ppfwyfrS a=unmcJhonfhv?

2007 =o*kwf avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;jrifhrm;r_a=umifh ‘88 rsKd;quf’rsm;rS vrf;av#mufqENjyonfhv?

2007 pufwifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;

2008 azazmf0g&D ppfwyfrS ‚if;wkd@udk,fwdkif a&;qGJxm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk axmufcH&ef arvwGif vlxkqENcH,lyGJ ðyvkyfrnf[k a=unmonhfv?

2008 ar 2 vlaygif; 2 oef;ausmfudk 'kuQa&mufapcJh+yD; (130000)ausmf aoqHk;cJhonf em*pfqkdifu vkef;rkefwdkif; wdkufcwfonfhae@?

2008 ar 10 qkdifuvkef;wdkufcdkufcH&onfh a'orsm;rSvGJv#if jrefrmwjynfvHk; vlxkqENcH,lyGJwGif rJay;&ef twif; t=uyftrdef@ay;cH&onfhae@?

2008 arv 24 qkdifuvkef;'%foifha'orsm;wGif vlxkqENcH,lyGJ ðyvkyfonfhae@?

EkdifiHa&;tajctae

ppfwyfrS jrefrmEkdifiHudk 1962 ckESpfuwnf;u tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonf? vuf&Sdppftpdk;&rSm EkdifiHawmf +idrf;csrf;om,ma&; ESihf zGH@®z;a&;aumifpD jzpfonf? Tw&m;r0ifaom tpkd;&ESihf ‚if;wdk@. taygif;tygwdk@onf EdkifiH&Sd tpdwftykdif; ae&ma'o tm;vHk;udk csKyfudkifxm;onf?

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfwGif;ppfonf ESpfaygif; 60 ausmfwdkifatmif qufvufjzpfyGm; aeqJyifjzpfonf? jynfolrsm;udk twif;t"rR apcdkif;jcif;/ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ rk'drf;usihfjcif;ESifh owfypfjcif;ponfh pepfwus csKd;azmufaeaom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESihfwl wkdif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif ppfwyf tiftm;rsm; qufvufwdk;csJ@aejcif;onf jynfolrsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@ rsKd;±kd; pOfqufaexkdifcJhaom e,fajrrsm;rS armif;xkwfcH&jcif;/ jynfwGif; tdk;rJhtdrfrJh 'kuQonfrsm; jzpfvmjcif; (odk@r[kwf) tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHrsm; (xkdif;/ tdENd,/ w±kwfESihf b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHrsm;wGif)wGif 'kuQonfrsm; (odk@r[kwf) a&G@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm; jzpfvm jcif;rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf?

ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;. wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkifrsm;ESifh a&;xkd;cJhonf twkta,mif +idrf;csrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &&SdcJhonf1? ‚if;wdk@. rl0g'rsm;a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHonf +idrf0yfydjym;vsuf&Sda=umif; ajymqkdaeaomfvnf; yËdyuQrsm;ay:rlwnfI

8

EkdifiHa&;ta=umif;t&mESihfywfouf+yD; aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfr_ ðyvkyfjcif;rsm; r&Sday? ,ckESpfrsm;twGif; ppftpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk@. ppfwyftwGuf t"dutm;jzifh w±kwf/ tdENd,ESihf ±k&SEkdifiHrsm;rS&&Sdaom aemufqHk;ay: acwfrDvufeufrsm; ydkIydkI wyfqif aecsdefwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;&,loGm;aom vufeufudkiftzGJ@rsm;udkrl ppftpdk;&rS vufeufcs&ef zdtm;ay;r_rsm; ðyvkyfaeonf2?

ppftpdk;&. ppfwyft&G,ftpm;3 pkpkaygif; ppfwyftiftm; 492000 wm0efxrf;aqmifqJ ppfom;rsm; 492000 t&HwyfzGJ@tiftm; 72000 ppfwyftoHk;p&dwf (tar&duefa':vm) 7 '\r 07 oef; (2005 b¾mESpftwGuf cef@rSef;acs)

1990 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unf4 OD;aqmifaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ygwD onf axmufcHrJ 80 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmfjzihf tEdkif&&SdcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfrS ‚if;&vm'fudk todtrSwf ðyjcif;r&Sd? xdk@tjyif ppfwyfrS tEkdif&ygwDrsm;tay: taESmuft,Sufay;r_rsm;/ uef@owf xdef;csKyfr_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;ESihf a&G;aumufcH&aom v$wfawmftrwf tajrmuftjrm;udk zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? tzrf;cH&oltcsKd@rSm axmifwGif;yif aoqHk;=u&jcif;ESihf tcsKd@rSm jrefrm EkdifiHrS xGufajy;vmcJh=u&onf?

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif EkdifiHa&;qdkif&m zdESdyfcH&r_rsm;rSm ,ae@xdwkdif jzpfay:aeqJjzpfonf? jynfolrsm;rSm ‚if;wdk@. tajccH vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;±_H;&onfomru ‚if;wdk@. EkdifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfcJhjcif;a=umifh tzrf;cH&jcif;/ xdef;odrf; cH&jcif;ESihf axmifcscH&jcif;rsm;udk cHae=u&onf? vwfwavmwGif axmifwGif;tusOf;uscHae=u&aom EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; OD;a&rSm a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&aom v$wfawmftrwfrsm;tygt0if pkpkaygif; 2052 OD; &Sdonf? xkd@jyif ppfwyfrS ‚if;udk axmufcHaom toif;tzGJ@rsm;udk wEkdifiHvHk;&Sd ‚if;wdk@tm; qef@usifolrsm;udk ESdrfeif;wkdufcdkuf&ef &nf&G,fzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; xkdtoif; tzGJ@rsm;rSm jynfaxmifpk}uHhckdifa&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;toif;ESihf pGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@wkd@jzpfonf? xkdtoif; tzGJ@rsm;. tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm 2003 ckESpf arvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; owfjzwf&ef t=urf;zuf wkdufcdkufcJholrsm; jzpfonf? ppfwyfrS tpDtpOfcs usL;vGefaeaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;5

• twif;t"rR vkyftm;ay;apcdkif;r_/ • twif;t"rR ajymif;a&$@apcdkif;r_/ • twif;t"rR ajr,mESifh oD;ESHrsm; odrf;ydkufr_/ • Oya'rJh zrf;qD;ta&;,lr_ESihf xdef;odrf;r_/ • Oya'rJh owfjzwfr_/ • n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_/ • rk'drf;usifhr_

9

a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;tm; ESdrfeif;jcif;

ppfwyfrS ‚if;wkd@jynfoltay: &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfr_tajctaeudk 2007 ckESpf a&$0ga&mif awmfvSefa&;twGif; +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjy cJhaom oHCmawmfrsm;tm; ppftpdk;&rS owfjzwf±kdufESufr_rsm;wGif om"utjzpf awG@Ekdifonf? ppftm%m&Sif. taygif;tyg tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom jynfaxmifpk}uHhckdifa&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;toif;ESifh ‘txl;ESdrfeif;a&;wyf (Special riot police)’ wdk@onf a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;twGif; &efukefqENjyr_rsm;wGif yg0ifaom qENjytrsKd;orD;rsm;tay: usm;rtajccHt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk usL;vGefI taESmuft,Sufrsm; ay;cJhonf? +idrf;csrf;pGm vrf;av#mufcsDwufaeonfh trsKd;orD;rsm; tm; t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm ±dkufESufjcif;/ xdk;ESufjcif;/ yg;±dkufjcif;/ E_wfjzifh apmfum;jcif;/ ‚if;wdk@. t0wftpm;rsm;udk qGJ+zJjcif;ESihf vHkcsnfrsm;udk wrif oufouf t=urf;zufI qGJc|wfjcif;rsm;udk usL;vGefcJhonf? ppfwyfrS qENjyolrsm;tm; ESdrfeif;&mwGif tenf;qHk; trsKd;orD; 19 OD; aysmufqHk;cJh+yD; oDv&Sif 6 yg; tygt0if qENjytrsKd;orD; 131 OD; zrf;qD;cHcJh&onfhtjyif ausmf=um;aom trsKd;orD; EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;olrsm;rSm xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJh=u&onf? xdktrsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ppfwyfrS ajc&mcHvkdufvH&SmazGzrf;qD; vsuf&Sd onf? xkd@jyif tm%mydkifrsm;rS xGufajy;wdrf;a±Smifaeaom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm;vma&muf tzrf;tqD;cH&ef ‚if;wdk@. ZeD;rsm;/ rdcifzcifrsm;/ nDrrsm;/ tpfudkrsm;ESihf aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;udk zrf;qD; jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfae+yD; xkdtajctaersm;onf pdwfykdif;qkdif&m n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf? xdktajctaejzifh zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;rSmvnf; taESmuf,SufðycH&jcif;ESihf zdESdyfn‡Of;qJr_rsm; cH=u&onf6? em*pf qkdifuvkef;+yD;aemuf tajctae

2008 ckESpf arv 2 ae@ em*pf qdkifuvkef;pwifcJhpOfuwnf;u ppftpdk;&onf EkdifiHwumESihf jynfwGif;tultnDay;r_rsm;udk ydwfyifonfhtjyif tultnDrsm;ay;&efESifh tultnDay;r_rsm;tm; ydwfyifr_rsm;udk ajymqdkaom jynfolrsm;tm; zrf;qD;r_rsm; vnf; ðyvkyfaeonf? em*pf'kuQonf rsm;twGuf vdktyfaom tultnDrsm; twwfEkdifqHk; ay;ydk@&rnfhtpm; ppftpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk@a&;qGJaom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'tm; axmufcHap&ef jynfolrsm;udk twif;t=uyf trdef@ay;apcdkif;+yD; ‚if;wdk@. pDrHudef; jzpfaom vlxkqENcH,lyGJ}uD;udk 2008 ckESpf ar 10 ae@wGif rjzpfjzpfatmif ZGwfvkyfcJhonf? qkdifuvkef;a=umifh xdcdkufcJhaom vlOD;a&rsm;xJwGif t"du xdcdkufolrsm;rSm trsKd;orD;ESihf uav;rsm; jzpfonf? trsm;pkrSm ‚if;wdk@. rdom;pk0ifrsm; aysmufqHk;r_a=umifh pdwfydkif;qkdif&m '%f&m temw&rsm;udk cHpm;ae=u&onf? cef@rSef;ajc udk,f0efaqmifrdcif 35000 cef@onf tm[m&"mwfcsKd@wJhjcif;ESihf vHkòcHr_r&Sdaom rD;zGm;r_tajctaersm;a=umifh tEW&m,frsm;pGm óuHawG@ae&onf? rkefwkdif;xdcdkufcJh aom ae&ma'orsm;wGif trsKd;orD; 100 ausmfonf ae@pOfuav;arG;zGm;vsuf&Sdonf? ppftpdk;& ESihf pDa'gpmcsKyf

jrefrmppftpdk;& (EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;aumifpD) onf pDa'gpmcsKyfudk 1997 ckESpfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh onf? 1999 ckESpfwGif pDa'gaumfrwDodk@ ay;ydk@aom ‚if;. yxrqHk; tpD&ifcHpmudk 22 }udrfajrmuf pDa'gtpnf;ta0;wGif jyefvnfoHk;oyfcJh=uonf? wufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@udk OD;aqmifolrSm trsKd;om;jzpfonf? 2007 ckESpfwGif ppftpdk;& rS ‚if;. 'kwd,ESifh wwd,t}udrfaygif; yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmudk ydk@cJhonf? xkdtpD&ifcHpmESpfckvHk;wGif ppftpdk;&rS jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &Sdae aom Oya'rsm;ESihf vlr_a&;qkdif&m usifhoHk;r_rsm;onf pmcsKyfwGifygaom tcsuftvufrsm; twdkif;yif jzpfa=umif;ESifh EkdifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf trsKd;orD;tcGihfta&;ESihf wef;wlnDr#a&;twGuf Oya'rsm;yg0if+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om; rsm;enf;wl EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf vlr_a&;e,f y,fwGif w&m;Oya'qkdif&m wef;wlnDr_&Sda=umif; ajymqdkcJhonf?

xdkuJhodk@ ppftpdk;&rS ajymqdkr_rsm;onf txl;tqef;r[kwfay? 1995 ckESpfuwnf;u ppftpdk;&rS trsKd;orD;a&;&m twGuf EkdifiHwumESifh vdkufygaqmif&Gufr_udk ab*sif;nDvmcHY pwifcJh+yD; xkdnDvmcHwGif ppftpdk;&rS jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd [kd;,cif uwnf;u wnf&Sd+yD;om;[kqdkaom usm;rwef;wla&;ESihf trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;jrihfrm;r_rsm;ta=umif;udk pwifajym qdkI }udrfzef rsm;pGmazmfxkwfºuGm;0gcJhonf?

10

trsKd;orD;rsm; tqifhtwef;ESihfywfoufI ppftpdk;&. a=unmcsuf

jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ pwifcJhonfh vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;2000 uwnf;u jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;om; rsm; wef;wltcGifhta&;udk &&SdcHpm;ae&a=umif; ordkif;0iftaxmuftxm;rsm; &SdcJh onf?7

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf w&m;Oya't& EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf vlr_a&; e,fy,frsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm;udk &&SdcHpm;=u&onf?8

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wltcGihfta&;rsm;udk yif udk,f&Sd&if;pGJ tcGihfta&;tjzpf &&SdcHpm;=u&onf?9

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;. tqifhtwef;onf urBmay:wGif tjrifhqHk;tqifhtjzpf wnf&Sdae qJjzpfonf?10

jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf pDa'gpmcsKyfvkyfief;pOfrsm;

jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;. tajctaeESihf ywfoufI ynmay;r_ rsm;udk vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sd+yD; a'oqkdif&mESihf EkdifiHwume,fy,frsm;Y trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomta&;udpPrsm;udk ESpfaygif; rsm;pGm azmfxkwfwifjyvsuf&Sdonf? Tvkyfief;pOfrsm;onf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;wckjzpfaom trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEkdifiH) udk 1999 ckESpfwGif pwifzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh+yD;aemufwGif ykdI tm;aumif;pGmvkyfaqmifEdkifvmonf? 1999 pufwifbmv twGif; tzJG‹csKyfudk pwifzGJ@pnf;aepOfuwnf;u pDa'gpif®yiftpD&ifcHpmudk xkwfa0&eftwGuf tzGJ@0if tkyfpkrsm;rS twlwuG pkaygif;vkyfudkifcJJh=uonf? pDa'g pif®yif tpD&ifcHpma&;qGJa&;aumfrwD (SRWC) udk xkdif;-jrefrme,fpyfrS trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf; 5 zGJ@rS11 udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf woD;yk*~vyg0ifol 3 OD;wdk@jzifh pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? av;vtwGif; xkwfa0cJhonfh xdktpD&ifcHpm onf ppfyGJyËdyuQrsm;=um;rS wkdif; &if;om;e,fajrrsm;tygt0if aus;vufa'orsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf rdef;uav;i,frsm;rS &ifqkdif óuHawG@ae&onfh tcuftcJjy\emrsm;udk t"duOD;wnf a&;om;xm;onf? NCGUB .trsKd;orD;a&;&m XmerS12 ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihftwl trsKd;orD;tzJG‹ (5 ) zGJ@rS ukd,fpm;vS,f 5 OD;onf 22 }udrfajrmuf pDa'g aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;odk@ wufa&mufcJh+yD; xdkaumfrwDodk@ tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;cJhonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;rSmyif jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;tkyfpkrsm;rS udk,fpm; vS,frsm;onf pDa'gaumfrwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;ESihf pum;ajymcGihf/ aqG;aEG;cGihf&cJh+yD; tpnf;ta0;Y aumfrwD0ifrsm;twGuf tðy oabmaqmifonfh t}uHðycsufrsm;ESifh ar;cGef;rsm;udk jyifqifay;EdkifcJh=uonf?

‚if;onf jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;rS pkaygif;vkyfaqmifaom yxrOD;qHk; EkdifiHwum pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfa&; vkyfief;pOf jzpfonf? tzJG‹csKyfonf xkdtcsdefuwnf;u jynfwGif;ESihf a'oqkdif&m/ EkdifiHwumtqifhY yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ uGef,ufrsm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf rdef;uav;i,frsm;tay: enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh vdifydkif;qkdif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;tygt0if ppfwyfrS tpDtpOfcsusL;vGefaom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk azmfxkwfaom EkdifiHwum pnf;±Hk;vH_@aqmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif cJhonf? vkyfaqmifyHk enf;emrsm;

2000 jynfhESpfuwnf;uyif tzJG‹csKyfonf ab*sif;vkyfief;pOf/ vlrsdK;ESihf tom;a&mifcGJjcm;jcif;udk qef@usifaom urBm@nDvmcH (WCAR) vkyfief;pOfESihf ukvor*~ tpnf;ta0;rsm;pGmwGif13 yg0ifwufa&mufcJh+yD; EkdifiHwum pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmfa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xdkvkyfief;pOfqdkif&m tpnf;ta0;rsm;odk@ wufa&mufjcif;rS &&Sdvmaom oifcef;pmrsm;onf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf vGefpGmtzdk;xkdufwefvSonf?

11

tzJG‹csKyfrS ,ckaemufqHk;aom pDa'g pif®yiftpD&ifcHpmvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk 2007 ckESpf/ ESpfvnfrS pI tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH *smumwmwGif EkdifiHwum trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_ apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@-ta±S‹tm&Sa'o (IWRAW-AP) rS OD;pD;vkyfaom enf;AsL [mqkdif&m oifwef;aqG; aEG;yGJrsm;odk@ tzJG‹csKyfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; apv$wfjcif;jzifh pwifv_yf&Sm;cJhonf? 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmwGif ppftpdk;&rS pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiH taejzihf pDa'gaumfrwDokd@ 2004 -2008 yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmudk ydk@cJhonf?

xkdtcsdef rSpI tzJG‹csKyf onf jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf pif®yif tpD&ifcHpmqdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk OD;aqmif ðyvkyfcJhonf?

2008 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif tzJG‹csKyfrS pDa'gaumfrwDtwGuf ta&;}uD;onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESihf ar;cGef;rsm;. pm&if;udk14 pkaqmif;Ekdif&ef trsKd;orD;tkyfpkrsm;ESifh w&ufwmaqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;onfh tvkyf±HkaqG;aEG;yGJudk ðyvkyfcJhonf? ‚if;aemuf aemufqufwGJtjzpf 4 &ufwm tvkyf±HkaqG;aEG;yGJ OD;aqmif ðyvkyfcJh&m/ ‚if;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif pDa'gtcsuftvufrsm; (tawG; tac:t,ltq) ESihf ywfoufI pDa'g pif®yiftpD&ifcHpmodk@ rnfonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm; xnhfoGif;oifhonf/ xdkowif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk rnfodk@pkaqmif;rnf ponfhtcsufrsm;udk wufa&mufvmol trsKd;orD;rsm; avhvmoif,lEkdifcJhonfh tjyif t"du ta&;t}uD;qHk;jzpfonfh cdkifrmaom vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm;ESihf tcsdefumvowfrSwfr_qdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;csrSwf jcif;udkvnf; ðyvkyfEdkifcJhonf?15

pDa'gpif®yif tpD&ifcHpmvkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifaom jrefrmEkdifiH e,fpyfwav#muf&Sd trsKd;orD;tpktzJG‹rsm;/ tjcm;vlxk tajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf qufoG,fEdkif&efESihf qufpyfr_rsm; ðyvkyfay;Edkif&ef pDa'gtvkyftzGJ@16udkvnf; zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? vkyfief;pOf wGif yg0ifaom tzGJ@wzGJ@csif;pDrS pDa'gtvkyftzGJ@ESihf ‚if;wkd@. rdciftzGJ@tpnf;t=um; qufoG,fa&;twGuf t"du vkyfaqmif ay;ol wOD;pD ay;tyfcJhonf?

tvkyftzGJ@onf CACT (pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmifv_yf&Sm;r_ qufpyfa&;tzGJ@)17 rSwqifh jrefrmvlxktajcðytkyfpkrsm;/ uGef,ufrsm; t=um; ESD;aESmzvS,fa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;pGmudk vkyfaqmifcJh+yD;jzpfonf?

jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf&Sd tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;rS ‚if;wdk@. qufoG,far;jref;jcif;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; yg0ifaom enf;emtrsKd; rsKd;jzihf pkpnf;xm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk tvkyftzGJ@odk‹ay;ydk@cJh+yD; tvkyftzGJ@rsm;rSvnf; wdkif;&if;om;bmom toD; oD;jzifh ydk@vmaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmom jyefqdkjcif;ESihf &Sd+yD;om; tjcm;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESihf tifwmeufrSwqifh tcsuftvuf&SmazGjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?

IWRAW-AP rS OD;aqmif ðyvkyfaom ‘urBm}uD;rS a'orsm;qDodk@ - pDa'gpmcsKyf18 ESihfywfoufI em;vnfod&Sdvm atmif vkyfaqmifjcif; (From Global to Local: Orientation on the CEDAW convention)’ [k trnf&aom oifwef; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odk@ wufa&mufcJh&jcif;ESifh pDa'gtpnf;ta0;wGif EkdifiHrsm;. jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk avhvmcJh&jcif;onf ,ckvkyfief;pOftwGuf tvGefyif tzdk;wefvS+yD; 2008 atmufwdkbmwGif jrefrmEkdifiHtm; pDa'gaumfrwDrS oHk;oyfr_rsm; ðyvkyfaecsdefESifh ðyvkyf+yD; aemufydkif;wGifvnf; tzJG‹csKyf. enf;AsL[mrsm; zGH@®z;wkd;wufr_twGuf tvGefyif toHk;0ifayvdrfhrnf?

vl@t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf tcsdeftuef@towfrsm;a=umihf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf atmufyg yk'frrsm;udkom pkaqmif;EkdifcJh=uonf?

yk'fr 1 rS 5 - pDa'goabmwlpmcsKyfudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef pDrHcsufrsm;/ rl0g'rsm;/ Oya'rsm;/ cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ESihf usm;rtcef;u¾ESihf yHkpHcGufoGif;jcif;. t"dy`g,fzGihfqdkcsuf? yk'fr 6 - vlukeful;jcif; yk'fr 10 - ynma&; yk'fr 12 - usef;rma&; yk'fr 14 - aus;vufa'oaetrsKd;orD;rsm; GR trSwf 19 - trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_

12

yl;aygif;yg0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;.pm&if;

trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEkdifiH) - WLB o jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;or*~ o ucsiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk; (xkdif;EkdifiH) o u&iftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk; o u&ifeDtrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk; o uluD;trsKd;orD;qkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&; tpnf;t±Hk; o vm;[ltrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk; o yavmiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk; o ytkd0f;trsKd;orD;or*~ o &cdkiftrsKd;orD;or*~ o &Srf;trsKd;orD;a&;&m qufoG,fv_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufa&;toif; o xm;0,ftrsKd;orD;or*~ o jrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;orD;a&;&mESihf tcGifhta&;rsm;qkdif&mtzGJ@

csif;vJef;trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf - WLC trsKd;orD;ESihf uav;tcGifhta&;qkdif&m pDrHudef; (jrefrmEkdifiHawmifydkif;)/ vltcGifhta&;tzGJ@ tpnf; - rGefe,fajr/ (jrefrmEkdifiH)/

(WCRP)- (HURFOM) rGeftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;/ jynfya&muf rGeftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;/ rGeftrsKd;om; usef;rma&;aumfrwD (MNHC) u,ef;trsKd;orD;or*~ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) - trsKd;orD;a&;&mXme e,fvSnfhausmydk;tdwfusef;rma&;vkyfom;toif; (BPHWT) jrefrmEdkifiH aq;ynm&Sifrsm; toif; (Burma Medical Association) r,fawmfaq;cef; jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf/ trsKd;om;usef;rma&;ESihf ynma&;aumfrwD (NHEC) vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEkdifiH) (HREIB) &ckdifvli,fausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (AASYC) jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m jrpfrsm; apmifh=unhfa&; tzGJ@ (BRW) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; zGH@®z;wkd;wufa&;qHk&yf (ECDF) ucsifvlr_ zGH@®z;a&; uGef,uftzGJ@ (KDNG) u&if zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&;ESihf ulnDaxmufyHha&;±Hk; (KORD) u&if usef;rma&;ESihf vlr_zlvHka&;Xme (KDHW) u&ifeD zGH@®z;wkd;wufa&;ESifh tcsuftvuf&SmazGa&;tzGJ@ (KDRG) u&ifeD vlr_zlvHka&;ESihf zGH@®z;wkd;wufa&;pifwm (KSWDC) vm;[ltrsKd;om; zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&;tpnf;t±Hk; (LNDO) rGefaxmufyHh ulnDa&;ESihf zGH@®z;wkd;wufa&;aumfrwD (MRDC) rGefvli,f awmfvSefa&;tpnf;t±Hk; (MYPO) rGefa'o qkdif&mtzGJ@

13

vlrsKd;pka&;&m vli,fuGef,uf (NY Forum) yavmifvli,f uGef,uftzGJ@ (PYNG) oHvGifjrpf apmifh=unfha&;tzGJ@ (Salween Watch) &Srf;ulnDaxmufyHha&;ESifh zGH@®z;wkd;wufa&;aumfrwD (SRDC) &Srf; obm0 (Shan Spawa Environmental Organzation) a&$*wfpf v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@ (SGM) ±dk;r(3)owif;Xme

14

yk'fr 1? cGJjcm;qufqHr_. t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuf?

cGJjcm;qufqHr_ (Formal discrimination) ESihf usm;rtay: tajccHaom cGJjcm;qufqHr_ (Substantive discrimination) (odk@r[kwf) obm0w&m;qdkif&mOya' (Natural law) rsm;/ rl0g'rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;. tusKd;qufa=umifh jzpfay:vm aom cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ponfh cGJjcm; qufqHr_yHkpHESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf pDa'g. tykd'f 1 atmufwGif yg0ifaom usm;r cGJjcm;qufqH r_wGif tusHK;0ifonf? a&;om;ajymqkdol (odk@r[kwf) ðyvkyfolrsm;onf tpkd;&jzpfap/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom t&yfom;jzpfap rnfol rqdk cGJjcm;qufqHr_ ðyjcif;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;onhftcsufudk t"dyg,fzGihfqkdcsufwGif tav;ay;azmfjyxm;onf?

ppftpdk;&. tpD&ifcHpmwGif ‚if;rS pDa'goabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf. &nf&G,fcsuf (odk@r[kwf) t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufudk em;vnfonf [laom taxmuftxm;rsm; vHk;0 rawG‹&Sd&ay? ppftpdk;&u ‚if;. yxrt}udrftpD&ifcHpmESifh 'kwd,ESihf wwd, t}udrfaygif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rarG;zGm;rDuwnf;u tcGihfta&; tjynfht0 &&Sd+yD;om;jzpf aoma=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; r&Sdyg[k ppftpdk;&rS twdtvif; ajymqdkxm;onf? xkduJhokd@ tpDtpOfcs csKd;azmufaeaom pdk;&drfzG,f&m usm;rcGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; jynfwGif;Y jzpfyGm;aea=umif;udk ppftpdk;&rS todtrSwfðy&efrqdkxm;ESifh/ em;vnfoabmayguf&eftwGufyif qufvufjiif;qdkvsuf &Sdaeonfudk =unhfjcif;tm;jzifh ppftpdk;&onf trsKd;orD;rsm;. wef;wltcGihfta&;&&Sda&;udk jr‡ifhwif&efESihf cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; yaysmufap&eftwGuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihfrl0g'rsm;udk oabm±dk; jzifh Oya'jyXmef;ay;rnfqkdonfrSm vHk;0 jzpfEkdifzG,fr&Sday? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wltcGihfta&; r&&Sd a=umif;ESihf xdktajctaeudk ajymif;vJ&ef wdusaom aqmif&Gufr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&rnfudk ppftpdk;&rS todtrSwf ðy0efcHr_r&Sd oa&G@ pmcsKyf. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&efESifh av;pm;vdkufem&ef qdkonfrSm vufawG‹jzpfEkdifrnf r[kwfay?

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;. tajctaersm;ESihfywfoufI trSefwu,fjzpfysufaeaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk zHk;uG,f xm;jcif;onf usm;rcGJjcm;qufqHr_udk tav;teuf xkwfazmfajymqdk&efESihf pOf;pm;p&mjy\emtjzpf em;vnfoabmayguf &ef qufvufawmif;qdkaeonf? jynfwGif;ppfESifh tvGeftrif; tm;enf;aeaom ±kyfydkif;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;qkdif&m tajccHtaqmuf ttHkrsm;onf jynfhpHkwdusaom tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&ef (txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif) =uef@=umap+yD; EkdifiH vlOD;a&. trsm;pkjzpfaom trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf ppfrSefaom ajymif;vJr_ jzpfaprnfh tvm;tvmudk aESmihfaES;aponf?

ppftpdk;&. 0g'jzef@csda&;wGif ‘EkdifiHjcm;v$rf;rkd;r_wkdufzsufacsr_ef;a&; (Destructive Foreign Influences)’ESihf ywfoufonfh udk;um;ajymqdkcsufrsm;jzifh jynfhv#Hvsuf±Sdaeonf? xkduJhodk@ udk;um; ajymqkdcsufrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk wdkufcdkuf acsy&ef/ EkdifiHwum jypfwifa0zefr_rsm;udk jyefvnfckcHwGef;vSef&efESihf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;twGuf óud;pm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; a=umifh vGwfvyfa&;zcif/ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwf ðycH& ol ‘AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ . orD;t&if;jzpfaomfvnf; ‘EkdifiHjcm;om;’ tjzpf ykHn$ef;azmfjycH&onfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf tm; wkdufcdkuf&eftwGuf &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifjcif;omjzpfonf? xdkvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf em*pf qkdifuvkef;rkefwdkif;jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf EkdifiHjcm;taxmuftyHhrsm; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf&efESifh 'kuQonfrsm;qDodk@ tultnDrsm; ydk@aqmif&ef ppfwyfrSaeI qkd;0g;pGm wm;qD;ydwfyifcJh+yD;aemufwGif tm%m&Sifrsm;onf jynfyEkdifiHrsm;. 0ifa&mufvmjcif;udk rESpfoufa=umif;jyojcif; jzifh wdk;Ivkyfaqmifvmonf? ppftpdk;&. jynfytawG;tac:rsm;udk t+rJwap ckcHwGef;vSefjcif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm;udkom vufcH&ef vlxktay: twif;t=uyf wkdufwGef;avh&Sdaom taetxm;rsm;udk =unhfjcif;tm;jzihf pDa'guJhodk@aom EkdifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyftay: ‚if;wdk@. wm0ef,lcsufrsm; rnfr#ppfrSefrnfqkdonfrSm ar;cGef; xkwfp&m jzpfygonf?

pDa'g.tajccHrlrsm;ESihfywfoufI ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;wkd@vkyfaqmifaea=umif;udk tay:,Hyg;pyfzsm;rS ajymqdkaejcif;onf ‚if;wdk@rS pmcsKyftay:Y ppfrSefaom wm0ef,lr_rsm; &SdaeouJhodk@ xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfaponf? 22 }udrfajrmuf pDa'gaumfrwD odk‹ ppftpdk;&. yxrqHk;wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmtay: t}uHðycsufrsm;udk vlxk=um;jzef@a0jcif; (odk@r[kwf) enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh vlxkodatmif vkyf aqmifjcif;rsm; taumiftxnfazmfcJhonfqdkonfh n$ef;qkdr_rsm; vHk;0ryg0ifay?

15

wef;wlnDr#r_twGuf zGJ@pnf;yHkqdkif&m tmrcHcsufr&Sdjcif;

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;onf xda&mufaom tajccHOya'qdkif&m tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom ppfrSefonfh wef;wlnDr#r_udk rcHpm;=u&ay? usm;rqkdif&m wef;wlnDr_ tjrif±_axmihfrS=unhfv#if zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qGJa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm; tyg t0if vwfwavm twnfðyvdkufonfh tajccHOya'qkdif&m Oya'a=umif;. tESpfom&rsm;onf csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;pGm±Sdaeonf?

1993 ckESpfuwnf;u pwifcJh+yD; 2007 ckESpfwGif +yD;qHk;cJhonfh trsKd;om;nDvmcHwGifvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH. zGJ@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'opf rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;wGif toHk;cs&eftwGuf nDvmcHwuf a&mufolrsm;udk ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;wdk@ pdwfwdkif;us a&G;cs,fcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfygwDtygt0if tjcm;vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@0ifrsm; onf zdwf=um;jcif; rcHcJh&ouJhodk@ ‚if;ygwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;rSvnf; ppftpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk oydwfarSmufcJh=uonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vlOD;a&. 50 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf&Sdaomfvnf; ppftpdk;&. tpD&ifcHpmt& ppftpdk;&. nDvmcH wufa&mufhcJhonfh trsKd;orD;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm 6 '\r 2 &mcdkifE_ef;om&Sdonfudk =unhfjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsKd; orD;rsm;. yg0ifr_rSm tvGeftrif;avsmhenf;aea=umif;odEkdifonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf yg0ifcGifh&cJhaom trsKd;orD; tzGJ@tpnf;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSmvnf; ppftpdk;&. wzufowf pnf;urf;csufrsm;jzifh csnfaESmifcHcJh&+yD; vGwfvyfpGm ajymydkifcGihfr&Sday? xkd@jyif tvGefwif;=uyfaom wm;qD;ydwfyifr_rsm;onfvnf; nDvmcHwufa&mufaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vHk;. ppftpdk;& rl=urf;a&;qGJxm;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qkdif&m jyifqifcsufrsm;tay: jiif;cHkr_rsm;/ t}uHðyr_rsm;ay;Ekdifonfh tcGifhtvrf; rsm;udk ydwfyifxm;cJhonf? vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_enf;jcif;ESihf nDvmcHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;yg0ifr_udk uef@owf xm;jcif;wdk@a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHrStrsKd;orD;rsm;onf EkdifiHwEkdifiH.ta&;ygaom Oya'ðyjcif;qkdif&mvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif t"dy`g,f&Sd aom tiftm;jznfhwif;r_rsm; r&Sdao;a=umif; xif±Sm;ay:vGifaeonf?

xdktESpfom&rsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. y%mrjzpfaom tajccHusonfh tajccHrlrsm;ESihf tao;pdwfusaom tajccHrlrsm;qkdif&m Oya'a=umif;onf usm;rwef;wla&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf jr‡ihfwifEkdifjcif;r&Sday? tajccHusaom rlrsm;ESihfywfoufonfh tykdif;tawmf rsm;rsm;wGif wef;wlnDr#jcif;udk azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; 1/ tykd'f 10 (u) wGif ‘EkdifiHom;wkdif;onf wef;wlnDr#aom tcGihfta&;rsm;udk ydkifqkdif&rnf’ [k azmfjyxm;onf? tcef; 8/ tykd'f 3 wGif EdkifiHom;wkdif;udk tmrcHcsufay;xm;onf? Oyrm - ‘Oya'a&S@ arSmuf wlnDaomtcGihfta&;&&Sda&; æ wlnDaomumuG,fr_ &&Sda&;ESifh tykd'f 4 wGifvnf; ‘EdkifiHawmfrS usm;rtay: tajccHI rnfonfhEkdifiHom;udkrS cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; (odk@r[kwf) rsufESmom ay;jcif;rsm; r&Sdap&[k azmfjyxm;onf? rnfokd@yifqdkap/ xdktajccHOya'qdkif&m Oya'a=umif;onf &Sif;vif;jywfom;r_ r&Sd onfhtjyif wef;wltcGifhta&;&Sd&ef jr‡ifhwifay;jcif; (odk@r[kwf) cGJjcm;qufqHr_ jzpfay:aejcif;rS umuG,fEkdif&ef ppftpdk;&. tao;pdwf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk azmfjyn$ef;qkdxm;jcif;r&Sday? vl@tcGihfta&;pHE_ef;rsm;tay: qef@usifaom ppftpdk;&. rSwfwrf;rsm;t& zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'. tmrcHr_ay;jcif;onf w&m;0if±Hkr#omruyJ ppfrSefr_&Sda=umif;yg aocsmap&efydkI tao;pdwfusaom/ jynfhpHkaom usm;-rwef;wlnDr#r_qkdif&m Oya'pnf; rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; vdktyfayonf?

xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oihfaom tjcm;ta=umif;t&mwckrSm tcGifhta&;rsm;onf EkdifiHom;rsm;ESihfom oufqdkifonfqdkaom tcsufyifjzpfonf? EkdifiHom;jzpfa&;Oya'wGif EkdifiHom;jzpf&eftwGuf tenf;qHk;rdcif (odk@r[kwf) zcif wOD;OD;onf EkdifiHom; wpfa,muftjzpf todtrSwfðycH&oljzpf&ef vdktyfonf? zGH@®z;wdk;wufr_enf;aom/ ppfyGJyËduQrsm;a=umihf A[dktkyfcsKyfr_enf; aom tcsKd@a'orsm;wGif tpkd;&rSwfwrf; ðypkr_rsm;onf tvGefyiftm;enf;onf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qkdif&m w&m;r#wa&; Oya'a=umif;udk jyXmef;xm;ay;cJhrnfqdkcJhv#ifawmif EkdifiHom;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonhftcGihfta&; Oya'rsm; &&SdcHpm;ydkifcGihftm; uef@owfxm;aom wm;jrpfcsufrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;tajctaersm;a=umifh EkdifiHom;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&jcif;r±Sdaom trsKd; orD;rsm;twGuf rsm;pGmxdcdkufepfemaponf?

xdk@jyif wef;wlnDr#a&;udk tmrcHcsufay;xm;aom Oya'rsm;onf tjcm;Oya'a=umif;rsm;t& uGJvGJr_rsm;&Sdjyefonf? txl;ojzihf tcef; 8/ tydk'f 7 . tajccHusaom tajccHrlrsm;wGif ‘rdcifrsm;/ uav;rsm;ESihf udk,f0efaqmifrdcifrsm;taejzifh Oya'rSjyXmef;xm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &&SdcHpm;ap&rnf’ [k trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&m owfrSwfxm; aom tcef;u¾t&jrifaom rdcifrsm;tjzpfyif tm;jznfhajymqkdxm;+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: tjcm;olrsm;ESihfrwl uGJjym;aom

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ðypk apmifha&Smufr_ay;xm;ouJhodk@ xif&zG,f&Sdayonf? tjcm;jy\emwckrSm tykd'f 8 wGifyif tpkd;&&mxl; cef@tyfjcif;rsm; wGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_r&Sdap&[k axmufjyxm;aomfvnf; tjcm;wydk'fwGif ‘trsKd;om;rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@ESihf obm0t& oihfavsmf aom &mxl;ae&mrsm;wGif cef@xm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufI rnfonhf tydk'fr#umuG,fwm;qD;xm;jcif; r±Sdap&’[k jyXmef;xm;jyef onf? ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;yHkpHcGufrsm; v$rf;rdk;wnf&Sdaeoa&G@ trsKd;orD;rsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHcH&r_rsm;rS umuG,f&ef zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif rnfonfhjyXmef;csufrS r&Sdaoma=umihf usm;-rwef;wla&;qdkif&m tmrcHcsuf&Sda&;onf ppfrSefr_r&SdyJ tESpfom& uif;rJhaea=umif; ppftpdk;&. Oya'a=umif;rS jyovsuf±Sdonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;. wef;wlnDr#a&;onf tvGefta&;}uD;onf[k qdkaeaomfvnf; zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf ppfwyfrS Oya' ðya&;qdkif&m txufv$wfawmfESihf atmufv$wfawmf (jynfaxmifpk v$wfawmfESihf trsKd;om;v$wfawmftoD;oD;wGif) ae&m rsm;. 3 yHk 1 yHkudk xdef;csKyfxm;rnfqdkaom tcsufudk tmrcHcsufay;xm;jcif;jzihf tpkd;&tzGJ@twGif; ppfwyf. &mxl;ae&mudk cdkif+rJap&ef vkyfaqmif xm;onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf wu,fwrf;tm;jzihf ppfwyfXmersm;wGif ryg0ifEkdifatmif wm;qD;cHxm; &+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t&qdkv#ifyif Oya'ðya&;&mxl;wm0efrsm;tm;vHk;. 4 yHk 1 yHkwGif yg0ifEkdif&ef Tvkyfaqmifr_u wm;qD;xm;onf? ppfwyfonf umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;csKyfESihf orRw udkyg a&G;cs,f&ef tm%m&Sdrnfjzpf+yD; ppfwyftzGJ@0ifrsm;twGuf uif;v$wfcGihf&Ekdifonfh tvm;tvm&Sd Ekdifaom ppfcHk±kH;tkyfcsKyfa&;tygt0if ‚if;wkd@. ppfqifa&;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@udk,fwdkif }uD;=uyfr_tm%m tjynfht0&&Sdrnfjzpfonf? EkdifiH. ta&;ay:tcsdefwGifvnf; wyfrawmf umuG,fa&; OD;pD; csKyfudk EkdifiHhacgif;aqmiftjzpf tajctaeudk xdef;csKyfwm0ef,l&ef tm%may;tyfxm;&rnfjzpf+yD; xkdtcsdeftwGif; ppfwyfrS ‘w&m;0if’ vkyfaqmifr_rsm; tm;vHk;tay: tjypfrSuif;v$wfcGihf&rnfjzpfum ‚if;wkd@onf tajccHusaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk usihfoHk;jcif;rSvnf; acwW±kyfodrf;Edkifaomtm%m&Sdonf? orRwwOD;. t&nftcsif;ESihf ywfoufaom Oya'pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; onfvnf; orRwtjzpf 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifol. teD;uyfqHk;aqGrsKd;om;csif;onf EkdifiHjcm;om; rjzpf&[laomtcsufjzihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. EdkifiHa&; yg0ifr_udk wm;jrpfydwfyif&ef wdkuf±dkuf&nfn$ef;xnfhoGif;xm;onf?

jrefrmEkdifiHtm; t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufzsufqD;cJhaom em*pfqkdifuvkef;rkef;wkdif;+yD;aemuf wqufwnf; qdkovdkyif 2008 ckESpf/ arv 10 &ufae@wGif ppftpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk@. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'topf twnfðya&;twGuf vlxkqENcH,lyGJ udk tvkt,uf t"duOD;pm;ay; ðyvkyfcJhonf? ae&ma'o rsm;pGmwGif rJqENay;olrsm;onf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'tm; axmufcHrJ&±Sd&eftwGuf óudwifrJay;pepfjzifh rJay;&ef trdef@ay;jcif;cH=u&onf? xkdtajctaersm;a=umihf vltrsm;awG;xif xm;onfh twkdif; ppftpdk;&. zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'topfonf axmufcHrJ 93 &mcdkifE_ef;jzifh tEkdif&cJhonf?

yk'fr 2 - Oya'/ rl0g'qdkif&mwdkif;wmcsufrsm;rSwqifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_udk zsufodrf;jcif;

tykd'f 2 wGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; yaysmufapEkdifonfh rl0g'rsm;udk pmcsKyftzGJ@0if EdkifiHrS zefwD;&rnf[k azmfjyxm; onf? ppftpdk;& rS pD;yGm;a&;ESihf aus;vufa'ozGH@®z;a&;twGuf 5 ESpf=um EkdifiHawmfpDrH udef;udk qufwdkufjyXmef;cJhaomfvnf; usm;-r wef;wla&;onf rnfonfhae&mwGifrS txift&Sm; ryg0ifao;ay? ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;. vkyfief;pOfrsm;a=umihf trsKd;orD; rsm;tay:/ txl;ojzihf qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ESihf ppfwyftkyfcsKyfr_rsm;a=umihf xdcdkufepfemcJhaom aus;vufa'o trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;onfh taxmuftxm;rsm; vHk;0rawG@&ay?

ppftpdk;&rS vl@tcGihfta&;udk jr‡ifhwif&efESifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;tm; wkdufzsuf&ef&nf&G,fonfh EkdifiHawmfrl0g'rsm; csrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sday? txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmppftm%m&Siftpdk;&onf urBmay:wGif zdESdyf csKyfcs,fr_ trsm;qHk;tpdk;&rsm;xJrS wcktjzpf todtrSwf ðy cH&+yD; 1992 ckESpf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;t& 1325 Oya'a=umif; atmufrSaeI ukvor*~taxGaxG nDvmcHESihf EkdifiHqkdif&m txl;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. ESpfpOfjypfwif±_wfcsr_/ ydwfqdk@ta&;,lr_ rsm; cHae&onf? ppfwyf. t=urf;zufESdrfeif;òzdcGif;r_a=umifh &yfqdkif;oGm;cJh&+yD; ypfcwfr_rsm;a=umifh EkdifiHjcm; owif;axmuf wa,muftygt0if &[ef;jynfolrsm;aoqHk;cJh&jcif;/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom &[ef;jynfolrsm; zrf;qD;cH&jcif;wdk‹ jzpfay:cJhaom pufwifbmvlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;a=umifh 2007 ckESpfonf vl@tcGihfta&; csKd;azmufr_twGuf tqdk;0g;qHk;ESpftjzpf rSwfwrf;0ifcJh&aom ESpfwESpfvnf; jzpfcJhonf?

17

cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk w&m;pGJqdk&eftwGuf Oya'r&Sdjcif;

wkduf±kdufESihf oG,f0kdufaomtm;jzifh csKd;azmufaom cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk azmfxkwf&ef EdkifiHawmfOya'jyefvnf jyifqifxm;a=umif; (odk@r[kwf) pDa'gESihf ‚if;.tajccHrlrsm;udk jynfwGif;w&m; Oya'ðya&;wGif yg0ifxnhfoGif;xm;a=umif;ESihf ywfoufI azmfjyxm;r_rsm; r&Sday? jypfr_qkdif&m Oya'e,fy,fwGif tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_udk xnhfoGif;azmfjyxm;onfh wdusaom Oya'rsm; r&Sday? xkd@jyif vdifykdif;qkdif&mESihf usm;rtajccHaomt=urf;zufr_rsm;ESihfywfoufonfh Oya'rsm;onf &mZ0wfusifh xHk;Oya'(1860)xJwGif yg0ifaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; xdkOya'rSm +Adwdo# udkvdkeDvuf atmufrS EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&pOfuwnf;u jyifqifajymif;vJr_ wpHkw&mr&Sdao;aom Oya'rsm;om jzpfonf?

rdom;pkqkdif&m Oya'pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;wGif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;/ arG;pm;jcif;/ ypPnf;ydkifqkdifjcif;ESifh tarGqufcHjcif; qdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI ArmESihf Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSaeI "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;udk tv#Hy,f toHk;ðyaeqJyifjzpfonf? xdk"avhxHk;wrf; Oya'. Oya'pnf;rsOf;tajrmuftjrm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;tm; tdrfwGif;ta&;udpP rsm;wGif ydkrdktqifhjrihfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGihfESihf qHk;jzwfcsufcsaom tcGihftm%mudk ay;xm;csdefwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcef; u¾udkrl tdrfr_udpPvkyfaqmifolESihf uav;arG;zGm;olrsm;tjzpfom tav;ay;azmfjyxm;onf? Oyrmtm;jzihf TtpD&ifcHpm twGuf qufoG,far;jref;xm;aom trsKd;orD;wOD;rS yavmif ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;pHudk &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd aus;vufa'orsm;wGif qufvufusifhoHk;aeonfh tajctaet& tu,fI trsKd;om;wOD;aoqHk;v#if ol. ydkifqkdifr_rsm;tm;vHk;onf ZeD;onfxuf ol.aqGrsKd;trsKd;om;rsm;rS ykdifqkdif=uonf? vifr,m;uGm&Sif;jywfpJv#if trsKd;orD;onf olr. trsKd;om;ESihftwlwuG ydkifqkdifonfhypPnf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk vufv$wfqHk;±_H;&onf? vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufI bmoma&;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;tygt0if TuJhodk@aom "avhxHk;wrf; Oya'rsm;udk EkdifiH. jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;t& jyefvnfxdef;nd‡ay;r_rsm; (odk@r[kwf) ‚if;wdk@. Oya'rsm;onf pDa'gpmcsKyfESihf nd‡pGef;r_r&Sdapa&; aocsmap&ef óud;pm;vkyfaqmif jcif;rsm; r&Sday?

tarGqufcHjcif; - touf 28 ESpft&G,f yavmiftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESihf 2008 ckESpf =o*kwf 28 &uf wGif qufoG,far;jref;xm;csuf?

tcsKd@aus;vufa'o tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm&SdwJh yavm0f,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;pHt& trsKd;om;awG[m olwdk@&Jh rdbawGqDu ydkifqdkifr_tm;vHk;udk tarGqufcHw,f? trsKd;orD;eJ@ rdef;uav;awGqdk&if trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk@awG tdrfaxmifus&if olwdk@&Jh vifa,mufsm;&Jh ðy pkapmihfa&Smufr_udk&rSmyJvdk@ xif=uw,f?

tdrfaxmifwpkrSmqdk&if vifa,mufsm;awGuom tdrfawG/ ajrawG 'grSr[kwf vufzufyif pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; awGvdk rdom;pkeJ@ywfoufwJh ydkifqkdifr_tm;vHk;udk a&mif;cszkd@/ wckckvkyfzdk‹ qHk;jzwfcsufcsykdif cGifh&Sdw,f? yavmif "avhxHk;wrf;t& trsKd;om;rsm;[m tdrfaxmifOD;pD;taeeJ@ om;orD;awGudk tarGcGJ ay;wJhudpPtygt0if t&mtm;vHk;udk qHk;jzwfcsufcsydkifcGihf&Sdw,f?

wu,fvkd@ vifa,mufsm;aoqHk;&if ydkifqkdifr_awG[m om;awGuyJ&w,f? wu,fvdk@ tJ'Drdom;pkrSm orD; rdef;uav;yJ&Sdr,fqdk&if ydkifqkdifr_tm;vHk;[m OD;av;awGuyJ&w,f (taz&Jh nDtpfudkawG)/ orD;awG r&bl;?

aemuf+yD; wu,fvdk@ vifr,m;uGm&Sif;=ur,fqkd&if ZeD;onfu tdrfay:uae qif;ay;&+yD;awmh ydkifqkdif r_awGtm;vHk;[m a,mufsm;udk ay;&w,f? aemuf om;orD;awG[mvnf; zcif&Jh tkyfxdef;r_atmuf rSmyJ usefcJh&w,f?

Oya'trsm;pkonf trsKd;orD;rsm;rS umuG,fr_vdktyfonfqkdonfh tajccH,lqcsufay:wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf

rwlnDaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk jyXmef;xm;avh&Sdonf? trsKd;orD;vlukeful;r_udk yaysmufap&eftwGuf &nf&G,faom

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‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;pOft& 1997 wGif ppftpdk;&onf touf 25 ESpfatmuf trsKd;orD;rsm;udk e,fpyfa'orsm;odk@ c&D;oGm;vm jcif;rS wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; (odk@r[kwf) tkyfxdef;olrygyJ19 EkdifiH. e,fpyfjzwfausmfcGihfrsm;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif; wdk‹udk jyXmef;cJhonf? xkdjyXmef;csufrsm;rS ,ckxdwnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf EkdifiHul;vufrSwf (ywfpydk@) &&ef tvGef cufcJjcif;ESihf ydkIaps;E_ef;jrifhrm;jcif;rsm; jzpfvmonf? vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmr_udk uef@owfxm;onfh TuJhodk@ Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;tjyif rdcif. toufudk umuG,f&eftwGuf[k &nf&G,fum udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;20udk &mZ0wfr_tjzpfowfrSwfaom Oya'rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;. rsKd;qufjyef@yGm;a&;qkdif&m a&G;cs,fydkifcGihf tcGifhta&;udk [ef@wm;xm;ayonf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdjcif;ESihf w&m;r#wr_r&Sdjcif;

w&m;Oya'. vufawG@usaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;t&=unhfrnfqkdv#if ppftm%m&Sifvufatmuf w&m;pD&ifa&;/ txl;ojzihf EkdifiHa&;ta=umif;t&mrsm; yg0ifaom jypfr_qkdif&m ±Hk;wif ppfaq;jcif;wGif vGwfvyfr_rsm;r&Sdjcif;a=umifh jrefrmhw&m; r#wr_pepfrSm ppfwyfzdESdyfcsKyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif toHk;cscH&aom t&mwcktjzpf azmfjyjcif;cHxm;&onf? w&m;±Hk;rS vkyfaqmifyHk tqifhqifhESihf tacstwif ajymqdkr_rsm;tay: w&m;pD&ifqHk;jzwfyHk21 tqihfqifhrsm;udkvnf; rod&ay? w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdjcif;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tygt0if ppfwyf. tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;tm;vHk;. tpDtpOfcsusL;vGefaom vmbfpm;r_ rsm;a=umifh ydkufqH&Sdol/ ppfwyfESihf tquftoG,f&Sdol rnfolrqdk ‚if;wdk@. pdwfwdkif;us/ Oya'tm;vHk;udk ausmfjzwfEdkifonf[k ajymprSwfjzpfcJhonf? tcsKd@a&S@aersm;rS tcrJhtusdK;aqmifjcif;rsm; (Pro Bono services) udk vkyfaqmif=uaomfvnf; jypfr_qkdif&mt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlr_a&;qkdif&mt&aomfvnf;aumif; Oya'a=umif;t& a&S@aeriSm;Ekdifaomolrsm;udk w&m;0iftultnDay;aom pepfrsm; r&Sday?

wEkdifiHvHk; òcHI=unhfv#if vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_cHae&onfh w&m;vdkrsm;onf w&m;r#wr_udk r&&Sd=uay? atmufwGif ydkItao;pdwfazmfjyxm;csufrsm;t& vdifydkif;qdkif&mESihf usm;rqdkif&m t=urf; zufcH&olrsm; txl;ojzihf ppfwyf tzGJ@0ifrsm; (odk@) ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;. rk'drf;usihfjcif;udkcH&olrsm;rSm Oya'a=umif;t& ukpm;ay;jcif; (odk@) vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;t& wdkifwef;jcif; ponfwkd@ESihf ywfoufonfh tultnDtenf;i,fom &&Sd=uonf? ppftpdk;&. usm;-rqdkif&m jypfr_rsm;udk pGJcsufwifjcif;ESihf ywfoufI vkyfaqmifEkdifr_ r&Sdjcif;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_udk ydkrdktm;ay;aponfh uif;v$wfcGifh ðyxm;aom ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf?

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmihfa&Smufolrsm;onf taESmuft,Suf twm;tqD;rsm;udk r=umc% &ifqkdif =u&+yD; w&m;pGJqkdr_rsm;a=umifh tzrf;cHae=u&onf? tvkyform;ESihf vl@tcGihfta&;v_yf&Sm;oltjzpf vlodrsm;vSonfh rpkpkaEG; onfvnf; ppftpdk;&rS twif;t"rR vkyftm;ay;ap cdkif;r_ESihf22ywfoufI ‚if;wdk@udk,fwkdif jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'a=umif;rsm; twkdif; ppftpdk;& tm; jyefvnf w&m;pGJqkdEkdifcJh+yD;aemuf a'oqkdif&m tm%mykdifrsm;tm; ‘toa&zsufr_’jzihf 2005 ckESpfwGif axmif '%f(8)vuscHcJh&onf? tjcm;vl‹tcGifhta&;umuG,fapmifha&SmufolwOD;jzpfonfh a&Shaejzpfol OD;at;jrifh onfvnf; tvkyform;rsm;udk,fpm; w&m;±Hk;odk@ t"rRvkyftm;ay;apcdkif;r_ESihfywfoufI pGJcsufwif&ef óud;pm;jcif;a=umifh EkdifiHwum tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk;odk@ ‘owif;rSm;ay;r_’ jzifh 2003 ckESpfrS 2006 ckESpftwGif; t}udrft}udrftcgcg axmifcscH&+yD; Oya' avmutwGif; 0ifa&mufcGihf vdkifpifudkvnf; &yfqkdif;cHcJh&onf?23 Tvl@tcGihfta&; umuG,fapmihfa&SmufolESpfOD;pvHk;rSm jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;rS twdtvif;jyXmef;xm;+yD;om; ,EW&m;rsm;udk toHk;ðy&ef óud;pm;cJh=uorsm; jzpfonf? Ttjzpftysuf rsm;onf usm;-rcGJjcm; qufqHjcif;ESihf ywfoufr_ r&Sdaomfvnf; ppfwyftzGJ@0ifrsm;rS usL;vGefaom csKd;azmufr_rsm;twGuf w&m;Oya'qkdif&m wm0ef,lr_rsm;udk &SmazG&mrSm awG@óuH&aom tcuftcJrsm;&Sda=umif; om"utjzpf xif&Sm;pGm awG@jrifEkdifonf?

ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;wdk@udk,fwkdif tpDtpOfcs csKd;azmufaeaom vl@tcGihfta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk =unhf jcif;tm;jzifh tpkd;& r[kwfaomolrsm; (t&yfom;rsm;) . vl@tcGihfta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk apmihf=unfh tuJcwfonfh EkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m vl@tcGihfta&; toif;tzGJ@r&SdaompepfESihf cGJjcm;qufqHr_ yaysmufa&;qkdif&m Oya'ðyaompepfESpfck=um;wGif rnfonfhuGmjcm;csufrS r&SdonfrSm

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tHtm;oihf p&mr[kwfay? pDa'gpmcsKyfudk jynfwGif;w&m;±Hk;rS toHk;ðyjcif; (odk@) xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;ðycJhonfh Oya'rSwfwrf; rsm;ESihf vl@tcGihf ta&;qkdif&m Oya'tawG;tac:rsm; vHk;0r&Sday? yk'fr 3 - wef;wla&;qkdif&m a&S@wkd;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESihf tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfcGihfrsm; twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sda&;

trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wltcGifhta&;&&Sda&; wdk;wufaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf tpkd;&. ,EW&m;

jrefrmjynfwGif; usm;r cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;udk xkwfazmfwifjy&ef tpkd;&. tzGJ@tpnf; ,EW&m;vnfywfyHkrSm wif;=uyfpGm uef@owfxm;onf?

vlr_zlvHka&;/ tultnDay;a&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme (MSWRR) onf trsKd;orD;a&;&mudpPrsm;ESihf ywfoufI wEkdifiHvHk;. t"duqufoG,fa&;Xmejzpfonf? xkd@tjyif trsKd;orD;rsm; zGH@®z;wkd;wufa&;ESihf pGrf;&nfjrifhrm;a&; qkdif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk pDrH!$ef=um;onhf wm0efcHrsm;ae &mwGifvnf; ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;udk cef@tyfxm;onf? xdkvlr_ zlvHka&;/ tultnDay;a&;ESifhjyefvnf ae&mcsxm;a&;0ef}uD;rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifarmifaqGjzpfonf? 'k0ef}uD;AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ausmfjrifh rSvnf; 2006 ckESpf ta&S@tm&S usm;rwef;wla&;qkdif&m 0ef}uD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;uJhokd@aom EkdifiHwum tpnf;ta0; rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; zGH@®z;wdk;wufr_qkdif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihf EkdifiHqkdif&mrl0g' (ay:vpDrsm;udk wifjy cJh+yD;jzpfonf? MSWRR onf qkdifuvkef;rkefwdkif;tultnDrsm;ay;a&;ESihf rkefwdkif;wdkufcdkufcH&aom a'orsm;odk@ tultnD/ taxmuftyHhypPnf;rsm; jzef@a0&ef twGuf EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&efvnf; wm0ef&Sdonf? odk@aomf MSWRR . tuef@towfrsm; vSaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk trsKd;orD;a&;&mudpPrsm;twGuf vwfwavm owfrSwfvsmxm;r_rsm; rnfr#&SdI rnfr#toHk;cs +yD;+yDqdkonfudkrl rod&ay?

vlr_zlvHka&;tultnDay;a&;ESihf jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme (MSWRR)/ jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD; a&;&maumfrwD (MNCWA) ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf (MWAF) ponfh tzGJ@oHk;zGJ@. qufpyfr_rsm;udk ppftpdk;&. tpD&ifcHpmwGif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; xkdoHk;zGJ@rSm tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufEG,fvsuf&Sdonf? jrefrmEkdifiH vHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwDudk EkdifiH. trsKd;om;a&; aumfrwD w&yftaejzifh 1996 ckESpfwGif pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhJ+yD; txl; ojzihf trsKd;orD;a&;&m vufawG@vkyfaqmifr_rsm;qkdif&m bD*sif;tpnf;ta0;okd@wifjy&ef tpkd;&. trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&; twGuf wm0ef,lcsuf/ tmrcHcsufrsm;udk jyXmef;&eftwGuf zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? MSWRR url MNCWA . vkyfaqmif csufrsm;udk }uD;=uyf&onf? MNCWA onf pDa'gpmcsKyf (trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;xm;r_rsm;tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;qkdif&m oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf) tay: vkdufemr_&Sd/ r&SdESifh ywfoufI aemufqufwGJvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk trnfcHr#avmufom aqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf; trsKd;orD;a&;&m aumfr&Sif tzGJ@wcktaejzifh tjcm;tpkd;&Xmersm;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_ tajctaersm; udkrl apmihf=unhftuJcwfr_rsm; r&Sday? 1990 ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif MNCWA rS trsKd;orD;a&;qkdif&m EkdifiH.trsKd;om;a&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf t"duvkyfaqmifaom ae&ma'orsm; ta&twGufudk azmfjycJhonf? trsKd;orD;a&;qkdif&m jyXmef;csuftcsKd@ &SdcJhaomfvnf;yJ xkda'orsm;wGif trSefwu,fvdktyfaom vdktyfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;r&Sday? MNCWA . v_yf&Sm;r_tawmfrsm;rsm;onf 2001 ckESpf rwkdifrDu jzpfonf?

jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@. owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& 2003 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m trsKd;orD; a&;&m aumfrwDonf ‚if;wdk@. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSm tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm; txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orS trsKd;orD;rsm;qDodk@ a&muf&Sdatmif rvkyfaqmifEkdifaoma=umihf jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf (MWAF) udk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfudk jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mtrsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD. qufcHoltjzpf awG@jrifEkdifonf? tb,fha=umihf qkdaomf t"duwm0ef,l vkyfaqmifaom0efxrf;rsm;rSm tzGJ@ESpfckvHk;wGif wufºuGpGmyg0ifae=u+yD; jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@ onf trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufaeonf[k awG@ jrifEkdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

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tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. yg0ifywfoufr_

jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfonf vGwfvyfaom (odk@r[kwf) vlxktajcðytzGJ@qdkonfxuf tpkd;&rS xdef;csKyfzGJ@pnf; xm;aom tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf; (GONGO) jzpfonfudk xif&Sm;pGm awG@jrifEkdifonf? ,ck tpD&ifcHpmtwGuf qufoG,far;jref;xm;aom &Srf;jynfe,frS trsKd;orD;i,fwOD;rSaeI olronf ausmif;aepOftwGif; tjcm;ausmif;olrsm; enf;wl jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@xJokd@ twif;t=uyf0ifcJh&+yD; olr.ae@pOfb0wGif jy\emjzpfEkdifzG,ftajctaersm;ESihf &ifqkdifcJh&onfh tjyif olrtjcm;ausmif;odk@ajymif;aomtcsdefwGifvnf; olr.emrnfudk jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@ xJodk@ ESpf}udrfajrmufpm&if;toGif;cHcJh&onf24 [kajymjycJhonf? trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf. tifwmeuf 0ufbfqdkufpmrsufESm25wGif tzGJ@. A[dktvkyfr_aqmif ae&ma&G;aumufjcif;/ a&G;cs,fjcif;rsm;qkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESihfywfoufonfh owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sday? rnfodk@yif jzpfap/ jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@. aus;&GmtqihfrS EdkifiHtqifh acgif;aqmifydkif;tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm ppftpdk;& ppfwyf taygif;tygrsm;. ZeD;rsm;jzpfaoma=umihf a,bk,stm;jzifh ‚if;tzGJ@. A[dk tvkyftr_aqmif &mxl;rsm;rSm vkyfief;t&nftcsif; u|rf;usifr_ay: tajcrcHa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfEkdifonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@ . OuUXrSm vuf&Sd ppftpdk;& 0ef}uD;csKyf.ZeD; jzpfonf? (atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onhf twdkif; awG@&Sdf&onf?) jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyf. acgif;aqmifydkif;

jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf tzGJ@0ifem,ursm;

a': óudifóudif - EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;aumifpDOuUX/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$. ZeD;?

a':jrjrpef; - EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;aumifpD 'kwd,OuUX/ 'kwd, wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;.ZeD;?

a':cifav;ouf - EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGH@®z;a&;aumifpDtzGJ@0if AkdvfcsKyf ol&a&$ref;. ZeD;?

jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfOuUX

2007 ckESpfrS ,ckvuf&Sd?

OuUX - a':cifcif0if; (0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef. ZeD;)

'kOuUX - a':cifoufaX; (tpdk;&txl;ppfqifa&;Xme 5 (Bureau of Special Operations 5)/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ 'k - AkdvfcsKyfjrifhaqG. ZeD;?

2005 ckESpfrS 2007 ckESpftwGif;

OuUX - a':oef;oef;EG,f (0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pkd;0if;(uG,fvGef). ZeD;? 2003 'DZifbmrS 2005 atmufwkdbmvtwGif;

OuUX - a'gufwm a':cif0if;a&$ (0ef}uD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfcifn$ef@. ZeD; (vmbfpm;r_a=umihf 2005 ckESpf wGif &mxl;rS z,f&Sm;cH&)

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jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ wevFmae@/ Zlvdkifv 4 &uf?

jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf tzGJ@em,u}uD; a': óudifóudif jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;rsm;ae@ txdrf;trSwfyGJudk *k%f ðywufa&muf?

MWAF onf ppftpdk;& tmabmfrsm;udk vufawG@aqmif&Gufaeonfh tzGJ@jzpfonf? MWAF . tifwmeuf pmrsufESm wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wltcGifhta&;&&Sdr_ESihf ywfoufonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rawG@&yg? odk@aomf MWAF tzGJ@. tifwmeuf yxr qHk;pmrsufESmwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;tzGJ@ (ILO) tay:wdkufcdkufajymqdkxm;r_rsm;ESifh ukvor*~vHk òcHa&;aumifpD. jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ESifhywfoufI =um;0ifaqmif&Gufr_rsm; tay: qef@usifa0zefxm;aom oabmxm;pmwrf;rsm;udkom azmfjyxm;onf? 2005 ck ESpfwGif MWAF rS ppftpdk;& acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aetdrftus,fcsKyf oufwrf;udk wdk;jr‡ifhay;&ef awmif;qdkcJh+yD; a':atmifqef; pk=unftm; ±_wfcs&efESihf olrtm; jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGufoGm;&ef EdkifiHw0Srf; qENjyyGJrsm;udk OD;aqmif ðyvkyfcJhonf?26 MWAF onf jrefrmEkdifiH e,fpyfa'otajcpdkuf trsKd;orD;tzGJ@rsm;ESihf 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; jypfwif ±_wfcsaom a=unmcsuf rsm;udkvnf; xkwfjyefcJhonf?

xkd@enf;wlpGm jrefrmEkdifiH rdcifESifhuav;apmihfa&Smufa&;toif;/ jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;orD;pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif; ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;orD;tm;upm;tzGJ@csKyfwdk@onfvnf; tpdk;& xdef;csKyfzGJ@pnf;xm;aom (GONGOs) jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@. acgif;aqmifr_ydkif;udkvnf; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;ESihf eD;pyfaom tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;rS tcGifhxl;cHtrsKd;orD;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; xkdtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. &mxl;tqihftwef;udk tajccHI tusKd;tjrwfrsm;pGm &&Sdaeolrsm;jzpfonf? xdktrsKd;orD;tzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd omrefjynfol trsKd;orD;rsm;. ta&;udpPrsm;udk udk,fpm; ðyaom/ em;vnfaomolrsm;[k rqkdEkdifay? ,cktpD &ifcHpmtwGuf qufoG,far;jref;xm;aom &efukefòrd@ wae&mrS trsKd;orD;wOD;u tpkd;&tao;pm; aiGacs;vkyfief;udk pDrHvkyfaqmif=u&mwGif MMCWA . acgif;aqmiftzGJ@0ifwOD;csif;pDonf aiGacs;vkyfief;rS tusKd;tjrwfrsm; udk ‚if;wdk@. tdwfxJokd@ xnfhEkdifaecsdefwGif yHkrSefaiGacs;olrsm;rS ,laom twdk;E_ef;twkdif;yif trsKd;orD;rsm;qDrS twdk;rsm;udk aumufcHaeonf[k zGifh[ajymqdkcJhonf?27

22

MMCWA (rdcifESifhuav;). tao;pm;aiGacs;vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&mwGif tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_

prf;acsmif;òrd@rS 47 ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh qufoG,far;jref;csuf?

usrwdk@òrd‹e,frSm jrefrmEdkifiHrdcifESihfuav;apmihfa&Smufa&;toif;uae+yD; tzGJ@0iftrsKd;orD;awGudk aiGacs;+yD; twkd;E_ef;awGjyefpkwJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk vkyfae=uygw,f? tzGJ@0iftrsKd;orD;&Jh tdrfaxmifpk pm&if;t& rdom;pkwpkrSm wa,mufudk tzGJ@0ifwa,muftaeeJ@ wOD;udk usyfaiGoHk;aomif;28 pD (tar&duefa':vm 25 a':vm) acs;cGihf&Sdygw,f? wu,fvkd@ tzGJ@0iftrsKd;orD;wOD;u aiGacs;awmhr,fqkd&if olruae vufcH oabmwlnDa=umif; vufrSwfxdk;&ygw,f? +yD;vdk@&Sd&if olr&Jh tdrfaxmifpkpm&if;eJ@ taºuG;twGuf pay:aiGusyf 5000 olwdk@udk ay;&ygw,f? 2 vtwGuf ae@pOf twdk;E_ef;u usyf 1000 udk 20 usyfjzpfygw,f? (Oyrm acs;aiG 3 aomif; qkd&if w&ufudk usyf 600 twdk;ay;&ygw,f)?

wu,fvkd@ ykdufqHacs;awmhr,fqkd&if acs;aiG,lr,fholawGu tpnf;ta0;udk wuf&+yD; AkdvfcsKyf tqifh avmuf&SdwJh ppfwyft&m&Sdu tpnf;ta0;udkvm+yD; w&ufvHk; rdef@cGef;trSmpum;awG ajymygw,f? owfrSwfvsmxm;wJh acs;aiGawGudkawmh owfrSwfe,fajr (Oyrm - wkdufwef;wGJ (odk@) &yfuGufwck) u tzGJ@0ifawGudk acs;ay;zkd@ wm0ef&SdwJh pnf;±Hk;a&;r–;qDudk vGJay;ygw,f? wm0ef&SdwJh pnf;±Hk;a&;r–;u acs;aiG twdk;awGudk pkaqmif;zkd@twGuf ae@wkdif;wtdrf0ifwtdrfxGuf vdkufaumufyg w,f? acs;aiG 1000 usyfudk twdk; 2 usyfE_ef;vdk@ajymayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@rSmu wpfaxmifudk 20 usyfE_ef;ay;&ygw,f? 'Dvdktajc taeu acs;aiG,lwJhtrsKd;orD;awGudk tcuftcJjzpfapygw,f? trsKd;orD;awGuawmh acs;aiG[m twdk;E_ef; r&Sdoavmuf enf;yg;awmh 'Dacs;aiGudk t&if;tESD;vkyf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;av;rsm; vkyfvdk@Edkifr,fvdk@ xifcJh=u w,f? 'gayr,fh wu,fwrf;awmh rdcifESifhuav; u ay;wJh acs;aiGtwdk;E_ef;u jyifyyk*~vduaiGacs;olrsm;&Jh twkd;E_ef;eJ@ bmrS xl;rjcm;em;jzpfaew,f? rdcifESifhuav; u ae@pOftwdk;E_ef;ray;EkdifwJh trsKd;orD;awGudk twdk;ray;&if zrf;r,fqD;r,feJ@vnf; +cdrf;ajcmufw,f/ aemuf+yD; aemufqdkay;yghr,fvdk@ awmif;yefwmudkvnf; em;raxmif bl;? 'Dvdk tzrf;cH&rSma=umuf wm&,f/ aemuf+yD; olwdk@+cdrf;ajcmufr_uaev$wfatmif ae@pOftwdk;E_ef; ray;EdkifwJh trsKd;orD;awGu xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif=u&w,f? tckavmavmq,frSm a':cifoef@a&$u &efukef/ prf;acsmif; òrd@e,fu a0VK0%fXmerSm acs;aiGxkwfay;zdk@ rdcifESifhuav; u wm0ef&SdwJholjzpfw,f? olr[m MMCWA &Jh òrd@e,fwm0efcH qkdayr,fh rdcifESifhuav; tvkyfeJ@ywfouf+yD; bmrSrvkyfbl;? 'gayr,hf acs;aiGtwdk; awGudkawmh ae@wkdif;aumufw,f/ +yD;&if ol@tdwfxJyJ tukefxnhfw,f?

jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf (MWAF) uJhodk@aom tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;xdef;csKyfxm;aom tpkd;& r[kwfonfhtzGJ@rsm;om ppftpdk;&. trsKd;orD;a&;&m vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifyl;aygif;=uonf? EkdifiHwum tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (International NGOs) ESihf tquftoG,fr&Sdaom jrefrmjynfwGif; vlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rsm;pGmay:aygufvmcJhaomfvnf; xkdtzGJ@rsm; rSm tu,fI ppftpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;. trdef@tm%mudk zDqefonf[k owfrSwfcH&v#if Oya'rJhzrf;qD;ydkifcGifh (1957) jzihf ppfaq;jcif;/ zrf;qD;zsufodrf;jcif;wkd@udkcH&onf? Oyrmwcktaejzifh emrnf}uD; trsKd;om; [movl&$ifawmf pma&;q&m Zm*emESifh ‚if;.vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;jzpfonfh reDrdkvd_if/ rtdrfhcdkifOD; tygt0if yk*~vdutv–&Sif trsm;tjym;onf em*pf qkdifuvkef;'kuQonfrsm;tm; tultnDay;r_ESifh 2008 ZGefvwGif zrf;qD; cHcJh&onf?29

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;

usm;rqkdif&m w&m;r#wr_udk atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufap&ef &nf&G,fonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf bwf*sufvufcH&&Sdr_ tajctae (odk@r[kwf) MNCWA tzGJ@0ifrsm; yHkrSefawG@qHkr_udk qufvufvkyf aqmifaer_rsm;ESihfywfoufI rnfonhf owif; tcsuftvufrS rod&ay?

23

tcGifhta&;rsm; (odk@) pGrf;&nfjr‡ifhwifa&;tajccHjzihf csOf;uyfvkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdaom tpkd;& vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk jrefrm EkdifiH trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf (MWAF- trsKd;orD;a&;&m) rS yxrOD;pGm Oya'ðy jyXmef;onf? trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@ . tifwmeuf0ufbfqkdufay:wGif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifEkdifaom trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@ v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;rSm rdef@cGef;ajym=um;csufrsm;/ jynfolrsm;ESihf bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;odk@ v–'gef;aom tv–aiGrsm;/ jrefrmh±kd;&m t+idrhfyGJrsm;ESihf toif;0ifrsm;. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm; om yg0ifonf? trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@rS OD;aqmifn$ef=um;onfh oifwef;vkyfief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfr_udk =unhfjcif; tm;jzifh ppftpdk;&. jrefrmEkdifiH pDa'g tpD&ifcHpmrSm xnfhoGif;pOfpm;oifhonfh tajctaewGif &Sdaomfvnf; xkdtxJwGif rmwdum/ yx0D taetxm;e,fy,f (odk@r[kwf) oifwef;rsm;. tusKd;&vm'frsm;ESihfywfoufI owif;tcsuftvuf tenf;i,fudkom awG@jrifEkdifonf? oifwef; trsm;pkrSm ±kd;&m"avhxHk;wrf;t& ‘trsKd;orD;tvkyf’[k owfrSwfxm;onfh pufcsKyfoifwef;ESihf vuf,ufuef;oifwef; uJhodk@aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif; qkdif&m oifwef;rsm;udk trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf t"duxm;ay;onfh oifwef;rsm;jzpfonf? trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@ ay;onfh 3 vwm pufcsKyfoifwef;udk wufa&mufcJhonfh u&ifeDtrsKd;orD;wOD;rS oifwef;rsm;onf t&m&Sdrsm; vSnfhvnf=unhf&_&eftwGufom ±kyfjyoabmvkyfonfh oifwef; jzpfonfhtwGuf oifwef;olrsm;rSm rnfonfht&mrS aoaocsmcsm roif,lcJh&a=umif; ajymjycJhonf?30 trsKd;orD;a&;&m tzGJ@ rS vkyfief;rsm;udk tcrJh ðyvkyfay;aeonf[k tcdkiftrmajymqdkaeaomfvnf; olrtaeESifhESifh tjcm;atmufajctzGJ@0ifrsm;udk oifwef;wufa&mufEdkifa&;ESifh oifwef;p&dwftwGuf aiG 6 aomif;ay;&ef awmif;,ljcif;cHcJhonf?

vl@tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI ‚if;wdk@wifjyonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay:ESihf todynmay;a&;xuf ppfwyf. 0g'jzef@csda&;udkom vkyfaqmifavh&Sdjcif;wdk@tay: =unhfjcif;tm;jzifh ppftpdk;&ESihf ppftpdk;& vufa0cHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSay;aom rnfonfhoifwef;rqdk rSefuefwdusr_ r&Sda=umif; tawG@tóuH&Sdolrsm;rS t}uHðy wifjyxm;onf? tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifh ta&; a=unmpmwrf; ESihfywfoufonfh tajccHowif;tcsuftvufay;&eftwGuf taxGaxG vl@tcGifhta&; ESihf ywfouf onfh oifcef;pmudk jrefrmbmomjyefqdkI 8 wef; ESihf 9 wef; tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;wGif xnhfoGif;azmfjyxm;onf? odk@aomf ‘vl@tcGihfta&;’ t"dy`g,fudk ‘vl@tcGifhtvrf;’[lI vGJrSm;pGm bmomjyefxm;jcif;ESihf oifcef;pm. pmrsufESm tawmfrsm;rsm; wGif ppftpdk;& ppfwyf. ‘'Drdkua&pD vrf;jyajryHk’ ta=umif;rsm;udkom azmfjyxm;jcif;a=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;oifcef;pmonf vrf;vGJaea=umif; q&m/ q&mrrsm;rS a0zefajymqdk=uonf? oifwef; vufpGJpmtkyfxJwGif EkdifiHom;rsm;. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; udk azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; vl@tcGifhta&;udk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif vkyfaqmifay;&eftwGuf EkdifiHtpkd;&. wdusaom wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;/ wOD;csif;pD. vGwfvyfr_udk tmrcHcsufay;&ef EdkifiHtpdk;&. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihfywfoufI tpkd;&bufrS csKd@,Gif;csufrsm;/ uef@owfwm;qD;r_rsm;udkrl azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sday? xdk@tjyif usm;rcGJjcm;qufqHr_ESihfywfoufIvnf; oif±kd; n$ef;wef;wGif twdtvif; razmfjy xm;ay?

ppftpdk;&rS ajymonfh ‚if;wdk@vkyfaqmifaeygonfqdkonfxuf ydkIta&;}uD;onfrSm ‚if;wdk@ vkyfaqmif&ef rpOf;pm;&ao;onfh t&mrsm;jzpfonf? ppftpdk;&rSaeI ppfwyfrk'drf;aumifrsm;tm; pGJcsufwif+yD;a=umif; aocsmap&eftwGuf rnfonfhvkyfaqmif csufrS rðyvkyf&ao;yg? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_udk wkH@jyefwdkufzsuf&ef (odk@) tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufjcif;ESihf rk'drf;usihfjcif; cH&olrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. rdom;pkrsm;tm; oifhavsmfaom ulnDaxmufyHhr_ay;&ef rnfonhfynmay; tpDtpOfrS Oya'jyXmef;r_ r&Sdao;ay? tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;twGuf usm;rwef;wla&;qkdif&m ynmay; oifwef;rsm;vnf; r&Sdyg? 2002 -2003 ckESpfwGif =opa=w;vsm;rS a&S@aewOD;rS ppftpdk;& &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;ESihf Oya'ðyolrsm;tm; vl@tcGifhta&;ESihf ywfoufonfh oifwef;i,fav; wckudk ay;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pD tzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;ESifh axmufcHolrsm; 70 ausmf towfcH&+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk touftEW&m,f &efðycJh=uonfh 2003 ckESpf/ ar 30 'DyJ&if;vlowfyGJ}uD;+yD;onfh aemufykdif;wGif oifwef;OD;aqmifvkyfonfholrsm;rS oifwef;udk rxifrSwfyJ &yfypfvdkufonf?31 ppftpdk;&rS txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orS trsKd;orD;rsm;. vdktyfcsufrsm;ESihfywfoufI pmwwfajrmufa&; toHk;vHk;oifwef;rsm;/ ynma&;qkdif&mESihf tjcm; ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;qkdif&moifwef;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;r_rsm; r&Sdao;ay? ‚if;wkd@. vlukeful;r_yaysmufa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;onfvnf; trsKd;orD;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;rajyvnfr_a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;r_rsm;udk avsmhenf;atmif vkyfaqmifaer_rsm; xda&mufpGm rvkyfaqmifEdkifaom a=umifh a0zefjypfwifr_rsm; cHae&onf?

24

yk'fr 4 - wef;wlnDr#r_rsm; ydkrdkjrefqefpGm &&Sdap&eftwGuf ,m,Dtxl;pDrHcsufrsm;

txufwGif xkwfE_wfwifjyxm;onfhtwkdif; zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'. tajccHusaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; yg0ifr_tajctaersm;tm; uef@owf&eftwGuf taxmuftulðyxm;aom tcsufrsm; pGmyg0ifonf? xdktcsufrsm;rSm trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDr#r_ ESihfywfoufI em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef taxmuftulðy onfh ,m,Dtxl;pDrHcsufrsm;udk rdwfqufay;jcif;rS a0;uGmvsuf&Sd+yD; tpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk@. zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSwqifh trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifr_udk uef@owfxm;aom tcsufrsm;tm; tmrcHvsuf&Sdonf?

1990 a&G;aumufyGJwGifrSmyif jynfol@v$wfawmfae&m 485 ae&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vufwqkyfpm ta& twGufom yg0if,SOf®yifI xdkxJwGifrS tenf;i,fom a&G;cs,fcH&aoma=umifh trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;rSm pkpkaygif; 3 &mckdifE_ef; avmufom&Sdonf?

‚if;tajctaeudk =unhfjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tpkd;&tzGJ@twGif; yg0ifEkdifr_rsm;udk taxmuftyHh ay;±Hkwck wnf;omruyJ ‚if;wkd@yg0ifr_twGuf ae&mwck zefwD;ay;&eftwGuf tðyoabmaqmifonfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; rvkyfay;oa&G@ trsKd; orD; udk,fpm;ðyr_rsm; wdk;wufvmrnf r[kwfa=umif;udk vHkavmufcdkifrmonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;u jyovsuf&Sdonf?

zdk0g'}uD;pdk;aom obm0&Sdonfh jrefrmEkdifiHvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; udk,fpm;ðy yg0ifEkdifcGifh r&Sdonfh orkdif;tpOftvmrsm;a=umifh trsKd;orD;ukd,fpm;ðyr_rsm; wdk;wufvmap&ef tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&; wdk@wGif tenf;qHk; trsKd;orD; 30 &mcdkifE_ef; yg 0ifcGifh&&eftwGuf oifhavsmfaom txl;pDrHcsufrsm; vkyfaqmif&ef ta&;w}uD; vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf?32

tu,fI ppftpdk;&rS ppfrSefaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ toGiful;ajymif;v#ifvnf; tcsKd;us udk,fpm;ðyjcif;pepfoHk; aom tydwfygwDpm&if;rSwqifh cGJwrf;uspepfonf tatmifjrifqHk; vkyfaqmif Ekdifrnfh pepfjzpfonf? yk'fr 5 - ab;tEW&m,fjzpfapwwfaom yHkaoowfrSwfr_rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;ESihf oifhavsmfaom rdom;pkb0wnfaqmufjcif;

ab;tEW&m,fjzpfapaom "avhxHk;wrf;tpOftvmusihfoHk;r_rsm;ESihf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; yHkao owfrSwfr_rsm;twGif; ppftpdk;&rS trsKd;orD;rsm; cGJjcm;qufqHcH&r_rsm;udk 0efcHxkwfazmfajym=um;&ef qENr&Sdaoma=umifh wdk;wufr_twkdif;twmudk od&Sd&ef cufcJvSayonf?

ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;. tpD&ifcHpmxJwGif tqdk;bufodk@ a&S@±_aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. yHkaoowf rSwfr_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI tenf;i,fom em;vnfr_&Sda=umif; &Sif;vif;pGm jyoxm;+yD;jzpfonf?

‚if;wdk@rS vlxkxHodk@ ay;ydk‹aom todynmay;r_rsm;wGif ,Ofaus;r_"avhtm;vHk;udk ,cifu twdkif;wefzdk;xm;&ef ajymqdkxm;jcif;onf xdk"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;xJrS trsm;tjym;onf jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; edrfhusolrsm; tjzpf toufoGif;xm;jcif;jzpfa=umif;udk owdrrl/ tav;rxm;a=umif; azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpf+yD; xdkodk‹aom ynmay;r_rsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;. t&nftcsif;ESifh vkyfaqmifr_rsm;tm; yHkpHcGufxJodk‹ qufvufxnfhoGif;xm;vdkonfh oabmxm;rsm;udk ay:vGifaponf?

25

trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhygwfoufonfh "avhxHk;wrf;ESifh pum;yHkrsm;

jrefrm - ‘om;udkocif/ vifudkbk&m;’

csif; - ‘trsKd;orD;awG&Jh A[kokwu a&wGif;0udkawmif rausmfbl;?’ ‘tdrfaxmifonftrsKd;orD;ESihf +cHpnf;±dk;tysufudk tcsdefra&G; tpm;xdk;Ekdifw,f?’

yavmif - ‘trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vG,ftdwfESifhwlI trsKd;om;rsm;onf tdrfwkdifESihfwlonf?’ ‘trsKd;orD;awGawmfw,fqdkwm a,mufsm;avvnfoavmufyif&Sdonf?’

vm;[l - ‘acG;rt+rD;rv_yf&if acG;xD;rvmbl;?’

&Srf; - ‘ZeD;u cifyGef;udk av;pm;w,f/ wd&dp>mefawGu olwdk@ocifudkav;pm;w,f?’

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd tvGefrsm;jym;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. "avhxHk;pHrSm zdk0g'}uD;pdk;a&; toGifaqmifonf? trsm;pk ajymaom pum;yHkrsm;rSm (txufazmfjyyg Z,m;xJwGif awG@EkdifouJhodk‹) trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; vGefpGmrdkufrJaomolrsm;/ tod m%fr±Sdolrsm;/ toHk;ðy+yD;ygu v$ifhypf&ef vG,fulaomt&mrsm;/ obm0rSay;aom aus;u|efrsm;/ tvkyftau|;ðyolrsm;ESihf trsKd;om;rsm;onf ta&;}uD;aom ae&mrsm;wGif &SdaecsdefwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;udk 'kwd,ae&mwGifomxm;aom pum;yHkrsm;/ t,ltqrsm;om jzpfonf? MNCWA . tifwmeuf0ufbfqdkuft& -

jrefrmrdom;pkrsm;wGif cifyGef;ESihf ZeD;onfwkd@onf tdrfaxmifhwm0efrsm;udk nDr#pGmcGJa0wm 0ef,l=uonf? cifyGef;onfrS rdom;pktwGuf vdktyfaom aiGa=u;udk axmufyHhI ZeD;onfrsm;rSm rdom;pktwGif; vdktyfaom tpm;tpm/ t0wftpm; rsm;ESihf ausmif;ynma&;ponfh vdktyfonfrsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJ&onf? trsKd;orD;rsm; vlr_a&; zGH@®z;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf tjyifxGuf I tvkyfvkyfEdkifaomfvnf; ‚if;wdk@onf rdom;pktm; xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&efvnf; wm0eft&SdqHk;yk*~Kdvfjzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;ESifh aetdrftwGif;wGifyg o[Zmwjzpfaom/ aysmf&$ifaomb0udk OD;aqmif&ef qEN&Sdaom trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf xkd wm0efESpfck pvHk;onf [efcsufnD&ef vdktyfonf? wckowdðy&efrSm rdrdwdk@rdom;pk. wefzdk;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk rcsKd;azmufrdap&ef vdktyfonf?33

ppftpdk;&rS [D&d=owWy[lonfESifh t&Sufta=umufw&m;[lonfh ax&0g'Ak'<bmomwGif yg0ifaom *k%foduQmydkif; qkdif&m xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&rnfh w&m;ESpfyg;udk jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_wm0eftjzpf &nf!$ef;udk;um;xm;onf?34 omreftm;jzifh Ak'<bmom. oabmw&m;wGif xdkpnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm vlom;rsm;. tðytrlESifh usifh0wfrsm;qkdif&m pnf;cs&ef twGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;om; rsm; ESpfzufpvHk;ay:wGif nDr#pGm qufpyfoufqkdifaeonf?

ppftpdk;&rSay;aom tcsuftvufrsm;wGif cifyGef;ESihf aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; ±dkaousKd;EGHaom/ ESdrfhcsI rºuGm;0gaom tðytrlrsm;

&Sdonfh trsKd;orD;rsm;udk trsKd;orD;aumif;rsm;tjzpf yHkazmfxm;onf? vufrxyfyJae&ef qHk;jzwfaom trsKd;orD;rsm;/ uGm&Sif; jywfpJxm;aom trsKd;orD;rsm; (wckvyfrsm;)/ trsKd;orD;csif;vdifwlcspfol (a,mufsm;vsm)rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. pD;yGm;a&; tajc

26

taersm;a=umifh uav;r,l&ef qHk;jzwfxm;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufrSmrl ppftm%m&Sifvufatmuf&Sd jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ae&musOf; ajrmif;vGef;vSonf?

EkdifiHtwGif;&Sd trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf trsm;orD;rsm;enf;wl wlnDaom owday;wm;jrpfcsufrsm; r&Sdaomfvnf;

trsKd;orD;rsm;twGufrl ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;pH/ pHwefzdk;rsm;udk tpOfrjywf xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smuf&ef wnf&Sdaeaponf?

jrefrmEkdifiHrSm wurBmvHk; wHcg;zGihfpepfusifhoHk;vmonfESihftnD EkdifiHwum v$rf;rdk;r_rsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;a=umifh wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmtxd jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;.pHrsm;rSm zdtm;ay;cHae&+yD; ,cktcg vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf pdk;&drfruif; jzpfzG,f&m ta=umif;wckjzpfvmonf? xkd@a=umifh ,Ofaus;r_aumfrwDi,frsm;rS AGD'D,dkESifh a&'D,dkrsm;rSwqifh jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESpfrsm;/ jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. p±dkuft ðytrlrsm;udk yaysmufroGm;ap&ef/ xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmufoGm;&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfum óud;pm;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD ,Ofaus;r_a&;&mXme rS jrefrmtrsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_pHrsm; xdef;odrf;&ef/ rdrdEkdifiHESihf vlrsKd;rsm;udk cspfcifav;pm;&ef/ rdbq&mESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tm; wefzdk;xm;av;pm;&ef/ rdom;pkESihf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk cspfjrwfEdk;umuG,f&efESihf ‚if;wdk@. *k%foduQmrsm; tm; av;pm;*k%fðyaomtm;jzifh umuG,fapmihfa&Smufr_ay;&efwdk‹udk tpOftm;ay;vsuf&Sdonf?35

jrefrmhvlr_e,fy,f&Sd ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif t"duOD;aqmifolrsm;rSm a,mufsm;rsm;jzpfonf? tb,fha=umihfqdkaomf ,ae@jrefrmEkdifiH,Ofaus;r_udk ppfwyfrS tm;aumif;pGm csKyfukdifxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?

ppfwyfrS aus;&Gmwkdif;/ aus;&Gmwkdif;/ òrd@rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif; Xmewkdif;tqifhwkdif;wGif ‚if;.tm%mudk jzef@usuf xm;+yD; tajctaewkdif;wGifvnf; tm%mESifh &mxl;rsm; yg0ifywfouf aeonf?

wcsdefwnf;Yyif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf jrefrmhwyfrawmf. olemðytzGJ@rsm;wGif vkyfudkifae=uonf? wu,fwrf;Yrl vuf&Sd umv vufeufudkiftzGJ@twGif; ‚if;wdk@onf rnfonfhtcef;u¾wGifrS yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&Sday? xkd@tjyif trsKd;orD;rsm; onf vufeufudkif ppfwyf/ a&wyfESifh avwyf rsm;twGif; xJxJ0if0ifyg0ifI wm0ef,l&eftwGuf pkaqmif;cH&jcif; r[kwfay? tb,fha=umifhqkdaomf jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;wGif trsKd;orD;wOD;rS rygaoma=umifhjzpfonf? twkduftcH 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@0if rsm;rSty jrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;acgif;aqmifr_ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsEkdifaom &mxl;tqifhrsm;wGif r&Sday?

vlxkudk,fpm;ðyaom ae&mwkdif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf wu,fwrf;tm;jzihf trsKd;om;rsm;. aemuf'kwd,tqifhwGifom &Sdae onf? odk@aomf uav;arG;jcif;/ ðypkapmihfa&Smufjcif;ESihf tdrfr_udpPrsm;Yrl trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; a&S@wef;wif=uonf? ppftpdk;& ppftpdk;&vufatmufwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pGef@v$wftepfemcHaom A[kokwtod^m%frºuG,f0aom/ trsm;pktwGuf rpOf;pm;Ekdifaomolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH=u&onf? t}uHðycsufrsm;

• EdkifiHawmf. u¾w&yftjzpf cGJjcm;qufqHcH&r_rsm;udk wm;qD;&eftwGuf usm;-r cGJjcm; qufqHcH&r_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI t"dyg,f zGifhqdkcsufESihftnD vkyfaqmif&rnfh wdusaom wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'twGif; w&m;0ifa&;om;azmfjyay;&ef?

• vdifydkif;qkdif&mESihf usm;ruJGjym;r_tay: tajccHI jzpfay:vmaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf a&;om;xm; aom jynfwGif;Oya'wckudk twnf ðyjyXmef;I trsm;odap&ef xkwfjyef&ef?

• pDa'gpmcsKyfwGifjyXmef;xm;onfhtwdkif; vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;twGif; jzpfay:aeaom yÉdyuQrsm; yaysmufapa&;&nf&G,fI jrefrmhOya'udk oifhawmfavsmfnDatmif jyefvnfjyifqif&eftwGuf Oya'a&;&m aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;yGJrsm; ðy vkyf&ef?

• rk'drf;r_tygt0if tjcm;vdifykdif;qkdif&mESihf usm;rqkdif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;tm; usL;vGefaom ppftpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm; tyg t0if ppfwyftzGJ@0iftr_xrf;tm;vHk;udk Oya'a=umif;t& ta&;,l&efESifh ‚if;wkd@. jypfr_rsm;tvkduf tjypf'%frsm; uscHr_&Sdapa&;udk aocsmpGm vkyfaqmif&ef?

27

• tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESihf ppfwyfqkdif&m tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm;vHk;tm; usm;rqkdif&m todynmay;r_ oifwef;rsm; ðy vkyf&ef twGuf txl;tvkyftzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef?

• trsKd;orD;rsm; zGH@®z;wkd;wuf&efESifh usm;rwef;wla&;&Sd&ef &nf&G,fonfh xda&mufaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ vkyfief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef oifhavsmfaom bÀmaiGrsm; owfrSwfay;&rnfhtjyif trsKd;orD;a&;&mtwGuf wm0ef&Sdaom 0ef}uD;XmerS xdkvkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifaom 0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if vdktyfonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vHkavmufpGm wm0ef,ljznfhqnf;ay;&ef?

• pGrf;&nfjr‡ifhwifa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfaom a'oqkdif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;jcif;tm; uef@owf csKyfcs,fxm;aom Oya'rsm;tm; tjrefqHk; jyefvnfjyifqifay;&ef?36

• trsKd;orD;rsm; tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;Oya'ðya&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf qHk;jzwfcsufcsaom ae&mrsm; tyg t0if EkdifiHa&;wGif tenf;qHk; 30 &mcdkifE_ef;yg0ifEkdif&ef tmrcHcsufay;Ekdifaom ,m,Dtxl;pDrHcsufudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef?

• trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: yHkaoowfrSwfxm;r_rsm;udk jyefvnfwkdufzsuf&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmfrS xkwfa0aom owif;pmrsm; tygt0if ±kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;/ vlxkqufoG,fa&; ,EW,m;rsm;udk toHk;ðyI aomfvnf;aumif;/ vl@todkif;t0kdif; twGif;jzpfay:aeaom jzpf&yfrsm;wGif ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;wrf; tcef;u¾ tjyifbufrS trsKd;orD;rsm;. tðyoabm aqmifonfhyHk&dyfrsm;udk udk,fpm; ðy&eftwGufvnf;aumif; vlxkynmay;vkyfief;rsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhvkyfaqmif&ef?

• usm;rqkdif&m cGJjcm;qufqHcH&r_ESihfywfoufI pDa'gESihf wGJzufum ausmif;oHk;oif±dk;n$ef;wef;twGuf oif=um;&ef taxmuf tulðyypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyf&ef/ wkd;yGm;atmifvkyf&efESihf ‚if;tawG;tac:ESihf ywfoufI xda&mufaom qufoG,fcsuf rsm; aocsmpGm&&Sd&ef q&mjzpfoifwef;rsm; axmufyHhay;&ef wdk@tjyif xdktaxmuftulypPnf;rsm;tm; jrefrmbmom r[kwfaom wkdif;&if;om;bmom pum;jzifhvnf; wdkif;&if;om;rsm; toHk;ðyEkdifapa&; xda&mufpGmvkyfaqmif&ef?

28

yk'fr 6? vlukeful;r_

pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEkdifiHonf Oya'ðya&;tygt0if oifhavsmfaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;enf;rsdk;pHkjzifh a&mif; 0,fjcif;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;jynf@wefqmvkyfief;jzifh acgif;yHkjzwfjcif;wdk@udk ESdrfeif;a&;udkaqmif&Guf&rnf? òcHiHkoHk;oyfcsuf

trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhtrsKd;orD;i,frsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.rdom;pkb0&Sifoef&yfwnfa&;twGuf zdtm;ay;r_rsm;a=umifh 0ifaiG ydk&aom vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkif&ef rdrdwdk@aexkdif&m t&yfa'orsm;udk pGef@cGmI òrd@jyrsm; (odk@r[kwf) xdkif;ESifh w±kwfEkdifiHuJhodk@aom tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;odk@ a&$@ajymif;tvkyfvkyfudkifjcif;rsm; wae‹wjcm;wdk;yGm;vsuf&Sdonf? ‚if;wdk@onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh EdkifiHom; pdppfa&;u'f (odk@r[kwf) c&D;oGm;taxmuftxm;r±Sdjcif;/ rdrdwdk@oGm;vkdonfha'ota=umif; rodjcif;ESifh&yfwnf&eftwGuf bmompum; tm;enf;jcif;wdk@a=umifh ,cifrdrdwdk@xuf c&D;oGm;tawG@tóuH&Sdaomolrsm;tay:wGif rDScdk=u&onf? xdk@a=umifh wcgw&H ‚if;wdk@rSDcdktm;xm;aomolrsm;onf trsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk tjrwfxkwfaom twif;t"rRtvkyfckdif; apjcif;/ twif;t"rR vdiftvkyform;rsm;tjzpf wGef;ydk@jcif; ponfhjypfr_rsm;udk usL;vGefolrsm;jzpfaewwf=uonf?

jzpfay:aeaom qif;&Jjcif;ESifh tvkyfvufrJhjzpfjcif;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;ESifhrdef;uav;i,frsm;tm; tjcm;ae&ma'o rsm;odk@ ajymif;a&$@atmif zdtm;ay;aejcif;jzpf+yD;/ ppftpdk;&rS pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcef@cGJr_ ray;Edkifjcif;/ ppfwyf toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;jcif;ESifh vlr_zlvHka&;rsm;udk vpfv#L±_xm;jcif;paom rl0g'rsm;rS wdkuf±dkufjzpfay:aom &vm'f wck yifjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif c&D;oGm;vmjcif;rsm;twGuf wif;=uyfxm;aom pOf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh ppftpdk;&rS ðyvkyf aom vlukeful;r_ESifh ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vG,fulpGmr&Ekdifonfh tajctaersm;vnf;&Sdaeonf? ppftpkd;&. tkyfcsKyfr_pepfonf vlukeful;r_udkjzpfay:apaom tajctaersm;udk wifjy&eftwGuf tcuftcJESifh pdefac:r_w&yf jzpfaeonf? odk@aomfvnf; ppftpdk;&onf vlukeful;r_jy\emESifhywfoufI ‚if;wdk@vkyfaqmifaom tm;enf;onfh todynm ay;r_rsm;ESifh xda&mufr_r&Sdaom vlukeful;r_ wdkufzsufa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;tay:t+rJyif jiif;qdkvsuf&Sd+yD; TuJhodk‹ jiif;qdkaejcif; a=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm; ydkIydkI csKd;azmufcH&jcif;rsm;ESifhom tqHk;owf&ayonf?

vlukeful;r_wdk;yGm;aejcif;

ppftpdk;&rS jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;tm; jrefrmh"avhxkH;wrf;Oya't&aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlukeful;r_qef@usifaom Oya'rsm; tygt0if w&m;0ifOya'rsm;jzifh tumtuG,fay;xm;a=umif; ajymqdkvsuf&Sdonf?37 trSefrSmrl trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhrdef;uav; i,frsm; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ txl;ojzifh xkdif;ESifhw±kwfEdkifiHrsm;odk@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcH&r_rsm; jrifhrm;aer_udk trsKd;orD;tzGJ@ rsm;rS aumuf,l xm;aom rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh &&Sdxm;aom oufaorsm;rS azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf?

ucsiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±kH; (xkdif;EkdifiH) rS 2005 ckESpfwGif xkwfaom ‘wGef;ydk‹cH&jcif;’38 tpD&if cHpmt& ppftpdk;&. us&_H;aeaom rl0g'rsm;rSm vlukeful;r_jzpfay:&eftwGuf t"du wGef;tm;ay;aom tcsufjzpfonfudkawG@&onf? xdktpD&ifcH pmwGif ppftm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh wdk;yGm;vmaom qif;&J=uyfwnff;r_rsm;/ ppftpdk;&rS vpfv#L&_xm;aom vlr_zlvHka&; vkyfief; rsm;ESifh a&&SnfzGH@®z;wdk;wufr_rsm;twGuf taxmuftulrJhaom rl0g'rsm;a=umifh ucsifvli,ftrsKd;orD;rsm; ‚if;wdk@ae&m a'orS tvkyftudkif&&ef ajymif;a&$@r_rsm; wae@xufwae@wdk;yGm;vmjcif;rsm;ESifh ‚if;tajctaersm;rS vlukeful;r_rsm; jzpfay: apEdkifaom tajctaersm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?

atmufygawG@qHkar;jref;csufrSm ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@tpnf;39. csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;cHae&aom touf 19 ESpf t&G,ftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh awG‹qHkar;jref;csuf+yD; ucsifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rStrsKd;orD;rsm;onf tvG,fwul vlukeful;cH&Ekdif±kH wif ru vlukeful;oltjzpfvnf; pGyfpGJcH&Edkifa=umif; jyovsuf&Sdonf?

29

usru Aef;armfc±dkif rdk;armufòrd@e,fxJrSm&SdwJh &Gmi,fav;w&Gmu jzpfygw,f? 2005 ckESpf wkef;u usr tpfreJ@twl vdkifZmrSm um&mtdkauqdkifzGifhcJhw,f? tJ'DrSm ae&wmtqifrajyvdk@ usr tdrfudk jyefcJhw,f? jyefa&mufvdk@ pufcsKyfoifwef; wvwufaewJhtcsdefrSm usr oli,fcsif; r (---) u Aef;armfòrd@ em;rSm&SdwJh &SDblrSm ukefa&mif;ukef0,fvkyfzdk@ pnf;±kH;w,f? usrrSmvJ bmtvkyfrSr&SdwJhtwGuf oleJ@ vkdufoGm;zdk@oabmwlcJhw,f?

yxr ol‹&Jh tcef;rSm oleJ@twlae+yD; olu usrudk opfvkyfief;awG&SdwJh vdkifZmywf0ef;usifu usrwdk@ aps;a&mif;vdk@&Ekdifrnfh ae&mawGudk ac:oGm;ygw,f? ol@udk usr&Jh tusKd;wlpD;yGm;bufvdk@ oabm xm;wJh twGuf ,Hk=unfcJhygw,f? b,fae&mrSmrS aps;a&mif;vdk@tqifajyEdkifwJh ae&mrawG@wJhtwGuf usrwdk@ ±SDbludk jyefcJhygw,f? ±SDbludk a&mufawmh ppfa=umif;xdk;w,fqdk+yD; olu usrudk vdkifZmudk c%jyefoGm; zdk@ajymvdk@ usrjyefoGm;cJhygw,f? vdkifZmjyefa&mufawmh vkyfp&mtvkyfr&SdwJhtwGuf usrtdrfudk jyefvm cJhygw,f? aemufw&ufESpf&uf=umawmh olu vdkifZmrSmawG@wJh usrtareJ@ ol@udk tjrefqHk;vmawG@zdk@ pum;yg;vkdufw,f? vdkifZmudk vdkufoGm;wkef;rSm i±kwfaumif;oGm;cl;rJh touf (17) ESpft&G,f usr a,mufr r (--) eJ@ um;wpfpD;xJ pD;vm=uygw,f? vdkifZmrSma&mufawmh rdk;csKyfoGm;vdk@ a,mufrudk usroli,fcsif; r (--) tcef;udk ac:oGm;ygw,f? olwdk@tcsif;csif;u wa,mufeJ@wa,muf t&ifxJu od=uygw,f? r (--) uae+yD;awmh w±kwfEkdifiH ,if*sef;rSm w&uf 15 ,GrfeJ@}uHoGm;ckwfzdk@ ajymwJhtxd ol@tcef;rSmbJ usrwdk@ oHk;av;&ufaejzpfw,f? +yD;awmh usrwdk@ESpfa,mufxJu olu usrudk t&if oGm;&ifydkaumif;r,fvdk@ ajymw,f? tJ'Dae&ma&mufvkd@ usrzkef;ac:vdkufawmh ol@tefwDu usrudk a&$apmvfa[mqdkwJh &Gmudkac:oGm;w,f? aemufwae@usawmh oleJ@ usra,mufrvdkufvm+yD; tJ'D&Gmu wjcm;tdrfrSmae=uw,f?

xdkae@wGif r (--) rS usrwnf;cdkaom tdrfodk@vmItdrf&SifESifh pum;ajym+yD;aomtcg usrtm; aemufwae@twGif ,if*sef;odk@ oGm;vnf&ef tqifoifh jyifxm;&efajymonf? aemufwae@wGif usr t&G,f trsKd;orD;ESpfa,muf usrtm; yef;+cHudkac:oGm;+yD; w±kwftrsKd;om;awGudk jyygw,f? aemuf+yD; usr óudufróudufar;w,f? olwdk@usrudk rdk;csKyfwJhtxd wae&m+yD;wae&mac:oGm;+yD; w±kwftrsKd;om; awGudk jyygw,f? 'gayrJh usrwa,mufudkrS róudufbl;?

aemufawmh usr‘a,mufr’udkvJ ac:+yD; usrvdkbJ vkdufjyw,f? usr‘a,mufr’udkusawmh a,mufsm; &+yD;&if t0wftpm;eJ@ qHyif jyifvdk@&w,f ponfjzifh olwdk@pnf;±kH;+yD;om; jzpfw,f? usr‘a,mufr’eJ@ usr pum;ajymcGifh&atmif óud;pm;cJhao;w,f? 'gayrJh olwdk@u usrudk ol@eJ@awG@cGifhray;cJhbl;? olwdk@u usrudk trsKd;orD;tjyifxGufvnfwm raumif;bl;/ vlawG uJh&Jh=uvdrfhr,fvdk@ajym+yD; tdrfxJrSmbJxm; ygw,f?

aemuf 10 &ufavmuf=umawmh usr‘a,mufr’udk ,lr,fh trsKd;om;vmrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf usr tdrf&Sifu usrudk rD;zdkacsmifxJrSmae+yD; a&aEG;jyifckdif;ygw,f? usru tJ'DrSm {nfhonfjzpfaewJhtwGuf usrrSm a&G;p&mvrf;r&SdcJhbl;? aemufawmh w±kwftrsKd;om; (3)a,muf vmpum;ajym+yD; jyefoGm;=uw,f? ol wdk@ bmawGajymcJh=uvJ usrrodbl;? 'gayrJh usrtdrf&Sifu usrudk tJ'D trsKd;om; (3) a,mufxJu wa,mufu usrudkoabmusw,f/ usrwdk@ucsifa'orSm&SdwJh a,mufsm;awGtm;vHk;u bdef;pm;awG jzpfukefvdk@ tJ'D trsKd;om;udk usrtdrfaxmifzuftjzpf a&G;oifhw,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? tJ'Dae@u usr a,mufreJ@ tjcm; trsKd;orD;ESpfa,mufuawmh ,if*sef;rSm aps;0,foGm;=uw,f? bmawGjzpfukefvJ qdkwm usrvHk;0 em;rvnfbl;? tJ'ga=umifh usrtdrf&Sifudk 'DrSmvkyfr,fvdk@ajymcJhwJh tvkyfr&SdwJhtwGuf usrtdrfjyefawmhr,fvdk@ ajymvdkuf w,f? r(--)u usrqDukdvm+yD;awmh usrudk ac:vmcJhwJhp&dwf b,favmufukefw,f ponfjzifh atmfaiguf ygw,f? usr‘a,mufr’eJ@ awG@zdk@udkvJ oluusrudk cGifhr ðyygbl;?

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usrtdrf&Sifu usrudk vrf;p&dwf ,Grf (700) ay;w,f? usru tJ'Davmuf ydkufqHrvkdbl;vdk@ ajymayrJh olu twif;ay;w,f? aemuf+yD; usrudk aiGusyf(1)odef; usr‘a,mufr’&JhrdbawGqDudk ay;zdk@ qdk+yD;awmh ay;vdkufao;w,f? usrjyefvmr,fhae@rSm usr‘a,mufr’uvnf; ol,lr,fhtrsKd;om;qDudk oGm;wJhtwGuf usrwdk@um;wpfpD;xJ pD;vmw,f? usrvnf; ol@udkE_wfquf+yD;awmhrS tdrfudk jyefvm vdkufw,f? usr 2006 ckESpf {+yDv (1) &ufae@rSm tdrfudkjyefa&mufvmw,f? usr‘a,mufr’&Jhtdrfudk oGm;+yD;awmh olwdk@ay;vdkufwJh ydkufqHeJ@ usr‘a,mufr’&Jhpmudk ol@rdom;pkudkay;vdkufw,f? usrjyefvm awmh usr&Jh OD;av; (usra,mufr&Jhtaz) u usrudk ol@aemufudkc%vdkufcJhzdk@ ac:w,f? tJ'D&GmuvlawG u usrudk t&rf;pdwfqdk;+yD;awmhrS qJqdk=uw,f? olwdk@u usrudk vlukeful;wJholqdk+yD;awmh pGyfpGJ+yD; usrudk ±dkufowfcsifae=uw,f? tJ'DaemufrSm usrudk 'DtcsKyfxJrSm xnfhxm;w,f? usrtckrS usrvnf; vlukef ul;cHcJh&w,fqdkwm em;vnfvmw,f? usr‘a,mufr’qDuvnf; bmowif;rS r=um;&awmhbl;?

ppftpdk;&rS vlukeful;r_ta&;udpPtm; EdkifiHwumrSay;aom w&m;0ifr_&&Sd&eftwGuf tjrwfxkwf toHk;csaejcif;?

ppftpdk;&onf 1997ckESpfuyif jrefrmEkdifiH. vlukeful;r_tajctaeESifh ywfoufIa'oqdkif&m nDvmcHrsm;wufa&muf+yD; vlukeful;r_ESifhywfoufI pmwrf;rsm;udk zwfjyjcif;ponfh EkdifiHwumtqifh aqG;aEG;!d‡E_dif;r_rsm;udk ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? 1998 ckESpf wGif ppftpdk;&rS jynfe,ftqifhrSpI aus;&Gmtqifhtxd trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; vlukeful;r_udk wm;qD;&eftwGuf wEkdifiHvHk; twkdif; twmjzifh ,EW&m;wck pwifvdkufa=umif; a=ujimcJhonf? ‚if;wdk@. vlukeful;r_udk qef@usifaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. wdk;wufr_rsm;udk ppftpdk;&. owif;pmrsm;ESifha&'D,dkrsm;wGif yHkrSefa=umfjimavh&Sdonf?

r=umao;aom ESpfrsm;wGif; ppftpdk;&onf vlukeful;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh ta=umif; t&mrsm; tygt0if EdkifiHrsm;jzwfausmfItuGufcsusL;vGefaom&mZ0wfrsm;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf ESifh ‚if;. aemufqufwGJrsm; ponfh EdkifiHwum,EW&m;rsm;tm; trsKd;orD;ESifh uav;i,frsm vlukeful;cH&r_rsm;udk wm;qD;&ef/ acsr_ef;&efESifh usL;vGefoltm; tjypfay;ta&;,l&eftwGuf vufrSwfxdk;cJhonf? ‚if;vkyfief;rsm;udk ukvor*~at*sifpDrsm;ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;jzifh twlvkyfukdifvsuf&Sd+yD;40 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif tqifhjrifh COMMIT41 tpnf;ta0;udk &efukefY rJacgifa'o&Sd EdkifiH(6)EkdifiHrS yl;aygif;Iusif;ycJh onf?

2005 ckESpftwGif; ppftpdk;&onf vlukeful;r_qef@usifaom Oya'ðya&;udk EkdifiHwum u|rf;usifolrsm;. tultnD jzifh Oya'rl=urf;pwifcJhonf? vlukeful;r_udk qef@usifaom Oya'topfudk 2005 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif twnfðyEdkifcJh onf? xdkOya'topfatmufwGif trsKd;orD;ESifh uav; oli,frsm;udk vlukeful;r_ðyolonf axmif 10 ESpfrS woufwu|ef;xd uscH&Edkif+yD; vlukeful;r_ESifh ywfoufaom pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;t& vmbfpm;aom tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;onf axmif 3 ESpfrS 7 ESpftxduscH &Ekdifa=umif;yg0ifonf?

vlukeful;cH&aom q,fausmfoufESpfOD;tm; u,fq,fvdkufjcif;42

&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;/ uGwfckdifòrd@e,fae q,fausmfouf ESpfOD;tm; tm%mydkifrsm;rS wzufEdkifiH jzpfaom w±kwf EdkifiH a&$vDòrd@rS tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh arv 7 &ufae@wGif aqG;aEG;!d‡E_dif;r_t+yD;Y u,fwifvdkuf Edkifonf?

uGwfckdifòrd@e,f/ refwkef&GmrS ra'gif;EGrfy tygt0if trsKd;orD;i,fav;OD; wjcm;EdkifiHwGif ta&mif;pm;cH& aomtcg ‚if;wdk@. rdbrsm;rS rlq,f &Jpcef;odk@ arv 4 &ufae@wGif wkdif=um;aoma=umifh tm%mydkif rsm;rS vlukeful;ol rlq,fòrd@/ [krR0rS rAsm;rl0ltm; tr_zGifhcJhonf?

rlq,f&Sd vlukeful;r_wkdufzsufa&; txl;tzGJ@rS arv 7 &ufae@wGif rAsm;rl0l. rSwfwrf;pmtkyftwGif;wGif awG@aom

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jzpfEdkifacs&Sdonfh zkef;eHygwfrsm;udk ac:&mrS av;a,muftwGif;rS ESpfa,mufjzpfaom rudkifusef; touf (15) ESpfESifh rusef;arcsif; touf (16) ESpfwdk@rSm wzufEkdifiH aqmufwGrf&Sd a&mif;pm;ol. vufxJwGifom&Sdao;I aemufwae@wGif xdkEdkifiH&Sd vGefvif;ESifh usef;zkef;òrd@odk@ac:aqmif oGm;&ef jyifqifaea=umif; od&onf?

tm%mydkifrsm;rS xdktrsKd;orD;i,fESpfa,muftm; u,fq,f&eftwGuf csufcsif;jyifqifcJhonf? xdkae@ nae (6) em&D Y w±kwfEkdifiH a&$vD&Sd tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I aqmufwGrf/ wmhckef;&Gm&Sd trsKd;orD; i,fESpfOD;tm; u,fwifEkdifcJh onf? tm%mydkifrsm;rS xdktrsKd;orD;i,fESpfOD;tm; rlq,f&Sd vlukeful;r_ wdkufzsufaom txl;tzGJ@.vufodk@ tyfESHcJhonf? xdktrsKd;orD;rsm;. ajymjycsufrsm;t& ‚if;wdk@ av;OD; rSm wa,mufv#if ,Grf 400 ESifh vGefcJhaom 2 vcef@u a&mif;pm;cHcJh&+yD; vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;r_rsm; ESifh tvkyf=urf;rsm; vkyfudkifcJh&a=umif;od&Sd&onf?

a'ocH tm%mydkifrsm;. ydkrdkwif;=uyfvmaom pnf;urf;wif;=uyfr_rsm;ESifh twif;t=uyf aiGa=u;awmif;,lr_rsm;udk jzpfay: apaom vlukeful;r_qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;

ppftpdk;&rSvlukeful;r_ESifh ywfoufI EkdifiHwumpmcsKyfrsm; vufrSwfxdk;jcif;rsm;ESifh a'oqkdif&mvlukeful;r_ qef@usif a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifaecsdefwGif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd vlukeful;r_ wdkufzsufa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSm wdk;wufr_ vHk;0r&Sdonfhtjyif ppftpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;onf trsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;twGuf wm;jrpfcsuf pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf; rsm;tm; twnfðyum vlukeful;r_rsm;ta&;ESifhywfoufI tjrwfxkwfvsuf&Sdonf?

1997 ckESpftwGif;wGif ppftpdk;&.a'oqdkif&m tm%mydkif. trdef@t&43 &Srf;jynfe,f ta&S@bufY touf 16 ESpfrS 25 ESpftwGif;&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;onf tkyfxdef;olrsm;rygbJ xdkif;e,fpyfodk@ c&D;oGm;vmjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;cJhonf?44 ‚if;onf trsKd;orD;i,frsm;. tcGifhta&;udk uef@owf vdkufjcif;jzpf+yD; tjcm;olrsm;. xdef;csKyfr_uGyfuJr_atmufodk@ ydk@aqmifvdkufjcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;tajctaersm;a=umifh xdkif;EkdifiHodk@xGufcGgI rdom;pkESifh rdrdwdk@b0&yfwnf&eftwGuf oGm;a&muftvkyfvkyf udkifaom trsKd;orD;i,frsm;onf e,fpyfodk@ a&muf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;udk aiGa=u;rsm;ay;jcif;jzifh vmbfay;I c&D;oGm;&jcif; enf;vrf;udk&SmazGvm=u&onf? 2004 ckESpfrSpI xdka'orS trsKd;orD;i,frsm;onf vlukeful;r_rsm; tr_rsm;udk wm;jrpfonfh taejzifh e,fpyfodk@ c&D;oGm;vm&eftwGuf a'oqdkif&m jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@. cGifhðycsufaxmufcHpm vdktyfvm onf? trSefvufawG@rSmrl ‚if;vkyfief;pOfonf jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@twGuf twif;t"rRaiGawmif;cHaom vkyfief;pOf tjzpf ajymif;vJcJhonf? 2006 ckESpftapmydkif;wGif jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@rS cGifhðycsufaxmufcHpm &&eftwGuf aiGusyf (2) odef; (tar&duefa':vm 200) ay;&onf?45

ppftpdk;&. vlukeful;r_udk qef@usifaom Oya'topfudk pufwifbmv 2005 ckESpfwGif a=ujim+yD;aemuf a'oqdkif &mtm%mydkifrsm;. Oya'topft& vltrsm; xkdif;EdkifiHodk@ c&D;oGm;vmjcif;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm; ay:xGuf vmonf? ae&mtrsm;tjym;wGif vlukeful;r_rsm;udk wm;jrpfxdef;csKyfonfh v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;[kqkdum tm%mydkifrsm;onf oef;acgif pm&if;rsm;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;rsm; pwifðyvkyfvm+yD; tu,fIemrnfrwlv#if twif;t"rR aiGa=u; awmif;cHjcif; rsm;udk ðyvkyfvmonf? rdom;pkktrsm;tjym;udkvnf; oef;acgifpm&if;yHkpHtopfrsm;udk twif;t"rR 0,fckdif;I oef;acgifpm&if; topfjyefvkyf&efapckdif;onf? xdkodk@apcdkif;jcif;a=umifh tm%mydkifrsm;rS rdom;pk0ifrsm; &Sdr&Sdudk ppfaq;Ekdif onf[kqdk+yD; xdkvkyf ief;pOfxJwGif tm%mydkifrsm;rS rSwfyHkwiftopfrsm; ðyvkyf&eftwGuf aiGusyf 5000 rS 7000 (tar&duef 5 - 7 a':vm) xd awmif;cHjcif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? xdkr#ru tm%mydkifrsm;onf vltrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk teD;uyf apmifh=unfh&ef[k ta=umif;jycsufjzifh {nfhpm&if;wkdifjcif;rsm;twGuf uef@owfcsuf/ wm;jrpfcsufrsm;udk twnfðycJhonf?46

vlukeful;olrsm;tjzpf rrSefruef w&m;pGJcH&jcif;rsm;a=umifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tcuftcJawG@ae&jcif;

ppftpdk;&. vlukeful;r_tm; wdkufzsufjcif;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tumtuG,f&jcif;xuf xdcdkufepfemr_rsm;u ydkrsm;aeonf? ‚if;wdk@. owif;pmrsm;ESifh a'oqdkif&mqHk&yfrsm;wGifrl vlukeful;r_ yaysmufa&;ESifhywfoufaom ‚if;wdk@. atmifjrifr_rsm;udk *k%f,lpGmajymavh&Sd+yD; ‚if;wdk@tqdkt& zrf;qD;rdaomvlukeful;olrsm;ESifh w&m;pGJqdkEkdifcJhaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyoavh&Sdonf?

32

rnfodk@yifjzpfap tm%mydkifrsm;. vlukeful;oltjzpf rrSefruefpGyfpGJcH&I tzrf;cH&aom tjypfr&Sdonfh trsKd;orD; i,frsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmonf? rdef;uav;i,frsm;rS rdrdwdk@xuf touft&G,f}uD;aom trsKd;orD;}uD;rsm; ESifh c&D;oGm;jcif;onf pGyfpGJcH&&eftwGuf ydkItvm;tvmjzpfaponf?

2005 ckESpf. vlukeful;r_yaysmufa&;Oya'atmufwGif uav;i,frsm;/ trsKd;orD;ESifhrdef;uav;i,frsm;tm; vlukef ul;v#if axmif'%f 10 ESpfrS woufwu|ef;xd uscH&EkdifzG,f&Sdonf? txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;}uD;wOD;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,fav; wpfc&D;wnf;oGm;ygu vlukeful;ol[k ykdIpGyfpGJcH&Edkifonfhtvm;tvm&Sdygonf?

atmufazmfjyygjzpf&yfrSefrSm ppftpdk;&. vlukeful;olrsm;tjzpf rrSefruefpGyfpGJr_a=umifh b0ysufcJh&aom &Srf;trsKd; orD;rsm;. ta=umif;jzpfygonf?

trnf eef;aemifh (trnft&if;r[kwf) touf 45 ESpf vlrsKd; &Srf; usr&Jh trsKd;xJu trsKd;orD;wOD;/ touf 2 ESpfuae 18 ESpftwGif;&SdwJh ol@uav; 4 a,mufeJ@ c&D;oGm; cJhygw,f? &Ju usrwdk@eJ@ tjcm;touf 22 ESpft&G,f orD;wpfa,mufeJ@ c&D;oGm;trsKd;orD;udk &yfckdif;+yD; awmh a'owGif;rSm&SdwJh &Jpcef;udk ac:oGm;ygw,f? vlukeful;w,fqdkwm tJ'Dwkef;u em;rvnf ayrJhvJ usreJ@ tJ'DtrsKd;orD;udk vlukeful;olawGqdk+yD;awmh pGyfpGJygw,f? usrwdk@udk "gwfyHkawG±kduf+yD; rdkfif;ql; &Jpcef;rSm tcsKyf 3 &ufcscJhygw,f? usrwdk@udk ppfaq;ar;jref;wmawGcH&ygw,f? +yD;awmh w&m;&kH;udk ac:+yD;awmh vlukeful;r_xJrSm ygw,fqdk+yD; vufrSwfxdk;ckdif;ygw,f? vufrSwfrxdk;ay;&if t±kdufcH&vdk@ usrwkd@ vnf; vufrSwfxdk;ay;vdkuf&ygw,f?

tJ'Dtr_a=umifh usrwkd@axmif 14 ESpfuscJh&ygw,f? tjcm; aqGrsKd;awGu wa,mufudk usyf 3000 qD xnfh+yD;awmh uav;awGudk v$wfatmif ydkufqHay;&ygw,f? 4 &ufavmuf=umawmh usrwdk@udk rEWav;òrd@/ ppfudkif;òrd@e,frSm&SdwJh bDvif;axmifudk a&$@vdkufygw,f?

usraxmifxJrSm &Sdaewkef;u tvkyf=urf;awGvkyfckdif;ygw,f? wcgwav axmiftjyifvrf;awGay:rSmeJ@ wcgwav axmifxJrSm ausmufwHk;cGJ&ygw,f? tJ'DtwGufa=umifh usrcg;rSm '%fjzpf+yD; emaewm tck xdraysmufawmhygbl;? usrwdk@ tJ'DtvkyfawGudk reuf 6 em&Duae nOf@eufoef;acgifxdvkyf&ygw,f? wcgwavus&ifvnf; t&dkufcH&ygw,f? usreJ@twlwl axmifuswJh usrtrsKd; eef;vlqdk&if tpm rpm;EkdifwJhtwGuf tJ'Dvdk tvkyfawG rvkyfEkdifygbl;? wESpfavmuf=umawmh olqHk;oGm;ygw,f? tjcm; trsKd;orD;wa,mufjzpfwJh eef;aruawmh ol&Jh axmif'%f 14 ESpfudk jynfhatmifaeae &ygw,f? olu axmifxJrSm tcuftcJeJ@ t+rJwrf; awG@ae&vdk@ axmifuaeawmif wcgxGufajy;zdk@óud;pm;ao;w,f?

usrudk usrtrsKd;awGaxmif0ifpmwacgufvmawG@ygw,f? 'gayrJh usrtrsKd;om;uawmh wcgrSrvmbl;? aemufawmh oltdrfaxmifxyf ðyvkdufw,f? aemufqHk;usawmh usraxmifxJrSm aumif;aumif; rGefrGef aevdk@xifw,f 9 ESpfeJ@ 6 vae+yD; 2006 ESpfvnfavmufrSm usrudk jyefv$wfvdkufw,f? usr wmcsDvdwfbufudk oGm;+yD;awmh usrtareJ@ twlaewJh usr&Jh uav; 2 a,mufqDudk oGm;vnfyg w,f? aemufawmh tJ'DrSmbJ usr oDv&Sif0wf+yD; awmfawmf=um=umaejzpfw,f? tck usr xkdif;EdkifiH ajrmufydkif;rSm i±kyfoD; ajcGwJhtvkyfvkyfaew,f? usr usefcJhwJh uav;awGeJ@ wae@jyefawG@&r,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifh csufeJ@ usrtouf&Sifaexdkifaewmyg?

33

jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&m. vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tultnDay;&ef ysufuGufjcif;ESifhtrsdK;orD;wdk@. *k%foduQm tm; av;pm;&efysufuGufjcif;

ppftpdk;&rS xdef;csKyfxm;aom jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@. &nf&G,fcsufwckrSm trsKd;orD;ESifh uav;i,frsm; vlukef ul;cH&r_rsm;udk trsKd;om;a&;wm0eftjzpf tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;&efjzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@rS vlukeful; cH&ol trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tultnDay;Ekdifr_rSm tenf;i,fom &Sdonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@rS trsKd;orD;i,fta,muf 20 udk um,uH±SifESifh ‚if;wdk@ rdom;pkrsm;.*k%foduQmudk rav;pm;bJ xdkif;EdkifiHrS ‚if;wdk@tdrfodk@ twif;t=uyfjyefydk@&mwGif ppftpdk;&rS ‚if;wdk@.owif;rsm;wGif jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&m. tultnDay;r_tjzpf xkwfazmfajym qdkxm;onf?

xdkif;jrefrmppftpdk;&ESifh ukvor*~EkdifiHwum at*sifpDwdk@. vlukeful;r_wdkufzsufa&; vkyfief;47 yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufcsuf t& 2004 ckESpf =o*kwfv 10 &ufae@wGif trsKd;orD;i,fta,muf 20 onf &Srf;jynfe,fta&S@buf wmcsDvdwfòrd@&Sd cspf=unfa&; wHwm;udk jzwfum ppftpdk;&. tm%mydkifrsm; xHodk@ v$Jajymif;ay;jcif;cH&onf?

xdktrsKd;orD;i,frsm; wmcsDvdwfodk@ jyefa&mufaomtcg tcsKyfcscHxm;&I xdkif;EkdifiHodk@ ‚if;wdk@.qENt&oGm;cJh=uonfh wkdif jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mrS ‚if;wdk@tm; vlukeful;cH&olrsm;tjzpf ajymqdk&ef trdef@ay;jcif;cH&onf? xdktxJrS trsKd;orD;wOD;rSm a'oqdkif&m ppftpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh jrefrmtrsKd; orD;a&;&mrS }uD;rSL;usif;yaom tcrf;tem;wGif yg0if&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&+yD; xdktcrf;tem;wGif olrudk 0ifaiG&SmEkdif&eftwGuf[kqdkum tyfcsKyfpufwvHk;ay;cJhonf? xdkuJhodk@aom vkyf&yfrsm;u trsKd; orD;rsm;. *k%foduQmESifh udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPrsm;udk vHk;0av;pm;r_r&Sda=umif; jyovsuf&Sdonf?48

jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@. xdyfydkif;tqifhrsm;rS tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfjcif;rsm;/ owif;Xmersm;. tm±Hkpdkufr_ rsm;&&eftwGuf vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif tcGifhaumif;,lcsdefwGif ae&ma'oawmfawmfrsm;rsm;Y awG@qHk ar;jref;csufrsm;t& aus;vufawm&Gmtqifh jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@wGif vlukeful;r_ESifhywfoufaom tr_udpPrsm;ESifh qufpyfvkyfaqmif&mwGif vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm; enf;yg;onfudkawG@&onf? rGefjynfe,f/ bk&m;oHk;qla'o&Sd a'ocHwpfOD;ESifh qufoG,far;jref;csuf

rGefjynfe,f bk&m;oHk;qla'orS a'ocH.ajymjycsuft& xdka'o&Sd jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@Y vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD; rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&eftwGuf vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaea=umif; od&onf? tu,fI vlukef ul;olrsm; onf ®r@e,ftqifh/ c±dkiftqifh ppftpdk;& tm%mydkift&m&Sdrsm;ESifh eD;uyfolrsm;jzpfaev#if ‚if;wdk@taejzifh 0if a&mufpGufzufI r&a=umif;od&Sd&onf? trsm;tm;jzifh vlukeful;olrsm;onf r&u ESifh ,&u49 rsm;tm; vmbfxdk;+yD; om;jzpfaeonf?

xdk@a=umifh tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh vlukeful;r_rsm;udk rodjrifouJhodk@ [efaqmifae=uonf?50 (rGefjynfe,f bk&m; oHk;ql&Sd a'ocHwOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf)

jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@rS vlukeful;r_ tr_udpPrsm;tm; tultnDay;Edkifr_enf;yg;aom tajctaersm;udk “Driven Away” tpD&ifcHpmYvnf; atmufygtwkdif;azmfjyxm;onf?

“2003 ckESpf {+yDv 4 &ufae@ naeydkif; usaemfr&Sdwkef;rSm touf 16 ESpfom&Sdao;wJh usaem@ajr;udk (---) eJ@ (---) vmac: oGm;w,fvdk@ usaemh tdrfeD;csif;awGu ajymjyvdk@ od&ygw,f? usaemhajr;rav;u t&rf;awmfwJh uav; rav;yg? ol 10 wef; pmar;yGJajzzdk@ ydkufqHvdkw,fvdk@ajymw,f? usaemfwdk@u t&rf;qif;&Jygw,f? usaemf aemufqHk;&wJh ol@owif;uawmh a&$wl;wJh ae&m jynfhwefqm&kHrSm ta&mif; pm;cHvdkuf&w,fqdkwmbJ? usaemf jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@udk wdkifpmydk@xm;ayrJh b,fol urS bmrSrvkyfay;=ubl;?”

34

jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@uvnf; bmrSwHk@jyefcsufrvmygbl;? 2003 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSmawmh ‚if;.ajr;rav;rSm aoqHk; oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; OD; (--) od&onf?51

odk@ OuUX jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@ jrpf}uD;em;/ ucsifjynfe,f

&ufpGJ {+yD 2003 ta=umif;t&m? ? trsKd;orD;i,fwOD; 4if;.aetdrfrS aysmufqHk;oGm;jcif;? 1) txufygta=umif;t&mudpPESifhywfoufI 'luwfawmifrS touf 16 ESpft&G,fu|Efkyf. ajr;r (r---) tm;

armif (--) ESifh armif (--) wdk@rS 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 4 &ufae@wGif jrpf}uD;em; bwfpfum; rSwfwdkifrS jzm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifac:oGm;+yD; ,ae@txd olrta=umif; rod& awmhyg?

2) xdk@a=umifh u|Ekfyf. ajr;ruav;ESifh qufpyfI txufygta=umif;t&mtm; pHkprf;ay;yg&ef av;pm;pGm awmif;qdktyfygonf?

awmif;qdkol OD; (--)

'luwfawmift&yf/ jrpf}uD;em; rdwWL- OuUX/ jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@/ 'luwfawmif/ jrpf}uD;em;

odk@ pcef;rSL; eHygwf (1) &Jpcef;/ jrpf}uD;em;

&ufpGJ 2003 Edk0ifbm ta=umif;t&m? ? aysmufqHk;aeaom trsKd;orD;i,faoqHk;jcif;? txufygta=umif;t&mudpPESifhywfoufI jrpf}uD;em;òrd@ 'luwf awmift&yfae tbdk; OD; (--) ajr;jzpfol r (--) ,ck touf 17 ESpfonf (yve eHygwf (1) ) ae armif (--) ESifh armif (--) wdk@rS 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 4 &ufae@wGifjrpf}uD;em; bwfpfum; rSwfwdkifrSjzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifac:oGm;+yD; ,ae@txd olrta=umif; rod&awmhyg?

u|Efkyf. tdrfeD;csif;rsm;jzpf=uaom OD; (--) ESifh OD; (--) tygt0if u|Ekfyfudkwdkif olrta=umif;udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh pHkprf;cJhygonf? axGvm*sDarmif;aom OD; (--) . tajymt& 2003 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif 4if;rS armif (--) ESifh vGefcJhaom ESpfvcef@uawG@a=umif;ESifh xdktrsKd;orD;i,ffav; rSmaoqHk;ae+yDjzpfa=umif;od&onf? xdk@a=umifh (yve eHygwf 1) ae OD; (--) ESifh a': (--) wdk@.om; armif (--) onf jypfr_rS xGufajy;aeaom &mZ0wfom;jzpfaoma=umifh &Jpcef;rS xdktr_udpPESifh ywfoufI ta&;,lay;yg&ef awmif;qdktyfygonf?

awmif;qdkol OD; (---) 'luwfawmift&yf/ jrpf}uD;em;òrd@

rdwWL 1- OuUX ('luwfawmift&yf) 2- OuUX (eHygwf 1- yve/ jrpf}uD;em;) 3- OuUX (jrpf}uD;em;)

35

vufpm;acsr_rsm;ESifh *k%foduQmusqif;r_udk a=umuf&GH@&jcif;?

vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csufrsm;t& ‚if;wdk@rS xdkvlukeful;cH&r_udk ta=umif;=um;v#if xyfqifhom;aumifjzpfEdkifaom tajctaersm;pGm&Sdonf? vlukeful;cH&jcif;jzifh tcuftcJrsm;pGmóuH&+yD; tu,fI xdktjzpf tysufESifh ygwfoufIxkwfazmfajymv#if vl@todkif;t0dkif;/ ywf0ef;usifrSvnf; tjypfwifjcif;ESifh z,fusOfjcif;rsm;cH &onf?

xdkuJhodk@ t&SufESifhoduQmusrnfudka=umuf&GH@jcif;rsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; vlukeful;cH&onfh tr_udpPrsm;udk wkdif=um; &eftwGuf tvGef}uD;aom t[ef@twm;wckjzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif vl@t odkif;t0dkif;/ ywf0ef;usifrSvnf; ppftpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;rS vlukeful;olrsm;ESifh omreftm;jzifh qufpyf vsuf&Sdonfudk odxm;aoma=umifh rdrdwdk@taejzifh xdkolrsm;udk w&m;pGJqdkrnfqdkv#ifaomfrS tr_udpPtwGufrSm ar#mfvifhcsufrJh±kHr#ru vlukeful;olrsm;. vufpm;acsr_rsm;udkyg awG‹óuH&Ekdifonf?

atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom awG@qHkar;jref;csufrSm vlukeful;cH&aom orD;i,ftwGuf trSefw&m;&Smay;&ef óud;pm; aom rdbrsm;rS vlukeful;ol. a'ocH&Jrsm;udkvmbfxdk;r_rsm;udk awG@&±kHr#ru vlukeful;olrsm;. vufpm;acsr_udk a=umuf&G@H ae&aom tajctaersm;ESifh &ifqdkif&onf? ucsifjynfe,frS ausmif;q&mrwOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

r (--) rdom;pkrS tvGefqif;&Jaoma=umifh rdom;pkudkaxmufyHh&eftwGuf oltvkyfwckvdkcsifcJhonf? csDabGY aexdkif aom vlukeful;olESpfOD;rS olESifhol@oli,fcsif;tm; w±kwfEdkifiHodk@ tvkyf&Smay;rnf[kqdkum w±kwfEdkifiH (Lukuthamu) odk@ac: aqmifoGm;+yD; vlukeful;olESpfa,mufrSm csDabGodk@ jyefvmcJhonf?

rdbrsm;u xdkvlukeful;olyGJpm;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@. orD;rsm;ta=umif;ar;aomtcg yGJpm;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@.orD;rsm;onf tvkyf&Sm&eftwGuf w±kwfEdkifiHodk@ xGufoGm;a=umif; ajymonf? rdbrsm;rS xdk ta=umif;udk &Jpcef;odk@ta=umif;=um;um ‚if;wdk@. orD;i,frsm; jyef&&eftwGuf vlukeful;ol 2 ESpfOD; udkzrf;ay;&ef ajym=um;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; vlukeful;olESpfOD; rSm tjcm;wae&modk@ xGufajy;wdrf; a&SmifoGm;+yD; &Jrsm;rSvnf; xdkyGJpm;rsm;udk pHkprf;ta&;,ljcif;rsm; r&SdcJhyg? aemufydkif;wGif &Jrsm;rS vlukeful;olrsm;xHrS vmbfxdk;aiGrsm; vufcHI xdkolrsm;udk xGufajy;vGwfajrmufapcJha=umif; od&onf? ,ckqdkv#if rdbrsm;rSm rnfodk@qufvkyf&rnfrodbJ jzpfae=uonf? vlukeful;olrsm;. vufpm;acsjcif;cH&rnfudk pdk;&drfae&onfhtjyif orD;i,frsm;udkvnf; rnfhonfhae&mwGif&Sm&rnfudk rod=uay? jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;rS w&m;r0ifxGufcGm&r_rsm;a=umifh tm%mydkifrsm;. tzrf;tqD;cH&rnfudk a=umuf&GH@ &jcif;

w&kwftm%mydkifrsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiHrS vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHodk@ jyef&eftwGuf tultnDrsm; ay;vsuf&Sdonf? xdkvlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;onf w±kwftm%mydkifrsm;rS e,fpyfodk@ ta&mufydk@aqmifay;r_a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHodk@ jyefa&mufvmaomfvnf; jrefrmtm%m ydkifrsm;. zrf;qD;jcif;udk cH&Edkifonf?

tr_wckwGif trsKd;orD;wOD;onf e,fpyfppfaq;a&;*dwfrS jrefrmvl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;. xdef;odrf;jcif;cH&+yD; vl0ifr_ }uD;=uyfa&;rS xdktrsKd;orD;tm; jrefrmusyfaiG (6) odef; (tar&duefa':vm 500) awmif;um ray;Edkifv#if jrefrmEkdifiHrS EdkifiH ul;vufrSwfr&SdbJ w&m;r0ifxGufcGmr_a=umifh axmif'%f av;ESpfESifh av;vusrnfjzpfa=umif;ajymqdkcJhonf?52

EkdifiHom;rSwfyHkwifESifh EkdifiHul;vufrSwfrsm;r&Sdr_a=umifh w&m;0ifc&D;oGm;a&;udk twm;tqD;jzpfjcif;

jrefrmEkdifiH aus;vufawm&GmwGif aexdkifoltrsm;pkrSm q,fpkESpfausmf ppftpdk;&ESifh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;=um; jzpfyGm;aeaom vufeufudkif yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;&m a'orsm;wGif aexdkif&jcif;ESifh tpdk;rSaxmufyHhay;aom vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rsm; r&Sdaoma=umifh EkdifiHom;rSwfyHkwifrsm; r&Sday? jrefrm EkdifiHtwGif; rnfonfhae&moGm;oGm; rSwfyHkwifu'f pwifjy&onfh tcsdefrSpI trsKd;orD;rsm;c&D;oGm;vmjcif;ESifh ajymif;a&$@oGm;vmjcif;rsm;udk yGJpm;rsm;tay:wGif vHk;0trSDðyI c&D;oGm; vmonfh

36

tajctaeudk a&G;cs,f&ef ‚if;u zdtm;jzpfapcJhonf? xdkuJhodk@aom tajctaeonf trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; vlukeful; cH&jcif;ESifh vdrfvnfaoG;aqmifac:,ljcif;rsm;udk jzpfapEdkifaomtajctaersm; wdk;yGm;aponf?

tcsKd@ EdkifiHom;rSwfyHkwif&Sdaom trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHul;vufrSwfav#muf&mwGifvnf; tcsdef=umvGef;I ukefusp&dwf tvGefrsm;avonf? EdkifiHul;vufrSwfav#muf&eftwGuf tenf;qHk; tar&duef a':vm 500 cef@ukef+yD; trsKd;orD;i,f rsm;tm; vlukeful;r_qef@usifwdkufzsufa&;. wpdwfwydkif;tjzpf wm;jrpfuef@owfcsufrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; ydkIrsm; aoma=umifh touf 25 ESpfatmuf trsKd; orD;rsm;twGufrl ydkItukeftusrsm;avonf? rGeftrsKd;orD;ESifh arv 2008 wGifawG@qHkar;jref;csuf

“EkdifiHul;vufrSwfav#muf&mrSm enf;vrf;ESpfvrf;&Sdw,f? wckuat;*sifhrSwqifhvkyfwmjzpfw,f? EkdifiHul;vufrSwf av#mufolu ±Hk;udk"mwfyHkoGm;&kduf/ &vmwJhyHkudk at;*sifhudk ay;+yD;&if usefwmudk at;*sifhu tm;vHk;vdkufvkyf ay;w,f? at;*sifhubJ xdkoltwGuf t&m&SdawGeJ@ wdkuf±dkufqufoG,f tvkyfvkyfw,f? aemufqHk;tqifh pmtkyf oGm;,lwJhtqifh a&mufrS EkdifiHul;pmtkyfav#mufwJholu ±kH;rSmoGm;+yD;awmh pmtkyfoGm;,l,HkbJ? tJ'Dvdk at;*sifheJ@ wvwnf; t+yD;tpD; vkyfay;zdk@qdk&if usyfaiG (1 odef;) avmufukefw,f? wu,fvdk@ (7) &ufwnf;eJ@ &csifw,fqdk&if awmh aiG (3 odef;) avmuf ukefw,f? aemufwvrf; uawmh udk,fhbmomudk,fvkyfwJhenf;jzpfw,f? tJ'gu aiG (3) aomif;avmuf ukef+yD;awmh pmtkyf&zdk@ wvavmuf =umw,f? udk,fhbmomudk,f yHkpH (17) tcGefcGifhðycsufyHkpHeJ@ yHkpH (19)xGufcGmonfhyHkpH tygt0if azmifawGjznfh&w,f? tJ'Dp&dwfawGu c&D;oGm;p&dwfawGeJ@ pmtkyf jrefjref&zdk@twGuf ay;&wJh vBuf&nfzdk;rygao;bl;?”

vlukeful;cH&Edkifaom tajctaersm;

trsKd;orD;i,frsm; vlukeful;cH&Edkifaom tajctaersm;jzpfay:&jcif;rSm a&G@ajymif;a'orsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;e,fajr rsm;wGif ynma&;ESifhywfoufI tcGifhta&;rsm;enf;jcif;ESifh jyifyavmuta=umif; rsm;udk avhvm&eftcGifhta&;rsm;enf;jcif; (odk@) owif;tcsuftvuf vHk;0r&&Sdjcif;wdk@a=umifhjzpfonf?

vm;[ltrsKd;orD;wOD;rS ‚if;. tawG@t óuHudk ajymjyjcif;53

“usremrnfuawmh r (--) jzpfygw,f? usru vm;[ljzpf+yD;awmh toufuawmh 14 ESpf &Sdyg+yD? usru rGef;ydef; òrd@e,f rSm&SdwJh (---) &Gmujzpfygw,f? usr twef;ausmif; (7) wef;udk rGef;ydef;rSmbJ wufygw,f? usrtarqHk;+yD;wJhaemuf usrtazu usrtarqDudk vmvnf+yD;awmh aq;awGay;ay;wJh vifr,m;ESpfa,muf&Jh uav;xdef;vkyfzdk@twGuf ®r@udkydk@ vdkufygw,f? usrwdk@xifwmu ®r@rSmqdk&if awmh ausmif;wufzdk@vnf; vG,fulxifcJhw,f? usr&Jh 'kwd, pmar;yGJ+yD; wJhtcgrSm usrtdrf&Sifrdom;pku uif;wHkrSm&SdwJh ol@aqGrsKd;awGqDudk oGm;vnfckdif;ygw,f? olwdk@ut&rf;csrf;om+yD; awmh um;vSvSav; vnf;&Sdygw,f? olwdk@tdrfeD;csif;u usrudk wmcsDvdwfudkoGm;vnfzdk@ajymw,f? Aefum;eJ@ wae@ c&D;qdk+yD; usrudk olwdk@eJ@ vdkufcJhzdk@ zdwfygw,f? usrvnf; vdkufoGm;csifwmeJ@ wae@rSm Aefum;a&mufvmygw,f? usrwdk@udk wm;av udkt&if ac:oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DAefum;xJrSm usrtygt0if rdef;uav;i,fav; 5 a,mufygoGm; ygw,f? tJ'DtxJrSm touf 14 ESpfbJ &Sdao;wJh tmcgtrsKd;orD;av;wOD;yg+yD;awmh olu vm;[leJ@ &Srf;pum;ajym wwfygw,f? ol@udk=unfh&wm ynmrwwfwJh yHkpH eJ@wl+yD;awmh usrvdkbJ c&D;ta=umif; bmrSodwJhyHkvJray:ygbl;?

usrwdk@ nydkif;rSmbJ c&D;oGm;=u+yD;awmh usrwdk@ raysmfygbl;? ppfaq;a&;*dwfawGa&mufwdkif; um;'&dkifbmu usrwdk@udk wdwfwdwfaezdk@ajym+yD;awmh um;udkcsefoGm;ygw,f? wa,mufa,mufeJ@ pum;enf; enf;ajym+yD;wmeJ@ usrwdk@ c&D;qufcJhygw,f? aemufwae@reuf apmapmrSm usrwdk@ wm;avudk a&mufoGm;ygw,f? tjcm;rdef;uav;i,fav;awG apmifhaewJh jrpfab;udkarmif;wJh bwfpfum;udk ajymif;pD;&ygw,f? tJ'Dae&mrSm usrwdk@ rdk;csKyfwJhtxd apmifhae&ygw,f? usrwdk@ avSay:a&mufawmh avSu jrpfatmufydkif;udk pkefqif;oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSmawmh usrwdk@ tif*sifeJ@armif;wJh

37

avSt}uD;qDudk ajymif;&ygw,f? =unfh&wm 'Djrpfu yxrvmwJh jrpfxuf}uD;yHk&ygw,f? vm;[leJ@ tm;cg pum;ajym wwfwJh trsKd;orD; wa,mufuawmh usrwdk@eJ@ wm;avudk wlwlvdkufvm+yD;rS jyefvSnfhoGm;ygw,f? tjcm; trsKd;om;wa,mufu usrwdk@udk jrpfa=umif;wav#muf OD;aqmifac:oGm;w,f? wavSvHk;rSm usrtygt0if trsKd;orD; i,f ta,muf 20 &Sdygw,f? usr olwdk@ b,fuvmvJ/ b,folawGvJqdkwm rodbl;? nOfheufawmh ukef;ay:rSm um;t}uD;}uD;u usrwdk@udkapmifhaeygw,f? tm;cg rdef;uav;udk usraemufxyfwcgrS rawG@awmhygbl;?”

t}uHðycsufrsm;

• tm%mydkifrsm;rS vlukeful;r_udk qef@usifaom Oya'ESifh vrf;!$efcsufrsm;tm; tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfI vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif; ydwfyifwm;qD;r_rsm; wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;/ rrSefruef zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;ESifh tjypf r&Sdolrsm;tm; txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rsm; rvkyf&ef? txl;ojzifh touf 25 ESpfatmuftrsKd;orD;tm; w&m;0iftkyfxdef;olrsm; rygbJ c&D;oGm; vmjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;aomOya'tm; csufcsif;±kyfodrf;ay;&rnf?

• EkdifiHawmfrS EkdifiHw0Srf; EdkifiHom;wdkif;twGuf EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;u'frsm; tvG,fwulðyvkyfEkdif&efaqmifusOf;ay;&rnf? • vlukeful;r_jzpfaponfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh tcsuftvufrsm; vlxktrsm;odatmif jzef@a0xkwfvkyf

&mwGif jzef@a0onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf rSefuefI vuf&Sd umvESifhudkufnD+yD; ,Ofaus;r_t&vnf; xdcdkufr_ r&Sdatmif owdxm;oifhonf? ausmif;oifcef; pmrsm;rSwqifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk today;&ef vkdtyfonf?

• trsKd;orD;rsm;. ynma&;ESifh pGrf;&nfjr‡ifhwifa&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; wdk;jr‡ifhaqmif&Guf&ef? • a&'D,dktpDtpOfESifh vdktyfaom ypPnf;rsm;tm; wkdif;&if;om; bmompum;rsm;jzifh wkdif;&if;om; trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;orD;

i,frsm;twGuf toHk;ðy Edkif&efESifh pmrzwfwwfolrsm;twGuf oifhav#mfaomypPnf;rsm;tygt0if vlukef ul;r_rsm;udk wm;jrpf&eftwGuf xda&mufaom todynm/ A[kokwrsm;ay;onfh pnf;±kH;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;twGuf tpdk;&rS b¾ma&; axmufyHhay;&rnf?

• ppfwyftwGif;rSjzpfap/ tm%mydkifrsm;rSjzpfap vlukeful;r_twGif; wdkuf±dkufaomfvnf;aumif;/ oG,f0dkufIaomf vnf;aumif; yg0ifywfoufaeygu jyif;xefpGm tjypfay;&rnf? xdk@tjyif vlukeful;r_tr_udpPrsm;Esifh ywfoufI vkyfaqmif&mwGif tav;teufrxm;olrsm;tm;vnf; tjypfay;ta&;,l&rnf?

• Oya'a&;&m pepftwGif; vmbfay;vmbf,lr_rsm;udk avsmhcs&eftwGuf Oya'a&;&m t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh Oya'ðyolrsm;tm; oifhawmfI tusKd;cHpm;Edkifr_&Sdaom vpmrsm;ay;&ef?

• vlxktajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; vlukeful;cH&oltrsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;uav; i,frsm;tm; tultnDay;&mwGif wm;jrpfuef@owfcsufr&Sd cGifhðy &ef?

• vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,fuav;rsm;tm; tultnDay;aeaom tzGJ@rsm; tm;vHk;. vHkòcHa&;udk OD;pm;ay; tav;xm;&ef?

• vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;i,frsm;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@ rdom;pkrsm;. udk,fydkifb0ESifh *k%foduQmrsm;tm; av;pm;I tav;teufxm; vkyfaqmif&ef?

• tjypfusL;vGefolrsm;rS rnfhonfhtajctaea=umifhyifjzpfap ‚if;wdk@. wm0ef/ &mxl;rsm;a=umifh vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh r&Sdap&bJ Oya't& w&m;pGJqdkjcif;ESifh xdkufwefaom tjypf'%f rsm; csrSwf&ef?

• tjcm;EdkifiHtwGif; vlukeful;cH&I w&m;pGJqdkjcif;ESifh rdrdEdkifiHodk@ jyefvnfydk@aqmifcH&rnfh taetxm;rsm;udk &ifqkdif ae&aom trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;twGuf bmomjyefrsm;ESifh ESpfodrfhtm;ay;onfh 0efaqmifr_rsm;ay;&ef tpdk;&rS tjynfht0 wm0ef,l&ef?

• tusOf;axmifxJwGif&Sdaom vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm; csKd;azmufr_rcH&ap&eftwGuf aocsmpGmvkyfaqmifay;&ef?

38

• a'oqdkif&mESifh EdkifiHwum vlukeful;r_wdkufzsufa&; vkyfief;rsm;t& tpdk;&rS ‚if;vkyfaqmifay;&rnfh wm0efrsm; vkyfaqmifay;jcif; &Sdr&Sd odEdkif&eftwGuf vGwfvyfaom vlxktajcðytzGJ@rsm;yg0ifaom vGwfvyfonfh apmifh=uyf ppfaq;onfh tzGJ@wpfzGJ@xm;&Sd&ef?

• vlukeful;cH&aom trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;twGuf tcrJh Oya'0efaqmifr_rsm;/ tm;ay;ESpfodrfhjcif;rsm;/ usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_rsm;/ aiGa=u;taxmuftyHhrsm;/ oifhavsmfaom aetdrfrsm;ESifh aemufqufwGJoifwef;rsm; wufa&muf&ef tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sd&ef?

• vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; todynmay;&efESifh vlukeful;cH&aom (odk@r[kwf) tcGifhta&;csKd; azmufcH&aomtrsKd;orD; ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;tm; em;vnfvufcHvmEdkifap&ef trsKd;orD;vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif;udk vlxkpnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf a&;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef?

39

yk'fr 10? ynma&;

pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrS ynma&;e,fy,fwGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;&Sdap&eftvdk@iSm trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm; qufqHr_rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&eftwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; &r&udk aocsmap&ef oifhavsmfaom enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkjzifh aqmif&Guf& rnf? txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm; wef;wla&;tay: tajccHaocsmI -

(1) toufarG;0rf;ausmif;yHkESifh toufarG;r_ynm e,fy,ftwGufvnf;aumif;/ aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;Y òrd@jyrsm;enf;wl zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifxm;&Sdonf ynma&;XmetrsdK;tpm;tm;vHk;wdk@Y ynmoif=um;a&;ESifh 'DyvdkrmbGJ@rsm;&&Sda&; twGuf tmrcHcsuf &Sdap&rnf? Twef;wlnDr#&Sda&;onf rlóudrsm;/ taxGaxG/ enf;ynmtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ twwfynm ESifh tqifhjrifhenf;ynma&;rsm;enf;wl toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ynm trsdK;tpm;tm;vHk;wdk@wGif tmr cHcsuf&Sdap&rnf?

(2) wlnDaom oif±dk;!$ef;wrf;rsm;/ pmar;yGJrsm;/ wlnDaom tqifhtwef;ESifh t&nftaoG;&Sdonfh q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ wlnDaom t&nftaoG;&Sdonfh pmoifausmif; taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh ausmif;oHk;ypPnf; rsm; wef;wl&&SdoHk;pGJ cGifh&Sdap &eftmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnf?

(3) tqifhwkdif;wGif trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;om; tcef;u¾rsm;udk yHkaoowfrSwfxm;aom tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh xdk&nf&G,f csufudk &&Sd&eftwGuf tultnDay;aom ynma&;pepfESifh tjcm;ynmay;yHkpHrsm;udk oif±dk;!$ef;wrf;pmtkyfrsm;rS jyefvnfjyifqifxkwfE_wfjcif;/ ausmif;ynma&;pepfrsm;ESifh oif=um;a&;enf;pepfrsm;udk ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;jzifh jyefvnf qef;ppfðyjyifoifhonf?

(4) tcrJhynmoifqkrsm;ESifh tjcm;ynmoif=um;cGifhrsm;udk wef;wlnDr#pGm &&SdcHpm;cGifh&Sd&rnf?

(5) q,fausmfoufrsm;twGuftoHk;0ifaom bmompum;oifwef;rsm; tygt0if txl;ojzifh ynmoifaom t&G,f wGif ausmif;rSE_wfxGufvdkuf&olrsm;/ trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;om;rsm;twGif; ynma&;ESifhywfoufI uGm[csufrsm; a=umifh ynmqufvufoif=um;&eftwGuf oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufcGifh wlnDpGm&&Sd&ef tmrcH&rnf/

(6) ausmif;olrsm; ausmif;rSE_wfxGufE_ef;enf;yg;ap&efESifh t&G,fra&mufcif ausmif;rSxGufvdkuf&aom trsKd;orD;rsm; twGuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;csrSwf&rnf?

(7) tm;upm;u¾rsm;ESifh ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m tm;aumif;oefpGrf;a&;rsm;twGuf wufºuGpGm yl;aygif;yg0ifcGifh wef;wl&&Sda&; tmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnf?

(8) rdom;pkpDrHudef;rsm;tay:wGif t}uHOm%fay;jcif;tygt0if usef;rma&;/ usef;rmaom rdom;pkrsm; zGH@®z;a&;ESifhywfouf onfh wdusaom ynmay;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oif=um;cGifh/ &&SdusifhoHk; cGifh&&Sda&; tmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnf?

òcHiHkoHk;oyfcsuf

vlwdkif;wGif ynmoif=um;ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;&SdI EkdifiHtpdk;&rS wkdif;jynfwGif;&Sd uav;i,frsm;tm;vHk; ynma&;ESifh ywfoufI cHpm;cGifh&Sdap&eftwGuf taxmuftyHhay;&rnf? tajccHynma&;wGif2000 jynfhESpf r[m&nfrSef;csufrsm; (Millennium Development Goal) udk jznfhqnf;taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tcrJh ynma&;pepf usifhoHk;aeonf[k ppftpdk;&ppftkyfpkrS tom;v$wfajymqdkvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; vufawG@tajctaewGifrl ynma&;pepfudk ppftpdk;&rS vHk;0tav;ay;xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdbJ vspfv#K±_xm;onf? urBmhb%fwGif jyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;t& ppftpdk;&onf EkdifiH0ifaiG. 40 &mckdifE_ef; txufudk umuG,fa&;ac: ‚if;. wyfrawmftwGuf oHk;aecsdefwGif EdkifiH0ifaiG. 1.3 &mckdifE_ef;om ynma&;twGuf oHk;pGJonfudk awG@&onf? EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ynma&;pepfpDrHudef;}uD;wckvHk;rSm qdk;&Gm;pGm ysufpD;vsuf&Sd+yD; pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm; (80 &mckdifE_ef; atmuf&Sdaom tpdk;& ausmif;rS ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;om oifwef;wuf+yD;olrsm;jzpfonf)?54 ausmif;pepf. pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh zGJ@pnf;a&;ygt0if oif=um;enf;pepfESifh oif=um;r_taxmuftul ypPnf;rsm;rSmvnf; tvGeftrif; enf;yg;vsuf&Sdonf?

40

xdk@tjyif vuf&Sd ynma&;pepfrSm vpmaiGtvGefenf;aom ynma&; 0efxrf;rsm;tm; t*wdvdkufpm;jcif;rsm;55 jzpf&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyvsuf&Sdonf? ppftpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ }uHhckdifa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;toif;uJhodk@ ‚if;tpdk;& axmufcHaomtzGJ@rsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;. om;orD;rsm; trSwfaumif;aumif;udk tcrJh&&SdaecsdefwGif omrefausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh q&m/ q&mrrsm;tm; vmbfay;jcif;tm;jzifh trSwfaumif;ap&ef óud;pm;vm&onf? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@t"du,laom bmom&yfrsm;tm; vkH;0em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;r&SdbJ/ vmbfay;I twef; wufjcif;rsm;jzifh bJG‹&&Sd=uonf? xdk@a=umifh ynma&;tqifhtwef;t& óud;pm;r_. wefzdk;udk rodusKd;u|HðyI tcGifhta&; ,lwwfaom ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udkom arG;xkwfay;aom ausmif;ynma&;a=umifh ynma&;pepfrSm tvGeftrif;edrfh usvsuf±Sdonf?56

qdk;&Gm;pGm usqif;vsuf&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;rSmvnf; vpm0ifaiGenf;aom q&m/ q&mrrsm;tm; ‚if;wdk@. touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf pmoifcsdeftwGif; tjcm;0ifaiGydk&&Sda&;enf; vrf;rsm;&SmazG&ef zdtm;ay;vsuf&Sdonf? wcsdef wnf;rSmyif ppftpdk;&rS ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;twGuf b0&yfwnfaexdkifa&;twGuf tcuftcJjzpfapjcif;rsm;rSmvnf; ‚if;wdk@tm;usifh0wfrsm;udk ypfy,fI vmbfpm;r_rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zdtm;ay; vsuf&Sdonf?

atmufazmfjyyg trsKd;orD;rsm;rS ykHazmfjyaom jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf ausmif;ynma&;pepftm; xdcdkufapa=umif; azmfjyonfh oufaorsm;yifjzpfonf? ausmif;twGif; rkef@a&mif;jcif;

23 ESpft&G,f u&iftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh =o*kwfv 2008 wGif qufoG,far;jref;csuf

“2001 ckESpf usr (10) wef;wufwJhtcsdefwkef;u usrpmoifcef;xJrSmxuf tjyifrSmu ydkrsm;w,f? usrwdk@ tm;vHk; ausmif; csdefudkodayrJh q&mru ol@0ifaiGydk&zdk@twGuf ausmif;rSm rkef@qkdifzGifhxm;+yD; ausmif;csdefrSm aps;a&mif;wJh twGufa=umifh usrwdk‹ pmaumif;aumif;roif=ubl;? 1999 ckESpfwkef; uavmufqdk&ifawmh q&m/ q&mrawG ausmif;0if;twGif; rkef@a&mif;wm enf;enf;bJ&Sdao;w,f? 'gayrJh 2001 ckESpfrSmawmh rlvwef;uae/ txufwef; txd q&m/ q&mrawGu ydk+yD;awmh rkef@a&mif;vmw,f? 'gawmif olwdk@bJa&mif;wmr[kwfbl;/ ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; olwdk@udk,fpm; a&mif;ckdif; ao;w,f?”

touf (24) ESpft&G,f rGeftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh =o*kwfv 2008 wGif awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

“usruawmh rGefjynfe,fujzpfygw,f? usrtaru rlvwef;ausmif;q&mrwa,mufjzpfw,f? ausmif;uae tdrfjyef a&mufwkdif; ausmif;rSma&mif;zdk@twGuf vufvkyfrkef@awGudk tareJ@twl 0dkif;ul&w,f? ausmif;rSm usrtarvdkbJ q&mrawG trsm;pku rkef@a&mif;=uw,f? +yD;awmh ausmif;ol awGudkvJ olwdk@tpm; rkef@a&mif;ckdif;w,f? wcsKd@q&mr awGusawmh ae@vnf xrif;pm;csdefrSm pmoifcef;awG wcef;0ifwcef;xGuf rkef@vdkufa&mif;=uw,f? wcgwavus&if rkef@a&mif;ay;wJh ausmif;olu aumfr&Sifpm;taeeJ‹ (10) usyfzdk;a&mif;&&if (1) usyf&w,f?”

yk*~vdu usL&Sifay;jcif;

yavmiftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuft&

“usrwdk@udk oifwJhausmif;q&mrawGqDuae usL&Sifjyef,l&w,f? wu,fvdk@rwufbl;qdk&if usrwdk@ b,favmufbJ óud;pm; óud;pm;/ b,favmufawmfawmf trSwfaumif;aumif;r&Edkifbl;? b,favmuf óud;pm;ygap/ qkvJr&Edkifbl;? Oyrm - (7) wef; wufaewJh t&rf; óud;pm;+yD; t&rf;awmfwJh usrnDrav; qdk&if usL&SifrwufEdkifbl;? tJ'ga=umifh olu tawmfqHk; (10) a,mufxJrSm b,fawmhrSrygbl;? tJ'D q&m/ q&mrawGqDrSm usL&SifwufwJh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om; awGbJ tawmfqHk; (10) a,mufxJrSm ygw,f?”

41

tjcm; u&iftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

“pmoifcef;xJrSm q&m/q&mrawGu tm;vHk;udk oifay;wm awmfawmfav;udk&Sm;w,f? wcsKd@q&m/ q&mrawGu ausmif; ol/ ausmif;om;awGajzEdkifatmif olwdk@ar;cGef;xkwfEkdifwJh oifcef;pmawGavmufom tvGwfusufckdif;w,f? bmrS oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jyjcif;vnf; r&Sdbl;? tJ'g+yD;awmh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;awGu tcsdefjynhf odk;arG;xdk; aewJh q&mrta&S@rSm olwdk@usufxm;wJhpmawG tvGwfqdkjy&w,f? q&m/ q&mrawGu ausmif; om;awG twef; pmvkyf/ rvkyfqdkwmudkvJ *±k rpdkufbl;?”

t*wdvdkufpm;&eftwGuf wGef;ydk@cH&jcif;

yavmiftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh ar;jref;csuf

“ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;awGu olwdk@ausmif;rSm pmoifwJh q&mrawGudk,fwkdif zGifhxm;wJh yk*~vdu usL&SifawGudk wuf&w,f? twef;xJrSmbJjzpfjzpf/ ausmif;rSmbJjzpfjzpf q&m/ q&mrawGa&mif;wJh rkef@udk0,fpm;+yD; usL&SifwufEdkifwJh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;awGu ydk+yD;awmh tcGifhta&;&wm yHkrSefvdk bJjzpfaew,f? usr txufwef;ausmif;wufzdk@ twGuf wjcm; ausmif;udkajymif;awmh/ tJ'DrSm&SdwJh ausmif;q&mrawGvnf; ausmif;xJrSm rkef@qkdifzGifh=uygw,f? ausmif;csdefra&mufcif q&mrawGu rkef@qkdifrSmrkef@a&mif;=uygw,f? q&m/ q&mrawGu tvSnfhus rkef@qkdifapmifhzdk@ wm0ef,l=uygw,f? wjcm;q&m/ q&mrawG pmoifcsdefrSm/ pmoifcsdef+yD;wJh q&m/ q&mrawGu rkef@qkdifapmifh&ygw,f? ausmif;om;awGvnf; pnf;urf; vdkufemp&mrvdkawmhbJ ausmif;csdefwGif;rSmvJ olwdk@rkef@0,fcsif&if tcsdefwdkif; rSm 0,fvdk@&ygw,f?”

tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&aomf jrefrmEdkifiH. ynma&;pepfrSm ppftm%m&SifvufatmufwGif tvGeftrif; ysufpD;,dk,Gif; ae+yD; ynma&;pepf. t&nftaoG;rSmvJ tvGefedrfhusvsuf&Sdonf? 2008 ckESpf tm;vHk;twGufynma&; - ynma&; wdk;wufr_ tajctaejynGef;qdkif&m urBmvHk;qdkif&mapmifh=unfhavhvmaom tpD&ifcHpm (EFA Global Monitoring Report Education Development Index) t& jrefrmEkdifiHonf urBmay:&Sd 129 EdkifiHwGif eHygwf 94 wGif&Sdaeonf?57

ynmoifp&dwf jrifhrm;jcif;

ynma&;pepf rnfodk@yifqdk;0g;edrfhusaeapumrl ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifh rdbrsm;rSm jrifhwufvmaom ynm oifp&dwfrsm;udk twif;t=uyfay;aqmifckdif;jcif;rsm; cHae&=u&onf? uav;i,fwOD;udk rlvwef;ausmif;ydk@&eftwGuf tenf;qHk; usyf(1)odef;cef@/ tar&duefa':vm (100)cef@ukef usonf? aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om; e,fajra'o rsm;wGifvnf; twef;}uD;v#if}uD;ouJhodk@ ynmoifukefusp&dwfrsm; jrifhrm;vsuf&Sdonf? {+yDESifh arv 2008 ckESpfwGif; awG@qHk ar;jref; csufrsm;t& wESpfv#if ausmif;om;wOD;twGuf ynmoif toHk;p&dwfrSm usyf(1)odef;rS (4)odef;twGif; (tar&duef a':vm 100 rS 400 twGif;) &Sdonf?58

EkdifiHh0efxrf; ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSm vpmaiGrvHkavmufaomta=umif;t&if;rSmvnf; ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om; rsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rdbrsm;tay:wGif aiGa=u;t=uyftwnf;ydkapcJhonf? txl; ojzifh aus;vuf awm&Gmrsm;wGif rdbrsm;rS aiGrsm;xnfh0ifpkaqmif;I ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm; rdrd wdk@aus;&Gmrsm;wGifvmI pmoifay;&eftwGuf pnf;±kH;&onf? Oyrm tm;jzifh yavmifa'owckwGif ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;udk &GmwGifaeI pmoifay;&eftwGuf EkdifiHtr_xrf;tjzpf &aom vpmaiGtjyif tydktjzpf aiGwvv#if (3500) usyf (tar&duefa':vm 3 a':vmcGJ) ESifh qef (8) jynfay;&onf?59

‚if;tjyif pmar;yGJwGif trSwfaumif;aumif;ESifhatmifjrif&eftwGuf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; onf pmoifcef;jyify tcsdefrsm;Y ausmif;rS q&m/ q&mrrsm; zGifhvSpfaom usL&Sifrsm;udkvnf; wuf=u&onf? usL&Sifwuf&eftwGuf wpfvv#if usyf 400 rS 6000 xday;&onf?

pDa'gpifjydKiftpD&ifcHpm wkdifyifaqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfief;pOf "mwfykHrsm;

pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHtm; ppfaq;ykHudk avhusifhjcif;

2008 Zefe0g&DvwGif usif;yaom yxrt=udrf wkdifyifaqG;aEG;yGJ

ppftpkd;&. tpD&ifcHpmukd

zwf&_ppfaq;aejcif;

2008 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvrS {jyDvtxd vlxktajcjyK tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;

42

uGefjyLwmynm/ bmompum;twwfynm/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm paomt&nftaoG;jynfhrSDonfh ynma&;rsm;udk òrd@jy rsm;wGifom yk*~vdutoif;tzGJ@rsm;rSwqifh &&SdEdkif+yD; oif=um;p&dwfrSmvnf; jrifhrm;vGef;ayonf?

touf 26 ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD; puf±kHtvkyform;wOD;ESifh {+yDv (1) &ufae@wGif awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

“ynma&;qdkwm vlcsrf;omuav;awGtwGufbJ? usrwdk@vkd qif;&Jom;awGtwGuf r[kwfbl;? usrwdk@u ynmvdkcsif ayrJh rdk;xdacgifckdufaewJh pm;0wfaea&;p&dwfawGeJ@ touf&Sifzdk@ ±kef;uefae&w,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk@ wdk;wufr_ awGqdkwm b,fvdkvkyf+yD;&EkdifrSmvJ? usrwdk@qDrSm pm;zdk@twGufawmif aiGvHkvHkavmufavmuf r&Sdwm pmoifzdk@ qdkwmb,fvdkvkyf+yD; pdwful; ,Ofvdk@&EdkifrSmvJ?”

touf 27 ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD;puf±kHtvkyform;ESifh arv 10 &ufae@ 2008 ckESpfwGif ar;jref;csuf

“toHk;p&dwfawGu tcsdefjynfhwufaew,f? vlawGvJ iwfaejywfae=uwJhtcsdef/ pmoifESpfpwJhtcsdefrSm ausmif; p&dwfu usyf (1)odef;uae (2)odef; (tar&duefa':vm 100 (odk@) 200 ) txdukefw,f? tJ'gawmif tjyif usL&Sifc rygao;bl;? tJ'ga=umifh usrwdk@vdk atmufajcvlwef;pm;awGtaeeJ@ ynmoifp&dwf b,fvdkay;EkdifyghrvJ? usrwdk@ tvkyf&zdk@twGuf tvkyf&Sm&w,f? 'DrSm tvkyf&zdk@twGuf toufvdrf&wJh ausmif;wufwJh t&G,f 12 ESpf 13 ESpf rdef;uav;i,fi,fav;awG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? wu,fvdk@om tajctaeawGu 'Dtwdkif; bJqufoGm;r,fqdk aemif qdk&if rdef;uav;ynmwwfawG wa,mufrS &SdawmhrSmr[kwfbl;”

tm%m&Sifpepfudk taxmuftyHhjzpfapaom ynma&;,EW&m;

ppftpdk;&onf ynma&;pepfudk xdef;csKyfI ‚if;wdk@.tm%mwnfwHhap&ef ,EW&m; wcktjzpf toHk;csvsuf&Sdonf? ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;udkvnf; ppftpdk;&tm;,Hk=unf/ ±dkaoap&ef/ EkdifiHh0efxrf;rsm;twGuf xm;&Sdaom pnf;urf;rsm; vdkufem&efESifh qlylv_yf&Sm;aom ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk wm;qD;xdef;odrf;&ef avhusifhoif=um;ay;jcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifonf? arv 2008 ckESpfwGif ppftpdk;&rS taumiftxnfazmfpDpOfaom jynfvHk;u|wfqENcH,lyGJwGif axmufcHrJrsm; tao tcsm &&Sdap&eftwGuf ynma&;ESifhywfoufonfh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;Y vkyfaeaom ynma&;0efxrf;rsm;udk toHk;csvsuf &Sdonf?60

ausmif;oif±dk;!$ef;wrf;rSmvnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk taxmuftulay;aom oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;om jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif ‚if;oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;rSm ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;. vufawG@vlr_b0ESifh/ vkyfief;cGifrsm;wGif toHk;0ifaom a0zef ydkif;jcm; Edkifr_ (odk@) t&nftaoG;/ t&nftcsif;rsm; wdk;wufvmap&ef vkyfaqmifay;jcif;xuf twef;wifpmar;yGJrsm;atmif&ef wckwnf;twGufom tvGwfusuf rSwfenf;udk tm;ay;avonf? xdk@tjyif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;twGif; wGifru/ ausmif;tjyifwGifvnf; pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;vdkufem&ef tajccHusus oif=um;ay;jcif; cH&avonf? ‚if;pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;. tajccHtawG;tac:rSm rdrdwdkif;jynfESifh e,fajrrsm;tay:wGif opPm&Sd&efESifh qENaumif;rsm;ESifh jynfh0aom wm0efausonfh EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpf&efjzpfonf?61

q&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh tjcm; 0efxrf;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh twl ppftpdk;&. vufudkif wkwfjzpfaom }uHhckdifa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;tzGJ@ (}uHhzGH@) .62 tzGJ@0iftjzpf0if&ef twif; t=uyf zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&onf? }uHhzGH@tzGJ@rSm wEdkifiHvHk;twkdif;twmjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpf+yD; ppftpdk;&.0g'rsm;jzef@csD&efESifh wEdkifiHvkH;&Sd vlxk}uD;tm; xdef;csKyf+yD; tm %m&Sifvufudkif wkwfrsm;tjzpftoHk;cs&ef zJG‹pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;tzGJ@. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm twdkuftcH'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pk rsm; tm;qef@usifaom csDwufqENjyyGJrsm;ESifh ppftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;udk axmufcHaom csDwufqENjyyGJrsm; jzpfonf? q&mrrsm; ESifh tjcm;trsKd;orD; EdkifiHh0efxrf;rsm;rSmvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtoif;. tzJG‹0ifjzpf&ef twif;t=uyf zdtm;ay; jcif;cH&onf?

43

touf 24 ESpft&G,f ucsiftrsKd;orD;wOD;rS jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD. tzGJ@0ifopf pkaqmif;yHkrsm;udk ajymjycsuf

“ausmif;oltm;vHk;udk trsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@udk 0ifckdif;w,f? usrwdk@twef;ydkif q&mru usrwdk@udk azmifjznfhzdk@ ,lvm ay;w,f? usrwdk@azmifjznfh+yD;awmh "gwfyHkESpfyHkay;&w,f? wpfyHkuawmh azmifrSmuyfzdk@eJ@ aemufwyHkuawmh tzGJ@0if u'fjym;rSm uyfzdk@jzpfw,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@ ausmif;oltm; vHk; jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&m aumfrwD&Jh tzGJ@0ifawGjzpfukefw,f? wu,fvdk@ ausmif;olwOD;OD;u wjcm;ausmif;udk ajymif;oGm;vdk@ ol@&Jh tzGJ@0ifu'f (aysmufoGm;vdk@bJjzpfjzpf/ ysufpD;oGm; vdk@bJjzpfjzpf) rjyEkdif&if azmiftopfxyfjznfh&w,f? tJ'D t"dy`g,fu jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@u tzGJ@0ifawG tcsdefwdkif;rSm wdk;yGm;aewJh oabmvdkjzpfoGm;w,f? tzGJ@0ifjzpfwJhtwGuf usrwdk@u tcrf;tem;awGudk wuf&w,f? Oyrm - opfyifpdkufwJhae@rSm opfyifpdkufwJh tcrf;tem; oGm;wuf&w,f? usrudk,fwkdifu jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&m tzGJ@&Jhazmifudk ESpfcgawmifjznhf&w,f? yxrw}udrfu jyifOD;vGif (aròrd@) rSmjzpf+yD;awmh/ 'kwd,w}udrfuawmh usr &efukefausmif;udk ajymif;vmwkef;u wpfacguf xnfhjznfh&w,f?”

ppftpdk;&twGuf tvkyfvkyfaeolrsm;twGuf ynma&;tcGifhxl;rsm;

ppftpdk;&rS omrefvlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;twGuf ynma&;udk vpfv#L&_xm;csdefwGif ‚if;wdk@ ppftkyfpk wpkwnf;twGuf &nf&G,fI ynma&;toif;tzGJ@rsm;udk zGJ@pnf;zGifhvSpfvsuf&Sdonf? ‚if;ausmif;rsm;onf ppftkyfpktwGif;&Sd olrsm;om cHpm; Edkifaom ynma&;tcGifhxl;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;onf? ppftpdk;&rS zGifhvSpfxm;aom ynma&;toif;tzGJ@}uD; 4 ck&Sdonf? ‚if;wdk@ rSm ppfzufqdkif&maq;wuUodkvf/ ppfwuUodkvf/ ppfbufqdkif&m pufr_wuUodkvfESifh ppfolemðyausmif;wdk@jzpfonf? xdkppf buf qdkif&m ynma&;ausmif;rsm;rSm ppfwyfrS ppfwyftwGif;wm0ef,lxm;olrsm;/ ‚if;wdk@. aqGrsKd;rsm; ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm; twGuf tqifhjrifh t&nftaoG;rD ynm&&Sd&ef txl;zGifhvSpfxm;jcif;jzpf+yD; tcGifhxl;cH ynmwwf ppfwyfvlwef;pm;w&yfudk zefwD; aejcif; jzpfonf?63 vpfv#L&_jcif;cHxm;&aom wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;ESifh aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS ynma&;64

wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;ESifh aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif ynmoif=um;&eftcGifhta&;rSm tvGefyifenf;yg; vSygonf? EdkifiHwum vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~rsm;tzGJ@rsm;rS 2003 ckESpftwGif; xkwfjyefaom tpD&ifcHpmt& ysrf;r#tm;jzifh jrefrmvlrsKd; trsm;pkaexkdifaom aus;vufa'orsm;wGif &Gm(2)&GmtwGuf ausmif; (1) ausmif; &SdaecsdefwGif wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; aexdkifaom aus;vuf a'orsm;wGif &Gmaygif; (25) &GmtwGuf ausmif;(1) ausmif;om&Sdonf?65 txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; ausmif;om;rdbrsm;rS rdrdwdk@udk,fydkif0ifaiGrS aiGrsm;pkum ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;twGuf vpmaiGudkay;&onf? &Gmol &Gmom;rsm;rSm r=umc%qdkovdkyif ausmif;rsm;66 aqmuf&ef taqmufttHkrsm;twGuf twif;t=uyf aiGaumufcHr_rsm;a=umifh aiGxnfhay;&±kHr#ru ausmif;aqmufvkyf&mwGifvnf; aqmufvkyfa&; tvkyform;rsm;tjzpfvnf; vkyftm;ay;&onf? &efukefwkdif; aus;vufa'orS touf 22 ESpf t&G,f trsKd;orD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

“usrwdk@i,fi,fav;uwnf;ueJ@ q&m/ q&mrravmufwJhtcuftcJjzpfaewm? av;wef;atmifwJh olawGu ESpfwef; ausmif;om;awGudk jyefoifay;&w,fvdk@=um;zl;cJhw,f? tpdk;&qDuae ausmif;twGuf ydkufqHtcsKd@&ayrJhvJ ausmif; zGifhvdk@ ESpfopfpwdkif; ausmif;u q&m/ q&mrawG pma&;pm;yGJ/ xkdifcHkeJ@ zsmawG ravmufiSwJhtwGuf ausmif;ypPnf; 0,fzdk@ &HyHkaiG qdk+yD; tv–vdkufcHaewmawGvnf; =um;&ygw,f? uav;awGu oHrHwvif;ay:rSmbJ xdkif+yD;awmh pmoif&w,f? rdk;&moD eJ@aqmif; &moDvdk t&rf;at;wJh &moDawGrsKd;rSmqdk&if ausmif;om;av;awG r=umc% aexdkif raumif;jzpf=uw,f? ausmif;om;awG tm;vHk;u orHwvif;=urf;ay:rSm xkdif+yD; pmavhvmzdk@twGuf olwdk@udk,fydkif zsmudk olwdk@bmom olwdk@ ,lvm &ygw,f? tckqdk&if òrd@eJ@eD;wJh ausmif;awGudkjyef+yD;awmh ðyjyifwmawG vkyfaew,f? 'gayrJh aus;vufrSm&SdwJhausmif; awGawmh rygbl;?

44

rdk;&moDrSmqdk&if uav;awGu ausmif;a&mufzdk@ 'l;acgif;avmuf&SdwJh&$H@awGudkjzwf&w,f? ausmif;uvJ &GmeJ@qdk&if t&rf;a0; wJhtwGuf rdbawGu t+rJpdk;&drfae&+yD; olwdk‹uav;awGudk ausmif;uxkwfvdkufwmrsKd;awGvJ trsm;}uD; bJ&Sdw,f? oGm;vm a&;uvJ t&rf;cufwJhtwGuf olwdk@ausmif;udk b,fvdkoGm;EdkifrvJ? tJ'gawGu t&rf;udk 0rf;enf;p&m aumif;ygw,f? 'DtcuftcJawG yaysmufzkd@twGuf jrefrm EdkifiHrSm tajymif;tvJ&SdrS jzpfrSmyg?”

&Srf;jynfe,f/ vm;[la&$@ajymif;a'orS tajccHynma&;ESifhywfoufI qkwf,kwfaom tajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;

jrefrmEkdifiH rJacgifa'owav#muf&Sd tdrfajcaygif; (30) txufwGif&Sdaom &Gmrsm;twGuf jynfe,f rlvwef;ausmif; wpfausmif;&Sdonf? odk@aomfvnf; trsm;aomtm;jzifh ausmif;wGif q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ pma&;pm;yGJ/ cHkrsm;ESifh ausmufoifykef; rsm;r&Sday? &Gmol}uD;rSaeI EdkifiHh0efxrf;ausmif; q&m/ q&mrrsm;twGuf &HyHkaiGrsm; aumufcHaeonfrSm 2000 ckESpf uwnf; ujzpfygonf? ausmif;oHk;ypPnf;rsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ vpm aiGrsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; aumuf,ljcif;onf rdrdwdk@ om;orD;rsm; twGuf ynm&apcsifaom vpOf (odk@) ESpfpOf ppftpdk;& ppfwyfrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;twGuf xif;rsm;ESifh qefrsm;udk ay;ydk@ae&aom rdbrsm;twGufrl wu,fhudk tcuftcJ jzpfapygonf? xdkodk@ qefESifhxif;rsm; ay;ydk@&ef ysufuGufol rsm;rSm '%faiG±dkufcH&onfhtjyif wcgw&H ESdyfpufjcif;vnf; cH&onf?67

aemufqufwGJ ar;jref;csufrSm touf 38 ESpft&G,f ausmif;om;rdbwOD;rS u&ifeDjynfe,f. vuf&Sdynma&;pepfudk ajym jyjcif;jzpfygonf?

“usrwdk@&GmrSmqdk&if vltrsm;pku pmrwwf=ubl;? usrwdk@&GmrSm rlvwef;ausmif;wausmif;&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh pmoif ay;rJh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrawGr&Sd=ubl;? &Gmol}uD;uae+yD;awmh &efyHkaiGxnfhckdif;+yD; q&m/ q&mrawGudk iSm;ayrJh uav; wa,mufrS ausmif;rwufEdkif=ubl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh rdbawGu pmtkyf/ cJwHzdk;eJ@ wjcm;ukefusp&dwf awGudk ray;Edkifbl;?”

ynma&;rSwqifh ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyjcif;?

vuf&Sdynma&;pepfonf r[mArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'tm; tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyvsuf&Sdonf? ynma&;pepftwGuf t"du bmompum;rSm jrefrmpum;jzpfonf? t*FvdyfrSvGJI usefaom bmom&yf tm;vHk;udk jrefrmpm/ pum;jzifhyif oif=um; ay;onf? ppftpdk;&rS a'ocHvlrsm;ESifh bmompum; u|rf;usifolrsm;udk q&m/ q&mr rsm;jzpfvmap&ef oif=um; ay;&rnfh tpm; jynfrrS q&m/ q&mrrsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;odk@ ydk@aqmifonfh ay:vpDudk usifhoHkk;vsuf&Sdonf? wdkif;&if; om;jynfe,frsm;wGif&Sdaom pmoifausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; wkdif;&if;om;bmompum;jzifh oif=um;jcif;udk cGifhrðyay? tu,fI ‚if;wdk@wkdif;&if;om;bmompum;jzifh pmoifcef;wGifomru/ pmoifausmif;tjyif bufwGifvnf; oifrdaom q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSm tm%mydkifrsm;. taESmifh t,Sufay;cH&rnfudk t+rJyif a=umuf&$H@ae=u&onf? bmompum;tcuftcJrSmvnf; wkdif;&if;om; uav;i,frsm; pmoifausmif;wGif oGm;a&mufynmoif=um;jcif;udk [ef@wm;xm;aom twm;tqD; wckjzpfonf? 0ifaiG enf;yg;jcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;wkd@a=umifh wkdif;&if;om;uav;i,f tenf;i,fom ‚if;wdk@. 'kwd,tqifh (odk@) wwd,tqifh ynmrsm;udk qufvufoif,lEdkifonf?68

&vm'ftm;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. vlom;rsm;taejzifh r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom t&mrsm;udk wdk;wufatmif ðyvkyf&eftwGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ydkIydkIa0;uGm+yD; tbufbufrS vlrsm;pkjzpfaom ArmvlrsKd;rsm;. aemuf wGifom usefcJh aom taetxm;jzpfaeonf?

45

ynmoif=um;a&;udk t[ef@twm;jzpfapaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;

tpDtpOfcs vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onfvnf; wkdif;&if;om;uav;i,frsm; ynmoif=um;&eftwGuf t[ef@ twm; jzpfapaom ta&;ygonfhtcsufwcsufjzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~rS 2005 ckESpf azazmf0g&D vwGif xkwfjyefxm;onfh ynma&;ESifh ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpm onf wdkif;&if;om; a'orsm;twGif; nhHzsif;vGef;vSaom vuf&Sdynma&;pepfudk rD;armif;xdk;jyxm;±kHru tpdk;&. wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;twGif; enf;yg;vGef;aom txufwef;ausmif;rsm; ±kyfodrf;E_ef;ESifh vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufjcif;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;twGif; rdbrsm;rS twif;t"rR a&$@ajymif;cH&jcif;rsm;ESifh t"rR vkyftm;ay;ckdif;apjcif;ESifh +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;tygt0if tpdk;& ppfom;rsm;. xyfqifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufjcif;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh rdbrsm;rSm rdrdwdk@.&ifaoG;rsm;udk ynmoif=um;&ef twGuf pmoifausmif;odk@ rydk@Edkifoavmuf tajctaeESifh &ifqdkif=u&onf? xdkodk@aom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;. &vm'ftjzpf rdrdwdk@t&yfa'owGif rae0HhawmhbJ xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifr_rsm;a=umifh jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;ESifh a&$@ajymif; aexkdifolrsm;tjzpf aexdkif=u&onfh vltrsm;tjym;&Sdavonf? jynfwGif;'kuQonfae&mrsm;rS tajccHynma&;

arG;uif;puav;i,frsm;rS ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;txdyg0ifaom rdom;pktrsm;tjym;rSm ‚if;wdk@. ae&m a'orsm;udk pGef@cGmI jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;tjzpf aexkdif=u&onf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf ppftpdk;&. xdk;ppfqifr_rsm;/ twif;t"rR a&$@ajymif;ckdif;jcif;ESifh v,fajr,majrrsm; odrf;,ljcif;tygt0if vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? jynfwGif;'kuQ onfrsm;onf ,m,DwJrsm;jzifh awmawmifrsm;wGif touf&Sifa&;twGuf awG@&mae&mwGif ypfcwfEdkifaom ppftpdk;& ppfwyf rsm;ESifh rawG@ap&ef a&Smifwdrf;I ykef;atmif;aexdkif=u&onf? odk@aomfvnf; ppftpdk;&onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfwGif; 'kuQonfrsm;&Sdonfqdkonfudk rnfhonhftcgrS 0efrcHcJhay? xdkuJhodk@aom jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm; aexdkif&ma'orsm;wGif uav;i,frsm; ynmoif=um;a&;rSm tvGefw&myif tuef@towfjzpfvSayonf? trsKd;om;usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;aumfrwD.69 owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& u&ifeD/ u&if/ &Srf;ESifh 0jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm; aexdkif&ma' orsm;wGif ynma&;ESifhywfoufaom 0efaqmifr_rsm;enf;yg;jcif;ESifh rwnf+idrfaomtajctaersm;a=umifh 20 &mckdifE_ef; atmufom&Sd aom vlOD;a&rSm tajccHynmudk oif=um;EdkifonfhtcsdefwGif rlóudausmif;uJhodk@ uav;i,frsm;twGuf ynma&;ESifh ywfouf aom 0efaqmifr_rsm;rSm okn &mckdifE_ef;om±Sdonf? urBmhukvor*~rS qufvufaxmufcHvsuf&Sdaom edrfhustoHk;r0ifonfh ynma&;pepf

ppftpdk;&onf UNICEF,UNDP,UNESCO wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;I 1991 ckESpfwGif UNICEF rS tpðyay;cJhaom qufvuf avhvm oHk;oyfjcif;ESifh wdk;wufaompepf (CAPS -Continuous Assessment and Progression System) tygt0if ynma&;ESifh ywfoufaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfvsuf&Sdonf? ppftpdk;&rS UNICEF ESifh tajccHynma&;Xmewdk@ wGJzuf vkyfudkifaom xdkvkyfief;pOfrSm atmifjrifr_&Sdonf[kvnf; xkwfazmfajymqdkvsuf&Sdonf?70 odk@aomf vufawG@tajc taerSmrl (CAPS) rSm atmifjrifr_r&Sday? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ‚if;vkyfief;pOftwGuf aumif;rGef&Sif;vif;aom vkyfief;pOfrsm; (odk@r[kwf) xdef;odrf;Edkifr_rsm;tm; óudwifrjyifqifEdkifrD taumiftxnfazmfaoma=umifh&&Sdaom &vm'frSmvnf; ysufpD;csKd@,Gif;aom ynma&;pepfomjzpfonf?

ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;tm;vnf; xdkpepfopfudk toHk;ðyEdkif&eftwGuf avhusifhoif=um;ay;jcif;r&Sday? xdk@a=umifh twef;ydkifq&mrsm;ESifh pmoifcef;}uD;rsm;rSm tulq&m/ q&mrrsm;rygbJ trsKd;rsKd;aom wkdif;wmr_ ,EW&m;rsm;udk pDrHcef@cGJ&ef twGuf rjzpfEkdifay? xdk@tjyif txl;tultnDvdktyfaom uav;i,fftrsm;tjym;twGuf tpdk;&rS ulnDaxmufyHhay;r_rsm; r&Sday?71 ynma&;tm%mydkif rsm;omr[kwfbJ UNICEF rSvnf; xdkvkyfief;pOf.&vm'fudk w&m;0if jyefvnfppfaq;/ okH;oyf csufrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;r&Sday?72

46

trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;tay: oufa&mufr_rsm;

usm;rwef;wla&;r&Sdaoma=umifh aemufusef&pfcJhaom trsKd;orD;i,fav;rsm;. ynma&;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ArmvlrsKd;tygt0if wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;onf ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxHk;wrf;ESifh vlr_a&;pnf;rsOf;rsm; udk av;av;eufeufxm; ,Hk=unfr_rsm;ESifh usifhoHk;r_rsm;a=umifh vltzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH;onf zdk0g'}uD;pdk;aom vl@tzGJ@ tpnf; tjzpfwnf&Sdonf?74 xdkuJhodk@ usm;rwef;wlnDr_r&Sdaom a=umifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;. ynmoif=um;r_rSm aemufus usefvsuf &Sdonf? rdbrsm;rSmvnf; orD; rdef;uav;rsm;xuf om;a,mufsm;av;rsm;udk ausmif;xm;&eftwGuf ydkIOD;pm; ay;avonf? txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;aomrdom;pkrsm;wGif orD;rdef;uav;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.ynma&;udkpGef@v$wf&eftwGuf tvm; tvmydkrsm;I rdom;pkudk axmufyHh&ef0ifaiG&aom vkyfief;rsm;udk &SmazGvkyfudkif=u&onf? Todk‹ a&SmifvJGIr&aom tajc taersm;onf trsKd;orD;i,frsm;tm; trsKd;om;vli,frsm;xufpmv#if ynmoif=um;wwfajrmufr_ enf;yg;aomtajctae a&mufatmif zefwD;ay;vsuf&Sdonf?

jrefrmEkdifiHrS vlOD;a&.(90)&mcdkifE_ef;rSm pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_udk&ifqkdifae=u&onf?75 trsKd;orD;i,frsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. rdom;pkrsm;udk axmufyHh&eftwGuf 0ifaiG&&Sdrnfh tvkyfrsm;vkyfudkif&ef ausmif;xGufE_ef;rSmvnf; ydkIydkI rsm;jym;vsuf&Sdonf? vufwavm UNICEF . pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& 55 &mckdifE_ef;aom uav;i,frsm;om tajccHynmrlvwef; ausmif;udk wufa&mufI rlvwef;tqifhausmif;ynm +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifI trsKd;orD;i,fxk. xuf0ufxufenf;aom trsKd;orD;i,f rsm;om tajccHynmtqifh +yD;ajrmufatmifjrifonf?76 xdk@odk@ynmt&nftcsif; tuef@towfjzpfr_rsm;a=umifh trsKd;orD;i,f rsm;rSm touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf &&mtvkyfudk&SmazGvkyfudkif=u&onf?

touf 26 ESpft&G,f puf±kHtvkyform;trsKd;orD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

“usrrSwfrdoavmufqdk&ifawmh usrwdk@rdom;pku t&rf;qif;&Jw,f? usri,fi,fuwnf;uae uefpGef;&Gufcl;+yD; awmh a&mif;&w,f? usrtouf}uD;vmawmh yef;&Htvkyfortjzpf ausmufcJeJ@ tkwfo,fwJhtvkyfudkvkyfw,f? tJ'gtjyif usr vkyfwJhtjcm;tvkyfawGvnf;&Sdao;w,f? usrvrf;ab; aps;onfvnf; vkyfcJhzl;w,f? usr&efukefudk oGm;+yD;awmh pufcsKyform;tjzpf 7 ESpfavmufrvkyfcifrSm pwdk;qkdifwckrSmvnf; vkyfzl;ao;w,f? tJ'gvnf; usr 0ifaiGu ravmufao;bl; tJ'ga=umifhusr tmvl;a=umfwJh tvkyfudk ajymif;vkyfvkdufw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJ qdkawmh w&ufudk 600 usyf (jym; 60 tar&duefa':vm) &w,f? trSefu tJ'Dtvkyfu t&rf;yifyef;wJhtvkyfyg? tmvl; tcsdef ESpfq,fudk tcGHE$mwm/ a=umfwmeJ@ qkdifawGudk vkdufydk@wmutp usrwa,mufwnf;vkyf&w,f? tJ'Dtcsdef wkef;u usrtouf 19 ESpfbJ&Sdao;w,f? usr tJ'DrSm wESpfavmufbJvkyf+yD;awmh 2003/ 2004 rSm tJ'D tvkyfuae em;+yD;awmh xdkif;rSmtvkyfvmvkyfw,f?”

CAPS - us±_H;r_ NHEC ESifh JICA t&m&dS wdk@ awG@qHkar;jref;csuf (&efukef 2006)

*syefEdkifiHrS EdkifiHwumyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifa&;at*sifpDonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tajccHynma&;XmeESifh ynma&; 0ef}uD;Xmewdk@tm; uav;i,frsm;tm;A[kdðyaomcsOf;uyfenf;udk wdk;wufap&eftwGuf taxmuftyHh ay;aeonfrSm 2000 ckESpftapmydkif;avmufuwnf;ujzpfonf? odk@aomfvnf; uef@owfcsuf trsm; tjym;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ yl;aygif;yg0ifr_ enf;yg;jcif;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;ESifh tm%mydkif rsm;. tajymif;tvJvkyfvdkr_qENrsm; enf;yg;jcif;wdk@a=umifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ u|Ekfyfwdk@taejzifh a&S@qufwdk;&ef rjzpfEdkifay? OD;wnf&mr&Sdjzpfaeaom tem*wfjrefrm EdkifiH. ynma&;tajctaetm; u|Ekfyfwdk@taejzifh tvGefyifpdwfysufI pdk;&drfrdygonf? 73

47

touf 23 ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD;ESifh 2008 ckESpf {+yDv 29 &ufae@ wGif awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

usrtaru rkef@[if;cg;qdkifzGifhw,f? usruawmh tarhudk ul&wmayhg? usrtareJ@ tpfudk}uD;u tvkyfvkyf+yD; usrwdk@ rdom;pkudk axmufyHhw,f? usrwdk@u vufvkyfvufpm;awGjzpfwJhtwGuf usrwdk@ t&rf;udk yifyifyef;yef; vkyf&w,f? usrwdk@ a'ou tm%mydkifawG&Jh tcGefawGaumufwmuvnf; t&rf;rsm;ygw,f? usratmufrSm armifav;eJ@ nDrav;awG vnf;&Sdao;wJhtwGuf usrausmif;uae xGuf+yD;awmh usrrdom;pkudk axmufyHhzdk@ twGuf puf&kHrSm tvkyfvkyfae&w,f?”

trsKd;orD; ausmif;olrsm; ausmif;p&dwfay;&eftwGuf tcsdefydkif;tvkyfvkyf&jcif;

tcsKd@trsKd;orD;i,frsm;rSm ausmif;wufcGifh&aomfvnf; trsm;pkrSm ausmif;csdef+yD;aemufydkif;ESifh ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm; wGif rdom;pkrsm;udk axmufyHh&eftwGuf tvkyfvkyfudkif=u&onf? trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm ausmif;p&dwf ay;&eftwGuf &&mtvkyf udk vkyfIausmif;wuf&onf[kvnf; awG@qHkar;jref;pOf trsm;pk aom trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;orD;i,frsm;u ajym=um;cJhonf? tcsKd@ tvGefqif;&Jaom rdom;pkrS trsKd;orD;i,frsm;rSm tqifajyaom aqGrsKd;rsm;xHoGm;I csufðywfjcif;ESifh uav;xdef; ay;jcif; paomtdrfwGif; vkyfief;rsm;udk ausmif;p&dwf&&eftwGufvkyfudkifay;&onf? trsKd;orD;i,frsm; ausmif;p&dwfay;&eftwGuf vkyfudkif&aom vkyfief;rsm;

tdrfarG;a=umifrsm;udk wm0ef,l&jcif; xif;&Smjcif; xif;o,fjcif; a&o,fjcif; uav;xdef;jcif; rkef@xkyfjcif; vrf;ab;aps;a&mif;jcif; vufzufcl;jcif; vufzufukr`%DY tvkyfvkyfjcif; vufzufpdkufjcif;/ rD;aoG;zkwfjcif; paom rdbrsm;. tvkyftudkifY ulnDjcif; rdbESifh aqGrsKd;rsm;ydkifqkdifaom aps;qkdif/ pm;aomufqkdifESifh ukefajcmufqdkifrsm;wGif 0kdif;0ef;vkyf aqmifjcif; rdbrsm; (odk@) tjcm;olrsm;. v,fajrrsm;wGif vkyfudkifjcif; tdrfeD;csif;rsm;. uav;i,frsm;tygt0if tjcm;uav;i,frsm;tm; pmoif=um;ay;jcif;?

trsKd;orD;i,frsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;ausmif;q&mrrsm; tjcm;EdkifiHodk@a&$@ajymif;tvkyfvkyfjcif;?

trsKd;orD;i,ftrsm;pk[m tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGudk tvkyfoGm;&Smzdk@ zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&onf? ‚if;wdk@oGm;rnfh EdkifiHtwGif; &Sd Oya'rsm;/ vlr_todkif;t0dkif;.trltusifhESifh taetxm;rsm;/ rdrdwdk@vkyfudkif &rnfh vkyfief;rsm;. tajctaersm;udk rod aoma=umifh ‚if;wdk@tdrfrS pwifxGufcGmpOfrSpI a&mif;pm;cH &jcif;rsm;ESifh tjrwfxkwfcH &jcif;rsm;jzpfay:&ef tvm;tvm rsm;pGm&Sdaeonf? trsKd;orD;i,frsm;omru ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;vnf; ausmif;rSxGufI tjcm;tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tvkyfrsm;oGm; a&mufvkyfudkifonf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf pmoifI&aom vpmaiGrSm ravmufiSaoma=umifhjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD; ausmif;q&mrrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGif&aom vpmaiGxuf ydkI&Ekdifaomtvkyfrsm;udk tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH rsm;odk@oGm;a&mufvkyfudkifI ‚if;wdk@.rdbrsm;ESifh armifnDri,frsm;udk axmufyHh&onf?77

48

touf 22 ESpft&G,f ,cifu ausmif;q&mrjzpfolESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

“usru xkdif;EdkifiHudkrvmcifu ausmif;q&mrvkyfw,f? &efukefeJ@ jr0wDrSmvJ uav;awGudk tjyifrSm usL&Sifjyw,f? yxr qHk;rlvwef;jyq&mrtjzpfvkyf+yD; oifwef;wckt+yD;rSm tv,fwef;jyq&mrtjzpf &mxl;wdk;oGm;w,f? olwdk@ wufckdif;wJh oifwef;wdkif;udk usrwdk@u udk,fhaiGeJ@udk,f tukefuscH+yD;awmhrS oGm;wuf&w,f? usr vcu wvudk usyf (34000) (cef@rSef; ajc 3-4 tar&duefa':vm) eJ@ wjcm; qyfjym/ qefeJ@qD pwJh tdrfoHk; awG&w,f? tJ'gu rdom;pkudk axmufyHhzdk@rajymeJ@ udk,fhzmomudk &yfwnfzdk@awmifravmufbl;? tJ'ga=umifh tvkyfuaexGuf+yD;awmh tck xkdif;udkvm+yD; odk;arG;puf±kHrSm tvkyfvmvkyfaewm?”

ausmif;oltrsKd;orD;i,frsm; ppftpdk;&. wyfom;rsm;rS usL;vGefaom vdifydkif;qkdif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk cH&Edkifaom tajctaersm;

ppfjzpfyGm;&m a'orsm;wGif tjcm;vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufjcif;rsm;udk cH&onfhtjyif ausmif;oltrsKd;orD;i,frsm;onf ppftpdk;&ppfom;rsm;. vdifydkif;qkdif&mESifh vdifuGJjym;r_tay:tajccHonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk tcsdefra&G;usL;vGefcH&Edkif aom tajctaersm;&Sdonf? txufwGifazmfjyxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; a,bl,stm;jzifh &Gm 25 &GmtwGuf ausmif;wausmif;om &Sdaom wkdif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif teD;qHk; jzpfaom &Gmwpf&GmrS ausmif;odk@ a&muf&eftwGuf em&D0ufcef@ vrf;av#muf&onf? xdk@a=umifh ausmif;oltrsKd;orD;i,frsm;onf ausmif;oGm; ausmif;jyef&mvrf;wav#mufvHk;wGif t"rRusifhcH&Edkifaom tajctaersm;pGm&Sd onf?78 (tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ tydkif;wGif =unfhEkdifonf?) xdkuJhokd@aom pdk;&drfzG,f&m tajctaersm;a=umifh rdbrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.orD;rsm;udk ausmif;xkwfjcif;rSm jzpf±dk;jzpfpOfozG,f jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf?

t}uHðycsufrsm; • ppfwyf.toHk;p&dwftm; tvGefav#mhcs&rnf? odk‹rSom 10 &mckdifE_ef;aom trsKd;om;b¾maiGtm; ynma&; twGuf

toHk;ðyEkdifrnfjzpfonf?b¾ma&;udef;*%ef;tm; vltrsm;tvG,fwul &&SdEdkif/ zwf±_Edkif&rnf? • ppfwyftodkif;t0dkif;twGuf tcGifhxl;cHrsm;tjzpf zefwD;ay;aom ynma&;pepfrsKd;udkazmfaqmifay;onfh ppfwyf

ynma&;ESifh qufpyfaom toif;tzGJ@rsm;tm; ±kd;±dk;ynma&;toif;tzGJ@ rsm;xufydkomaom (odk@) rnDr#aom ynma&; toHk;aiGrsm; ay;jcif;rvkyf&?

• ae&mtESH@Y&Sdaomausmif;rsm; txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;&Sdausmif;rsm;tm; t&nftaoG;jynfhrSDaom ynma&; pepfrsm;jzifh taxmuftyHhay;&rnf?

• ynma&;pepftwGif; vmbfpm;r_rsm; yaysmuf&eftwGufESifh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm; (txl; ojzifh q&mrrsm;) touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf ausmif;csdeft+yD; yk*~vdu usL&Sifjy&jcif;rsm;udk wm;qD;&eftwGuf ausmif;q&m/ q&mr rsm;ESifh ynma&;ygarmuQrsm;tm; vHkavmufaomvpmrsm;ESifh vlr_zlvHka&; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;tm; cHpm;cGifh&Sd ap&rnf?

• ynma&;pepftm; ppfwyf.0g'jzef@&mwGifvnf;aumif; tm%m&Sifpepfudk wnf+rJatmifqufvufxdef;odrf;&mwGif vnf;aumif; toHk;csaom ,EW&m;tjzpf toHk;rcs&?

• ynma&;ESifhywfoufaom &nf&G,fcsuftm;vHk;jynfhrjynfhtm; apmifh=uyfppfaq;aom vGwfvyfonfh}uD;=uyf uGyfuJaom pepfwck&Sd&rnf?

• tpdk;r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ yk*~vdutpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumat*sifpDrsm;ESifh qufpuf vkyfaqmifr_rsm; tygt0if ynma&;ESifhywfoufaomvkyfief;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGuf wdus&Sif;vif;aom/ xifomjrifom±Sdaom wm0efcHr_ESifh wm0ef,lr_rsm; &Sd&rnf?

• EkdifiHw0Srf;rS trsKd;orD;i,frsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;ausmif;rS E_wfxGufr_rsm; wm;qD;&eftwGuf ynmoifqk (odk@) axmufyHh a=u;rsm; tygt0if txl;vkyfief;pOfrsm; &Sd&rnf?

• trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ynmoif&eftwGuf tcuftcJ/ taESmifht,Sufjzpfapaom ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;rS tajccH vmaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;/ yHkpHcGuftwGif; xnfhoGif;r_rsm;udk y,fzsuf&eftwGuf vkyfief;pOfrsm; &Sd&rnf?

49

• oif=um;r_tm;enf;jcif;rsm;ESifh jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf q&mtwwf oifausmif;ESifh aumvdyf rsm;tm; vHkavmufaom toHk;aiGrsm;ay;I taxmuftyHhrsm;ay;&rnf? xdkodk@ vkyfaqmif&mwGif ausmif;q&m trsm; pkrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfonfhtav#muf trsKd;orD;rsm; zGH@®z;wdk;wufatmifvkyf&mwGifvnf; taxmuftyHhay;&m a&mufonf?

• wdkif;&if;om;bmompum;rsm;ESifh usm;rqdkif&myHkpHcGufwGif;xnfhoGif;jcif;rsm;/ y,fzsuf&efwdk@tygt0if ausmif;oif±dk;!$ef; wrf;tm;vnf; jyefvnf jyifqif&rnf?

• rlvwef;ausmif;ynmtm; wkdif&if;om;bmompum;jzihf avhvmoifhonfhtjyif q&m/ q&mrrsm; pkaqmif;avh usifh&mwGif vnf; a'owGif; wkdif;&if;om;ywf0ef;usifrS ac:,lavhusifhay;oifhonf?

50

yk'fr 12? usef;rma&;

1? pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrS usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_u¾wGif rdom;pkpDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufaom usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_rsm;tyg t0iftjcm; usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_rsm;tm; trsKd;orD;ESifh trsKd;om;wef;wlvufcH&&Sda&;wdk@tjyif tajccHwef;wlnDr_rsm; &&Sd&efESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;qufqHr_ yaysmuf&eftwGuf oifhavsmfaom wdkif;wmpDppfr_rsm; aqmif&Guf&rnf?

2? Ttydk'f. pmydk'f 1 yg jyXmef;csufwGif rnfodk@yif yg&Sdapumrl/ pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,f0efaqmif umv/ rD;wGif;umv/ rD;xGufumv qdkif&m qufpyfI trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vdktyfovdk tcrJh ðypkapmifha&Smufay;jcif;enf;wl/ ukd,f0efaqmifpOfESifh rdcifEdk@wdkufpOf vHkavmufaom t[m& au|;arG;jcif;wdk@udk tmrcH&rnf? òcHiHkoHk;oyfcsuf

ppftpdk;&onf tm;vHk;twGufusef;rma&;[laom &nfrSef;csufjzifh wpfEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m usef;rma&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHtESH‹ vkyfaqmifaeonf[k ajymaeygonf? tm;vHk;twGuf usef;rma&; &nfrSef;csufazmfaqmif&eftwGuf ppftpdk;&onf usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_rsm; ydkrdkvkyfaqmifvma=umif;ESifh usef;rma&;vkyfom;rsm;vnf; ta&twGufrsm;jym;vma=umif; azmfjy vdkojzifh vkyfom;ta&twGufrsm;udk vdrfnmI azmfjyaeygonf?79 ppftpdk;&onf w&m;0if vlwpfOD;csif;pD. usef;rma&;twGuf wpfESpfudk 40 (cents) om oHk;pGJojzifh urBmay:&Sd tqifhtedrfhqHk; pm&if;wGif yg0ifvsuf&Sd&m 2007 -2008 . EdkifiHjcm; 0ifaiG &&Sdr_ jyXmef;csuft& EdkifiHawmf. 3 &mcdkifE_ef;xufavsmhaom bwf*sufudkom usef;rma&;twGuf oHk;pGJonf?80 ,ae‹wGif ul;pufa&m*grS aoqHk;r_rsm;/ tm[m&csKd‹wJhr_rsm;ESifh rD;zGm;pOf rdcifaoqHk;r_rsm;paom raooifhaom a&m*grsm;jzifh trsKd;orD; aygif;rsm;pGm aoqHk;ae&onf? TqHk;±_H;r_rsm;udk oufaojyaeonfh urBm@usef;rma&;tzGJ@ WHO . tcsuftvufrsm;t& jrefrmEkdifiH. usef;rma&;pepfonf urBmay:&Sd 191 EkdifiHxJwGif 190 EdkifiHajrmufeHygwfudk csdwfqGJEdkifcJh+yD; tqdk;&Gm;qHk;EdkifiH jzpfonfh pD&mvD&kH;EdkifiHxuf tenf;i,fom ydkaumif;onf?81

usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_rsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh ®r@}uD;ESifh®r@rsm;wGif awG‹&aomfvnf; tpdk;&rSvkyfaqmifaom usef;rm a&;0efaqmifr_rSm r&Sdoavmufjzpf+yD; bwf*sufr&SdonfhtwGufvnf; xdk0efaqmifr_acgif;pOfrsm;atmufwGif [mvm [if;vif; jzpfvsuf±Sdonf? aq;±kHrsm;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh aq;0g;r&Sdjcif;/ ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm; r&Sdjcif;ESifh tenf;i,faom usef;rma&; vkyfom;rsm;udkomawG‹&+yD; wcgwavwGif usef;rma&;vkyfom;rsm;yifr&Sdyg? tpdk;&rSay;aomvpmjzifh rnfolr# touf&Sifoef aexdkif&efrjzpfEdkifyg? rsm;aomtm;jzifh jynfoltrsm;onf yk*~vduvkyfief;rsm;ESifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;wdk‹wGif tvkyftudkif &SmazG=u&onf? Todk‹ EdkifiHawmfrS vkyfaqmifaom usef;rma&;0efaqmifr_r&Sdjcif;wdk‹a=umifh usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_ ukefusaiG. 90 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm vlxkawGqDuom a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf? vltrsm;pkrSm wpfae‹udk tar&duef wpfa':vmatmuf 0ifaiG&&Sdol rsm;jzpf+yD; a,bk,stm;jzifh rdom;pkwpkwGif 70 &mckdifE_ef;aom0ifaiGudk tpm;tpmtwGuf toHk;ðy&onf? vltrsm;pktwGuf txl;u|rf;usifaom usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ cH,lEkdif&ef rwwfEdkif=uyg? txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm; trsm;pkaexdkifaom aus;vufa'orsm;wGif vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifha0;uGm+yD; qif;&JrGJawr_rsm;vnf; ydkcHpm;&+yD; vltrsm;pkrSm usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_ vHk;0r&Sday? &Srf;jynftv,fydkif;wGifaexdkifaom touf 33 ESpft&G,f &Srf;trsdK;orD;wpfOD;u om;tdrfuifqmcH pm;ae&aom olr.rdcif ta=umi;fudk Todk‹ajymjyygonf?

2001 ckESpfwGif touf 60 ausmfjzpfaom usr.taronf olrAdkufwGifemusifjcif;udk cHpm;&onf? &Gm&Sdaq;ay;cef;okd‹oGm;aomtcg olrukd aq;xkd;ay;+yD; aq;tcsKd@vnf; ay;cJhonf? temaysmufroGm;cJhyg? olr tav;tyifo,fwdkif; odk‹r[kwf av;vHaom tvkyfudkvkyf&wdkif; emusifjcif; cHpm;&onf? olrtaygh oGm;wdkif; emusifjcif;udk cHpm;&+yD; AdkufwGifvnf; a,mifvmonfudk owdxm;rdonf? olr 0rf;Adkufa,mif,rf;r_

51

wjznf;jznf;}uD;vmonf[kvnf; cHpm;&onf? xdk‹aemuf olronf ®r@aq;±Hkodk‹ oGm;cJhonf? bmompum; tcuftcJESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; rod&Sdjcif;a=umifh usef;rma&;vkyfom;ESifh pum;ajym&ef tazmf wpfOD;udkvnf; ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf? olronf aq;±kHodk‹oGm;vdkufjyef vdkufESifh tcsdef (6) ESpfausmfoGm; aomfvnf; temrSmraysmufoGm;yJ q&m0efu tpmtdrfa&m*g[k om ajymcJhonf? vGefcJhaom wpfvcef‹udk usrtarudk ®r@&Sd yk*~vduaq;cef;wckwGif ac:oGm;cJhonf? olrudk oHk;}udrfwdwdaoaocsmcsmppfaq;+yD; wcg ppfaq;wdkif; usyfwpfaomif;ukefusonf? usrtar om;tdrfuifqmcHpm;ae&a=umif; odvm&onf? (tao;pdwfbmawGjzpfysufonfudk usrwdk‹tm; rajymjyyg)? +yD; aemufcGJpdwfuko&ef vkdtyfa=umif;ajymjy onf? txl;ukq&m0efonf wjcm;ydk}uD;aom aq;cef; wckodk‹oGm;&ef n$ef=um;+yD; xdkaq;cef;wGif cGJpdwfuk q&m0ef&SdEdkif onfhta=umif;om od&ygonf?

xkdaq;cef;}uD;wGif taronf rcGJpdwfcif 3 &ufESifh cGJpdwf+yD; 1 ywf - 10 &ufcef‹wufcJhonf? tar onf yvmpwm}uD;}uD;ywfxm;aomAdkufESifh tdrfjyefvmcJhonf? 2 &uf/ 3 &ufajrmufwGif AdkufrSyvmpwm}uD; }uD;a=umifh emusifcHpm;&I aq;cef;odk@ aemufxyfoHk;cg jyefoGm;jy&onf? cGJpdwfcESifh aq;cef;ctm;vHk; 5 odef;cef‹ukefus+yD; wjcm;twGufvnf; wpfodef;avmufukefuscJhonf?

wkdif;&if;om;a'otrsm;pkwGif ul;pufEdkifaoma&m*grsm;jzpfonfh iSufzsm;a&m*gjzpfol ydkIrsm;jym;ae+yD; ,if;tcsuf

onf jrefrmEdkifiH. t"duaoqHk;r_E_ef; jrifhrm;jcif;ESifh aoqHk;r_jzpfay:&ef t"duta=umif;t&if;rsm;jzpfvmonf? 2003 ckESpf. udef;*%ef;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH. iSufzsm;a=umihfaoqHk;r_E_ef;onf a'otm;vHk;. 50 &mcdkifE_ef;&Sd+yD; tdENd,ESihf tif'dkeD;&Sm;wkd‹ tygt0if WHO . ta&S‹awmiftm&Sa'oxJwGif tjrihfrm;qHk;EkdifiHrsm;xJrS wEdkifiHjzpfvmonf?82 iSufzsm;a&m*g twGuf tpdk;&usef;rm a&;0efaqmifr_rS rnfonfhtaxmuftulaq;0g;rSm r&&SdEkdifaoma=umifh trSefwu,f udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm ,ckxufydkrkdjrifhrm;zG,f &m&Sdonf?83 jrefrmEkdifiH. iSufzsm;a&m*gwdkufzsufa&;twGuf &mpkESpfcsDvkyfudkifaeaom EkdifiHwum tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ@t pnf;jzpfonfh MSF – Holland rS Dr.Frank Smithius u WHO rS jrefrmEkdifiHwGif iSufzsm;a&m*g vlem (500000) om&Sdonf[k ajymxm;onfudk ‘u|efawmfodw,f tJ'gu rrSefbl; = u|efawmhf cef‹rSef;csuft& 10 oef; eD;yg; &Sdw,f’ [k ajymygonf?84 u&ifeDa'orS touf 38 ESpft&G,f u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;ESifhawG‹qHkar;jref;jcif;

usrwdk‹&GmrSm tjrJwrf;aq;cef;twnfwusr&Sdbl;? 'gayrJh wcgwav olemðy 2 a,mufavmufa&mufvm+yD; ydkufqH ,l+yD; aq;cef;zGifhpm;w,f? aq;cef;tjrJwrf;r&SdwJhtwGuf usrwdk‹ r=umc% vdGKifaumf (u&ifeDjynfe,f. ®r@‹awmf) udk oGm;& ygw,f? wpfae‹rSm trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufu olrtazmfeJ‹twl vGdKifaumfaq;±HkudkoGm;aewkef; tdrfudkrD;avmifvdk‹ olruav; rD;xJygoGm;cJhw,f? tpdk;&axmufyHhaom usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr+r&Sdjcif;

&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; yavmifa'owGif touf 26 ESpft&G,f usef;rma&;vkyfom;a[mif; jzpfonfh yavmiftrsdK;orD;ESifh ar;jref;jcif;

usronf refwkef&Sd udk,fxludk,fx usef;rma&;XmewGif olemðy tjzpfvkyfaqmifygw,f? usrwkd‹a'orSm usef;rma&; tajctae t&rf;qdk;&Gm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹teD;tem;wGif &Gmaygif; 20 cef‹&Sdygw,f? uav;ESifhrdcifusef;rma&; tajc taerSm ydkfIqdk;&Gm;vmygw,f? trsdK;orD;rsm;rSm touf 14 ESpf 15 ESpft&G,frSm tdrfaxmifðyygw,f? olwkd‹twGuf bmusef;rm a&;apmihfa&Smufr_rS r&Sdbl;? ae‹pOf udk,f0efaqmiftrsdK;orD; 10 OD;cef‹ aq;cef;udk a&mufvm+yD; wcg wav 10 ausmfa&muf vmygw,f? rdcifa&m uav;yg tm[m& csKd‹wJhr_udk

52

cHpm;ae&ygw,f? olwdk‹u rdom;pk pDrHudef;eJ‹ oaE<wm;jcif; A[kokwawG vnf;r&Sdbl;? touf 45 ESpftxd udk,f0efaqmifae=uwkef;yJ? usrwkd‹a'orSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh udk,f0efaqmifawG iSufzsm; a&m*gcHpm;ae=u&ygw,f?

usrwkd‹a'orSm tpdk;&axmufyHhaom usef;rma&;apmifha±Smufr_tpDtpOfr&Sdbl;? aq;cef;vnf;r&Sdbl;? usrwkd‹eJ‹eD;wJh ®r@wckrSm aq;±kHwpf±kHwnf;om&Sdygw,f? rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlawGu vrf;yef;qufoG,f a&;tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh aq;&kHodk‹ roGm;vdk=uyg? t"dutcsufrSm aq;±HkwGif vHkavmufaom q&m0ef/ olemðyvnf;r&Sdyg? +yD; awmh t&rf;aps;}uD; ygw,f? uav; i,frsm;u,fq,fa&; tzGJ@ (Save the Children) rSay;aom usef;rma&;todynm/ oaE<wm;aq;ESifh umuG,faq;rsm;rSvGJI bmusef;rma&; today;jcif;rsm;rSvnf; r&Sdyg? wcgwavrSm urBm@pm;eyf&duQmtzGJ@ (WFP) uvm+yD; qefrsm;/ ig;ydrsm;ESifh i±kwfoD;rsm; vma&mufa0iSwwfygw,f? usr wcgrS jrefrmhtrsdK;orD;a&;&mrSvm+yD; aumif;wmvkyfwmudk rawG‹zl;yg?

tdyfcsftdkifAGD tajctae

usef;rma&;0ef}uD;XmerS aemufqHk;&&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; cef@rSef;ajc touf 15 ESpfrS 49 ESpftwGif;&Sd vlOD;a& 2 odef; 3 aomif;cef@rSm tdyfcsftdkifAGD ul;pufcHae&a=umif; od&onf? wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd t&G,fa&mufol ta& twGuf. (0'\r67) jzpfaoma=umifh 2005 ckESpfwGif w&m;0ifjyxm;aom udef;*%ef; (1²3) &mckdifE_ef;rS ododomom avsmhenf;oGm;a=umif;od&onf? ‚if;wdk@. 2000 ckESpfcef@rSef;ajct& (3'\r4) &mckdifE_ef;rSvnf; 2005 ckESpfwGif (1²3) jzpfoGm;aoma=umifh odompGm avsmhuscJha=umif; xif&Sm;onf?85 xdkuJhodk@ rwlnDaom cef@rSef;csufrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH twGif;&Sd usef;rma&;tcsuftvufrsm;onf ,Hk=unfI r&a=umif;udk txift&Sm;jyovsuf&Sdonf? vGwfvyfaom usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufI owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,lr_/ avhvmqef;ppfr_rsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvuf a0iSr_rsm;tm; pnf;urf;rsm; ydkI wif;=uyfxm;av tajctaerSmydkI qdk;0g;avyifjzpfonf? tdyfcsftdkifAGDtajctaewGifvnf; tcsKd@yk*~vdu avhvmqef;ppfr_rsm; t& ul;pufcH&aom udef;*%ef;rSm ppftpdk;&. xkwfjyefxm;aom udef;*%ef;rsm;xuf av;ig;qydkI jrifhrm;avonf?86

tdyfcsftdkifAGD ul;pufysH@yGm;E_ef;ESifh ywfoufI enf;yg;IrSefuefonfh tcsuftvufrsm;tjyif UNAIDS rSvnf; tdyfcsf tdkifAGDonf ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif tvGefqdk;0g;aom ul;pufa&m*gwcktjzpf azmfjyxm;ayonf? ppftpdk;&rS xdkul;pufa&m*gonf wEkdifiHvHk;twkdif;twmt& pdk;&drfzG,f/ OD;pm;ay;wdkufzsuf&rnfh a&m*grsm;wGif yg0ifonfudk odem;vnfaomfvnf; usef;rma&; 0ef}uD; XmewckvHk;. toHk;p&dwfrSm 2005 ckESpfwGif tar&duef a':vm (137000) om&Sdonf? ‚if;rSm vlwOD;v#if a':vm

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wEkdifiHvHk;twkdif;twmjzifh tultnDay;r_rsm;ESifh xda&mufaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; vkyfaqmif&ef t}uD; tus,f vdktyf vsuf&Sdonf? xdkr#ru jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; w&m;0iftultnDay;aeaom at*sifpDrsm;twGuf ppftpdk;&. A[dk OD;pD;csKyfudkifr_ tcuftcJ twm;tqD;rsm;udk av#mhcs&efESifh ydkI&Sif;vif; jrifomr_rsm;&Sd&ef vdktyfayonf?91 vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. vdifydkif;qkdif&mESifh ywfoufI tvGef@tvGefa&S;usaom txiftjrifrsm;/ t&SufoduQm&apr_rsm;ESifh tdyfcsftdkifAGD a&m*g&Sdolrsm;tm; cGJjcm; qufqHjcif; paomtcsufrsm;tygt0if w&m;0iftcuftcJ twm;tqD;rsm;rSm jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdaom jy\emudkydkI qdk;0g;aponf? xdkuJhodk@ ±_yfaxG;vSaom wm;qD;r_rsm;ESifh vkyfudkifr_rsm;a=umifh Adkif;&yfpfrsm; jyef‹yGm;ul;pufr_udk ydkIjzpfyGm; aponf?92

ppftpdk;&rS rrSefuefonfh udef;*%ef;rsm;udk qufvufoHk;pGJv#uf&Sd+yD; ydkIqdk;0g;onfrSm xdkuJhodk@aom ppftpdk;&. xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udk 2008 ckESpf ZGefv 10 &ufESifh 11 &ufae@wGif ðyvkyfrnfh tqifhjrifhtpnf;ta0;wckjzpfonfh tdyfcsftdkifAGD/ attdkif'DtufpfESifh ywfoufonfh ukvor*~. oD;oef@taxGaxGnDvmcHwGif wkdif;jynf. wdk;wufonfh tpD&ifcHpmtjzpf wifoGif;&jcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;rSm tdyfcsftdkifAGDul;pufa&m*gtm; xdef;csKyf&mwGif ppftpdk;&. xda&mufaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_rsm;/ &Sif;vif;jrifomr_rsm;ESifh ‚if;. EdkifiHwumESifhqufpyfI xda&mufatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifr_rsm;tay: wGif pdk;&drfylyefr_rsm; ydkIwdk;jr‡ifhaponf? tm;vHk;aom jy\emt&if;cHrsm;udk ppftpdk;&. 2008 ckESpf arvtwGif; wdkufcwf cJhaom qkdifuvHk; em*pfpfrkefwdkif;uyfab;tay: wHk@jyefr_rsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh odomxif&Sm;aponf? jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;ESifh yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;&ma'o

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlxkusef;rma&;t=uyftwnf;ESihf &ifqdkifae=u&+yD; jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm; tajctaerSm ydkIyifqkd; &Gm;vmonf? vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_rsm; r&Sd±kHomru tpkd;&rS Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: tpDtpOfcsI EdkifiHtESH‹t jym; vl‹tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;a=umihf usef;rma&;xdcdkufr_rsm; jzpfapygonf? e,fvSnfhausmydk;tdwf usef;rma&;vkyfom;rsm; toif; ( Back Pack Health Worker Team) . ppfwrf;t& 10 &mcdkifE+ef;cef‹ uav;i,frsm;onf wpfESpfrjynfhcifaoqHk;+yD; av;yHkwyHkcef‹rSm ig;ESpfatmufwGif aoqkH;ae&jcif;onf jrefrmEkdifiH.w&m;0ifxkwfjyefxm;aom udef;*%ef;rsm;ESihf trsm;}uD; uGm[+yD; ta&S‹awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;xJwGif tqdk;&Gm;qHk;EdkifiH wckjzpfonf?93 Tudef;*%ef;rsm;u yÉdyuQjzpfyGm; &m jrefrmEkdifiH ta&S‹ydkif;.tajctaeonf tqkd;&Gm;qHk; vlodrsm;aom tef*vdkEdkifiH/ 'Drdku&pfwpfuGef*dkEdkifiHrsm;ESifh wlnDaeonfudkazmfjy onf? TaoqHk;r+rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifhrSm ukoEdkifaoma&m*grsm;jzpfaom iSufzsm;a&m*g jzpf+yD; 5 ESpfatmuf uav; wpf0ufcef‹ aoqHk;r+rSm TukoEdkifaoma&m*grsm;a=umihfaoqHk;&jcif;jzpfygonf?94 wjcm;aoqHk;r_ ta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm 0rf;a&m*gESifh jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;wGif tm[m&csKd‹wJhr_ aemufqufwGJa=umifh jzpfyGm;aom a&m*grsm; jzpf=u+yD; Tzsm;emjcif;ESifh aoqHk;jcif;rsm;rSmvnf; umuG,fEdkifaom a&m*grsm;omjzpfygonf?

TcsKd‹wJhaomusef;rma&;&vm'frsm;rSm ppftpdk;&. Ta'orsm;tay:usifhoHk;aom rl0g'rsm;a=umifhjzpfygonf? ppftpdk;&. vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; tjrpfðzwfa&; rl0g'wpf&yfjzpfaom jzwfav;jzwfrl0g'a=umifh tpm;tpmjzwfawmufr_udk ae&m tESH‹ðyvkyfcJhjcif;a=umifh jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;. tdrfajcav;yHkwpfyHkausmfrSm tpm;tpmjywfawmufr_udk &ifqdkifcHpm;ae& onf?95 Ttcsufa=umifh rdom;pkrsm;udk awmxJwGif tpm&SmazG&ef wGef;ydk‹cJhojzifh iSufzsm;a&m*gjzpfap&ef tajctae ESpfqydk &ifqdkif&um ajrjr‡Kyfrdkif;rsm;a=umifh aoa=ujcif;/ '%f&m&jcif;rsm;udkvnf; ydkrdkjzpfapcJhonf?96 jrefrmEkdifiH ta&S‹bufjcrf; jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;&Sd&ma'owGif Todk‹aom'kuQrsm;cHpm;ae&pOf ppftpdk;&onf EdkifiHwum vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;onhf tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk Ta'orsm;odk‹ r0if&efwm;jrpfcJhonf? a'ocHrsm;onf a'ocHaq;0g;ulnD axmufyHhonfh tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; jzpfonfh (Backpack Health Worker Team) ponfhtzGJ‹rsm;ay:wGifom rSDcdkae&ygonf? Ta'ocHtzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;. vkyfief;rSm tEW&m,ftvGef}uD;rm;+yD; 1998 ckESpfwGif BPHWT wGif tenf;qHk; usef;rma&; vkyfom;aygif; 8 a,mufcef‹ ppftpdk;&rS owfjzwfjcif;ESifh ajrjr‡Kyfrdkif;eif;rdjcif;wkd‹a=umifh aoqHk;cJhonf?97

wjcm;a'ocH tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;rSmvnf; ppftpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;. taESmifht,Sufðyjcif;/ jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;ESihftwl owfjzwfjcif;rsm;/ aq;cef;rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ponfjzifh *sDeDAmpmcsKyfyg ta=umif; t&mrsm;udk tm;vHk;csdK; azmufaeonf?98

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ppftpdk;&rS owfrSwfxm;aom yÉdyuQr&Sdonfhe,fajrrsm;/ vufeufESifhjidrf;csrf;a&;vJvS,fxm;aom e,fajrrsm;wGifyif umuG,fEdkifaoma&m*grsm;jzifh aoqHk;r_rsm; tqrwefrsm;jym;vsuf&Sdygonf? Oyrm csif;jynfe,fESifh ucsifjynfe,frsm;. iSufzsm;a&m*ga=umifh aoqHk;r_E_ef;rSm wpfEdkifiHvHk; twdkif;twm. 4 q 5 q xuf ydkIjrifhrm;ygonff ppftpdk;&u ,if;csKyfudkifxm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk zdESdyfa&;taxmuftultwGuf oHk;jcif;

ppftpdk;&onf vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifh wkd;wuf/zGH@®z;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ‚if;wkd‹. xdef;csKyfr_twGuf ud&d,mozG,f qufvufIoHk;aeonf? ukvor*~tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHwumtef*sDtkdrsm;tay: wm;jrpfcsufrsm; jyXmef;xm;onfomru a'ocHvlr_a&;tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; tvkyfudk rnfonfhtwdkif;twm txdomvkyf&ef zdtm;ay;r_rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? tb,fa=umihfqkdaomf xdktzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;t&rf;qefjcif;/ vGwfvyfr_rsm;pGm&Sdjcif; (odk‹r[kwf) olwkd‹onf tpkd;& xuf vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdk aumif;rGefatmifvkyfaqmifjcif; ponfhta}umif;rsm;a}umifh ppftpdk;&. wm;jrpfcH&jcif; jzpfygonf?99 TuJhodk@aomvlr_a&; tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;tpm; tpdk;&vufatmufcH tzG@Jtpnf;rsm;jzpfaom jrefrmhtrsdK;orD; a&;&m/ rdcifESifhuav; apmihfa&Smufa&;toif;ESifh jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;toif;rsm;udk tpm;xkd;aponf?

tvm;wlyif rdcifESihfuav;rsm;. usef;rma&;wkd;wufr_udk &nf&G,fonf[kqdkum 1991 ckESpfwGif rdcifESihfuav; apmihfa&Smufa&;toif;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? Ttcsdefuwnf;u tef*sDtdktjzpf&yfwnfvmcJh+yD; vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; tusdK;pD;yGm; twGuf tvkyfvkyfonf[k aºuG;a=umfaeonf? odk‹aomf TtzGJ‹tpnf;onfvnf; EdkifiHa&;toGifomaqmif+yD; ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;. rdef‹cGef;rsm;udkom 0g'jzef‹axmufcHr_rsm; vufqifhurf; ðyvkyfonfudk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh oufaojyaeygonf? xkd‹tjyif acgif;aqmifr_tydkif;rSmvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ESihf 0ef}uD;rsm;.ZeD;rsm;jzifhompkzGJ‹xm;aoma=umifh vGwfvyfaom tef*sDtdk[k ajym=um;csufrSm wu,hfjy\emyifjzpfygonf? rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@. OuUX

vuf&Sd (=o*kwf 2008) a':cifapmESif; - EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;aumifpD. twGif;a&;rSL; (1) AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol&wifarmifjrifhOD;. ZeD;

2007 atmufwdkbmxd a':cifcif0if; - EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;aumifpD. twGif;a&;r–; (1) AdkvfcsKyf}uD; odef;pdef. ZeD;

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ukvor*~at*sifpDrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumtef*sDtdkrsm;tay: ppftpdk;&. wm;jrpfydwfyifcsufrsm;

ukvor*~ at*sifpDrsm;ESifhEdkifiHwum tef*sDtdkrsm;onf 1990 ckESpfrSpIjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; tvkyf0ifa&mufvkyf udkif cGifh&&SdcJh onf? 1990 aESmif;ydkif;rSpI jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;onfh tultnDrsm; ydkrdk wkd;wufatmif vkyfaqmif&ef uwday;cJhaomfvnf; tef*sDtkdrsm;tay: wm;jrpfydwfyifr+rsm;rSm 2004 ckESpfAdkvfcsKyfcifn$ef‹ ta&;,lcH&csdefrSpI ydkIodompGm qdk;&Gm;vmcJhonf? Todk‹EdkifiHwum tef*sDtdkrsm;ay: wm;jrpfydwfyifr+rsm; rsm;jym;vm&mrS aemufqHk;wGif ppftpdk;&u ukvor*~vufatmufcH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;/ EkdifiHwum tpkd;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ yl;aygif;yg0ifr_jzifh vlr_pD;yGm;/zGH@®z;wkd;wufa&;vkyfief; taumif txnfazmf&mwGif pepfwusESifh tqifajyacsmarG@apa&; tpDtpOfvkyfief;vrf;!$efudk 2006 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;/ zGH@®z;wkd;wufr_0ef=uD;XmerS xkwfjyefcJhonf? TxkwfjyefcsufrSm EdkifiHwum tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;taeESifh ppftpdk;&ESifh vkyfudkif&m wGif vdkufem&rnfh vdktyfcsufrsm;/ ypPnf;rsm;0,f,l&m wGifpDrHcef‹cGJr+rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;cef‹tyfjcif;ESihf EdkifiHtwGif; c&D;oGm;vma&;

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pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; yg0ifygonf? txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;c&D;oGm;&mwGif ppftpdk;&. t&m&Sdrsm;u vdkufygjcif;ESifh EdkifiHwum tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;onf ®r@e,ftwGif; rdcifESifhuav;apmifha&Smufa&;toif;ESifh jynfaxmifpk }uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&; toif;rsm;ESifh tvkyfwulwuGyl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&jcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf? jrefrmbmom xkwfjyefxm;aom Txkwfjyefcsufrsm; rSm wm;jrpf ydwfyifr_rsm; ydkIyifyg0if+yD; 2008 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif aejynfawmfwGiftvkyfvkyfaom usef;rma&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;twGuf wm;jrpfr_rsm; jyXmef;xm;+yD; wm;jrpfr_rsm;udk trSefwu,f vdkufema&;owday;csufrsm;&SdcJhygonf? txl;ojzifh tcsuftvufrsm;vGwfvyfpGmaumuf,ljcif;ESifh vlxkusef;rma&; pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf av#mhcsjcif;udk ðyvkyfcJh=uonf?

Twm;jrpfydwfyifjcif; rl0g'rsm;a=umifh tcsKd‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;rSm ‚if;wkd‹.vkyfief;rsm;udk av#mhcsjcif;/ &yfwef‹jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfvm=uonf? ukvor*~ urBmvHk;qdkif&m &HyHkaiGtzGJ@ (UN Global Fund) rS 2005 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;I/ jyifopfEkdifiHrS MSF u 2006 ckESpf rwfvwGif xGufcGmonf ? trsdK;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;tay:oufa&mufr_

ppftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;a=umifh vlOD;a&tm;vHk; usef;rma&;apmifha±Smufr_uif;rJhjcif;. tusdK;oufa&mufr_cH&aepOf trsdK; orD;ESifhrdef;uav;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;xuf ydkItcuftcJjy\emrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&onf? ppftpdk;&. rl0g'rsm;a=umifh vlxktm;vHk;tcuftcJrsm; ae&mtESH‹cHpm;&jcif;/ a&G‹ajymif;aexdkif&jcif;ESifh usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufr_r&Sdjcif;rsm;onf trsdK;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaoma&m*gjzifh aoqHk;jcif;rsm;okd‹ OD;wnfapygonf? urBmhukvor*~ trsKd;orD;rsm; zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&;&HyHkaiG (UNIFEM) rS ðypkaom jrefrmEdkifiH yÉdyuQa'otwGif; usm;ruGJjym;r_tay: azmfjycsuf (Gender Profile in the Conflict in Myanmar) pmwrf;t& tm[m&csKd‹wJhr_ESifh usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ acgif;yg;r_wkd‹a=umihf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdcifaoE_ef;jrifhrm;r_udk jzpfay:ap+yD; cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh arG;rdcif wpfodef;xJwGif 517 a,mufrSm aoqHk;& onf? olwdk‹. uav;rsm;rSmvnf; tm[m&csKd‹wJhr_udk trsm;qHk;cHpm;&+yD; umuG,fEdkifaoma&m*grsm;udkvnf; cHpm;ae &ygonf?100

2004 ckESpf/ UNICEF tpD&ifcHpmt& jrefrmEdkifiHwGifarG;zGm;aom uav;wpfaxmifxJwGif 76 a,mufaoqHk;onf? UNICEF . avhvmcsuft& jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ESpfpOf uav; 1 '\r 3 oef; arG;zGm;+yD; 92500 OD;rSm wpfESpfrjynfhcif aoqHk; &I 13800 OD;rSm arG;zGm;+yD; 5 ESpfrjynfhrDwGif aoqHk;onf?101 tpydkif;wGif azmfjycJhovdkyif ppfjzpfyGm;&m jrefrmEkdifiH ta&S‹ydkif; .tajctaerSm ydkIqkd;&Gm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm xkda'orsm;wGif tpkd;&onf usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_/ txl;ojzifh rsKd;yGm;jcif;qdkif&m usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufr_ tpDtpOfrsm;vHk;0r&SdyJ Armr[kwfaom vlxkrsm;tay: vl‹tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufjcif; rsm; trsdK;rsdK;ðyvkyfum trsdK;orD;ESihfrdef;uav;rsm;udk pepfwus rk'drf;usifhr_rsm;vnf; usL;vGefae=uaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiH ta&S@bufa'o&Sd arG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,frsm;xJwGif 4 &mcdkifE_ef;om u|rf;usifaomvufonfESifh arG;zGm;jcif; jzpf+yD; ppftpkd;&. w&m;0iftcsuftvufjzpfaom 57 &mcdkifE_ef;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm; vsuf&Sdygonf?102

yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;aoma'owGif cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh uav; 10 xJu wpfa,mufrSm wpfESpfrjynfhcif aoqHk;&+yD; touf 5 ESpfatmufuav;rsm;rSm av;yHkwpfyHkeD;yg; aoqHk;onf? Ttcsuftvufrsm;rS aoqHk;r_rsm;onf 'Drdku&pfwpf uGef*kdESifh tef*dkvmEdkifiHavmufeD;yg; rsm;jym;ygonf?103 tvm;wlyif trsdK;orD; 12 OD;xJrS wpfOD;rSm udk,f0efaqmifjcif; ESihf ygwfoufaom ta=umif;a=umihfaoqHk;&+yD; jrefrmEdkifiH. w&m;0iftcsuftvuf 75 OD;xJrS wpfOD;ta&twGufESifh rsm;pGmuGm[+yD; a'oqdkif&m tqdk;&Gm;qHk;EdkifiHpm&if;xJwGif yg0ifygonf? xdkif;EdkifiHY ta,muf 900 wGif wpfa,mufjzpf onf? jrefrmEdkifiH ta&S@ydkif;rS udef;*%ef;rsm;onf &0rf'g/ qkdrm;vD;,m;ESifh 'Drkdu&ufwpfuGef*dk EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ydkIE_dif;,Sif Edkfifygonf?104 TaoqHk;r_rsm;rSm t"dutm;jzifh umuG,fEdkifaom a&m*gjzifh aoqHk;r_ESihf arG;zGm;+yD; aoG;oGefjcif;/ vHkðcHr_r&Sdaom ukd,f0efzsufcsr_ESifh arG;zGm;pOftcuftcJrsm;a=umifh aoqHk;jcif;rsm;jzpfonf?105 xkd@tjyif arG;E_ef;jrifhrm;onfudk =unfhjcif; tm;jzifh rsKd;qufjyef@yGm;jcif;qdkif&m enf;ynmrsm; r&&Sdjcif;udk jyoaeonf? t[m&csdK@wJhr_/ aoG;tm;enf;jcif;paom tajctaersm;u trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; udk,f0ef&Sdjcif;a=umifh rvdktyfbJ aoqHk;r_Edkifonfh tEW&m,fudk jrifhrm;aponf?

56

touf 39 ESpf uav; 8 a,muftar - csif;trsdK;orD;ESifh ar;jref;jcif;

usruav;ti,fqHk;udk awmxJrSmarG;cJhw,f? usrwdk‹&GmrSm vufonfawG/ olemðyawG aq;rSL;awGvnf;r&Sdbl;? usrwjcm;&GmudkoGm;&w,f? 'gawGu usrwdk‹qDrSm bmrSr&SdbJ t&rf;qif;&Jvkd‹jzpfw,f? usrtjyefvrf;rSm Adkuft&rf; atmifh+yD; uav;u xGufusvmygw,f? bk&m;ocif&Jhaumif;csD;ay;r_a=umifh OD;refvsefwef[m usreJ‹twl&Sdae+yD; usr uav;arG; zdk‹ulnDygw,f? usruav; csufóud;jzwfzdk‹ uwfa=u;ESifh ol‹udk aEG;axG;atmifywfxm;zdkh oef‹&Sif;wJht0wf vnf;r&Sdbl;? tcktcsdefxd usruav;u tqkwftat;rda&m*g udkcHpm;ae&wkef;yJ? olarG;zGm;+yD; wpfvt=umrS tjrJwrf; tefaeygw,f? usruol tqkwftat;rda&m*ga=umifh jzpfw,fvdk‹,Hk=unfygw,f? usruav;wifr[kwfygbl;? usrvnf; 0rf;wGif;'%f&m&+yD; ukozdk‹ydkufqHr&Sdbl;? usrwkd‹udk,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;awGu trsdK;rsdK;cHpm;=u&ygw,f? usrvdk‹ trsdK;orD;awGtrsm;}uD;yJ? usrwkd‹&GmrSmq&m0efeJ‹ aq;0g;awGvkdtyfygw,f?

touf 40 t&G,f ucsiftrsdK;orD;wOD;rSm uav; 6 a,muftarjzpf+yD; orD; 5 a,mufESifh om;wpfa,muf&Sdonf?

olronf om;vdkcsifaoma=umifh q&m0efu uav;arG;zGm;&ef wm;jrpfaomfvnf; uav;qufvuf,lcJhonf? uav; arG;zGm;&rnfhtcsdefwGif ydkufqHr&Sdojzifh aq;&kHudkroGm;cJhyg? aq;±kHrSm ±dk;±dk;uav;arG;ygu wpfodef;avmufukef+yD; cGJarG;ygu 3 odef;ukefusygonf? 'ga=umifh olronf tdrfrSm t&yfvufonfESifhom uav;arG;&efqHk;jzwfcJhygonf? odk‹aomfvufonfu ol‹udk uav;arG;csdefrwefao;[k ajymygonf? vufonfjyef+yD; aemufwGif olronf Adkuft&rf;emusifwmudk cHpm;&+yD; cufcuf cJcJjzifh uav;arG;zGm;&if; uav;a&m taryg aoqHk;oGm;ygonf? rdcifaoqHk;r+E+ef;jrifhrm;jcif;

trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufcGifh r&&Sdr+rsm;onf rdcifaoqHk;r_E_ef;udk jrifhrm;aponf? WHO .tqdk t& 80 &mcdkifE_ef;aom arG;zGm;r_onf tdrfwGifjzpfI 48 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm ±kd;&mvufonfrsm;. tultnDa=umifh arG;zGm;+yD; 38 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm olemðy/ om;zGm;tultnDjzifh arG;zGm;um 9 &mcdkifE_ef;omv#if q&m0efrsm;ESifh arG;zGm;onf? arG;zGm;r_ 16 &mcdkif E_ef;om aq;±kHwGif arG;zGm;jcif;jzpfonf?

UNPFA t& rdcifaoE_ef;onf vHkòcHr_r&Sdaomudk,f0efzsufcsr_ESifh arG;zGm;+yD;aoG;oGefjcif;wkd‹a=umifhjzpf+yD; w0ufausmfcef‹ aom aoE_ef;rSm vHkòcHr_r&Sdaom udk,f0efzsufcs jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;onfvnf; arG;zGm;r_tcuftcJrsm;a}umifh aoqHk;r_&Sdonf? tm[m&csKd‹wJhr_ESifh usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufr_ csKd‹wJhaom ae&mrsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tEW&m,fydk&Sdygonf? rvdkcsifaom udk,f0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifh vHkðcHr_r&Sdaom uav;zsufcsjcif;106

tapmydkif;wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; rdom;pkpDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;vnf; ±dk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;. wm;jrpfr_rsm; a=umihf rsdK;yGm;jcif;qdkif&m usef;rma&;udk rajymqdk=u&ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;orD;rsm;. rvdkcsifaom udk,f0efaqmifr_rsm;a=umihf aoqHk;r_udk ydkIjrifhrm;apygonf? xdk‹tjyif rsdK;yGm;jcif; qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;udk ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;.twGif;a&;tjzpfom owfrSwf =uojzifh jrefrmEdkifiH&SdtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzdk‹ udk,f0ef,ljcif; r,ljcif;tay: pOf;pm;a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfEdkifcGifhr&Sd=uyJ w&m;r0if udk,f0ef zsufcsjcif;jzifhom om;orD;wm;jrpfa&;udk vkyfaqmifae=u&onf? uav;zsufcsjcif;onf w&m;r0ifojzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;rSm uav;zsufcs&ef tEW&m,f&Sdaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;ðy=uonf? UNFPA .cef‹rSef;csuft& udk,f0efaqmifoHk;a,mufxJwGif wpfa,mufonf udk,f0efzsufcs+yD; ESpfpOfcef‹rSef;ajc 750000 a,muf/ odk‹r[kwf w&ufukd 2000 a,mufrSm udk,f0efzsuf cs=uonf? udk,f0efzsufcs&mwGif vHkðcHpdwfcsr_ r&Sdjcif;a}umifh 50 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm aoqHk;}uonf?107 Tta&twGufonf wdkif;&if; om;a'oESifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGifaexdkif+yD; ±dk;&maq;0g;rsm;ESifh q&m0efrsm;tay:wGifom rSDcdkae&aom trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf ydkIrsm;jym;EdkifzG,f&Sdygonf?

57

jrefrmEkdifiHwGiftvkyfvkyfae=uaom EdkifiHwumtJef*sDtdkrsm;onf rsdK;yGm;jcif;ESifhqdkifaom todynm ay;r_rsm;jzef‹a0 aeygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh wdkif;&if;ombmomjzifh pDpOfxm;jcif;r&SdbJ a'ocHrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifr_r&Sdaom jrefrmbmomjzifhomjzef‹a0ygonf? trsdK;orD;ESifh tdyfcsftkdifAGD/ attdkif'Dtufpf

jrefrmEdkifiHrS trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf wjcm;tEW&m,fwckrSm udk,f0efaqmifjcif;ESifh ygwfoufaom zsm;emjcif;ESifh aoqHk; jcif;rsm;a=umihf tdyfcsftdkifAGDul;pufr_ESifh ‚if;.vlr_a&; tusdK;qufrsm;a=umifh usef;rma&;tay: tusdK;oufa&mufjcif;jzpf onf?108 ppftpdk;&rS UNAIDS odk@wifoGif;aom udef;*%ef;rsm;t& 2004 ckESpfwGif udk,f0efaqmiftrsdK;orD;rsm;t=um; tdyfcsftdkifAGDjzpfr_onf 1 '\r 8 &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdonf? ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;tenf;qHk; udk,f0efaqmif 10000 a,mufonf tdyfcsftdkifAGD taygif;vuQ%m&Sd+yD; tenf;qHk; tdyfcsftdkifAGDul;pufaom uav;aygif; 3000 rS 4000 a,muf arG;zGm;onf?109 Ttajctaeudk trsm;}uD;umuG,fEdkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; 5 &mcdkifE_ef;xuf avsmhenf;aom tdyfcsftdkifAGDul;pufonfh ukd,f0efaqmif trsdK;orD; rsm;omv#if rdcifrSuav;udk rul;pufEdkifonfh (ARVs)

110 umuG,faq;udk xdk;cGifh&Sdygonf?111 tvm;wlyif cef‹rSef;ajc 4 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm ukor_&&efvdktyfae+yD; vlemtwGuf touf&SifcGifh/ aq;ukojcif; tygt0if rdom;pk&Sifoefa&;twGuf tul tnDrsm;vnf; vdktyfygonf?112

tdyfcsftdkifAGD/ attdkif'DtufpftpDtpOfrsm;vkyfudkifaeaom EdkifiHwumtef*sDtdkrsm;onf ppftpdk;&. wm;jrpfydwfyifr_ trsKd;rsKd;ESifh&ifqdkif&onf? a'ocHtdyfcsftkdifAGD/ attdkif'Dathvkyfudkifaom tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk twif;t"rRydwfcdkif;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf+yD; 2007 ckESpfwGif refuif;bkef;}uD;ausmif; aq;±kHudk ydwf&onf? tdyfcsftdkifAGDESifh attdkif'DtufpftwGufv_yf&Sm;ol rjzLjzLoif; tygt0if vlr_a&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;onf taESmihft,SufðycH&jcif;ESifh zrf;qD;cH&jcif;rsm; óuHae&ygonf? rjzLjzLoif;. vlr_a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ppftpdk;& tm%mydkifrsm;u ydwfyifcJhonf? ucsifjynfe,f jrpf}uD;em;a'otwGif;&Sdwae&mrS vmaom trsKd;orD;ESifh ar;jref;csuf

touf 38 ESpft&G,ftrsdK;orD;onf tvGefqif;&J+yD; uav;ESpfa,muf&Sdonf? olronf aemufxyfudk,f0ef&Sd+yD; uav; arG;zGm;cgeD;wGif tvGefzsm;emojzifh aq;±kHodk‹ aoG;oGm;ppfcJhonf? olronf tdyfcsftdkifAGDtaygif;vuQ%m&Sda=umif; od&Sd&onf? aemuf+yD; olr.AdkufxJuav;onfvnf; aoqHk;+yD; uav;udk tjyifbufokd‹xkwf&ef cGJpdwfzdk‹vkdtyfaom a=umifh olrudk uav;xkwfzdk‹ aq;xkd;ay;cJhonf? olronf tdrfodk‹jyefvm+yD; 0rf;AdkufxJu uav;taoukd rxkwf EdkfifcJhojzihf tajctaeydkI qdk;0g;vmum aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf?

t}uHðycsufrsm;

• ppfwyftoHk;p&dwfukd vHk;0odompGm av#mhcs&efvdktyfonf? odk‹rSom EdkifiHawmfbwf*suf. tenf;qHk; 15 &mcdkifE_ef; udk usef;rma&;wGif toHk;ðyEdkifrnfjzpf+yD; bwf*suftcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; vltrsm; odEdkif&ef ðyvkyf&rnf?

• wEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufr_pepftm; tusdK;&Sd&ef vHkavmuf&efESifh &Sif;vif;r_&Sdaom usef;rma&; apmifha&Smuf r_udk &&Sdaponfhpepfjzpfap&ef taumiftxnfazmf&rnf? vlxkusef;rma&;twGuf ydkIaumif;rGefaom taxmuftul rsm; ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk wyfqifay;&rnf? txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ydkrdktav;xm; aqmif&Guf&rnf?

• tultnDvkdaeaom jynfolrsm;twGuf tultnDay;ae=uaom/ txl;ojzifh usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufr_rsm;udkay;ae onfh EdkifiHwumat*sifpDrsm;tm; wm;jrpfcsKyfcs,fxm;onfh !$ef=um;csufrsm;tm;vHk;/ wm;jrpfjcif;rsm;udk vHk;0±kyfodrf; &rnf?

• yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;r_ESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;csdK;zmufr_rsm;a=umifh cef‹rSef;Ir&Ekdifavmufatmif vlxkrsm; xGufajy;&jcif;rsm; &yfwef@ &efESifh a'otwGif;ul;pufa&m*grsm; qufvuful;pufr_r&Sdap&ef vkyfief;tqifhqifhtm;jzifh csufcsif;vkyfaqmif& rnf?

58

• vlxkusef;rma&;ynmay;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk ynma&;u¾ESihf twlwuGyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifI trsdK;orD;ESihf rdef;uav; i,frsm;tm; vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sdap&ef vkyfay;jcif;jzifh ‚if;wdk@ rdom;pk0ifrsm;tm;vHk; usef;rmaom b0rsm; &&SdEdkifonfh vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm; vkyfay;&rnf?113

• q&m0efrsm;/ olemðyrsm;ESihf vlxkusef;rma&;vkyfom;rsm;tygt0if usef;rma&;qdkif&m 0efxrf;rsm;twGuf xda&mufaumif; rGefaom oifwef;rsm;ay;&rnf?

• rsdK;yGm;jcif; usef;rma&;qdkif&mynmay;r_rsm;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;/ trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh q,fausmfoufrsm;twGuf oaE<wm; aq;tcrJh&,lEdkif&ef us,fjyef‹pGm wkd;jr‡ifhvkyfaqmifoifhonf? rdom;pkpDrHudef; ynmay;tpDtpOfrsm; vkyfaqmif&m wGifaus;vufa'oae trsdK;orD;rsm; &ifqdkif&avh&Sdaom ±dk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ESifh cE<mudk,fydkif;qdkif&m tcuftcJrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf?

• w&m;r0ifudk,f0efzsufcsjcif;ESifh ab;ruif;aomudk,f0efzsufcsr_rsm;rS aoqHk;&onfh trsdK;orD;OD;a&avsmhenf; vmap&ef om;a=umjzwfjcif;udk tcrJhjzpfap&efESifh trsm;vufvSrf;rDI toHk;ðyEdkif&ef ðyvkyfay;oifhonf?

• aus;vufa'orsm;wGiftoHk;ðyaeaom ±dk;&mvufonfrsm;ESihf wdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm;tm; oifhavsmfaom ynmay;r_ ESifh taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;/ ud&d,mrsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm; ay;oifhonf?

• vlxktodkif;t0dkif;twGif; usef;rma&;jrifhrm;atmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif pGrf;&nfjr‡ifhwifa&;ESifh pnf;±kH;v_H@aqmfa&;onf t"duaomhcsufrsm;jzpfonf? tdyfcsftdkifAGD/ attkdif'Dtufpf a&m*gqdkif&mtwGuf aqmif&Gufaeaom toif;tzGJ‹rsm; tygt0if vlxktajc ðytzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;/ bmoma&;tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;tm; wm;jrpfydwfyifjcif;/ aESmifh,Sufjcif;rcH&bJ ‚if;wkd‹. tvkyfrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm vkyfaqmifcGifh&Sdap&rnf?

• EdkifiHawmfrS trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf rarG;zGm;cifESifharG;zGm;+yD; qdkif&m0efaqmifr_rsm; tcrJhaxmufyHh&rnf? aus;vuf a'oaetrsKd;orD;rsm; T0efaqmifr_udk &&Sdap&efvnf; aocsmap&ef ðyvkyf&rnf?

• trsdK;orD;usef;rma&;twGuf toD;oD;vkyfaqmifae=uaomtzGJ‹rsm;tm; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ydwfyifr_r&SdbJ awG‹qHkquf oG,fEdkifap&ef/ avhvmcsufpmwrf;rsm;/ owif;xkwfa0jzef‹csdjcif; tygt0if owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vGwfvyfpGm pD;qif;jcif; &Sdap&rnf?

• jrefrmEdkifiH rdcifESifhuav;apmihfa&Smufa&;tzGJ‹onf ppfwyf.xdef;csKyfatmufrS vHk;0uif;vGwfonfh tzGJ@tpnf;jzpf &ef vkyfaqmif&rnf? acgif;aqmifydkif;zGJ‹pnf;jcif;wGifvnf; ppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;.ZeD;rsm;. v$rf;rdk;r_ tvsif;r&Sdap&?

59

yk'fr 14? aus;vufa'orStrsdK;orD;rsm;

1? pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEkdifiHonf aus;vufa'oae trsdK;orD;rsm; &ifqdkifae&aom tcuftcJrsm;/ olwdk@.rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&; twGuf pD;yGm;a&;t& &Sifoef&yfwnf&mwGif t"duyg0ifaom tcef;u¾ESifhpD;yGm;a&;e,fy,f. azmfjyjcif; rcH&aom tpdwf tydkif;rsm;twGuf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk pmcsKyf. jyXmef;csuf rsm;udk aus;vufa'oae trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;vnf; tusHK;0if usifhoHk;r_&Sdapa&;twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sd&ef oifhavsmfaom enf;vrf;tm;vHk;jzifh aqmif&Guffay;&rnf?

2? pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHonf aus;vufa'oaetrsdK;orD;rsm; trsdK;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sd&efESifh aus;vuf zGH@®z;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&mwGif olwdk@yg0ifr_rsm;ESifh tusdK;cHpm;r_rsm;&&SdEdkif&ef txl;ojzifh atmufazmfjyyg trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk &&Sd&ef cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;tm;vHk; yaysmufaponfh oihfavsmfaom enf;vrf;tm;vHk;jzifh vkyfaqmif&rnf?

u) zGH@®z;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;taumiftxnfazmfa&;ESifh us,fjyef@atmif csJ@xGifonfh tqifhwdkif;wGif yg0ifap&ef?

c) owif;tcsuftvufrsm;/ pdwf"mwfjr‡ifhwifa&; vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifh rdom;pkrDrHudef;tygt0if vHkavmufaom usef;rma&; qdkif&m apmihfa&Smufr_rsm;udk &&Sdap&ef?

*) vlr_zlvHka&; tpDtpOfrsm;rS wdkuf±kduftusdK;cHpm;cGifh&&Sd&ef

C) pmwwfajrmufa&;vkyfaqmifr_rsm;tygt0if oifwef;rsm;/ ynma&;rsm;ESifh jyifytwwfynmrsm; tm;vHk;&&Sd&efESifh trsdK; orD;rsm;. enf;ynmqdkif&m u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rS tusdK;cHpm;cGifhrsm;ESifh us,fjyef@ aom 0efaqmifr_rsm;&&Sdap&ef?

i) vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vHk;wGif yg0if&ef?

p) pdkufysdK;a&;qdkif&m aiGpkaiGacs;rsm;/ aps;uGufqdkif&mvdktyfcsufrsm;/ oihfavsmfaom enf;ynmrsm;ESifh ajr,mESifh pkdufysdK;a&; xlaxmif&mwGif wef;wlcHpm;cGifhESifh ajr,mjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif &&Sdap&ef?

q) vHkavmufaom vlaer_tqifhtwef;/ txl;ojzifh tdrf&m/ wpfudk,fa&oef‹&Sif;r_/ v#yfppfrD;ESifha&&&Sdr_/ oGm;vma&;ESifh qufoG,fa&;qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;wGif cHpm;apEdkif&ef?

òcHiHkoHk;oyfcsuf

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif aexkdifaomvlOD;a&. 70 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm aus;vufa'owGifaexdkifolrsm; jzpf=uonf?114 oHk;yHkESpfyHkaom vlOD;a&onf jrefrmEdkifiH. t"dupD;yGm;a&;jzpfaom pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;wGif vkyfudkifvsuf&SdjyD; EdkifiHtwGif; pkpkaygif;0ifaiG. 58 &mcdkifE_ef;rSmESifh jynfyodkŒwifydkŒukef. 48 &mcdkif E_ef;rSm pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ay:wGif tajccHvsuf&Sdygonf?115 xkdŒjyif aus;vufa'orsm;wGif obm0 o,HZmwrsm;jzpfaom u|ef;opf/ ausmufrsuf&wem/ wGif;xGufypPnf;rsm;jzifh ºuG,f0csrf; omygonf? odkŒaomfvnf; aus;vufa'orsm;wGif aexdkifaomvlOD;a&trsm;pkrSm qif;&JrGJawjcif;'%fudk qufvuf cH& jrJjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ppftpdk;&onf ‚if;wdkŒ. ppfwyfwdk;csJ‹a&;udkom OD;pm;ay;jyD; obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk a&wdktusdK;pD;yGm;twGufom tjrwfxkwfoHk;pGJum twif;t"rRaqmif&Gufapaom pdkufysdK;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;udk csrSwfvkyf aqmifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

1989 ckESpfwGif e,fpyfa'oESifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm; zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&;A[dkaumfrwDw&yfudk zGJŒpnf;cJhonf? ‚if;wkdŒu aus;vuf a'o&Sde,fpyfa'orsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om; zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&;twGuf taumiftxnfazmfrnf[kqdkum txl;e,fajr 18 ckudkvnf; xkdaumfrwDatmufrS zGJŒay;cJhonf? trSefwu,frl ppftpdk;&. t"duwdk;wufr_qdkonhfacgif;pOfrSm ‚if;wkdŒ. ppfwyf wdk;csJ‹a&;twGuf e,fajrcHa'orsm;udk csKyfudkif&efESifh e,fajrcHa'orsm;rSxGuf&Sdaom obm0o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;rS tjrwfxkwfjcif;omjzpfygonf? wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;wGif ppfwyfrsm;udkwdk;csJ‹csxm;jyD; (tckvuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tenf;qHk;

60

wyf&if; 525 wyf&if;&Sd) a'ocHrsm;udk e,fajrrSxGufcGmap&ef trdefŒay;a=umifh tusKd;qufrsm;taejzifh tpdk;&onf e,fajr trsm;tjym;udk ppfwyfae&mcsxm;a&;twGuf odrf;ydkufjcif;/ 0ifaiGvnfygwfEdkifa&; tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf jynfolvlxktm; pcef;aqmufvkyfa&;/ vkHðcHa&;ESifhppfwyf. v,fajrrsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyfapjcif;ponfh twif;t"rRcdkif;apr_rsm; us,fjyefŒpGm ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdygonf? ppfa=umif;rsm;uvnf; olwdkŒ&yfwnfa&;twGuf &HyHkaiGrsm;/ tpm;tpmESifh wjcm;ydkifqdkifr_rsm;udk e,fajrcH&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;xHrS twif;t"rRvk,lojzifh e,fajrcHrsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_rsm;ESifh ydkrkd&ifqdkifvm&onf?

csdK;azmufr_rsm;taejzifh tpdk;&rS vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹rsm;udk acsr_ef;a&; vkyfaqmifaeaoma'orsm;wGif tqdk;&Gm; qHk;jzpfay:aejyD; a'ocHrsm;tm; wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJŒrsm;twGuf axmufyHhr_udk t"duysufpD;atmif vkyfaqmifonf? ppfwyfrsm;onf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;. tpm;tpmtm;vHk;udk &nf&Gufcsuf&Sd&Sd zsufqD;r_rsm;/ &maygif; axmifaygif; rsm;pGm aom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk olwkdŒe,fajrrS ppfwyfESifheD;aom ae&mrsm;jzpfaom wdkufyGJjzpfyGm;onfhae&m/ &Gmom;rsm;twGuf touf&Sif&yfwnf&ef rjzpfEkdifaom ae&mrsm;odkŒ twif;a&GŒajymif;r_rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? rdrdv,fajrrsm;odkŒ wdwf wqdwf tvkyfoGm; a&mufvkyfudkifaom v,form;rsm;rSmvnf; ppfwyfu awG‹jrifoGm;ygu ypfowfjcif;cH&ygonf? TodkŒaom csdK;azmufr_. tusdK;qufrsm;a=umifh jynfolvlxktaejzifh 'kuQonfrsm;tjzpf trsm;tjym; xGufajy;=u&jcif;/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif w&m;r0iftvkyform;rsm;tjzpf oGm;a&mufvkyfudkif&jcif;/ e,fpyfrjzwfEdkifaomolrsm;twGuf jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;tjzpf ajy;v$m;ykef;atmif; ae&jcif; pojzifh twd'kuQawG‹ae&ygonf? obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk ppfwyftusdK;twGuf tjrwfxkwfjcif;

ppftpdk;&onf aus;vufa'oe,fajrrsm;xdef;csKyfa&;rS ‚if;wdkŒ. r[mrdwfpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifjcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;twGuf opfa&mif;0,fjcif;/ rdkif;wl;azmfjcif;/ jrefrmEdkifiH. t"dujrpfrsm;wav#mufwGif a&umwmrsm; aqmufvkyfjyD; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk‹ a&mif;csjcif; / wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;wGif *ufpfydkufvkdif;rsm; ðyvkyfI *ufpfrsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh xdkif;EdkifiHESifh w±kwfEdkifiHodk‹ a&mif;csjcif;jzifh ppfwyftwGuftusdK;tjrwfrsm; tqrwef&&Sdap&ef ðyvkyf EdkifcJhonf?116

xdktusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk aus;vufa'o zGH@®z;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifjcif;rðybJ e,fajrcHvlxkrsm;udk olwkd‹. pDrHudef; e,fajrrsm;rS twif;t"rRjzpfap/ avsmfa=u; rjzpfpavmufay;Ijzpfap twif;t"rRa&$‹ajymif;cdkif;onf? olwdk‹. pDrHudef; vkyfief;rsm; vHkðcHa&;twGuf ppfwyfrsm;udkvnf; wkd;csJ‹vmojzifh e,fajrcHrsm;rSm ppfwyf. zdESdyfr_rsm;udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh cHpm;ae=u&onf?

xdk‹tjyif t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwf,l&mwGifvnf; oifhavsmfaom obm0ygwf0ef;usifESifh pepfusaom vHkðcHa&;qdkif&m jyifqifr_rsm;r&Sday? owWKrdkif;wl;azmfjcif; ðyvkyfaomae&mw0kdufwGif aexdkifI owWKrdkif;vkyfief;wGif vkyfudkifae&aom aus;vufa'oaeolrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfrS rdkif;ESifhygwfoufI tav;xm;pDpOfay;r_ r&Sdonfh'%fukd cHpm;ae=u&ygonf?117 wGif;ydjcif;rsm;vnf; r=umc%jzpfay:um tqdyfjzpfapaom "gwkaA'rsm;jzpfonfh rmusL&DoHk;pGJr_rsm;ESifh qdkif,mEdkufrsm;udk vnf; a&$wl;azmfa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif enf;emr&SdbJ jzpfovdk oHk;pGJaeonfudk awG‹&onf? ucsifjynfe,fwGif aexdkifaom olrsm;onf avxknpfnrf;r_'%fa=umifh usef;rma&;xdcdkufapaom aomufa&rsm;aomufoHk;jcif;/ oef‹±Sif;r_r&Sdaom [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm; pm;oHk;jcif;/ a&$wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;a'orS npfnrf;aom acsmif;rsm;&Sd om;ig;rsm;/ toD;t&Gufrsm; pm;oHk; ae&ojzifh usef;rma&;xdcdkufr_udk cHpm;ae=u&ygonf?118 &Srf;jynfe,fta&S‹ ydkif;wGif aexkdifolrsm;onfvnf; w±kwf&if;ESD;jr‡yf ESHolwkd‹rS "gwkaq;0g;azmfxkwfa&; vkyfief;a=umihf acgif;udkufjcif;/ ESmacgif;aoG;,dkjcif;rsm;/ acsmif;qdk;jcif;ESifh 0rf;oGm;jcif;wdk‹ cHpm;ae&onfh tajctaersm;ESifh xkda'ow0dkuf&Sd jrpfacsmif;rsm;rS a&rsm;onfvnf; aomufoHk;&efrjzpfEdkifawmhonfh tajc taersm; udk owif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,l&&Sdxm;ygonf?119

61

twif;t=uyfvkyfaqmifapaom pdkufysdK;a&;qdkif&mrl'g'rsm;a=umifh tpm;taomuf rvHkavmufr_ jzpfvmjcif;

ppftpkd;&. pdkufysdK;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;onf v,form;rsm;. 0ifaiG&&Sda&;udk OD;pm;ay;r_ r±Sdaoma=umifh qefxkwf vkyfr_avsmhusjcif;ESifh tcsdK‹aomae&mrsm;wGif tpm;taomufvHkavmufr_ r&Sdawmhonfudk awG‹&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; rdkif;udkifa'owGif ppftpdk;&. pdkufysdK;a&;rl0g'rsm;a=umifh 1994 ESifh2000 ckESpft=um; qefpyg; xkwfvkyfr_ 56 &mcdkifE_ef;txd usqif;onfudk awG‹&onf? v,form;rsm;rSm ppftpdk;&. vufeufudkif wdkufzsufa&; v_yf&Sm; r_a=umifh twif;t"rRa&$‹ajymif;jcif;udk cHpm;&onfomru ppftpdk;&. twif;t"rR v,fajrodrf;,ljcif;/ ppfwyfrsm;. v,f,mtwGuf twif;t"rR vkyftm;ay;&jcif;ESifh qefpyg;rsm;tm;vHk;udk ppfwyfxHodk‹ av#mhaps;rsm;jzifh a&mif;csay;&jcif; wdk‹ vkyfaqmifae&ygonf?120

2005 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;rSpI ppftpdk;&onf ZD0avmifpmxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf wEdkifiHvkH;udk =uufqlyifrsm; twif; t"rRpdkuf ysdK;aponf? ppftpkd;&.xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf oHk;ESpftwGif; {uaygif; 8 oef;pdkufysdK;&efcsrSwfjyD; vlxkvl wef;pm; tm;vHk;rS &HyHkaiGrsm;/ v,f,majrrsm;ESihf vkyftm;rsm;vnf; Tvkyfief;twGuf ay;aqmifae&ygonf? tvkyfvkyf&ef ysufuGufolrsm;udk '%faiG±dkufjcif;/ zrf;qD;jcif;ESifh touftEW&m,fudk jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfonf? =uufqlyifpkdufysdK;&ef ajr,mrsm; t"rR&,ljcif;ESifh twif;"rRvkyftm;apcdkif;r_rsm;a=umifh &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif tenf;qHk; v,form; 800 cef‹ xkdif;EdkifiHodk‹ 'kuQonftjzpf xGufajy;vm=u&onf?121

ppftpdk;&. EkdifiHtwGif; rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fr_udk udk,fwG,f&ef vkyfaqmif&mwGifvnf; }uD;rm;aom oD;ESH&duQm avsmhyg;r_udk jzpfay:apjyD; rl;,pfaq;0g;xkwfvkyfr_udkvnf; xda&mufpGm rxdef;csKyfEdkifa=umif; awG‹&onf? ppftpdk;&onf jyD;cJhonfh ESpfrsm;wGif rl;,pfaq;0g;wkdufzsufa&; ðyvkyf&m bdef;pdkufysdK;aom ae&mrsm;wGif bdef;xkwfvkyfr_udk ydwfyifcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; wzufwGif ,cifu bdef;pdkufysdK;r_ ðyvkyfcJholrsm;twGuf axmufyHh&ef tpDtpOfrsm;ysufuGufcJhojzifh txl;ojzifh taemufykdif; 0e,fajrwGif bdef;xkwfvkyfa&; ydwfyifr_udk taumiftxnfazmfcJhonfh 2005 ckESpf/ ZGefvrSpI &maxmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom v,form;rsm;onf tvkyftudkif&Sm&eftwGuf rdrdwdk‹a'orsm;rS pGef‹cGmoGm;=u&onf? vufawG‹wGifrl ppftpkd;&onf rl;,pfaq;0g;tjywfEdkifeif;a&;udk ðyvkyf&ef EdkifiHa&;t& pdwfqENr&SdbJ olwkd‹udk,fwkdif wdkuf±kduf rl;,pfaq;0g; xkwfvkyfjcif;/ ukeful;jcif; tqifhwdkif;wGifyg0ifjyD; ukefoG,fjcif;wkd‹rS&&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;udkvnf; wdkuf±kdufcHpm;ae=u onf?122 wcsdefwnf;wGifrl ppftpkd;&onf wdkif;&if;om;a'rsm;wGif awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk xdef;csKyf&efESifh apmifh=uyf&ef twGuf rl;,pfaq;0g;ukefoG,fr_ ðyvkyfaom typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ‹toD;oD;ESifh jynfol‹ppfwkd‹udk rSDcdkvsuf&Sdonf? xdk‹a=umifh bdef;ydwfyifr_udk ae&ma&G;jyD; vkyfaqmifaoma=umifh wjcm;aom ae&mrsm;wGif bdef;pdkufysdK;r_rsm; qufvufvkyfudkif vsuf &Sdum jrefrmEdkifiHrS bdef;xkwfvkyfjcif;onfvnf; jrifhrm;aeqJjzpfonf? trsdK;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufr_

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vltrsm;pkonf usm;rtajccHay:wGif cGJjcm;r_r&SdbJ qif;&JrGJawr_'%fudk cHpm;ae=u&ygonf? odk@aomf vnf; ±kd;&m"avhxHk;xrf;rsm;ESifh tpOftvmrsm;. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh usifhoHk;r_rsm;a=umifh aus;vufa'o&Sd trsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;u av;i,frsm;onf a&&Snfqif;&JrGJawr_'%fudk ydkIjyif;xefpGm cHpm;ae=u&ygonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;onf olwdk@.tajccH tcGifh ta&;rsm;jzpfonfh usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;tcGifhta&;rsm; r&&Sdonfhtjyif vdifuJGjym;r_tay:tajccHonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm; udkvnf; &ifqdkifae=u&onf? atmufazmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rSm ppftpdk;&. rSm;,Gif;pGm pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_ESifh aus;vuf a'orsm;udk vpfvsL±_xm;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;tajctae rnfr#qdk;&Gm;pGmjzpfay:aeonfudk azmfjyvsuf&Sdygonf?

&cdkifjynfe,f/ &aohawmifrS touf 23 ESpftrsdK;orD;wpfOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf

pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_'%fudk vlwdkif;ucHapm;ae&+yD; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ydkIydkqdk;&GmcHpm;ae=u&ygonf? t&m tm;vHk;u aps;}uD;jyD; vltrsm;pktwGuf ae@pOftouf&Sif&yfwnf&ef tvGefyifcufcJygonf? rdom;pkpm;aomuf&ef twGufyif aiGa=u;vHk avmufr_r&Sd=uyg? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf olwdk@.qHyifudk jzwfa&mif;jyD; pm;p&m0,f&jcif;

62

odk@r[kwf qHyifudk pm;p&mESifh vSJvS,f jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfae&ygonf? Ttajctaersm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;wGif ydkIjzpfyGm;aeonf?

usrjrifwmu trsdK;orD;awG[m qHyifudk jzwfa&mif;jyD; pm;p&mESifh vSJvS,fwm[m t&rf;udk qdk;&Gm;ygw,f? usrwdk@&Jh tpOf tvmt& usrwdk@trsKd;orD;awG&Jh qHyifudk t&rf;wef;zdk;xm;ygw,f? a,muFsm; wdk@bkef;vuf±Hk;ESifh rdef;rwdk@bkef; qHxHk; qdkwJh pum;yHkawmif&Sdygw,f? qHyifudk a&mif;cswm[m usrwdk@&Jh tm%mqHk;±_H;oGm;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'g[m usrwdk@trsdK;orD; awG&JhtdajENudk xdcdkufapygw,f? 'gayrJh usrwdk@twGuf a&G;cs,fp&mvrf;r&Sdbl;? usrwdk@rdom;pktwGuf vHkavmufwJh tpm; tpm&zdk@twGuf bmrqdk vkyfae&w,f?

zGH@®z;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf v,fajrrsm;odrf;,ljcif;ESifhtwif;t"rRa&$hajymif;jcif;

zGH@®z;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; twif;t"rRa&$‹ajymif;&mwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;onf rsdK;yGm;jcif; qdkif&musef;rma&;vdktyfcsufrsm;a=umifh ydkIqHk;±_H;'kuQawG‹&ygonf?

atmufazmfjyyg awG‹qHkar;jref;csufwGif touf 25 ESpft&G,f&Sd udk,f0efaqmifuluD;trsdK;orD;wOD;. jrefrmEdkifiH taemufydkif;rS a&umwmvkyfief;rsm;a=umifh olrtwGuf rnfuJhodk‹xdcdkufr_&SdcJhonfudk ajymjyxm;ygonf? olrwdk‹aexdkif&m e,fajrrsm;odrf;ydkufjcif;cH&jyD; olrudk,fwkdifvnf;wjcm; aq;ay;cef;ESifh usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_vHk;0r&Sdonfha'oodk‹ twif; t"rRa&G‹ajymif;jcif;cH&onf?

usrwdk‹[m wrefoD;a&umwmESifh 0if;wifolukr`%D&Jh opfxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_ trsKd;rsKd;udk cHpm;cJh&w,f? ukefaps;E_ef;awGtqrwefjrifhwufvmjyD; pm;aomufzdkŒ vHkvHkavmufavmuf r0,fEkdif awmhyg? ae‹pOfae‹wkdif; tvkyfvkyfvnf;yJ pm;a&;aomufa&;tcuftcJudk rajz&Sif;Ekdifygbl;? ae‹wdkif;vnf; vkyfcr& bl;? usrwdkŒ&Jhajr awGu a&umwmaqmufzdk‹ twif;t"rRodrf;jcif;cH&w,f? tJ'ga=umifh usrwdkŒ[m wjcm;&Gm w&GmjzpfwJh a&$bdkav;&Gmudk a&G‹ajymif;&ygw,f? usrwdkŒajymif;a&$Œ&mrSmvnf; bmtultnDrSr&&SdwJhtjyif vrf;wGif wm;qD;cH&jcif;/ ppfaq;cH&jcif;ESifh tm%mydkifwdkŒrS ar;jref;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; cHcJh=u&ygw,f? usrwdkŒajymif;a&$Œ vmuwnf;u tcuftcJrsdK;pHk udkóuHawGŒ&w,f (uHaumif; wmu wjcm;uluD;rdom;pkrsm;u usrwdkŒukd wwfEdkif oavmuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnD=uwm&Sdw,f?) usrwdkŒtdrfaqmuf&w,f? ppfom;rsm;&Jh vma&mufppfaq;jcif;udk r=um c%cH&ygw,f? usrwdkŒrdom;pk[m tJ'D&GmrSm pm&if;r0ifao;vdk‹ &Gmom;tjzpf todtrSwf ðyjcif;rcH&ao;bl;? tckusrwdkŒw&m;0ifpm&if;0ifatmif óud;pm;aeqJjzpfw,f? usrtck udk,f0efaqmifae&vdk‹ tdrfrSmyJaejyD; wjcm; rdom;pk0ifawGtay:rSmom rDScdkae&ygw,f? usrwdkŒ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf rvHkavmufygbl;? usrtaeeJ‹ aq;0g;ESifh wjcm;udk,f0efaqmifusef;rma&; taxmuftul bmrSr&&Sdbl;? usrrSm usrukd,f0eftwGuf tjrJpdk;&drfae&ygw,f? tem*wfrSm bmawGjzpfvmrvJqdkwmudkvnf; usrrodygbl;? usrrSm tjrJwrf;a=umuf&GH‹r_eJ‹ raocsm ra&&mwJh tem*wfrSm touf&Sif aexdkifae&ygw,f?

twif;t"rR vkyftm;apcdkif;r_

&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk twif;t"rRenf;jzifh ppfwyf.vufeufypPnf;rsm;ESifh wjcm;toHk;taqmifrsm;udk o,faqmif cdkif;jcif;onf yËdyuQjzpfyGm;&m jrefrmEkdifiHta&S‹bufwGif yHkrSefusifhoHk;aeqJjzpfygonf? yHkrSeftm;jzifh trsdK;om;rsm;om pkaqmif;jcif;cH&aomfvnf; trsdK;orD;rsm;wGifvnf; trsdK;om; rsm;r&Sdaom tcsdefwGif twif;t"rRay:wmqGJjcif; cH&ygonf? av;vHaom0efrsm;udk xrf;,lapjyD; =urf;wrf;aom c&D;pOfrsm;rsm;wav#muf ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;onf udk,f0efaqmif trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tvGeftEW&m,f}uD;rm;ygonf?

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touf 33 ESpft&G,f u&iftrsKd;orD;wOD;onf 2004 ckESpfu u&ifjynfe,f/ zmyGef®rŒe,fwGif ay:wmvkyfcJhaom olr. tawGŒtóuHudk ajymjyygonf? ppftpkd;&onf xkdif;EdkifiHodkŒ v#yfppfypPnf; wifoGif;&efESifh oHvGifjrpfwGif a&umwm wnf aqmuf&eftwGuf zmyGefa'owGif vrf;rsm;aqmufvkyfcJhygonf? xdkodkŒvrf;rsm;aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf ppfwyftrsm;tjym; udkvnf; ydkŒaqmifcJhygonf?

usrudk,f0ef 3v &SdwJhtcsdefrSm ppftpkd;&&Jh ay:wmtjzpf twif;t"rRapckdif;jcif;cHcJh&ygw,f? usr&Gm uae 15 rdkif avmuf a0;wJhae&mudk oGm;&w,f? ppfom;awGu usrudk qefwpfwif;o,fcdkif;w,f? qefwpfwif;u 25 uDvdk avmuf&SdjyD; usr twGuf t&rf;udkav;vHygw,f? usrudk,f0ef&SdaewJhtwGuf vrf;av#mufzdk‹vnf; cGeftm; r&Sdygbl;? ppfom;rsm;u usrwdkŒ pm;aomufzdkŒ vHkvHkavmufavmufvnf; ray;/ oefŒ&Sif;aom aomufa&vnf; ray;ygbl;? vrf;c&D;wpfav#muf[m udk,f0ef aqmiftrsdK;orD;wOD;twGuf t&rf;=urf;wrf;vSygw,f? usr[m awmifwef;rsm;udkwuf&jyD; jrpfawGvnf; jzwfausmf&um wcgw&H acsmufrsm;udkvnf; jzwfausmf&ygw,f? usr[m t&rf;qmaomfvnf; pm;p&m tpm;tpmvnf;r&Sd/ a&vnf; r&Sdygbl;? wjcm;trsdK;orD;rsm;u usr twGuf pdwfraumif;jzpfayr,fh olwdk‹vnf; bmrSrulnDEkdifcJhygbl;? olwdkŒrSmvnf; txkyftydk;trsm;}uD; o,faqmif &ygw,f? usr t&rf;armjyD; a&vnf;c%c%qmum vrf;wpfav#mufvHk; r=umc% em;cJh&ygw,f? usr ay:wm uaejyefvmjyD; w&uft=umrSm usruav;ysufusoGm;cJhygw,f? aoG;awGtrsm;}uD;qif;jyD; usrtwGuf aq;0g;vnf; r&Sdygbl;? tpm;tpmvnf; r&Sdbl;? usrtJ'DupjyD; tjrJwrf;armaeum tm;udk r&Sdawmhbl;?123

bdef;pdkufysdK;jcif;ESifh bdef;oHk;pGJr_wdk;jrifhvmjcif; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppftpdk;&. rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\emudk xdxda&mufa&mufajz&Sif;&ef ysufuGufcJhr_a=umifh wcsKd‹aome,f ajrrsm; wGif bdef;pdkufysdK;r_ wkd;jr‡ifhvmjcif;ESifh ‚if;.tusdK;qufrSm bdef;a=umifh t=urf;zufr_ESifh wm0efysuf uGufr_rsm;jym;vmjcif;jzpf onf? okawoewckt& &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif; yavmifa'owGif trsdK;om;rsm;. bdef;pGJr_OD;a&onf rsm;jym;vmonf? xkda'orsm;rSm ,cifu ppftpdk;&rS bdef;pdkufysKd;&ef cGifh ðyxm;aom e,fajrjzpfjyD; ppftpdk;&rl0g'rsm;. tusKd;aus;Zl;tjzpf ±dk;&mvufzufvkyfief;udk ysufqD;apcJhonf? 2006 ckESpfwGif yavmiftrsdK;orD;tzGJŒtpnf;rS Tta=umif;t&mESifhygwfoufjyD; trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: rnfuJhodk‹tusdK;oufa&mufr_&Sdonfudk okawoeðyxm;aom tpD&ifcHpmwapmif xkwfcJhyg onf?124

rlvuwnf;u "avhxHk;wrf;t& usm;rcGJjcm;qufqHjcif;ukd cHpm;&jyD; trsdK;orD;rsm;rSm trsdK;om;rsm;. tjznfhcH b0tjzpf &yfwnfcJh=u&onf? yavmiftrsdK;orD;rsm;onf olwdkŒcifyGef;onfrsm; bdef;pm;jzpfoGm;aomtcg 'kuQaygif;pHk/ tcuftcJaygif;pHkESifh &ifqdkif=u&onf? bdef;pm;jzpfoGm;aomvif a,mufsm;rsm;rSm olwdkŒ.rdom;pkudk raxmufyHhEdkif±kHomr uyJ ydkifqdkifor#udk a&mif;csjcif;/ taºuG;rsm;wifjcif;/ vlvdrfrsm;/ olcdk;rsm;jzpfoGm;jcif;ESifh bdef;pm;Edkif&ef bdef;a&mif;0,fr_wGif yg0ifjcif;ponfh 'kp±dkufrsdK;pHkudkvnf; vkyfvm=uonf? ZeD;onfrsm;rSm olwkd‹trsKd;om;rsm;. ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m ±dkufykwf n‡if; qJjcif;/ qJqdkjcif;rsm;udkvnf; cHpm;&jyD; wpftdrfvHk;. pm;0wfaea&;twGuf 0efydav;vHum uav;rsm;. usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;twGuf ±kef;uef&onfrSmvnf; tifrwefcufcJvSygonf? ar;jref;csufwckxJwGif trsKd;orD;wOD;onf 0rf;pmrvHk avmufr_ESifh a&m*grsm;a=umifhuav; 11 a,mufxJrS 8 a,mufudk qHk;&_H;cJh&onf? tjcm;ar;jref;csufwckrSmvnf; orD; (2) a,mufrSm bdef;pm;jzpfol zcif. vlukeful;jcif;udkcH&onf? vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_

wdk;wuf zGH@®z;r_vkyfief;pOfrsm;a=umifh ppftpdk;&rSvHkòcHa&;twGuf ppfwyfwdk;csJ@ojzifh trsdK;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm; rSm vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm; ydkrdkvG,fulpGmcH&EdkifzG,f&Sdonf? &Srf;jynfe,ftv,fydkif; oHvGifjrpfrS wmqef;a&umwm aqmufvkyf&mae&mw0dkufwGif trsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;pGm rk'dfrf;usifhcHae&ygonf?125

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atmufazmfjyyg zGifh[ajymqdkcsufrSm &wemobm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif; ywf0ef;usifwGif ppfwyfrsm;wdk;csJ‹ojzifh 2006 ckESpfwGif touf 25 ESpft&G,f u&iftrsdK;orD;rS rk'drf;usifhcH&r_ ta=umif;udk azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?

usrta':u usrudk Armppfwyfrsm;eJ‹ vdkufoGm;zdk‹ajymqdkvdk‹ ppfwyfu usrta':udk tdrfodk‹ ay;jyefjyD; usr wpfa,mufwnf; olwdk‹eJ‹aecJh&ygw,f? trSefawmh usrolwdk‹udk a=umufvdk@aecJh&wm/ wpfa,mufwnf; raecJhcsif ygbl;? usrta':u ppfom; oHk;a,mufeJ‹ aecJhzdk‹ajymqdkjyD; olwdk‹eJ‹ vdkufoGm;zdk@ vJajymcJhygw,f? ppfom;awG[m ppf0wfpHkrsm;udk 0wfxm;ygw,f? olwkd‹eJ‹ vrf;av#mufjyD; 15 rdepf t=umrSm ppfom;ESpfa,mufu usrudk òcHykwfxJudk qGJjyD; rk'drf;usifhygw,f? usefwJhwpfa,mufu apmifh=unfhaeygw,f? usratmfzdk‹ óud;pm;ayrJh usryg;pyfudk olwkd‹ twif;ydwfxm;w,f? usrudk òcHykwfxJrSm wpfa,mufjyD; wpfa,mufrk'drf;usifh=uw,f? usrolwdk‹udk t&rf; a=umufygw,f? usr yg;pyfudkwpfa,mufu ydwfxm;+yD; usefwJhwpf a,mufu usrudkrk'drf;usihfwmjzpfygw,f? usrudk,fusr umuG,f&ef óud;pm;aomfvnf; olwdk‹u 2a,mufjzpfjyD;tm;}uD;vdk‹ usrrwGef;vSefEdkifcJhygbl;? rk'drf; usifhjyD;csdefrSm usrudk ay;jyefjyD; b,fol‹udkrSrajymzdk‹ owday;w,f?126

trsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;onf zGH@®z;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf twif;t"rRvkyftm;ay;cH &jcif;omru rk'drf;usifh

cH&jyD; twif;t"rRudk,f0efzsufcscdkif;jcif;udkvnf; cH&onf?

Zlvdkifv 4 &ufae‹wGif &Gm 2 &GmrS touf 21 ESpfESifh 18 ESpft&G,f trsdK;orD; 2 OD;onf &cdkifjynfe,f/ ausmufawmf ®r@‹e,fwGif ajcusifwyf&if; 374 ppfwyfrS tkyfpkvdkufrk'drf;usifhjcif;udkcH&onf? trsdK;orD; 2 OD;onf ppftpdk;&ydkif &mbmjcHwGif twif;t"rRvkyftm;ay;vkyfae&csdefwGif rk'drf;usifhcH&jcif;jzpfonf? trsKd;orD;wpfOD;rSm aemufydkif;wGif ppftpdk;& t&m&Sd. twif;t"rRudk,f0efzsufcscdkif;r_a=umifh =o*kwfv 17 &ufae‹wGif aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? Ajcvsif wyf&if; 374 rSm AdkvfrSL;udkudkpdk; OD;aqmifonfhwyfjzpfjyD; ndKacsmif;aus;&Gm/ ppfwyfydkif&mbmjcHwGif tajcpdkufaeaom wyfjzpfonf? trsdK;orD;.rdom;pktzGJ‹0if rsm;onf ausmufawmf®r@‹e,frS ppfXmecsKyf&kH;wGif tr_udk wdkifwef;onf? olwdk‹onf tr_udkppfaq;jyD; =o*kwfv 12 &uf ae‹wGif rk'drf;usifhcH&aom trsKd;orD;wpfOD;pDudk avsmfa=u;tjzpf wpfaomif;pDay;cJhonf? ppft&m&SdESifh ppfXmecsKyfrS trsdK;orD;wpfOD; udk,f0ef&Sda=umif;=um;&csdefwGif udk,f0efudk twif;tr"Rzsufcscdkif;onf? xdktrsKd;orD;rSm udk,f0efzsufcsI wjcm; a&m*g0'emrsm;0if+yD; =o*kwfv 17 &ufae‹/ 2007 ckESpfwGif qHk;oGm;cJhonf?127

w[kefxkd;pnfum;wufvmaom e,fpyf®r@@rsm;ESifh a&$wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifh vdifvkyfief; rsm; jym;vmjcif;

aus;vufa'owGif ppftpdk;&. zGH@®z;a&;vkyfief;pOfrl0g' ratmifjrifr_rsm;.&vm'ftjzpf trsdK;orD;rsm;rSm vdifvkyf ief;rsm;wGif ydkrdkvkyfudkif&ef wGef;tm;ay;vmonf? trsm;pkrSm a&$wl;azmfa&;ae&mrsm;ESifh w[kefxdk; pnfum;vmonfh e,f pyf®r@‹rsm;wGif jynfhwefqmtjzpf rw&m;acgif;yHkjzwfcHae&+yD; usef;rma&;twGuf tEW&m,f}uD;onfh 0ef;usifwdk‹wGif usa&muf ae&onf? trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;udk umuG,f&efrqdkxm;ESifh/ ppfwyfonf trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: rw&m; acgif;yHkjzwfonfh vdifvkyf ief;ydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh wdkuf±dkuftvkyfvkyfudkifae=uonf? ucsifvlr_ zGH@®z;a&; uGef,uftzGJ@rS xkwfa0aom “tarSmifv$rf;aeaom csdKifh0Srf;” tpD&ifcHpmt& ucsifjynfe,f &SmbGD&ma'o a&$wl;azmf&m ae&mwGif ppftpdk;&onf vdifvkyfief;udk cGifhðyxm;onf omru olwkd‹udk,fwdkifvnf; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESifh wdkuf±dkufqufqHvkyfudkifpm;aomufjyD; vdifvkyfief;rS xGufajy;oGm;aom trsdK;orD;rsm;udk zrf;qD;I vdifvkyfief;wGif jyefvnfa&mif;cscJhonf? xkd@tjyif xdkodk@zrf;qD;cH&aom trsdK;orD;rsm;udk u,fwif &ef óud;pm;ol rsm;onf a'oqdkif&m ppfqifa&; tm%mydkifrsm;. tjypfay;jcif;udk cH&onf?128

65

t}uHðycsufrsm;

• rnfonfh zGH@®z;a&;qdkif&mvkyfief;pDrHcsufrsm;udkrqdk vlr_a&;ESifh obm0ygwf0ef;usiftay: tusdK;oufa&muf Edkifr_rsm;/ trsdK;orD;rsm;ay: tusdK;oufa&mufr_ESifh tusdK;oufa&muf rnfhvlxktay: vGwfvyfaom avhvm qef;ppfcsufrsm; ðyvkyfjyD;rSom vkyfaqmifoifhonf?

• obm0o,HZmwrsm;rS &&Sdaom0ifaiGrsm;udkk aus;vufa'oaevlxkrsm; t&nftcsif;rD ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&; apmihfa&Smufr_ &&Sd&eftwGuf a'ocHzGH@®z;wdk;wufa&;ESifh vlr_zlvHka&;vkyfief;toD;oD;wGif toHk;ðy&rnf?

• vlxk txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om;a'oudk ypfrSwfxm;aom ppfwyfwdk;csJ‹jcif;ESifh vufeufudkif EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf; rsm;tm; acsr_ef;jcif; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk csufcsif;&yfwef‹&rnf?

• v,f,majrtcGifhta&;/ vlom;vkHðcHa&;ESifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;twGif; trsdK;orD;rsm;. wef;wlpGmyg0ifr_/ olwkd‹. udk,fykdifobm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pDrHEdkifaom a&&Snf zGH@®z;r_udk OD; wnfonfh pdkufysdK;a&;rl0g'rsm;&Sd&rnf?

• ppfwyfwdk;csJ‹a&;rl0g'rsm;/ ppfwyfpcef;topfrsm;aqmufvkyfjcif;ESifh EdkifiHtESH‹ppftiftm; jzef‹usufxm;jcif;udk csufcsif;&yfwef‹&rnf?

• v,fajrtaeexm;ESifhrudkufnDaomoD;ESHrsm;tm; twif;t=uyfpdkufysdK;cdkfifjcif; / v,f,majrodrf;,ljcif;ESifh oD;ESHHh zsufqD;jcif;rsm; csufcsif; &yfwef‹ap&rnf?

• vlxkudk twif;t"rR vkyftm;cdkif;apr_/ v,f,modrf;,lr_/ twif;t"rRae&ma&$‹ajymif;r_ESifh ppfwyftwGuf twif; t"rRpkdufysdK;cdkif;r_ ponfh zGH@®z;a&;pDrHudef;rsm; csufjcif;&yfwef‹&rnf?

• bdef;tjrpfjzwfacsr_ef;a&;udk a'ocHvlxkrsm;twGuf a&&Snf zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif; vkyfEdkif &ef a&G;cs,fEdkifcGifh r&Sdao;oa&G‹ vkyfaqmifjcif;rðy&? zGH@®z;wdk;wufa&; pDrHudef;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;. pGrf;&nf jr‡ifhwifa&;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsonfh ae&mrsm;wGif yg0ifEkdifa&;udk aocsmpGm vkyfaqmif&rnf?

• zGH@®z;a&;pDrHudef;twGuf a'ocHtzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; vGwfvyfpGm wnfaxmifcGifhðyI wm;jrpfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;udk jyifqif&rnf?

• rdrdwdk‹vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk ulnDaeaom EdkifiHwum tJef*sDtdkrsm;ESifh ukor*~at*sifpDrsm;twGuf xkwfxm;aom wm;jrpfydwfyifonfh jyXmef;csufrsm;udk tjrefqHk;±kyfodrf;&rnf?

66

taxGtaxGt}uHðycsuf trSwf 19? trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ òcHiHkoHk;oyfcsuf

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_onf 1993 ckESpfuwnf;u EdkifiHwumu w&m;0iftodtrSwfðy xm;aomta&; udpPjzpfonf? 2006 ckESpf urBmhukvor*~. xyfrHavhvmcsufrsm;t& trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_onf wurBmvHk; wGif qdk;&Gm;pGm jyef‹ESH‹jzpfyGm;onfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sda=umif;129 ESifh urBmay:wGif tenf;qHk;trsKd;orD;(3)OD;wGif (1)OD;onf olwdk‹.b0wmwGif ±dkufESufr_ ESifh vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_ cHae&zG,f&Sda=umif;/ (odkŒwnf;r[kwf) tEdkifusifh cHae&a}umif; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;csKyfu wifjyxm;ygonf?130

odkŒaomfvnf; ppftpdk;&taejzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t"duusonfh jy\emw&yf tjzpf todtrSwfrðyay?131 1999 ckESpf ESifh 2007 ckESpfwGif yl;aygif;wifjyaom ppftpdk;&. pDa'gtpD&ifcHpmxJwGif pDa'gaumfrwD rS csrSwfxm;aom taxGaxGt}uHay;csuf eHygwf (19) t& trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ESifh ygwfoufonfh acgif;pOf (odk‹r[kwf) toHk;tE_ef;rsm;yif rxnfhoGif;xm;a=umif;awGŒ&onf?

ppftpdk;&u jrefrmEkdifiHrS trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;. tajctaeonf urBmay:wGif taumif;qHk;aom tqifh twef;wGif yg0ifa=umif; xyfrHwvJvJajymqdkaeygonf?132 2007 ckESpfwGif wifjyxm;aom jrefrmEdkifiH. tpD&ifcHpmxJwGif omref xufydkaom a=ujimcsufw&yftjzpf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;onf rarG;zGm;rDtcsdefuwnf;uyif wef;wlnDr#r_udk aysmf±$ifpGm cHpm;ae&a=umif; a&;om;xm;onf?133 TonfrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_. t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfonfh orkdif;tpOftquft& trsKd;orD;ESifhtrsKd;om; wef;wlr_rsm;r&Sdjcif;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_jy\emonf EkdifiHa&;ESifh udk,fydkifb0twGif;odk‹yif ysH‹ESHŒxdcdkufaponfudk ypfy,fxm; jcif;omjzpfonf?134

ppftpdk;&u trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_ESifh ywfoufI vHk;0onf;cHEkdifr_r&SdqdkonfrSm rSefygovm;?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif vdifydkif;qdkif&mtjrwfxkwfr_tm; rESpfrsKd‹aom/ wm;jrpfxm;aom jrefrmh±dk;&m/ ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;ESifh pHwefzdk;rsm;rS tpdk;&tm; trsKd;orD;ESifhrdef;uav;i,frsm;tm; vdifydkif;qdkif&mESifh usm;rqdkif&m tay:wGif tajccHaomt=urf;zufr_rsm;tygt0if vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf vkyfaqmif ay;&ef tm;aumif;aumif;ESifh axmufcHtm;ay;vsuf&Sdonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@rSvnf; trsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm; tm; t=urf;zufr_rsm;tay:wGif vHk;0onf;rcHEkdifonfh ay:vpDtm; tjynfht0axmufcHygonf?135

trSefwu,fwGifrl jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf t=urf;zufr_udk tqifhwdkif;wGif óuHawG‹cHpm;ae&+yD; ordkif;tpOf

tvmt& usm;rcGJjcm;jcif;udk cH&onfomru ppftpkd;&. zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_ESifh w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdjcif;wdk‹a=umifhvnf; wdkuf±kdufxd cdkufcHpm;ae=u&ygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;onf rdom;pktzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;.t=urf;zufr_ txl;ojzifh tpkd;&udk,fwdkifcsdK; azmufaom t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk xGufaygufr&Sdatmif cHpm;ae&ygonf?136

ppftpdk;&rS trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ESifh t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk todynmay;&ef ysufuGufr_rsm;a=umifh tm%mydkifrsm;/ txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&.wyfom;rsm;rS cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ESifh t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk aESmif=uOfjcif;r&SdbJ vkyf±dk;vkyf pOfyrm usL;vGefvsuf&Sdonf?

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zm;aqmif;+rdK@e,f/ u&ifeDjynfe,frS touf 24 ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD;wOD;rS ppftpdk;&wyfrS wyfom;rsm;.awG;ac: pOf;pm; yHkudk atmufygtwkdif; xkwfazmfajymjycJhjcif;jzpfonf?

eef;jrifhrSm touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf usbrf;tvkyform;tjzpf vkyfudkifpm;aomufaeaom trsKd;orD;wOD;jzpfonf? 2001 ckESpfrSmawmh armifausmfudkudkqdkwJh ajcvsifwyf&if; (430) ESifh ±dk;&m"avhxHk;wrf; tcrf;tem;ðyvkyfum vufxyf xdrf;jrm;cJhonf? ppfwyf. pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;t& w&m;0ifvufxyfcGifh&&ef apmifhqkdif;aecsdefwGif olrcifyGef;. ppfwyfwef;vsm;wGif oGm;a&mufaexdkifcJhonf? olrudk,f0ef (3) v&SdcsdefwGif cifyGef;jzpfolrSm a&S@wef; wae&mwGif aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? olr cifyGef;aoqHk;+yD;aemuf wyft&m&SdrS olrtm; ‚if;wdk@. vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r_rSm ppfwyf. Oya' t& w&m;r0ifa=umif;ESifh w&m;0if vufxyfr+yD;cif olrcifyGef;ESifh pcef;twGif; vma&mufaexdkifaoma=umifh raumif; aom rdef;rtjzpfpGyfpGJI pcef;rS xGufcGmoGm;&ef trdef@ay;cJhonf? 2002 ckESpfwGif zm;aqmif; +rdK@e,f&Sd olr. ae&yf&Gm odk@ jyefa&mufcJhaomfvnf; ppftpdk;&.ppfom;ESifh udk,f0ef&I cifyGef;onfrygbJ jyefa&mufvmaoma=umifh &Gmom; rsm;uvnf; olrtm; raumif;aomrdef;rtjzpf pGyfpGJI &GmrS xGufcGmckdif;cJhjyefonf? xdk@a=umifh olrrSm tjcm;&Gm wpf&GmwGif oGm;a&mufaexdkifcJh&+yD; olr. uav;i,ftm; arG;zGm;cJhonf? zcifrJhaom olr.uav;tm; arG;jrL&ef twGuf tcuftcJaygif;rsm;pGm olr&ifqkdifcJh&onf? uav;i,frSm touf (3) ESpfESifh (8) vt&G,f 2007 'DZifbm 26 &ufae@wGif iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI eef;jrifhrSm olrcHpm;cJh&aom tjzpfqdk;rsm; a=umifh pdwfa&m*gcHpm; ae&onfrSm ,ae@wkdifyifjzpfonf?137

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tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_udk jrefrmEdkifiH vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;twGif; jzpf±dk;jzpfpOf/ jzpfavhjzpfx&Sdaom tjzpftysufozG,f ae&m wdkif;wGif tvG,fwulawG‹óuHae&onf?138 okd‹aomfvnf; TodkŒjzpfjcif;udk udk,fa&;udk,fwm (odkŒr[kwf) rdom;pk.twGif;a&; rsm;tjzpfomowfrSwf+yD; rdom;pkESifh eD;pyfaom aqGrsKd;rsm;rSvGJI rnfolr#0ifa&mufpGufzufIr&ay? trsdK;orD;rsm;onfvnf; rdrd.tjzpftysufudk wjcm;olrsm;tm; ajym&rnfudk &Suf&GHŒ+yD;/ t=urf;zufcH&aomrdrdtm; tusifhpm&dwWraumif;aom rdef;r tjzpf txiftjrifao;cH&rnfudkvnf; a=umuf&GHŒae&ygonf? u&ifeDjynfe,f/ zm;aqmif; +rdK@ e,frS touf 32 ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh awG‹qHkar;jref;csuf

usru vrf;ab;aps;onfyg? usrtrsKd;om;u usrwdk@a'orSm&SdwJh jynfol@ppftzGJ@0ifyg? olu t&uform;wa,muf jzpf+yD;awmh usrudkvJ t+rJwrf;vdkvdkbJ ±dkufwwfygw,f? 2008 ckESpf rwfv 20 &ufae@rSmawmh olawmif;wJhydkufqH usr ray; Edkifvdk@ usrudk qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;udk±dkuf+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufygw,f? &uftenf;i,ftwGif;rSmbJ usr&Jh touf 72 ESpft&G,f tartdkeJ@ touf 8 ESpft&G,f orD;av;udk ac:+yD;awmh tJ'Dt=urf;zufr_awGuaev$wfatmif xGufajy;vmcJhygw,f? olu jynfol@ppf tzGJ@0ifjzpfwhJtwGuf ajcjrefwyf&if; 135 u ppfom;awGudk usrwdk@udkawG@&if zrf;ay;zdk@twGuf ajymxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh a'ocH u&ifeDtzGJ@awG&JhtultnDeJ@ usrwdk@vGwfajrmufvm+yD;awmh e,fpyfudk a&mufvmygw,f? trSefu zm;aqmif;rSm jrefrmhtrsKd;orD; a&;&m&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh usrolwdk@udk todray;csifbl;? usrwdk@a'orSm tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_cHae&wJh trsKd;orD;awG trsm;}uD; usrawG@zl;w,f? jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;a&;&mtzGJ@u wcgrS tJ'Dvdkjy\emawGudk vmajz&Sif;ay;wm rawG@wJhtjyif trsKd;orD;awG udkbJ tjypfwif+yD;awmh raumif;wJhtrsKd;orD;vdkrsKd;bJ qufqHw,f?139

atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrSm u&ifeDjynfe,f&Sd touf 31 ESpft&G,f&Sd trsKd;orD;wpfOD;.ta=umif; jzpfygonf? olronf tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_cH&+yD; e,fpyf&Sd trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;wck. apmifha&Smufr_atmufwGif 2007 pufwifbmv uwnf;u a&muf&Sdaeoljzpfonf?

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rk'drf;usifh+yD;wJhaemufrSm ywf0ef;usif&Jh tjypfwifa0zefr_udk a&Smifwdrf;zdk@twGuf twif;t"rR usrudk,fhudk,fudk,f wdkufwGef;+yD; ol@udkvufxyfvdkuf&wmyg? tJ'Dtjzpftysuf jzpfwJhtcsdefu usraps;a&mif;wJhtcsdefaygh? oleJ@vufxyf+yD; wJhaemufydkif;rSm oluusrudk b,fawmhrS aumif;aumif;rqufqHygbl;? olu usreJ@usrorD;udkypf+yD;awmh c&D;c% c% xGufygw,f? tJ'gxufqdk;wmu usreJ@usrorD;udk t+rJwrf;bJ ±dkufygw,f? tJ'Daemuf usroleJ@ udk,f0efxyf &ygw,f? ukd,f0efeJ@jzpfaeayrJhvnf; oluusrudk ±kdufaewkef;bJ? ol@&Jhvufpm;acsr_eJ@ +cdrf;ajcmufr_awGudk a=umufvdk@ wjcm;vlawGeJ@ usraqGrsKd;awGudkvnf; tultnD rawmif;&Jygbl;? ol@qDu xGufajy;zdk@qdkuawmh vHk;0udk rvkyf&J wJhudpPyg? vrf;uvlawG&Jh tultnDeJ@ tckvdk e,fpyfa'oudk vHkvHkòcHòcHeJ@a&muf zdk@twGuf pDrHEkdifcJh+yD; vHkòcHwJhae&m udk olwdk@ydk@aqmifay;EkdifcJhwmyg? wae@rSm usr AdkufxJuae+yD;awmh qdk;qdk;0g;0g;emvmvdk@ r,fa[mifaqmifaq;&kHrSm wuf&+yD;awmh ta&;ay: om;zGm;cJh&ygw,f? usruav;u vraphbJ arG;vmcJhygw,f? olu aygifcsdefrjynfh wJhtjyif tom;0ga&m*gvnf; jzpfaeygw,f? tckawmh usru ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;a*[m&Jh =unfh±_apmifha&Smufr_atmufrSm &Sdaeygw,f?140

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ppftpdk;&ppfwyfESifhtm%mydkifrsm;rS usL;vGefaom rk'drf;r_rsm;ESifh vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH tESH‹tjym;wGif jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdygonf? trsm;aomtm;jzifh xdkodkŒaomtjzpftysufrsm;onf ppftpdk;&. ppfwyfrsm;wdk;csJ@a&; ay:vpDcsxm;aom wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrwGif tjzpfrsm;vsuf&Sdygonf? ppftpdk;&onf trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_udk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: ESdrfeif;&efESifh e,fajrt&if;tjrpfrsm; xdef;csKyf&efwdk‹twGuf ppfwyf. ta&;}uD; aom enf;vrf;w&yftjzpf toHk;ðyvsuf&Sdonf? TodkŒvkyfaqmif&mwGif e,fajrcHvlxkrsm;tm; t±_H;ay;ap&ef +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ ppfwyf. tm%mudkjyo&ef toHk;csjcif;/ wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk pdwfav#mhyg;atmif ðyvkyfjcif;/ pdwf"mwf usqif;apjcif;/ t&SufuGJapjcif;ESifh ‚if;wyfom;rsm;twGuf qkvmbfrsm;tjzpf toHk;ðyjcif; ponfh&nf±G,fcsuf trsKd;rsKd;wdk‹ a=umifh jzpfonf?

trsdK;orD;tzGJŒrsm;ESifh vlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;onf 2002 rSpI jrefrmEkdifiH±Sd &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if/ rGef/ u&ifeDESifh &cdkifa'orsm;±Sd ppftpdk;&.ppfwyfrS trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: usL;vGefaom vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;udkaumufcHjyD; tpD&ifcHpmrsm; ðypkxkwfjyefvsuf&Sdygonf?142

Z,m;? ? rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom vdifykdif;qkdif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh rk'drf;r_rsm;

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TtpD&ifcHpmrsm;rSm ppftpdk;&.tºuGif;rJhtm%musifhoHk;r_ESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdaom pepfatmufwGif aexdkifaom ppfjzpfyGm;aome,fajr/ typftcJ&yfpJa&;vkyfxm;aome,fajrESifh awmifay:a'orsm;/ a0;vHacgifzsm;aoma'orsm;rS touft±G,f ra±G;/ tysKdttdkra±G;/ oDv&Sifrsm;ygrusef vHkòcHr_r&Sda=umif;ESifh ppftpkd;&rS vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm; usL;vGefaea=umif;udk xifxif±Sm;±Sm; oufaojyvsuf&Sdonf? ppfa=umif;tm;vHk;eD;yg; usL;vGefae=u+yD; tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif; wpHkw&mrcH&bJ vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhtjynfhjzifh vdifydkif;qkdif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk ,ckcsdeftxdvnf; qufvufI usL;vGefaeonf? xdktpD&ifcHpm rsm;rS ppfwyf.vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufr_rsm;onf ta=umif;rJhusL;vGefjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ ppftpdk;&. tm%mwnf+rJa&;ESifh ppfatmifEdkifa&;wdk‹twGuf t"duusaomenf;vrf;wcktjzpf pepfwustoHk;ðyaea=umif; xif&Sm;pGmrD;armif;xdk;jyxm;onf? ppftpdk;&rS qufvufjiif;qefaejcif;

2002 ckESpfwGif SWAN ESifh SHRF wdk‹rS‘rk'drf;usifhcGifhvkdifpiftpD&ifcHpm’ pwif xkwfa0 jzef‹csdcJhjyD;aemuf ppftpdk;&rS urBmhukvor*~wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ppfwyfrS trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: tpDtpOfcs t=urf;zufr_rsm;±Sdaejcif;udk jiif;qefcJhjyD; ‚if;wdk‹. owif;Xmersm;ESifh w&m;0ifxkwfjyefa=unmpmrsm;wGifvnf; jiif;qefxm;onfudkawGŒ&onf? ppftpdk;&rS aemufqHk; wifjycJhaom pDa'gpifòydiftpD&ifcHpmxJwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_udpP&yfrsm;udk aoaocsmcsm pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;ðy vkyfa=umif;ESifh tjypfusL;vGefolrsm;udkvnf; wnfqJOya'rsm;twdkif; tjypfay;a=umif; vdrfnmwifjyxm;onf?143

trSefwu,fwGifrl ppftpdk;&rSðyvkyfaom pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒrsm;onf EdkifiHwum. zdtm;avsmhusvm&ef [efjyvkyf aqmifxm;aom ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒjzpfonf? rk'drf;usifhcGifhvdkifpifudk pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ðyvkyfcJhaom ppftpdk;&. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒ onf 2002 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 18 &uf rS 30 &ufae‹txd &Srf;jynfe,fwGif oGm;a&mufcJhonf? =o*kwfv 23 &ufae‹wGif (pHkprf;ppfaq; a&;vkyfief;rjyD;qHk;cif) ppftpdk;&rS ukvor*~tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESifh &efukefwGif tpnf;ta0; ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdktpnf; ta0;wGif ppftpdk;&pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒrS ‘rk'drf;usifhcGifhvkdifpif’ tpD&ifcHpmudk tajctjrpfr&Sda=umif;ESifh r[kwfrrSefvkyf}uH ajymqkdonfh tpD&ifcHpm jzpfa=umif;ajymqdkcJhonf? rdkif;qwfESihfrdkif;wkH®r@e,frsm;wGif ðyvkyfaom ppftpdk;&. rk'drf;usifhcGifhvkdifpiftay:pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; 144

pHkprf;ppfaq;aomae‹ - 18 rS 30 &uf/ }o*kwf 2002 pHkprf;ppfaq;aomtzGJŒ - vl (5)a,mufyg ppftpdk;& pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒ

=o*kwfv 18&ufae‹/ rdkif;qwf®r@‹e,f

ppftpdk;&. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@onf &[wf,mOfjzifh rdkif;qwfESifhrkdif;wHk®r@‹e,frsm;wGif vma&mufppfaq;rnfhta=umif;/ xkda'o&Sdaus;&Gma'ocHrsm;ESifh awG‹qHk&eftwGuf óudwifjyifqifay;&ef ppfwyfrsm;tm; owif;ay;ydkŒcJhonf? xkda'o tajcpdkuf ppfwyfrsm;u &Gmvl}uD;rsm;udk tqifhjrifh ppftpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;&GmudkvmjyD; rk'drf;usifhjcif;ESifhywfoufI vma&mufar;jref;rnf[k today;cJhonf? ppfwyfu &Gmol}uD;ESihfaus;&GmaumfrwDrsm;udk xdkae‹wGif ra&mufvmv#if aomfvnf;aumif;/ olwkdŒvdkcsifaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm; rac:vmay;v#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ wpfOD;csif;pDudk '%faiG (3000) usyfpD ±kdufrnfhta=umif; ajym=um;cJhonf? olwdkŒac: vmcdkif;aom &Gmol&Gmom;rSm trsdK;orD;vm;/ trsKd; om;vm;qdkonfudk rajym=um;cJhay? a'ocHppfwyfrsm;u &Gmol}uD;ESifh aus;&Gm aumfrwDudk olwdkŒe,fwGif jzpfyGm;aom rk'drf;usifhcGifhta=umif;udk vHk;0rajymqdk&ef owday;cJhjyD; tu,fI ajymqdkcJhygu pnf;a0;yGJtjyD; jy\em jzpfrnf[k owday;cJhonf?

=o*kwfv 20 &ufae‹wGif &Gmol}uD;onf &Gmol&Gmom;aygif; 40 a,mufudk rdkif;qwf®r@ e,f&kH;a&S@wGif eHeuf 9 em&D tcsdefY vma&mufpk±kH;&ef pDpOfay;cJhonf? xdkae&mw0dkufwGif ppfwyfrsm;u vufeuftjynfhtpHkjzifh apmihf=uyfonf?

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ppftpdk;& ppfwyft&m &SdwpfOD;u a&mufvmaom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;.trnfrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh jyifqifxm; aom xkwfjyefpmxJwGif a&;rSwfxm;onf? olwdkŒowfrSwfxm;aom &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm;vHk; a&mufvmcsdefwGif pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ‹a&muf&Sd vmcJhonf? pHkprf;ppfaq; a&;tzGJŒt&m&SdrS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; ppfwyfrsm;rS vGefcJhaom 5 ESpf 6 ESpftwGif; rk'drf;r_wckrS rusL;vGefcJhyg[k ajymqdkcJh+yD; &Gmol &Gmom;rsm;tm; twnfðyajymqdkapcJhonf? olu jrefrmbmomjzifhajymI bmomjyefvnf; r&Sdyg? wufa&mufvmaom &Gmol &Gmom; tm;vHk;u jrefrmpum;rwwf =uyg? ar;cGef;rsm;vnf; rar;0Hh=uyg? jrefrmpum; em;vnfoltcsKd‹uvnf; bmrSrajym&J=uyg? ppftpdk;&t&m&Sdu &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; olwdkŒa&mufvmcsdefu a&;rSwfxm;aom emrnfpm&if;ab;wGif vufrSwf a&;xdk;cdkif;onf? xkdpm&GmxJwGif ppftpdk;& ppfwyfrsm;rS &Srf;trsdK;orD;wOD;wa,mufudkrS rk'drf;usihfonfudk r=um;zl;a=umif;a&;xm;onf? pma&;wwfolrsm;u olwdkŒemrnfudk a&;xkd;+yD; pmra&;wwfolrsm;udk vufaAGESdyfcdkif;cJhonf? wcsKd@&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u olwkdŒbmtwGuf vufrSwfxkd;cJh&onfudkyif rodcJh=uyg? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; ®r@he,f±kH;a&S‹wGif ArmppfwyfrS &Srf; trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; rk'drf;rusifhyg[k vufoD;vufajrmif;wef;I aºuG;a=umfapcJhonf? xdkodkŒvkyfaqmifaomyHkudk "gwfyHk rsm;±dkufxm;onf?

tpDtpOfwckvHk; wpfem&Dcef‹=umcJhonf?

=o*kwfv 24 &ufae‹/ rdkif;wHk®r@‹e,f/ ppftpdk;&. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ‹onf rdkif;qwfrS rdkif;wHkodkŒppfum; 12 pD;jzifh c&D; qufcJh=uonf? rkdif;qwfajcvsifwyf 49 ESifh ajcvsifwyf 278 wkdŒrS um;wpD;pDxJwGif ppfom; 8 a,muf 9 a,muf vdkufygcJhonf? xdkppfom;rsm;onf c&D;wpfav#mufvHk;. vHkjcHKa&;wm0ef,l&efjzpfonf? rkdif;wHk®r@‹e,f±kH;a&S‹wGif ppftpdk;& pHkprf;ppfaq; a&;tzGJ‹ESifh awG‹qHk&ef vl 30 a&mufwufa&mufcJh&onf? tpDtpOfwckvkH; rdkif;qwfrSmuJhodk‹ yif vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhonf? odkŒaomf vnf; tpnf;ta0;jyD;aemuf twif;t"rR aºuG;a=umfjcif;udkrl rðyvkyfcdkif;cJhay?

=o*kwfv 26 &ufae‹/ rJcJaus;&GmwGif ppftpdk;&. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒoGm;a&mufcJhonf? vHkòcHa&;twGuf ajcvsifwyf&if; 519 rSwm0ef,lcJhonf? &Gmol&Gmom;aygif; 15 a,mufonf rJcJ&Gm/ pmoifausmif;wGif ppftpdk;&. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒ tm; awG‹qHkcJhonf? tpDtpOfwckvHk; rdkif;wHkrSmuJhodkŒyif vkyfaqmifjyD; jyD;qHk;oGm;cJhonf?

=o*kwfv 28 &ufae‹wGif ppftpdk;&. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJŒonf ajcvsifwyf 333 ESifh ajcusifwyf 49 wdkŒrS wm0ef ,ljyD; emhaumif;rl; aus;&GmodkŒoGm;a&mufcJhonf? &Gmol&Gmom;aygif; 20 a,mufudk ppftpdk;&. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; tzGJŒESifh awGŒqHk&ef emhaumif;rl; &Gmol}uD;tdrfwGif pk±kH;apcJhonf? tpDtpOfwckvHk; rdkif;wHkòrd‹rSmuJhodkŒyif vkyfaqmif oGm;cJhonf?

=o*kwfv 30 &ufae‹/ yHkygcJaus;&GmwGif ppftpdk;&. pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ‹onf ajcvsifwyf&if; 45 ESifhtwl oGm;a&mufcJh onf? &Gmol&Gmom;aygif; 30 a,muf ppftpdk;&. pHkprfppfaq;a&;tzGJ‹ESifh ajcvsifwyf&if; 524 wGif awG‹qHkcJhonf? tpDtpOf wckvHk; rdkif;wHkrSmuJhodkŒyif vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhonf?

ppftpdk;&onf jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ zdtm;ay;jcif;ESifh tjypfay;jcif;wkd‹udk toHk;ðyI e,fajrcH&Gm ol&Gmom;rsm;/ rsufjrif

oufaorsm;/ rk'drf;usifhcH&olrsm;wkd‹xHrS r[kwfrrSefaom xGufqdkjcif;rsm;/ xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udk &,lcJhonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh a'ocHrsm;rSm ukvor*~tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;rS vlrsm;tygt0if jyifyrSvlrsm;jzifh pum;rajym&ef jcdrf;ajcmufxm;jcif;cH&onf?

Oyrmtm;jzifh 2002 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmwGif vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkif&m ukor*~. txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwm yDnJ±dk;onf jrefrmEdkifiHodkŒoGm;a&mufppfaq;&efESifh &Srf;jynfe,fwGif rk'drf;r_ta=umif; tpD&ifcHpmtwGuf oGm;a&mufpHkprf;&ef ppftpdk;&rS cGifhðycJhonf? odkŒaomfvnf; olroGm;a&mufrD/ ppftpdk;&. axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ‹onf &Srf;jynfe,fodk‹ vrf;&Sif;ay;&efESifh rk'drf;usifhcH &olrsm;tm; ar;jref;jcif;rsm;udk t&ifoGm;a&muf ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdk@tjyif &Srf;&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk &Srf;trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; tpdk;&

72

ppfwyfrsm;rSrk'drf;usifhonfrSm r[kwf&a=umif; vufrSwfxdk;&ef trdef@ay;cJhonfhtjyif EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm; pum;rajym&ef vnf; wm;jrpfcJh=uonf? ppftpdk;&rS ppfwyftm;qef‹usifjyD; bmrSrajym&efvnf; ‚if;wdk@tm; jcdrf;ajcmufxm;cJhonf?

xdkenf;wlpGm jcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;onf 2002 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif EdkifiHwum =uufajceDrS &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkif;jzpfaom rk'drf;usifhcGifhvdkifpiftpD&ifcHpm owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,laomae&modkŒ oGm;cJhpOfuvnf; jzpfay:cJhonf? e,fajrcH&Srf;vlrsKd; rsm;onf ppftpdk;& ppfwyfudkqef‹usifjyD; raumif;a=umif; bmrSrajymqdk&ef owday;cH&jyD; 2003 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif ppftpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;u EdkifiHwum =uufajceDtoif; vma&mufvnfygwfpOfu qef‹usifajymqdkolrsm;udk aemufwcgajymqdkygu olwdk‹. v#mESifhvnfyif;rsm; jzwfypfrnf[kvnf; jcdrf;ajcmufajymqkdcJhonf? xkdodkŒaom jcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;onf 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv/ tjynf jynfqdkif&mv$wfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhtzJG‹ oGm;a&mufcJhpOfuvnf; jzpfyGm;cJhonf?

,ae‹tcsdeftxd ppftpdk;&onf rk'drf;usifhcGifhvkdifpif tpD&ifcHpmtm;&nfnGef;jyD; ‚if;.owif;Xmersm;ESifh ukvor*~ tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ ukvor*~odk‹ay;ydk‹aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;xJwGif xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf?145 ppftpdk;&onf ppfwyfESifhtm%mydkif wkd‹rS ðyvkyfaom vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk jiif;qefcJhonfomruyJ ‚if;wkd‹ jypfr_usL;vGefonfh ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvuf aumuf,lazmfxkwfvsuf&Sdaom trsKd;orD;tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh wjcm;vl‹tcGifhta&; tzGJ‹tpnf; rsm;udkvnf; tjypfwifa0zefcJhonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGifjzpfyGm;aom tpDtpOfcs vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_usK;vGefjcif;qdkif&m tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk xkwfa0 aomtrsdK;orD;tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;odk‹ ppftpdk;&. wkH‹jyefcsuf

u&iftrsdK;orD;tpnf;t±kH;rS 2004 ckESpf {jyDvwGif xkwfa0aom ‘wdwfqdwfr_udk òzdcGif;jcif;’ tpD&ifcHpmudk ppftpdk;& u t"dyg`,fr&SdaomtpD&ifcHpm[kajymqdkcJhjyD; ppftpdk;&ESifh u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t±kH;rS ðyvkyfaom jidrf;csrf;a&; awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;a&;ysufjym;ap&ef 0g'jzef‹vkyfaqmifcsufw&yf jzpfonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf?

2004 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tzGJ‹csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH)rS xkwfa0aom ‘usL;vGefcGifhay; xm;aompepf’ tpD &ifcHudk ppftpdk;&rSwkH‹jyef&mwGif TtpD&ifcHpmonf tajctjrpfr&Sdaom pGyfpGJcsufjzpfa=umif;ESifh vHk;0trSefw&m; r[kwf a=umif; TtpD&ifcHpmrSm wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tcsif;csif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ysufjym;ap&ef wrif&nf&G,fI a&;om;xm; jcif;jzpfa=umif;/ wdkif;&if;ol trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh ppfwyf.*k%fudk ysufjym;atmifvkyfjcif;jzpfa=umif; wkH‹jyefcJhonf?

2008 ckESpf rwfvwGif vl‹tcGifhta&;aumifpD. tcef; 7 rS ppftpdk;&. xkwfjyefcsuf wdkif;&if;oltrsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;i,frsm;udk vdifydkif;qdkif&mt}urf;zufr_ðyonf[k pGyfpGJjcif;onf jrefrmtpkd;& ESifh jrefrmppfwyfudk *k%foduQmusqif;atmif wrif&nf&G,fI vkyfaqmifjcif;om jzpfonf[k xkwfjyefcJhonf?

rk'drf;usifhr_ta}umif; xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhojzifh rw&m; tjypfay;cH&jcif;

vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ESifh ygwfoufonfhowif;udk zHk;zd&eftwGuf ppftpdk;& onf 2002 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEkdifiHrS owif;rsm;xGufrvmap&ef wif;=uyfpGm óud;pm;ydwfqdk@cJhI EdkifiHtjyifbufodkŒ owif;ydk‹olrsm;udk tjypfay;cJhonf? wcsKd‹aom tr_rsm;wGif rSm;,Gif;pGm tjypfay;jcif;rsm;&Sdonf? 2007 ckESpfwGif ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rS ucsifjynfe,f/ ylwmtdkwGif tkyfpkvkduf rk'drf;r_ usL;vGef&ef óud;pm;r_rsm;/ aemufqufwGJrsm;taejzifh ausmif;ol 4 a,mufudk zrf;qD;jcif;onf e,fajrcHrsm;twGuf ppftpdk;&. tEW&m,f}uD;rm;r_ESihf txl;ojzifh rk'drf;usifhcH&aom"g;pmcH.aqGrsdK;rsm;ESifh w&m;r#wr_&&Sd&ef óud;pm;aeolrsm;twGuf tEW&m,f ESihf ydkI&ifqdkifae&a=umif; oufaojyaeonf?

73

ylwmtdktr_ - azazmf0g&D 2007 ckESpf

&a0gifeef;/ csif;vdkifeif&rf/ eef;=unfacg'ef;ESifh yl&rf (touf 14ESpfrS 16ESpf=um;) wdkŒonf/ ucsifjynfe,f/ ylwmtkd ®r@e,f/ a'gufwef;&Gmtxufwef;ausmif;wGif pmoifaeaom (8) wef;ausmif;olav;rsm;jzpf=uonf? 2007 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D v 2 &ufwGif ylwmtdk®r@rS rdkif20 tuGm/ rkefvefcsdKifh0Srf;Y tajccsonfh trSwf 138 ajcvsifwyf&if;rS ppfom; 7 OD;onf tqdkyg ausmif;olav;rsm;tm; um&mtdkauodkŒ jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifoGm;cJhonf? ausmif;olav;rsm;udk ppfwyftajcpdkuf rkefvef&SD'D; aus;&GmodkŒac:aqmifoGm;jyD; t&m&Sd 3 OD;ESifhppfom; 4 OD;wdkŒu tkyfpkvdkuf rk'drf;usifhcJh=uonf? ppft&m&SdoHk;OD;wdkŒrSm AdkvfrSL; apm0if;ouf/ Adkvf}uD; 0if;jrihfOD;ESifh Adkvf}uD; ausmfaZ,swdkŒjzpfjyD; tpydkif;wGif ausmif;olav;rsm;onf tEW&m,fudka=umuf&GH jyD; olwdkŒ .tjzpftysuftm; &JxHodkŒwdkif=um;&ef a=umuf&GH‹aecJhonf?

odkŒaomfvnf;aemufydkif;wGif xkdausmif;olav;rsm;. rdbESifhaqGrsdK;rsm;u wyf&if;rS AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;0if;tm; wdkif=um;jyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDrS tr_pD&ifa&;ðyvkyfum xkdaumfrwDrS rk'drf;usifhcH&ol ausmif;olwpfOD;pDudk usyfig;odef;pD avsmfa=u; tjzpfay;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? odkŒaomfppfwyfrSm owfrSwfxm;aomaom aiGyrm%udkray;bJ oHk;odef;omay;cJhonf? tr_ pD&ifaomumvwGif t&m&SdoHk;OD;. w&m;0ifrnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudk xkwfazmfaomfvnf; tr_wGifyg0ifaom tjcm; ppfom; 4 OD;wdk@. trnfrsm;udkrl xkwfazmf&ef ppfwyfrS jiif;qefcJhonf? xdktr_pD&ifjyD;aemufydkif; ppfwyfu 'ghwefaus;&Gm tkyfcsKyfa&;&kH;/ a'ocHtrsdK;orD;rsm;ESihf rk'drf;usihfcH&olrsm;udk rk'drf;r_ta=umif; aemufxyf vHk;0rajym&ef owday;cJhonf?

odkŒaomfvnf; xdktjzpftysufowif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHjyifyowif;Xmersm;odkŒ a&muf&SdvmEdkifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf ppfwyfu trsdK;orD;i,fav;ESihf olwdkŒ.rdbrsm;/ tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rSq&mrsm;/ aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;±kH;ESifh aus;&GmtrsdK;orD;tzGJ‹ tpnf;rsm;udk ppfaq;ar;jrefcJhonf? rwfv 9 &ufae@ 2007 ckESpfwGif rk'drf;usifhcH&aom trsdK;orD;rsm;onf jyifyowif;Xmersm; jzpfaom bDbDpD/ tm&ftufzfatESifh wjcm;Xmersm;odkŒ owif;ydkŒr_jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf?146

trsdK;orD;i,fav;rsm;udk rwfv 9 &ufae‹ 2007 ckESpfwGif jynfhwefqmr_tygt0if jypfr_ 10 csufjzifh ylwmtkdaxmifY tusOf;cscJhonf? toufydki,faom rdef;uav;i,f 2 OD;udk rEWav;axmifodkŒ ydk‹vkdufjyD; t}uD; 2 a,mufudk jrpf}uD;em; axmif odkŒydk‹cJhonf?

2008 ckESpf rwfvwGif vl‹tcGifhta&;aumifpD. tcef; 7 odkŒvdifydkif;qkdif&mt=urf;zufr_ ESifhygwfoufonfh ppftpdk;&. wkH‹jyefcsuf

37? jrefrmppfwyfonf jyifytzGJ‹tpnf;ESihf vufeufudkiftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;rS xkwfjyefxm;aom tkyfpkvdkufrk'drf;usifh onfhtpD&ifcHpmrsm;rS rSm;,Gif;pGm pGyfpGJjcif;rsm;udkcHae&onf? jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh jrefrmtpkd;&onf rk'drf; usifhr_ESifh tkyfpkvkdufrk'drf;usifhr_udk &SufzG,faumif;aom tr_tjzpf,lqonf? vufeufudkiftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&udkqef‹usifaomtzGJ‹rsm;onf tpkd;&udk tajctjrpfr&Sd pGyfpGJjcif;omjzpfonf? rk'drf;usifhr_ jzpfyGm;wkdif; tpkd;&rS tjypfusL;vGefolrsm;ukd tjypfay;jyD; w&m;r#wr_&&Sd&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifum tjypfusL;vGefolrsm;udk vnf; jrefrmEkdifiH.wnfqJ Oya'rsm;t& ta&;,lr_ðyvkyfcJhonf?

vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ qufvuf jyef‹yGm;aeaomoufaorsm;

ppftpdk;&rSazmfjyxm;aom tcsufjzpfonfh rk'drf;r_ESifhtkyfpkvdkufrk'drf;usifhr_onf &Suf&GHhp&maumif;aom jypfr_jzpfonf147 qkdonfhtcsufESifhqef‹usifpGmyif ajrmufjrm;pGmaom trsdK;orD;rsm;/ rdef;uav;i,frsm;/ aqGrsdK;rsm;ESihf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rS vlrsm;u ppftpdk;&ppfom;rsm;rSusL;vGefonfh rk'drf;r_ESifhygwfoufonfh xGufqdkcsufrsm;ta=umif;udk qufvufpkaqmif;vsuf±Sdonf? olwkd‹. xGufqdkcsufrsm;onf ppftpdk;&ppfwyfrsm;ESifh tm%mydkifrsm;. vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh rk'drf;r_rsm;tm; tpDtpOfcs ae&mtESH‹usL;vGefaea}umif; oufaojyaeonf? rk'drf;r_rsm;udk a'ocHvlxkrsm;/ txl;ojzifh trsKd;orD;ESifhrdef;uav;i,frsm;

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tm; olykeftm;axmufyHhonfhtwGuf n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufr_ESihf jypf'%fay;r_enf;vrf;w&yftjzpf toHk;ðyvsuf&Sdonf? trsdK;orD; ESifhuav;i,frsm;onf twif;t"rR vkyftm;ay;pOf/ ppfwyf.vrf;jytjzpf ppfwyfESifhtwloGm;&pOf/ odkŒwnf;r[kwf ppfwyf. ay:wmtjzpf vufeufrsm;/ tpm;tpm;rsm; o,fay;&pOfwGif rk'drf;usifhcH&ygonf? olwdkŒonf ae‹pOftvkyfrsm;vkyfudkifae pOf Oyrmtm;jzifh &GmtjyifbufwGif [if;oD;[if;&Guf&Smcl;aepOf/ v,fxJwGif om;ig;&SmazGpm;aomufpOf/ xif;pkaqmif;pOf odkŒr[kwf r#pfcsKd;aecsdef/ odk‹r[kwf aps;oGm;pOfESifh &GmeD;em;0dkufoGm;vmpOfwGif rk'drf;usifhcH=u&ygonf? trsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm; tm; tkyfpkvdkufrk'drf;usifhcH&jcif;ESifh &ufpuf=urf;wrf;pGm ESdyfpufcH&jcif;rsm;/ towfcH&jcif;rsm; jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sd+yD; tr_wpfck wGif trsKd;orD;i,fwOD;rSm rk'drf;usifhcH&+yD;aemufydkif;wGif towfcH&+yD; ,mwJtwGif;Y rD;&_d@cHcJh&onf?148

qdk;&Gm;r_ESifh óuHawGŒcHpm;cJh&aomtrsKd;orD;rsm;udkvnf; olwkdŒrk'drf;usifhcHcJh&onfudk rnfolŒudkrS rwdkif=um;&efESihf wdkif=um; v#if owfypfrnf[k jcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;ðycJhonf? tcsKd‹trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;onf olwdkŒjzpfysufcJhonfhta=umif; udk &Gmol}uD;xHrS tultnD&&Sd&ef wdkif=um;r_ðycJhonf? odkŒaomfvnf; &Gmol}uD;rsm;rSm ppfwyfrSjyefuvJhpm;acsr_rsm;ESifh wyfrawmfudk t=unftndK ysufaponf[laom pGyfpJGr_rsm;jzifh ta&;,lcH&rSmudka=umufjyD; tm%mydkifrsm;udk rwdkif=um;&Jay? tenf;i,faom tr_rsm;twGufomv#if ppfwyfqDrS avsmfa=u;&&Sdonf? odkŒaomfvnf; xkdavsmfa=u;rSm E_wfydwfa=u;oabmomjzpfjyD; aiGay; onfESifh wòydifeufwnf;wGif rk'drf;usifhcH&aomtrsKd;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;tm; rnfol‹udkrS owif;ray;&efESifh owif; ay;ygu olwdk‹udk ta&;,lrnfjzpfa=umif;jcdrf;ajcmufonf? vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_ vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf twifh&Jaejcif;

ppftpdk;& ppfwyfrSt&m&Sdrsm;. vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufaejcif;jzpfaeonfudk ajAmifjiif;qefaejcif;rsm;;u ,if;ppfom; rsm;tm; &mZ0wfr_rsm;jzpfonfh rk'drf;usifhjcif;udk trsdK;orD;.rdom;pk0ifrsm;a&S‹wGifrusef vHk;0t&Sufw&m;r&Sd (odk‹r[kwf) xdef;csKyf jcif;r&SdbJ usL;vGef&Jatmif tm;ay;tm;ajrSmuf ðyvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf? cHpm;&oltrsKd;orD;tm; umuG,f&ef óud;pm;aeolrsm; udkvnf; ±dkufESufjcif;/ uefxkwfjcif;/ ESdyfpufn‡if;yef;jcif;ESifh wcgw&HwGif owfypfonfhtxd ðyvkyfv#uf&Sdonf? tarESifhorD; rk'drf;usifhcH&jcif;

2006 ckESpf/ ESpfopful;wGif ajcvsifwyf&if; 426 rS ppft&m&Sdonf z±l;qdk; ®r@‹e,f wuGD;qdk;aus;&Gmol/ &Gmom;rsm; udk rnfonfhta=umif;jycsufESifhr# &GmjyifrxGuf&ef trdef‹ay;cJhonf? 2006 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufae‹ reuf 7 em&D tcsdefwGif rkdem touf 37 ESpfESifh orD;jzpfol emhem touf 18 ESpfwdk‹onf v,fxJokd‹oGm;&m &GmjyifbufwGif wyf&if; 426 ppfwyfrsm;u zrf;qD;cJhonf? olwkd‹om; trdESpfa,mufpvHk;udk ppfwyfrS rk'drf;usifhjyD; oHk;&uf}um ppfwyfpcef;&Sd&mae&mwGif xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf? emhemonf xdktcsdefwGif &moDvm&m ppfwyfrS ol‹cE<mudk,fvHk;wck vHk;udk a&at;ESifh twif;t"rRavmif;cs oef‹&Sif;cdkif;ojzifh olronf wpfem&Dcef‹ owdarhoGm;jyD;aemuf axmif tusOf;cef;xJwGif xnfhxm;jcif;cH&onf?149

cifyGef;onfESifh todkif;t0dkif;udk t&SufcGJjcif;

2006 ckESpf/ rwfv 23 &ufae‹wGif ajcvsifwyf&if; 515 rS ppfa}umif; 5 a}umif;onf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif; wHkavm0faus; &Gmpk/ yavmifaus;&Gm 0rfrwfcDEdk‹odk‹ 0ifvmcJhonf? ppfom;rsm;onf cifyGef;onfrsm;udk óud;csnfxm;jyD; olwkd‹. ZeD;onf 5 OD; udk rk'drf;usifhcJhonf? trsdK;orD;tm;vHk;rSm uav;tarrsm; jzpf=uygonf? rk'drf;usihf+yD;aemufwGif &Gmol}uD;onf wHkavm0f wGif tajcpdkufaom ajcvsif wyf&if; 292 rS Adkvfr–;pef;vd_ifxHodk‹ wdkif=um;cJhonf? okd‹&mwGif xkdAdkvfrSL;u xkdtr_onf olESihf roufqdkifaoma=umifh ajz&Sif;zdk‹ol‹wGif wm0efr±Sd[kajymcJhonf?150

ppftpdk;& ppfom;rsm;onf jypf'%fay;jcif;rS uif;vGwfrnfudk odaeaoma=umifh vdifydkif;qdkif&m &mZ0wfr_rsm;udk ajymifajymif wif;wif; usL;vGefae=uonf? trsdK;orD;b,fESpfa,muftm; rk'drf;usifhjyD;a=umif; ppfom;tcsif;csif;=um;wGif ºuGm;0gajym qdk=u onf? Tjzpf&yfrSefuefa=umif; ppftpdk;& ppfwyfrS xGufajy;vmaom ppfom;wOD;. xGufqdkcsufrsm;u twnfðyae ygonf?

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ajcvsif wyf&if; 226 rS xGufajy;vmaom touf 17 ESpf/ 19 ESpfESifh 26 ESpf t&G,f ppfom;oHk;OD;onf olwkd‹. vufeuf rsm;ESifhtwl csif;rkdifc±kdifajrmufydkif;/ e,fpyfa'o ydef;vHk&GmwGif a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? olwkd‹u olwdk‹wyf&if;rS AdkvfjrifhaX;onf jyD;cJhonfvu &Srf;jynfe,fwGif trsdK;orD; 5 a,muf/ (odk‹r[kwf) 6 a,mufudk rk'drf;usifhcJha=umif; olwdk‹udkajymjycJhonf[k xGufqdkonf?151

uif;vSnfhaeaom ppfom;rsm;onf &GmcHawGqDrS ZdrfcHtrsdK;orD;rsm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif awmif;qdkae=uonf? qdk;&Gm;vS aomjzpf&yfrsm;xJrSwckrSm yavmiftrsdK;orD;wpfOD;onf ZdrfcHtrsdK;orD;tjzpf ppfom;rsm;xHodk‹ tydk‹cH&jyD;/ olr ±kyfqdk;onf [laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh towfcH&onf?

2006 ckESpf {jyDv 3 &ufae‹wGif rdkif;udkifa'o/ [rfidkiftkyfpk tajcpdkuf ajcvsifwyf&if; 514 onf yavmifaus;&Gm/ vkcef odk‹0ifvmcJhonf? xkdppfwyfonf &Gmol&Gmom;qDrS =uufom;/ t&ufESifh ZdrfcHtrsdK;orD;rsm; ay;&eftrdef‹ay;cJhonf? tydk‹cH& aomtrsdK;orD;xJwGif ±kyfqdk;aom trsdK;orD;wpfOD;ygcJhonf? ppfwyfrSm olwdk‹udk ±kyfqdk;aom trsKd;orD;ay;&rvm;[k pdwfqdk;+yD; xkdtrsdK;orD;udk aoonftxd ±dkufESufI &GmjyifwGif pGef‹ypfxm;cJhavonf? useftrsdK;orD; 6 OD;rSm rk'drf;usifhcH&cJhonf?152 rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk rk'drf;usifhjcif;

xkwfa0cJhaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rS vdifydkif;qdkif&mt}urf;zufjcif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;xJrS tenf;qHk; 128 r_rSm touf 18 ESpfatmufjzpf+yD; touf 5 ESpfxduav;i,frsm;yg yg0ifonf? olwdk‹onf ausmif;oGm;pOf/ tdrfrSmaepOf/ vl}uD;rsm;ESifh tjyifwpfae &m&mwGif tazmftjzpfvdkufygay;pOf/ tdrfarG; wd&p>mefrsm;aysmufI &SmazGaepOf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;xH vnfywfpOfESifh [if;oD;[if; &Guf&SmazG aepOfwdk‹wGif rk'drf;usifhcH&ygonf?

2007 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 2 &ufae‹wGif aemifEdkifaus;&GmwGif aexkdifaom touf 9 ESpft&G,f tm;cg;uav; tmrD (emrnf &if;r[kwfyg) onf ausmif;utjyef [if;csuf&eftwGuf [if;oD;[if;&Guf &SmazGoGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif ppftpdk;& oifwef;ausmif; wGif oifwef;wufaeaom ppfom; 3 OD;onf olrudkzrf;jyD; teD;&Sdajrmif;xJwGif qGJoGm;cJhonf? olrudk rk'drf;usifh+yD;aemuf vnfyif; n‡pfowf&ef óud;pm;cJhonf?

tmrD tdrfjyefrvmaomtcg rdom;pk0ifESihf tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;onf olrudk&SmazGcJhonf? okd‹aomf &SmrawG‹cJhyg? tmrDonf 2 &uf =umjyD;aemufwGif wpfudk,fvHk; '%f&mtjynfhjzifh jyefvmcJhonf? olrudk aq;±kHodk‹ydk‹cJhjyD; aq;ppfcsuftrsm;t& rk'drf;usifhcH& a=umif; twnfðyjyD; &JxHodk‹ ta=umif;=um;cJhonf? aq;±kHwufjyD; wpf&ufajrmufwGif olrudk tdrfodk‹jyefydk‹cJhjyD; b,far;cGef;udkrS rajz&efvnf;rSm xm;cJhonf? olrtr_udk pHkprf;ppfaq;r_ðyvkyfjyD; a'owGif; ppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif olrudk rk'drf;usifhcJhaom ppfom;oHk;OD;udk jyEdkifcJhonf? xkd‹aemufwGif udkifwl/ 'kwd,t&m&SdrS atrdESifh olrrdom;pkudk aiGig;odef; ay;cJhonf? wjydKifeuf wnf;rSmyif Towif;ayguf=um;ygu olwkd‹udk ta&;,lrnfjzpfa=umif;vnf; ajymqdkcJhonf?153 bmoma&;ae&mrsm;wGif vdifydkif;qdkif&mt}urf;zufr_

a'ocHrsm;. bmoma&;udkif;±_dif;r_rsm;udk csdK;azmufjyD; ppftpdk;& ppfom;rsm;onf &Gm&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;ESifh bkef;}uD;ausmif; rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;i,frsm;udk rk'drf;usifhjcif;ESifh vdifydkif;qdkif&m apmfum;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf?

u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;wpfOD;u 2008 ckESpf rwfvwGif u&ifeDjynfe,f z&l;qdk;®r@e,fY jzpfyGm;cJhaom jzpf&yfwpfcktm; ajymjycJh ygonf?

ppftpdk;& ppfom;rsm;onf &GmxJodk‹0ifvmjyD; trsKd;orD;ESifh trsdK;om;rsm;udk cGJxm;onf? trsdK;om;rsm;udk ay:wmac: oGm;jyD; trsdK;orD;tm;vHk;udk bk&m;ausmif;xJodk‹ ydk‹cJhonf? jyD;aemuf trsdK;orD;ESifh rdef;uav;i,frsm;udka&G;jyD; usefwJholrsm; a&S‹wGif rk'drf;usifhcJhonf?154

76

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trsm;pkrSm Ak'<bmomudkudk;uG,fjyD; ppftpdk;& ppfom;trsm;pkrSmvnf; Ak'<bmom0if rsm;jzpf=uonf? bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;udk txGwftjrwfxm;aomae&m/ at;csrf;aomae&mtjzpf owfrSwfjyD; vHkòcHab;uif;&mae&mtjzpf owfrSwf avh&Sdonf? ppftpdk;& ppfom;rsm;onf xkdodk‹aom ,Hk}unfudk;uG,fr_rsm;udk qef@usifuef‹uGufa=umif;udk u&ifjynfe,fwGifjzpf yGm;cJhaom jzpf&yfwcku jyovsuf&Sdonf?

pufwifbmv 5 &ufae‹/ nae 5 em&Dcef‹wGif ppftpdk;&. txl;ppfqifa&; 3/ taemufawmifXmerS Adkvfwifat; ESifh ajcusifwyf&if; 51 rS AdkvfaZmfjrifhwkd‹onf ppfa}umif; 40 ESifhtwl u&ifjynfe,f 0if;a&;®r@‹e,f a[muvmaus;&Gmodk‹ 0ifvmcJh+yD; temuGD;aus;&Gm bkef;}uD;ausmif;wGif wpfnpcef;csonf? xdknwGif touf 11 rS 14 ESpf&Sdaom oDv&Sifav; 6 a,muf udk vdifydkif;qdkif&m xdyg;apmfum;r_rsm; ðycJhonf? ppfa}umif;onf oDv&Sifrsm;aexdkif&m tcef;odk‹ n 12 em&Dcef‹wGif oGm;a&mufcJhjyD; wpfem&DwGif a&mufoGm;cJhonf? 2 em&D avmufwGif oDv&Sifwdkufodk‹ aemufwpfacgufoGm;a&mufjyD; oDv&Sif.0wf±kHrsm;udk z,f &Sm;jyD; olwkd‹ukd rk'drf;usifh&efóud;pm;cJhonf? ppftpdk;& ppfwyfESifhtm%mydkifrsm;rS vdifydkif;qdkif&mapmfum;r_rsm;ESifh tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyr_rsm;

ppftpdk;&. tjypfuif;pGm rk'drf;usifhEdkifcGifhESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&Sdjcif;rsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sdwjcm;aom tm%mydkifrsm; vdifydkif;qdkif&mapmfum;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef wGef;tm;ay;aponf? tjzLa&mife,fajrwGif155 &JESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdwdk‹rS rk'drf;usifhr_rsm; jzpfyGm;aom owif;tcsuftvufESifh oufaorsm; ydkIrsm;jym;vmcJhonf? &Jrsm;yg0ifygwfoufr_

&ckdifjynfe,frSjzpfyGm;aomjzpf&yf

2008 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 11 &ufae‹wGif ppftpdk;& &JwyfzJG‹wm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf bl;oD;awmif®r@e,f/ zkef;ndKvdyfaus;&Gm wGif rdom;pkESifhtwl&Sdaeaom q,fausmfouft&G,f rdef;uav;i,fav;udk rk'drf;usifhcJhonf? aqGrsdK;rsm;. ajymqdkcsuft& nae oHk;em&DavmufwGif &Jom; 5 OD;jzpfaom vSatmif/ ausmfaZ,s/ atmifpdefwdk‹onf bl;oD;awmif®r@e,f/ ndKvdyfaus;&Gm&Sd tr_ jzpfyGm;onfhaetdrfodk‹ oGm;a&mufcJhonf? &JoHk;a,mufu tdrfxJodk‹0ifaecsdefwGif usefoHk;a,mufu tjyifrSm apmifhaecJh onf? &Jwyfom;2 OD;rSm trsdK;orD;i,fudk rdom;pk0ifrsm;a&S‹arSmufwGifyif rk'drf;usifhcJhonf? usefwJhwpfa,mufrSm aiG (170000) usyfudk vk,lcJhonf? idkoHrsm;=um;ojzifh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u ulnD&efajy;vmcJhjyD; &Jrsm;udk jrifaomtcg tm;vHk;xGufajy;oGm; =uonf? &Jom; 6 a,mufrSm olwdk‹. &JXmeodk‹ jyefoGm;cJhonf? aemufae‹wGif rk'drf;usifhcH&ol.tazonf wjcm;aqGrsdK;rsm;ESifhtwl bl;oD;awmif&JXmeodk‹ rk'drf;usifholrsm;udk ta&;,l&eftwGuf oGm;a&mufwdkif=um;cJhonf? &Gmom;rsm;.ajymjycsuft& tjypfusL; vGefaom &Jom;rsm; ta&;,ljcif;rcH&yg? &Gmol&Gmolrsm;rS tm%mydkifrsm;u tjypfusL;vGefolrsm;udk ta&;r,lojzifh ppfom; rsm; ,ckvdkvkyf&Jjcif; jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unf=uonf?156 &Srf;jynffe,fwGifjzpfyGm;aomjzpf&yf

&Srf;jynfe,f/ uGef[def;®r@e,f&Sd a*gufuGif;teD;wGif &Jom;pdk;rkd;EdkifESifh ol.oli,fcsif;onf eef;pkoDjrifhESifh olr.oli,fcsif; aemufokd‹ vdkufoGm;cJhonf?

&Jom;onf trsdK;orD;i,frsm;. vdkifpifudk ppfaq;cJhonf? okd‹aomf trsKd;orD;rsm;rSm vdkifpifr,loGm;cJhay? &Jom;u olwkd‹udk ydkufqHtrsm;}uD;ay;&rnf[kajymjyD; olwkd‹udk òcHykwfteD;odk‹ qGJac:um rk'drf;usifhcJhonf? rk'drf;usifhjyD;aemufwGif olwdk‹. rdbrsm;udk today;ygu owfypfrnf[kvnf; jcdrf;ajcmufcJhonf? olwdk‹onf rdbrsm;udk todray;&Jaomfvnf; rdbrsm;rSm olwdk‹0rf;enf;wkefv_yfaeonfudk=unhfjyD; aq;±Hkodk‹ay;ydk‹cJhonf? aq;±kHa&mufrS olwkd‹awG‹óuHcJhaom tjzpftysufudk ajymjy=ucJh onf? odk‹aomf rk'drf;r_usL;vGefcJhaom&Jwyfom;rSm wjcm;wpfae&modk‹ wm0efjzifh ajymif;oGm;cJh+yDjzpfonf?157

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jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;rS jzpf&yf

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jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;wGif toufrjynfhrdef;uav;i,frsm; yg0ifaomrk'drf;r_rsm; rsm;jym;vmonf? 2006 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm wGif xkwfv$ifhcJhaom 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoHrS owif;azmfjyoGm;onfrSm tenf;qHk; toufrjynfhonfh rdef;uav;i,f (7) a,mufonf &efukef®r@‹ oefvsif/ vd_if/ axmuf}uHhESihf a&$jynfom ®r@he,frsm;wGif rk'drf;usifhcHae&a=umif;? vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpDtpOfcs jzpfyGm;aeaom vdifydkif;qkdif&mt}urf;zufr_jy\em

ppftpdk;&.rk'drf;r_udk ppfyGJtwGuf enf;AsL[mtjzpfusifhoHk;jyD; tjypfuif;v$wfcGifhvkyf&yfrsm;rS &vm'ftaejzihf vdifydkif;qdkif &mt}urf;zufr_onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tpDtpOfcs jzpfyGm;aeaom t"dujy\emwpf&yf jzpfvmonf? rk'drf;r_jzpf&yfrsm;xJrS ppfom;rsm;udk,fwkdif/ &Jwyfom;rsm;udk,fwkdif olwkd‹.vkyfazmfudkifbuf ppft&m&Sd. t&G,fra&mufao;aomorD;udk rk'drf;usifh onfh jzpf&yfvnf; &Sdonf?

atmufazmfjyygjzpf&yfrSm &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd ppftpdk;& t&m&SdwpfOD;onf ol.vkyfazmfudkifzuf wjcm;t&m&SdwpfOD;. 6 ESpf t&G,forD;uav;udk rk'drf;usifh+yD; owfypfonfhtr_jzpfonf?

2005 ckESpf/ {jyDv 29 &ufae‹wGif a':0if;rmESifh uGef[def;tajcpdkuf ajcvsifwyf&if; 524 rS Adkvfrif;aZmfOD;. ESif;tdjENmOD; ac: touf 6 ESpft&G,f orD;av;udk ‚if;ajcvsifwyf&if; 524 rS Adkvf0if;armifESifh Adkvfrif;aZmfOD;wkd‹onf a&'D,dk toHv$ifhaomae&mwGif olESifhtwlvkdufvm&if o}um;vHk;0,fau|;rnf[k ajymjyD;ac:oGm;cJhonf? uav;rav; onf oleJ‹vdkufoGm;jyD; tdrfodk‹jyefa&mufrvmcJhyg? olrudk vdkuf&Sm&mY tavmif;udk pmwkduftjyifbuf&Sd [dkif;[kdif wHwm;tem;wGif awG‹&SdcJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif olronf &uf&ufpufpuf xyfcgxyfcg rk'drf;usiffhcH&jyD;rS towfcH& a=umif; aooltm;cGJpdwf ppfaq;csufrS od&SdcJh&onf?159

e,fpyftajcpdkufowif;rsm;rS xkwfjyefaom r=umao;cifrSjzpfyGm;aom jzpf&yfwckrSmvnf; ppfwyft&m&SdwpfOD;onf ZGefv 8 &ufae‹ 2008 ckESpfwGif csif;jynfe,f xefwvef®r@&Sd a&S@aewpfOD;ESifhtwl &Jt&m&SdwpfOD;.orD;/ touf 13 ESpf 14 ESpf cef‹&Sdonfh q,fausmfouft&G,f rdef;uav;ESifh oli,fcsif;wOD;wdk‹udk rk'drf;usifhcJhonf?

q,fausmfo,ft&G,f csif;rdef;uav;i,fESpfOD; rk'drf;usifhcH&/ usL;vGefoludkzrf;qD;&rd160 2008 ckESpf/ ZGefv 17 &uf/ 08;50

ZGefv 17/ 2008/ ZGefv 8 &ufae‹wGif jrefrmEdkifiH taemufajrmufydkif; csif;jynfe,f/ xefwvef®r@wGif ppftpdk;& ppft&m&SdwpfOD;ESifha&S‹aewpfOD;wkd‹onf q,fausmfo,ft&G,frdef;uav;i,f 2 OD;udk rk'drf;usifhcJhonf?

ZGefv 8 &ufaehwGif ajcvsifwyf&if; 268 rS Adkvfpdk;xdkufatmifESifh csif;jynfe,f/ xefwvef®r@&Sd a&S‹ae OD;jrifhzkef;wkd‹ onf touf 13 ESpft&G,f iefcsif;ESifh touf 14 ESpft&G,f zmulwkd‹udk a&S‹aeOD;jrifhzkef; tdrfwGif nae 4 em&D cef‹Y rk'drf;usihfcJha=umif; a'ocHrsm;rS ajymjycJhonf?

rdef;uav;i,fESpfOD;udk rk'drf;usifhjyD;csdefwGif OD;jrifhzkef;.tdrfY aomhydwfxm;cJhonf? rk'dffrf;usifhcH&olrdef;uav; i,fav;wpfOD;.bcifrSm &Jt&m&Sdjzpfonf? ol‹orD;rk'drf;usifhcH&a=umif;ESifh a&S@ae. tdrfwGif aomhydwfcH& a=umif; owif;&jyD;aemufwGif xefwvef&JXmeY tr_wifjycJhonf?

a'ocHowif;rsm;t& &Jrsm;udk,fwdkif a&S‹aetdrfodk‹ 0ifa&mufcJhjyD; rdef;uav;i,frsm;udk u,fwifcJhonf?

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xefwvefaq;±kHrS aq;ppfcsufrsm;t& rdef;uav;i,fav;rsm; rk'drf;usifhcH&a=umif; twnfðycJhonf? OD;jrifhzkef;onf tzrf;cH&jyD; xefwvef&JXmewGif xdef;odrf;jcif;cH&onf? Adkvfpdk;xdkufatmifonf [m;cg;&JXmewGif xdef;odrf;cH &a=umif; a'ocHrsm;rSajymjycJhonf?

rk'drf;usifhcH&aomrdef;uav;i,fwpfOD;rSm rk'drf;r_a=umifh jyif;jyif;xefxef'%f&m&ojzifh [m;cg;aq;±kHwGif wifxm; &a}umif; [m;cg;rS EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;olwpfOD;u owif;ay;ydk‹cJhonf?

Khonumthung News Group

aemufqufwGJowif;rsm;

ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm; rk'drf;r_ESifh w&m;pGJcH&jcif;rS vGwfajrmufaejcif;

2008 ckESpf ZGefv 18 &ufae@ ('DAGDbD) - a'ocHrsm;. ajymjycsuft& csif;jynfe,f. a&$@ajymif;ae&m wckjzpf aom xefwvef+rdK@e,fY jzpfyGm;cJhonfh toufrjynfhao;aom trsKd;orD;i,fESpfOD;tm; tkyfpkvdkuf rk'drf;usifh r_wGif yg0ifonf[k pGyfpGJcHxm;&aom ppfwyft&m&SdwOD;tm; ,ae@tcsdeftxd tm%mydkifrsm;u ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;r_ r&Sdao;[kod&onf?

csif;jynfe,f xefwvef®r@u t&G,fra&mufao;wJh csif;trsdK;orD;i,f 2 OD;udk ppftpdk;& ppfwyft&m&SdwpfOD;/ &JwyfzGJ‹ 0ifESpfOD;eJ‹ w&m;a&;t&m&SdwOD;wkd‹u t"rRðyusifhw,fvdk‹ pGJqdkxm;ygw,f?

'Dv 10 &ufae‹rSm xefwvef®r@u &JwyfzGJ‹0ifwOD;&Jh orD;tygt0if rdef;uav; 2 OD;ukd ( touf 14 ESpfESifh 12 ESpf) wdk‹udk t"rRðyusifh&mrS ajcvsifwyf&if; trSwf 268 u ppfAdkvfwOD;/ &Jwyfom; 2 OD;ESifh w&m;a&;t&m&Sdwkd‹ yg0if w,fvkd‹ pGJqdkxm;ygw,f?

rdef;uav; 2 OD;udk t"rRðyr_ usL;vGefw,fvdk‹ pGJqdkppfaq;cHae&olrsm;teuf &JwyfzGJ‹0if 2 OD;ESifh t"rRðyusifhr_ usL;vGef&maetdrf&Jhydkif&Sif ®r@e,fw&m;a&;t&m&Sdwdk‹udk xdef;odrf;ppfaq;aew,fvdk‹ od&a}umif; [m;cg;u xefwvef ®r@cHwOD;u ajymygw,f?

wyfut&m&Sdusawmh 'DuAsL[mrª;u rudkifwJhtwGuf xefwvefrSm wcgwnf;ta&;,lvdk‹udk r&bl;? olwkd‹usawmh olwdk‹wyf&if;wyfzGJ‹ t}uD;tuJqDrSmwdkif=um;+yD;awmh ppfcHk±kH;rSmta&;,lrSyJ &w,fqdkwJh oabmrsKd;ajymw,f?

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csif;jynfe,f&Sd &Jt&m&SdwOD;rS xdktr_rsm;udk tjynfhtpHk rppfaq;&ao;a=umif;ESifh tr_wkdifvmaom a'ocH&Jt&m &Sdrsm;rS pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;rsm; pwifae+yDjzpfa=umif; ajymqdkcJhonf?

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2008 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 27 wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom xdwfvef@zG,faumif;onfh rk'drf;r_

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=o*kwfv 9 &uf/ 2008 ckESpf paeae@wGif (KNG) rS a&;om;wifjyxm;aom owif;jzpfonf?

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erfhqkdif&Gmom;wOD;rS ajymjyonfrSm tifcGrfacgef'ifrSm rdk;armuf&Sd tpdk;&ausmif;wGif wufa&mufaeaom (8) wef;ausmif;olav;jzpfonf? aus;&GmtwGif; tajccsaom ajcjrefwyf&if; 437 rS 'kwyf=uyf oufxGef;vGif acgif; aqmifaom tzGJ@rS wyf=uyfat;odef;ESifh tjcm;ppfom;ESpfOD;rS olrtm; rdk;armufESifh Aef;armft=um;&Sd erfhqkdifac: olr. &GmESifheD;aom v,fuGif;xJY tkyfpkvdkufrk'drf;usifht+yD; owfypfcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

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wcsdefwnf;rSmyif a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;rS tifcGrfacgef'if rk'drf;usifhcH&jcif;ESifh towfcH&r_tay:wGif pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif; rsm;vkyfaqmif+yD;pD;a=umif; erfhqdkif&Gmom;wOD;. ajymjycsuft&od&Sd&onf? xdkuJhodk@aom ausmif;olrsm;tm; ppftpdk;& ppfom;rsm;rS tkyfpkvdkuf rk'drf;usifhjcif;rsm;rSm ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; ,cifuwnf;u jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sd +yD; ,ckw}udrfwGifrl ppfom;rsm;rS rk'drf;usifhcH&aom trsKd;orD;i,fav;taejzifh ‚if;wdk@tm; razmfxkwfEdkif&ef twGuf taoowfypfjcif;jzifh E_wfydwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

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t}uHðycsufrsm;

• EkdifiHawmfrS rk'drf;usifhjcif;udk ppfyJG.vufeufozG,ftoHk;ðyjcif;/ ppfwyfu wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; tjrpfjywfacsr_ef; a&; vkyfief;pOftjzpf vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifaejcif;jzpf a=umif;0efcH&rnf?

• Todk‹aom usifhoHk;r_rsm;udk csufcsif;&yfwef‹oGm;atmif tqifhqifh ðyvkyf&rnf? usL;vGefol rsm;udkvnf; wnfqJOya' rsm;atmufwGif jypf'%fay;&efESifh usL;vGefoltm;vHk; jypf'%frsm;uscHap&ef aocsmpGm vkyfaqmif&rnf?

• Oya'csKd;azmufr_tqifhqifhay:wGifrlwnfI tjypfusL;vGefoltm; wdusaomtjypf'%frsm;ay;&ef tpdk;&rS Oya'topf rsm; twnfðyjcif;ESifh Oya'a[mif;rsm; jyefvnfjyifqifjcif;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef?

• trdef‹ay;aom t&m&Sdrsm;onf olwkd‹ppfom;rsm;.usL;vGefr_twGuf wm0ef,l&rnf? usL;vGefolrsm;tm; tjypfay; &ef ysufuGufyguvnf; olwkd‹udk,fwdkif jypf'%fcH&rnf?

• ppfwyftwGif; tr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;rS vGwfvyfaom pHkprf;ppf aq;a&;tzGJ‹ wnfaxmif&rnf?

• wdkif;&if;om;a'otwGif; EdkifiHawmf. ppfwyfrsm;±kyfodrf;&rnf? okd‹rSom Tppfwyfu vlxktay: jcdrf;ajcmufr_r&Sd EdkifawmhbJ pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ‹rsm;u vGwfvyfpGm pHkprf;ppfaq;Edkifrnf?

• ppfwyf. vlom;rqefaomjypfr_rsm;twGuf ppfwyf.t}uD;tuJrsm;tm; EdkifiHwum &mZ0wfcHk±Hk;odk‹ w&m;pGJqdk&rnf? • vdifykdif;qdkif&m &mZ0wfr_rsm; usL;vGefr_udk wifjy&efysufuGufonfh rnfonfhppft&m&Sdrqdk EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfcHk±Hk;

odk‹ w&m;pGJqdk&rnf? • EkdifiHawmfrS tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ vdifydkif;qdkif&m taESmifht,Sufðyr_rsm;ESihf vdifydkif;qkdif&m jcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;&Sd

onfudk todtrSwfðy&rnf? • tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_ESifh &ifqdkifae&aom trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;wrf;t& rxdcdkufaom 0efaqmifr_rsm;

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• trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh a,mufsm;av;rsm;twGuf t}urf;zufr_jzpf&vmjcif;. ta}umif;&if;jrpfESifh ywfoufonfh ynmay; tpDtpOfrsm; xm;&Sdazmfaqmif&rnf?

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82

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• pmoifcef;vdktyfcsufrsm; • pmar;yGJrsm; ( pma&;ud&d,m) • tr_dufyHk;/ wHrsufpnf;ESifh pm;yGJcif; • oef@&Sif;a&; ( tdrfom/ tr_duftdwf) • tcsdefydka=u; • ausmif;wGif;vdktyfcsufrsm;jyifqifa=u; ( ausmif;wGifwpHkwckysufoGm;ygu jyifqif&ef) • ausmif;aqmifopfaqmufvkyfjcif; • q&muefawmhyGJ • q&m/ q&mrE_wfqufyGJ • pm=unhfwdkufa=u; • tm;upm;a=u; • qdk/ u/ a&;/ wD; a=u; • ouf=uD;ylaZmfyGJ • pHknDyGJawmf • bmoma&;yGJawmfrsm;twGuf tv–aiG • taxGaxGa=u;

83

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rSwfcsuf- jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aehpOfvkyftm;cE_ef;rSm 800 usyf 0ef;usifwGif&Sdygonf? ( 0 'or 78 tar&duefa':vm)

84

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2? xdkif;EdkifiHrSma&mufaewJh jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm; jyefydk@cH&

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xdkodk@ trsKd;orD;i,frsm;tm; v$Jajymif;jcif; tcrf;tem;udk wmcsDvdwf&Sd cspf=unfa&;wHwm;wGif =o*kwfv 10 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJhonf? ppftpdk;&. wmcsDvdwfc±kdif tpnf;ta0;crf;r}uD;wGif ESpfzuft&m&Sdrsm; awG@ qHkI aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym =um;cJhonf? trsKd;orD; i,ftm;vHk;. ydkifqkdifr_rsm;udk tajctaet& ydk@ay;rnfjzpfI trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk rdbrsm; xHjyefydk@&eftwGuf =o*kwfv 10/ 11 ESifh 12 &ufae@rsm;wGif jrefrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&m aumfrwD/ 0ef}uD;XgeESifh (UNIAP) . yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_jzifh pDpOfxm;a=umif; od&onf?

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87

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uGef,uftzGJ@rsm;rSjzpfonf? 16 aemufqufwGJ (6) udk=unfhyg? 17 a&&SnfzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;ygt0if ta=umif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;tay:wGif

v_yf&Sm;vkyfudkifae=uaom vlxktajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm; pkpnf;xm;aom toif;jzpfonf? 18 tifwmeufpmrsufESm http://www.iwraw-ap.org/news.htm

19 xdk trdef@. trnf twdtusrSm r&Sdyg? ppftpdk;&rS 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 25- 28 &ufae@ xdkif;EdkifiHbefaumuf+rdK@wGif usif;yaom nDvmcHY xdk trdef@ tm; &nf!$ef;ajymqdkcJhonf? owif;t&if;tjrpf - trsKd;orD;ESifh uav;i,frsm; vlukeful;cH&r_ESifhywfoufaom ta=umif;t&mESifh ywfoufI ppftpdk;&rS w&m;r0if tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tay:wGif wifoGif;aom trsKd;orD;vlukeful;cH&r_ESifhywfoufI jrefrmEkdifiH. tjrif&_axmifh

20 &mZowf}uD; (1860)/ tydk'f 312 21 jrefrmEdkifiHonf "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'udk oHk;onfhwdkif;jynfjzpfonf? odk@aomf 4if;. Oya'tm;vHk;tm; vufvSrf;rD&ef

cufcJvSonfh tjyif/ vufawG@t& rnfr# vdkufemusifhoHk;onf udk rodEdkifyg? 22 tjynfjynfqdkif&m vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrS “ESdyfpufr_rsm;udk a=umuf&GH@jcif; (odk@) usef;rma&;qkdif&m pdk;&drfylyefr_/ aq;uko

r_” AI Index: ASA 16/040/2007, 16 November 2007, online: http://www.amnesty.org/es/library/asset/ASA16/ 040/2007/ en/dom-ASA160402007en.pdf 2006 ckESpf olrtm; ay;aom axmif'%f+yD;qHk;+yD;aemuf +idrf;csrf;pGmqEN

88

jyyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifaoma=umifh 2007 ckESpfwGif jyefvnftzrf;cHcJh& onf?2006 ckESpfwGif uae'gtzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfaom “Rights and Democracy” rS csD;jrSifhaom “the John Humphrey Freedom Award” qkudk pkpkaEG;rS&&SdcJhonf?

23 tifwmeufpmrsufESm: http://www.idhae.org/uk-page3.callplt2008.htm. 24 Zlvdkif 2008 wGif &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd touf 24 ESpft&G,f ucsiftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESifhawG@qHkar;jref;csuf? olr.vHkjcHK a&;a=umifh

olr. emrnfudk razmfjyyg? 25 jreffrmtrsKd;orD;a&;&m aumfrwD/ online: http://www.mwaf.org.mm

26 xdktrsKd;orD;a&;&m rS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; qufvufxdrf;odrf;xm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkonfh owif;udk 2005 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif 5 &ufae@xkwf jrefrmppftpdk;& owif;rsm;wGif azmfjyonf?

27 2008 ckESpfwGif trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (vGwfajrmuf) e,fajrrS jyKvkyfaom prf;acsmif;rS touf 47 ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf? olr.trnftm; olr. vHk+cHKa&;t& razmfjyyg?

28 usyfaiGrSm jrefrmaiG toHk;tE_ef;jzpfonf? 2008 ckESpfwGif tenf;qHk; ae@pOfvkyftm;crSm usyf 500 jzpfI tar&duef EkdifiHjcm;a&;&mXmerS cef@rSef;ajcrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;rSm wae@v#if 500 rS 1000 usyf0ifaiG&Sdonf? http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/ifd/2008/100832.htm, accessed 22 August 2008

29 EkdifiHwum “PEN” jrefrm[movl&$ifawmf Zm*emtzrf;cH ZGefv 9 &ufae@ 2008 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&onf? online: http://www.internationalpen.org.uk/go/news/myanmar-comedian-and-poet-zargana-arrested, apm&efEkdif yk*~vdu em*pfpf tultnDay;olrsm;tm; acsr_ef;&eftwGuf ppftpdk;&rS tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwfcJhonf? (ZGefv 18 &ufae@ 2008/ {&m0wD ) online:http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=12822

30 Zlvdkif 2008 ckESpfwGif touf 22 ESpft&G,fu&ifeDtrsKd;orD;wOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf? xdktrsKd;orD;. trnfudk olr. vHk+cHKa&;a=umifh razmfjyyg?

31 tifwmeufpmrsufESm - http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs/Depayin_Massacre.pdf, 32 trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEkdifiH) rS ,m,Dtxl;vkyfaqmifcsufESifh ywfoufI rJay;yHkpepftay: tao;pdwfoabm

xm;&yfwnfcsufpmwrf;udk jyKpk+yD;jzpfonf? “Looking through Gender Lenses: A Position Paper on Gender Equality,” September 2006.

33 jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD. “jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;. pHwefzdk;” online:http://mncwa.tripod.com/mncwa/id8.html, accessed 22 August 2008.

34 ppftpdk;&rS Ak'<bmompnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udkomudk;um;xm;aomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vlOD;a&trsm;pkrSm c&pf,mef/ rGwfpvif ESifh ewfudk;uG,fr_rsm;tygt0if bmoma&;aygif;pHkudk udk;uG,f v#uf&Sdonf?

35 jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD. “jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;. pHwefzdk;” online:http://mncwa.tripod.com/mncwa/id8.html, accessed 22 August 2008. 36 toif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;jcif;qdkif&m Oya' (EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ Oya' trSwf 6 §88 ) 37 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrS “Burma” udkqufvufoHk;aecsdefwGif ppftpdk;&rS “Myanmar” qdkonfhtoHk;tE_ef;udk 1997

ckESpfrSpI vlxk. oabmxm;rsm;ryg0ifbJ oHk;pGJcJhonf? 38 tpD&ifcHpmtjynfhtpHkudk http://www.womenofburma.org/Report/Driven_Away.pdf. 39 ucsifvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@tpnf; (KIO) rSm 1994 ckESpfwGif ppftpdk;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfcsKyf qdkcJhonf? 40 ppftpdk;&rS wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm tydk'f 79- 80 41 Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking

42 tifwmeufpmrsufESm - http://www.mwaf.org.mm/News/News/Details.asp?id=626. 43 tjynfhtpHkudk aemufqufwGJ 1 wGif=unfhEdkifygonf? 44 xdktrdef@. trnf twdtusrSm r&Sdyg? ppftpdk;&rS 1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 25- 28 &ufae@ xdkif;EdkifiHbefaumuf+rdK@wGif

usif;yaom nDvmcHY xdktrdef@tm; &nf!$ef;ajymqdkcJhonf? owif;t&if;tjrpf - trsKd;orD;ESifh uav;i,frsm; vlukef

89

ul;cH&r_ESifhywfoufaom ta=umif;t&mESifh ywfoufI ppftpdk;&rS w&m;r0if tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh tay:wGif wifoGif;aom trsKd;orD;vlukeful;cH&r_ESifhywfoufI jrefrmEkdifiH. tjrif&_axmifh

45 &Srf;trsKd;orD;a&;&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufa&;toif; 2006 pufwifbm / owif;pmapmif trSwfpOf 7 46 owif;t&if;tjrpf- vGwfvyfaom rGefowif;Xme/ 2005 ckESpff pufbifbmv 14 47 owif;t&if;tjrpf -jrefrm owif;jyef=um;a&; aumfrwD rS owif;tcsuftvufpmrsufrSm eHygwf D-3132 (I),

=o*kwfv 14 &uf 2004/ tao;pdwf udk aemufqufwGJ 5 wGif =unfh &ef 48 owif;t&if;tjrpf - &Srf;trsdK;orD;a&;&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufa&;toif;pmapmif pufwifbm 5/ 2004/ pmrsufESm 1?

ppftpdk;&. vlukeful;r_qef@usifa&; vkyfaqmifr_aemufuG,f0,f 49 r,u - +rdK@e,f +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;aumifpD ESifh &,u- &ufuGuf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD 50 arv 2008 wGif bk&m;oHk;ql+rdK@Y jyKvkyfaom awG@qHkar;jref;csufrSjzpfonf? 51 owif;t&if;tjrpf - wGef;ydk@cH&jcif;- pmrsufESm 46 52 wGef;ydk@cH&jcif;- pmrsufESm 44 53 owif;t&if;tjrpf- vm;[l trsdK;om;wdk;wufa&; tpnf;t&Hk; (LNDO) . 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv xkwf

owif;pmapmif Undercurrents, “Sold down the river” vm;[ltrsKd;orD;wOD;. ta=umif;- pmrsufESm 7/ 54 http://www.ungei.org/gap/reportPacific.php. 55 jrefrmEkdifiHonf “Haiti”ESifh “Turkmenistan” tjyif urBmay:wGif 'kwd, vmbfpm;r_trsm;qHk;EdkifiHjzpfonf?

(Transparency International Report - October 2005) 56 owif;t&if;tjrpf - jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (ABFSU)- EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m aumfrwDrS xkwfa0aom

ynma&;tpD&ifcHpm 2002 57 tifwmeufpmrsufESm http://www.unesco.org/education/gmr2008/EDI_tables/table2.pdf. 58 ausmif;om;rsm;. wESpfpm ukefusp&dwfudk tao;pdwfod&eftwGuf aemufqufwGJ 2- 4 udk =unfhyg? 59 {+yDv 2008 ckESpfwGif yavmif0fa'otwGif;&Sd yavmiftrsKd;orD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf 60 ynma&;Xme. pDrHcef@cGJr_ykHpHrSm A[dkrS csKyfudkifaom pepfjzpfonf? A[dk ynma&;0ef}uD;XmerS jynfe,fESifhwkdif;rsm;odk@

!$ef=um;csufrsm; tm;vHk;rSm txufrS atmufodk@ tqifhqifhjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh q&m/q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;tkyfcsKyf olrsm;ESifh ynma&;qkdif&m tzGJ@rsm;tm;vHk; txufrS trdef@udk vkdufem=u&onf? ppftpdk;& tm%m&vmonfh tcsdefrS pI q&m/q&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vHk;ESifh tpdk;&v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm;vHk;rSm ppftpdk;&. pGufzuf wm;qD;r_udkcH&onf? rvdkufemaomolrsm;rSm taESmifht,Sufrsm;ESifh}uHKawG@&onfhtjyif 4if;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;rSmvnf; vufeufudkifrsm;jzpfaom &J/ ppfwyf/ rD;owfESifh tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;I tpdk;&tm; axmufcHaomtzGJ@rsm;jzpfonfh jrefrmhtrsKd; orD;a&;&m/ }uHhckdifa&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;toif;/ jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mtrsKd;orD;a&;&maumfrwD paomtzGJ@rsm;tm;toHk;csI trsKd;rsKd; taESmifht,Sufrsm;ay;v#uf&Sdonf?

61 a'gufwmodef;vGifa&;om;jyKpkaom jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;rS ynma&; (1945-2000), http://burmalibrary.org/docs/Education_in_Burma_(1945-2000).htm.

62 }uHhckdifa&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;tzGJ@rSm tpdk;&rS 1993 ckESpfwGif pwif zGJ@pnf;xm;aomtzGJ@jzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd 'Drdkua&pDvdk vm;aom tzGJ@rsm;tm; t=urf;zuf/ +cdrf;ajcmuf&mwGif toHk;jyKaom ppftpdk;&. Edkifa&;vufeuftjzpf ajymif;vJ}uD; xGm;vmaom tzGJ@jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif 4if;tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSmvnf; vl@ywf0ef;usifwGif tcGifhxl;cHrsm;jzpfonf? ydkI tao;pdwf avhvmcsifv#if visit: http://burmalibrary.org/docs3/USDA-Mon-Forum2005-04.html

63 owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ydkrkd&&Sdvdkygv#if - visit: http://www.badasf.org/education.htm. 64 aus;vufa'otrsKd;orD;rsm; yk'fr 14 wGifvnf;awG@Edkifonf? 65 jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;wGif tpdk;&rS rlvwef;ausmif;aygif; (39000) ausmif;zGifhxm;ay;v#uf&Sd+yD; trsm;pkrSm

+rdK@jyrsm;wGifomjzpfonf?

90

66 owif;t&if;tjrpf - UNICEF current website: http://www.unicef.org/myanmar/children_1350.html “ausmif; ukefusp&dwfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ausmif;om;rdbrsm;u ay;&onf? xdk@a=umifhtvGefqif;&Jaom tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tae jzifh aiGa=u;tcuftcJjzpfvmcJhonf? ausmif;oHk;ypPnf;rsm;rSm t+rJwrf;vdkvdkyif qif;&JI ravmufriSjzpfI ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSmvnf; vpmravmufiSr_rsm;/ tvkyfcGiftwGif;oufawmifhoufomr&Sdr_rsm;ESifh rdom;pkrsm;ESifh umv=um jrifhpGm cGJcGm&r_rsm;a=umifh tvkyfrS&yfem;r_rsm;vnf; jrifhwufvmonf?

67 owif;t&if;tjrpf - vm;[l trsdK;om;zGH@jzdK;wdk;wufa&;tzGJ@ (LNDO)” rS 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv wGifxkwfaa0aom Undercurrents rS “Is Development Really Coming?” - pmrsufESm 20

68 ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkyif pnf;rsOf;/pnf;urf;rsm;xkwfIwif;usyfonfhtjyif tcsKd@wkdif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif vHk;0rvkyf&[laom wm;jrpfcsufrsm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tm; wm;jrpfouJhodk@ vkyfaqmifxm;onf? (awG@qHkar;jref;csuf)

69 trsKd;om;ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;aumfrwDrSm wkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@rsm;tygt0if 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;aom tiftm;pkrsm;rS usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeaom tzGJ@rsm;aygif;pkxm;aom aumfrwDjzpfonf?

70 http://www.un.org/ga/children/myanmarE.htm. 71 a'gufwmodef;vGifESifh tD;ar;vf qufoG,fr_jzifh&&Sdonfh tcsuftvuf? 72 owif;t&if;tjrpf - jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~. EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwDrS pkpnf;xkwfa0aom 2002

ckESpf ynma&;tpD&ifcHpmjzpfonf? 73 owif;t&if;tjrpf - trsKd;om;usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;qdkif&maumfrwD 74 jrefrmh&dk;&m pum;yHkudk;um;csuf “om;udkocif/ vifudkbk&m;” 75 wEkdifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh ukvor*~. r=umao;cifu pmwrf;jyKpkr_ (Source: http://www.burmanet.org/news/

2007/08/20/bangkok-post-soaring-petrol-costsdeepen-woes-larry-jagan/). 76 http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/myanmar.html. 77 ucsiftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t&kH; (xdkif;EdkifiH) ESifh jrefrmhtrsKd;orD;or*~ wdk@rSxkwfa0aom wGef;ydk@cH&jcif;ESifh i&JESpfck=um;wGif

ydwfrdaejcif; tpD&ifcHpmtwGif;wGif tao;pdwfzwf&_Ekdifygonf? 78 jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; ppfwyfrS usL;vGefaom rk'drf;r_rsm;ta=umif;udk oufaorsm;jzifh trsKd;orD;orD;tzGJ@rsm;rS tpD&ifcHpmrsm;

xkwfa0cJhonf? 79 owif;t&if;tjrpf - jrefrmhtvif;owif; 2008 ckESpf rwfv 25 &ufae@xkwf/ pmrsufESm 7 rS “63 ckESpfajrmuf wyfr

awmfae@wGifajym=um;aom wyfrawmftpdk;&. tcsdeftvdkufwdk;wufaeaomusef;rma&;u¾” 80 urBmh usef;rma&;tzGJ@tpnf; - http: //www.who.int/nha/country/en/ 81 udk;um;csuf - 2000 ckESpf urBmhusef;rma&; tpD&ifcHpm 82 urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@tpnf;. ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'oqdkif&m&kH;- 2003 83 owif;t&if;tjrpf - The Gathering Storm : http://www.hrcberkeley.org/pdfs/BurmaReport2007.pdf p. 64 84 owif;t&if;tjrpf - e,fomvefa&'D,dk / ZGefv 25 / 2008 85 Beyrer, Labrique, Brookmeyer, assessing the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Burma. J AIDS 2003;

311-317. jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&m*g. yrm% ESih tajctae udk qef;ppfjcif; 86 &nfnGef;csuf: US GAO tpD&ifcHpm, April 2007

87 UNAIDS 2007 odk@ ppftpdk;& wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm 88 UNAIDS 2007 odk@ ppftpdk;& wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm 89 ICAAP 2007, Colombo. 90 owif;t&if;tjrpf: http://www.unaids.org/unaids_resources/UNGASS/2005-Country-ProgressReports/2006_

country_progress_report_myanmar_en.pdf.

91

91 owif;t&if;tjrpf Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Myanmar. ICAAP in Colombo, 2007 wGif Dr. Frank

Smithuis, MSF- Holland ajymaom rdef@cGef; txufygtwdkif; 92 http://www.gng.org/currents/myanmar/mya_hiv.html 93 BPHWT, Chronic Emergency, tpD&ifcHpm- 2006

94 txufygtwdkif; 95 txufygtwdkif; 96 txufygtwdkif; 97 txufygtwdkif; 98 owif;t&if;tjrpf -The Gathering Storm: http://www.hrcberkeley.org/pdfs/BurmaReport2007.pdf. 99 owif;t&if;tjrpf: International Herald Tribune, Myanmar Cracks Down on Business Groups. tifwmeuf pmrsufESm - http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/16/asia/AS-GEN-Myanmar-Government-Crack

down.php 100 EdkifiHwum vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh tzGJ@. Unsung Heroines: The Women of Myanmar. 24 May 2000.

tifwmeufpmrsufESm - http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA160042000?OpenDocument&of=COU NTRIES%5CMYANMAR?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES%5CMYANMAR.

101 owif;t&if;tjrpf UNICEF. Myanmar, The Country tifwmeufpmrsufESm- http://www.unicef.org/myanmar/pages/a4.html

102 owif;t&if;tjrpf The Gathering Storm: http://www.hrcberkeley.org/pdfs/BurmaReport2007.pdf. 103 BPWHT, Chronic Emergency, 2006. 104 txufygtwdkif; 105 UNPFA Population Fund, 2001. 106 udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;wGif w&m;r0ifaoma=umifh &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya' tydkif; 312 t& rdcif.

toufudktEW&m,f&SdEdkifaom udk,f0efrSty udk,f0efzsufcs&mwGif yg0ifaom vlemESifh aq;ynmudk toHk;jyKolESpfOD;ESpf bufpvHk; '%faiG odk@r[kwf axmif'%f (3) ESpfuscH&rnfjzpf+yD; aoqHk;oGm;v#if axmif'%f 10 ESpfxduscH&EkdifzG,f&Sdonf?

107 www.unfpa.org/exbrd/2001/secondsession/dpfpammr_eng.doc

108 Physicians for Human Rights, No Status, 2004. 109 http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27322.html. 110 Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV

111 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS); Myanmar country report Reporting period: January-December 2004.

112 txufygtwdkif; 113 xifay:ausmf=um;aom owif;rD'D,mrsm;jzpfonfh r*~Zif;/ AGD'D,dk/ o&kyfaqmif/ a&'D,dk/ [mopmtkyf ESifh vli,f

r*~Zif;rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif; 114 http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/MTR/Myanmar.pdf 115 tcsuftvuf http://www.mm.undp.org/HDI/Agricultural.html 116 ppftpdk;&rS xdkif;ESifh w&kwfEkdifiHrsm;odk@opfa&mif;0,fa&;trsm;qHk;vkyfaqmifonf? w&kwfEdkifiHrSm jrefrmEkdifiHrS u|ef;opf

trsm;qHk;wifoGif;aom EkdifiHjzpfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHrS ESpfpOf 95 &mckdifE_ef;aom u|ef;opfrsm; (ukArDwm 1 oef;ausmf)udk jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;rSwqifh w&kwfEdkifiH,leefe,fodk@ w&m;r0ifa&mif;csv#uf&Sdonf? (Source: A Choice for China: Ending the destruction of Burma's frontier forests, a report by Global Witness, a London-based, non governmental organization)

92

117 jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;wGif w&m;0ifESifh w&m;r0ifaom rkdif;vkyfief;rsm;pGm&Sdonf? Ivanhoe Mines Ltd. and The

LeewardCapital Corporation, and China Nonferrous Metal Mining Company (CNMC) wdk@rSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_trsm;qHk;vkyfudkifaom ukr%Drsm;jzpfonf? (CNMC) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif waumif;awmifrkdif;[kac:aom 'efowWKwl;azmfaom rdkif;topfwGif tar&duefa':vm oef; (600) &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHI ppftpdk;&. rdkif;vkyfief;pOf eHygwf 3 ESifh wGJzufvkyf&ef jyifqifv#uf&Sdonf? 4if;rSm ppftpdk;&twGuf 0ifaiGaumif;yifjzpfonf? (Source: Burma Campaign UK website)

118 ucsifvlr_ zGH@®z;a&; uGef,uftzGJ@ rS xkwfaom “tarSmifv$rf;aeaom csdKifh0Srf;” tpD&idcHpm/ pmrsufESm 33? 119 Unhindered prospects, Undercurrents Issue 2, p. 2

120 The Shan Relief and Development Committee - bmrSrS&Sdaom pdkufysdK;cif;rsm;- &Srf;jynfe,f rdk;eJjrdK@e,fwGif pdkufysdK;a&;rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;rsm;

121 wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; vlxkzG@HjzdK;a&;qHk&yfrS xkwfa0aom trdef@tm%mjzifh ZD0avmifpmxkwfvkyfjcif;tpD&ifcHpm- (wdkif;&if; om;vlrsdK;rsm; vlxkzG@HjzdK;a&;qHk&yfonf jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@jzdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf vkyfaqmifaom tzGJ@tpnf; 7 zGJ@jzifh zGJ@pnf; xm;ygonf? )

122 tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;twGuf Show Business, Hand in Gloves & Shan Drug Watch at www.shanland.org

123 2007 ckESpf u&iftrsdK;orD;tpnf;t&kH;rS xkwfa0aom “pdk;&drfrSwfvGef &ufpufr_” tpD&ifcHpm rS jzpf&yf eHygwf 27 124 2006 ckESpf wGif yavmiftrsdK;orD;tzGJ@tpnf;rS xkwfa0aom “tqdyfoifhyef;” tpD&ifcHpmrS

rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJr_ta=umifhtrsdK;orD;rsm;tay: tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm; 125 2002 ckESpfwGif &Srf;trsdK;orD;a&;&m qufoG,fv_yf&Sm; aqmif&Gufa&;toif;rS xkwfa0aom “rk'def;usifhcGifhvdkifpif”

tpD&ifcHpm 126 2007 ckESpfwGif u&iftrsdK;orD;tpnf;&kH;xkwfa0aom “pdk;&drfrSwfvGef&ufpufr_rsm;” tpD&ifcHpmxJrS jzpf&yf eHygwf 118 127 owif;t&if;tjrpf - ukvm;wefowif;/ =o*kwfv 20 &ufaeh 2007 ckESpf 128 ucsifvlr_ zGH@®z; a&; uGef,uftzGJ@ rS xkwfa0aom “tarSmifv$rf;aeaom csdKifh0Srf;” tpD&idcHpm/ 2006 129 2006 ckESpfwGif ukvr*~taxGaxGnDvmcH. trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufr_ avhvmcsufrsm;? owif; t&if;tjrpf:

http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/ 130 2008 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufae@ wGif trsdK;orD;t=urf;zufr_&yfwef@a&; pwifv_H@aqmfa&;tpDtpOfwGif

ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; befuDrGef;rS xnfhoGif;azmf=um;jcif; 131 ppftpkd;&rS 2000 ckESpf ZGefv 5 &ufaehwGif ab*sif; + 5 tpnf;ta0;ESifh 2004 ckESpf pufwifbmwGif ab*sif; +; 10

tpnf;ta0; odk@wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm 132 txufygtwdkif; 133 UN pmwrf; trSwf: CEDAW/C/ MMR/3, pmrsufESm 3/ tydk'f 66. 134 tifwmeuf pmrsufESm: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/. 135 tifwmeuf pmrsufESm http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/588/04/PDF/N0658804.pdf?O

penElement, p. 29. 136 1991 ckESpfrS pwifI ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHESifh ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifwkd@onf tenf;qHk; ukvor*~

qHk;jzwfcsufaygif; 30 csrSwfcJhonf? xdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;xJwGif vdifydkif;qdkif&mt=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh jrefrmjynfqdkif&m ukvor*~ txl;udk,fpm;vS,frS vl@tcGifhta&;csdK; tajcaersm;udkwifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmESifh ukvor*~txl;udk,fpm;vS,frS wifoGif;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;tay:wGif t=urf;zufr_yaysmufa&; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif ppftpdk;&ppfwyfESifh tm%mydkif rsm;rS usL;vGefxm;aom vdifydkif;qdkif&mjypfr_rsm;twGuf oufaoaygif;rsm;pGmay;v#uf&Sdonf?

137 owif; t&if;tjrpf: - SCOEWBA, onf trsdK;orD;rsm;udk =unfh&_apmifha&Smufaom tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfonf? 138 2004 ckESpfrSpwifI jrefrme,fpyfwpfav#mufwGif ðyvkyfcJhaom trsdK;orD;rsm; tvkyf&kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rS t}uHðycsufrsm;

93

139 owif; t&if;tjrpf -SCOEWBA. 140 owif; t&if;tjrpf - SCOEWBA. pufwifbmv 6 &ufae@wGif trsdK;orD;onf SCOEWBA wGifa&muf&Sd

vmcJhonf? 141 Zefe0g&Dv 2008 ckESpfwGif jyKvkyfaom pDa'g pifjydKif tpD&ifcHpm wdkifyifaqG;aEG;yGJ 142 &Srf;trsKd;orD;a&;&m v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufa&;toif;rS 2002 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom rk'drf;usifhcGifhvdkifpif/

u&iftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t&kH;. wdwfqdwfr_udk +zdKcGif;jcif;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEkdifiH). 2004 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom usL;vGefcGifhjyKxm;aompepf/ rGeftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t&kH;. 2005 ckESpfwGifxkwfa0aom (Catwalk to the Barracks)/ 2007 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom pdk;&drfrSwfvGef&ufpufr_rsm; ESifh Unsafe State

143: UN pmwrf; trSwf: CEDAW/C/ MMR/3, pmrsufESm 15/ tydk'f 59 144 tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;odvdkygu http://www.shanwomen.org: on Publications Page: A Mockery of Justice 145 “usL;vGefcGifhjyKxm;aompepf”- trsdK;orD;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH).tpD&ifcHpm/ 2004 ckESpf 146 owif; t&if;tjrpf - ucsiftrsdK;orD;tpnf;t&kH; ( xdkif;EdkifiH) 147 tifwmeuf pmrsufESm http://myanmargeneva.org/pressrelease_PMGev/7th%20Session%20HRC%20

Statement%2017% 20Mar%202008.htm. 148 owif; t&if;tjrpf - u&iftrsdK;orD;tpnf;t&kH; 149 owif; t&if;tjrpf -u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;tpnf;t&kH; 150 owif; t&if;tjrpf - yavmiftrsdK;orD;tzGJ@tpnf; 151 ppfwyf.usL;vGefr_udk udk,fawG@cH&jcif; Zefe0g&Dv 17 &u 2003? owif;t&if;tjrpf www.shanwomen.org,

Archives on Press releases: 152 owif; t&if;tjrpf - &Srf;oHawmfqifh Junta army looks at gift horses in the mouth, No.03 – 05/2006, 4 May 2006

153 owif; t&if;tjrpf - &Srf;vl@tcGifhta&;r¾dKif / Zefe0g&Dv 2008 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpm - 154 owif; t&if;tjrpf - u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;tpnf;t&kH; 155 wdkufyGJrsm;r&Sdaome,fajr/ tcsdefra&G;tuef@towfr&Sdv_yf&Sm;oGm;vmEdkifaome,fajr 156 owif; t&if;tjrpf - &JrS trsdK;orD;i,fudkrk'def;usifhr_/ aiG 170000 usyfvk,lr_/ Zefe0g&Dv 28 &uf 2008 ckESpf

Kaladan News 157 owif; t&if;tjrpf - &Srf;vl@tcGifhta&;r¾dKif 158 file:///d:/eudora2/attach/Democratic%20Voice%20of%20Burma.htm

159 owif;t&if; tjrpf- ppfwyfrS ppfwyftrsdK;orD;udkrk'def;usifhr_/ eHygwf 06/ 05/ 2005/ &Srf;oHawmfqifh-arv 6 &uf 2005 ckESpfESifh &Srf;jynfwGif;rS&&Sdaomowif;rsm;

160 tifwmeufpmrsufESm - http://khonumthung.com/kng-news/2008-news-archive/june-2008/two-chin-teenaged-girls-raped-in-burma-rapists-arrested.

161 http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=1439. 162 http://www.kachinnews.com. 163 owif; t&if;tjrpf - 2004 ckESpf ynma&;tpD&ifcHpm/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwD/

ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*~/ azazmf0g&Dv-2005 ckESpf 164 http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2004/040814.htm

trsKd;orD;rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (jrefrmEdkifiH)

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