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Seawater desalination by RO method inSeawater desalination by RO method inthe kingdom of Saudi Arabia

- The past the present and the future- The past, the present and the future

Dr. Nobuya FujiwaraVice President JDA (Japan Desalination Association)Vice President , JDA (Japan Desalination Association)Director, IDA (International Desalination Association)

To create new thing learn by studying the pastTo create new thing, learn by studying the past

When discussing the future, I would like to share our past and present experience.

The presentThe presentThe presentThe present

The presentThe present 30 000 000)

pp

25,000,000

30,000,000

acity

(m3 /d

)

Evaporating MethodRO Method

20,000,000

natio

n C

apa

10,000,000

15,000,000

led

Des

alin

5,000,000

, ,

loba

l Ins

tal

01965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Gl

Year

The presentThe presentMajor Seawater RO Plants in G C CMajor Seawater RO Plants in G C C-- Major Seawater RO Plants in G.C.CMajor Seawater RO Plants in G.C.C

As of July 2008

N o. Country Location Capacity(m3/d) Start M em brane

1 Saudi Arabia Shuqaiq 240,000 （2010） TOYOBO Largest

2 Saudi Arabia Rabigh 218 000 2008 TOYOBO in G C C2 Saudi Arabia Rabigh 218,000 2008 TOYOBO in G C C

3 UAE Fujairah 170,475 2003 Hydranautics

4 Saudi Arabia Shoaiba 150,000 （2009） Toray

5 S di A bi Y b 128 000 1998 TOYOBO5 Saudi Arabia Yanbu 128,000 1998 TOYOBO

6 Saudi Arabia Jeddah 113,600 1989 TOYOBO

7 UAE Dubai 100,000 2005 Dow

8 Saudi Arabia Al Jubail 66,660 2000 Others B iofouling

2007 TOYOBO N o B iofouling

24,240 2000 Toray

9 Saudi Arabia Yanbu 50,400 2006 TOYOBO

10 Bahrain Ad Dur 45,500 1989 Others B iofouling

2005 TOYOBO N o B iofouling

Seawater RO desalination plants using TOYOBO membrane

2,000,000

TOYOBO membrane

。

1,600,000

1,800,000

, ,

m3 /d

ay)

1,200,000

1,400,000

, ,

uctio

n (m

800,000

1,000,000

, ,

Expected

Shuqaiq

Ragighr pro

du

400,000

600,000

, Ragigh

Jubail

Ad Dur

Yanbu(RC)ly w

ate

0

200,000

, Yanbu(RC)

ExistingDai

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012Year

The pastThe pastThe pastThe past

The pastThe pastpp

R&D subject

- To prove the reliability of the RO method

- To eliminate bio-fouling

The pastThe pastpp

In the early 1980s, Seawater desalination by RO method was regarded as an unreliable andRO method was regarded as an unreliable and high cost system.

The RO method was adopted only asThe RO method was adopted only as small-scale equipment.

The pastThe pastDemonstration Unit of Seawater RODemonstration Unit of Seawater RODemonstration Unit of Seawater RODemonstration Unit of Seawater RO

Saudi Arabia

Year 1981 1982

Red Sea : JeddahArabian Gulf :Al Khobar

Year 1981 - 1982

Toyobo made a demonstration it d b ht it i t KSAunit and brought it into KSA.

The long-term test proved the RO method was a reliable system.

The Past The Past -- Major Seawater Desalination plants Major Seawater Desalination plants sing TOYOBO memb anesing TOYOBO memb aneusing TOYOBO membraneusing TOYOBO membrane

HaqlHaql Year 1980 - 1999

DubaDuba

Haql- 4,400m3/day- Start 1989


Year 1980 1999

- 4,400m3/day- Start 1989- 4,400m3/day- Start 1989

YanbuYanbu- 128,000m3/day- Start 1998- 128,000m3/day- Start 1998

Jeddah- 113,600m3/day

St t 1989 1994


St t 1989 1994- Start 1989,1994- Start 1989,1994

The Past The Past -- Major Seawater Desalination plants Major Seawater Desalination plants sing TOYOBO memb anesing TOYOBO memb ane

Jeddah（Saudi Arabia）

using TOYOBO membraneusing TOYOBO membrane

Jeddah（Saudi Arabia）

- 113,600m3/dayStart 1989 1994- Start 1989,1994

Yanbu (Saudi Arabia)

128 000m3/day- 128,000m3/day- Start 1998

The pastThe pastJeddah RO Plant phaseJeddah RO Plant phase 22 ((1515MGPD)MGPD)

Differential Pressure was stable in low level A il bilit i

Jeddah RO Plant phase Jeddah RO Plant phase 2 2 ((1515MGPD) MGPD)

Differential Pressure was stable in low level. Once a year Citric acid cleaning was enough

Availability is more than 99%

6080

100Feed Pressure & Temperature

2040

5 0

3.04.05.0

2 0

Differential Pressure Citric Acid Cleaning

Sep 94Mar 94 Mar 95 Mar 96Sep 95 Sep 96 Sep 97Mar 97 Mar 98 Mar 99Sep 98

1.02.0

The pastThe pastJeddah RO Plant phaseJeddah RO Plant phase 22 ((1515MGPD)MGPD)

Permeate TDS stayed below Total shut down time due to

Jeddah RO Plant phase Jeddah RO Plant phase 2 2 ((1515MGPD) MGPD)

y500mg/l without the membrane replacement in 5 years.

membrane is only 100hours in 5years.

60,00058,00056 000

Production

Feed TDS: 43,300mg/l , Feed Temp.: 24-35 deg.C

50,000

56,00054,00052,000

1500

1000

,

Product TDS

Sep 94Mar 94 Mar 95 Mar 96Sep 95 Sep 96 Sep 97Mar 97 Mar 98 Mar 99Sep 98

500

The Past The Past -- Major Seawater Desalination plants Major Seawater Desalination plants sing TOYOBO memb anesing TOYOBO memb aneusing TOYOBO membraneusing TOYOBO membrane

The reliability of the seawater desalination plant

Location Capacity(m3/d) 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

y pwhich uses the Toyobo membrane was proved.

(m3/d) 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04Ohi 4,000(Japan)Jeddah PhaseⅠ 56,800

Average Membrane life : 7.2 years

7.2 years(Saudi Arabia)Duba 4,400(Saudi Arabia)Haql 4,400

11.2 years

11.2 yearsq ,(Saudi Arabia)Ikata 2,400 (Japan)Jeddah PhaseⅡ 56 800

7.8 years

9.0 yearsJeddah PhaseⅡ 56,800(Saudi Arabia)Medina Yanbu 128,000(Saudi Arabia)

9.0 years

More than 6 years

- Average membrane life is more than 7years.- All plants in the above table have open sea intake.

The pastThe past YearYear 20002000--20072007

Bio-fouling

The pastThe past Year Year 20002000 2007 2007

Serious bio-fouling problems occurred in some plants sing pol amide memb anes hich do

Bio fouling

plants using polyamide membranes which do not have chlorine tolerance.Pl tPl t M t i lM t i l T blT bl TTPlantPlant MaterialMaterial TroubleTrouble TemporaryTemporary

CountermeasureCountermeasure

Ad Dur Ad Dur Diff. PDiff. P Frequent C.C.Frequent C.C.(Bahrain)(Bahrain) PolyamidePolyamide ProductionProduction

Permeate TDSPermeate TDS

qq((every every 22--3 3 w)w)

Al J b ilAl J b il Diff PDiff P F t C CF t C CAl JubailAl Jubail((KSA)KSA) PolyamidePolyamide

Diff. PDiff. PProductionProductionPermeate TDSPermeate TDS

Frequent C.C.Frequent C.C.((every every 33--66w)w)

Eliminate Bio-fouling

Polyamide membrane doesn't have ychlorine resistance.

-- easy to occur bioeasy to occur bio--fouling problemsfouling problems

TOYOBO membrane(CTA) has superior resistance to chlorine.

- There is no room for Biofouling

Eliminate Bio-fouling

Polyamide membraneTOYOBO membrane(CTA) Polyamide membrane TOYOBO membrane(CTA)

No bio-foulingby chlorine injection

Severe bio-foulingby chlorine injection

Growth Rate of BacteriaGrowth Rate of BacteriaThe result of the growth test of the bacteria that inhabit Red SeaThe result of the growth test of the bacteria that inhabit Red SeaThe result of the growth test of the bacteria that inhabit Red SeaThe result of the growth test of the bacteria that inhabit Red Sea

y = 8.3X103 e0.17x

R2 = 0.99

1.E+06

/ml)

105

106

y = 1.4X102 e0.22x

R2 = 0.751.E+04

1.E+05

unts

(CFU

/

104

105

N=No x exp(0.22 x (th-6))

[Growth rate prediction]

1.E+03

cter

ia C

ou

103

o（exponential regression)

N = Bacteria Counts (CFU/ml)No Initial Bacteria Counts (CFU/ml)

1.E+02

Tota

l Bac

102

Initial counts:104 CFU/ml levelInitial counts:103 CFU/ml level

Lag Phase Logarithmic Phase No = Initial Bacteria Counts (CFU/ml)th = time(hr)

1.E+01

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24G th Ti i S t (h )

101

Growth Time in Seawater (hr)

Sterilization of Bacteria by chorineSterilization of Bacteria by chorinei i b d b i h i h bi di i b d b i h i h bi dUsing incubated bacteria that inhabit Red SeaUsing incubated bacteria that inhabit Red Sea

1 E+05

1.E+06

U/m

l)

105

106

Residual Chlorine: 0.5mg/lResidual Chlorine: 0.2mg/l

if tt 0

Delayed Chick-Watson model

1.E+04

1.E+05

unts

(CFU

104

105 , Initial counts:105 CFU/ml level , Initial counts:103 CFU/ml level )/ln( 0NN

if lagtt

lagkCtkCt if lagtt

0

1.E+03

cter

ia C

ou

103K = inactivated rate constantC = concentration of disinfectantTlag = time of lag phase

1.E+02

Tota

l Ba

102 Detection limit : 20 CFU/mllag g p

Tlag=10 min1.E+01

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Ti ft I j ti f Chl i ( i )

101

Time after Injection of Chlorine (min)

Sterilization of Bacteria by chorineSterilization of Bacteria by chorineSte at o o acte a by c o eSte at o o acte a by c o e

0 10^3 CFU/ml, 0.2mg/l

10^3 CFU/ml, 0.5mg/l10^5 CFU/ml, 0.2mg/l

-4

-2

0)

10^5 CFU/ml, 0.5mg/l

線形

[Sterilization rate prediction]y = -0.99xR2 = 0.79

-6ln(N

/N

rtCNN 99.0)/ln( 0（exponential regression)

-8N = Bacteria Counts (CFU/ml)No = Initial Bacteria Counts (CFU/ml)

-100 2 4 6 8 10 12

Ctr (mg/l x min)

( / )C = concentration of disinfectanttr = t-tlag

( g )

Required Chlorine Injection time per dayRequired Chlorine Injection time per dayd (i i hl i j i ) dd (i i hl i j i ) dBased on ICI (intermittent chlorine Injection) modeBased on ICI (intermittent chlorine Injection) mode

-- Combination of Growth rate prediction and Sterilization Combination of Growth rate prediction and Sterilization predictionpredictionpredictionprediction

90

100C=0.2mg/lC=0.3mg/l

ay (m

in)

60

70

80 C=0.4mg/lC=0.5mg/l

Tim

e pe

r da

10)62.2ln( 0 Nt

40

50

60

e In

ject

ion

T 099.0 C

t

10)62.2ln(99.0 0

tN

C

20

30

ed C

hlor

ine 10t

C=Chlorine Concentration (mg/l)t=Injection time (min)

0

10

1.00E+01 1.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06

T t l B t i C t f R S t (CFU/ l)103 104 106101 102 105

Req

uire

Total Bacteria Counts of Raw Seawater (CFU/ml)

Joint research in cooperation with plant owners Joint research in cooperation with plant owners -- to solve the bioto solve the bio--fouling problemsfouling problemsto solve the bioto solve the bio fouling problemsfouling problems

Ad Dur（Bahrain)

Test Period : year 2001-2003

Al Jubail（Saudi Arabia)Al Jubail（Saudi Arabia)

Test Period : year 2004-2005

Eliminating BioEliminating Bio--fouling by TOYOBO Membrane fouling by TOYOBO Membrane - Rehabilitation of Ad Dur Plant (45 000m3/day)

Polyamide membrane requires chemical cleaning every 2-3 weeks

- Rehabilitation of Ad Dur Plant (45,000m3/day)

450Change of Differential Pressure

450

due to bio-fouling even with UF pretreatment. TOYOBO requires C.C. once per year thanks to Chlorine injection.

350

400

450

ure [kPa]

gFeed SDI < 3

450

400

350

200

250

300

ntial pressu

300

250

200

Chemical Cleaning

100

150

200

Differen

Dupont (Stand-by Train)

Toyobo Test data

Polyamide membraneTOYOBO

200

150

100

0

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Dupont (Stand-by Train)Polyamide membrane50

0

El d Ti (d )0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Elapsed time [day]Elapsed Time (day)

Eliminating BioEliminating Bio--fouling by TOYOBO Membrane fouling by TOYOBO Membrane - Severe bio-fouling at Al Jubail plant (90 900m3/day)- Severe bio-fouling at Al Jubail plant (90,900m3/day)

Ch i l Cl i f S i l W d bChemical Cleaning for Spiral Wound membrane was carried out 14times during 14,000hrs(19months) due to biofouling.

Chemical Cleaning

“Comparison of the performance of hollow fine fiber and spiral-wound membranes in the Al-JubailComparison of the performance of hollow fine fiber and spiral wound membranes in the Al Jubail SWRO desalination plant”, Abdul Salam Al-Mobayed et al, Desalination 178(2005)273-286

Eliminating BioEliminating Bio--fouling by TOYOBO Membrane fouling by TOYOBO Membrane - Severe Bio-fouling at Al Jubail plant (90 900m3/day)- Severe Bio-fouling at Al Jubail plant (90,900m3/day)

In the field testing, TOYOBO RO module achieves significantly higher performance and efficiency by using Arabian Gulf Seawater source, y y g ,known for its high salinity and high potential of biological growth at Al-Jubail plant location.

Joint research in cooperation with plant owners Joint research in cooperation with plant owners -- to solve the bioto solve the bio--fouling problemsfouling problemsto solve the bioto solve the bio fouling problemsfouling problems

Ad Dur（Bahrain)

Test Period : year 2001-2003 Year 2005 (replaced by TOYOBO)

Al Jubail（Saudi Arabia)Al Jubail（Saudi Arabia)

Year 2007 (replaced by TOYOBO)Test Period : year 2004-2005


Tanajib- 6,000m3/day

Tanajib- 6,000m3/dayHaqlHaql Year 2000 - 2007


DubaDuba

6,000m /day- Start 2001

6,000m /day- Start 2001

Al Jubail- 66 ,700m3/day





YanbuYanbu

66 ,700m /day(90,900m3/day)

- Start 2007

66 ,700m /day(90,900m3/day)

- Start 2007

Bahrain- 45 500m3/day

Bahrain- 45 500m3/day- 128,000m3/day

- Start 1998- 128,000m3/day- Start 1998

- 45,500m3/day- Start 2005- 45,500m3/day- Start 2005Solution provider

Others → TOYOBOTOYOBOYanbu- 50 400m3/day

Yanbu- 50 400m3/day50,400m /day- Start 2006

50,400m /day- Start 2006


St t 1989 1994


St t 1989 1994- Start 1989,1994- Start 1989,1994 Al Birk- 2,200m3/day- Start 2001

Al Birk- 2,200m3/day- Start 2001

The pastThe pastpp

- The reliability of the seawater RO was proved

- Bio-fouling problem was solved

The presentThe presentpp

R&D subject

- To develop a large-sized RO module

The presentThe presentThe current growth of larger desalination plants based on the

pp

1) The number of modules is reduced by about 50%

RO method have demanded greater economical efficiency.

1) The number of modules is reduced by about 50% 2) The volume of installation space for the RO racks

reduced up to 30%3) The RO system construction cost can be reduced.3) The RO system construction cost can be reduced.

*High class stainless steel costs for feed andbrine piping can be reduced up to 70%

Comparison between Both Open Ended (BOE)Comparison between Both Open Ended (BOE)and Single Open Ended (SOE)and Single Open Ended (SOE)and Single Open Ended (SOE)and Single Open Ended (SOE)

・SOE (conventional）: P t (b id ) ill i i l h ll fibPermeate pressure (bore side) will increase in longer hollow fiber

・BOE（new）:the channel length of the permeated water becomes half, and flow

Hollow FiberFeed Seawater Hollow FiberFeed Seawater

pressure loss is reduced.

SOE structure SOE structure )()()( PFPFW PPAPAJ

Permeate Permeate

JvjBOE structure JvjBOE structure

z

ΔZ do di

z

ΔZ do di

Comparison between Both Open Ended (BOE)Comparison between Both Open Ended (BOE)and Single Open Ended (SOE)and Single Open Ended (SOE)and Single Open Ended (SOE)and Single Open Ended (SOE)

468

10

107 [

m/s

]

468

10

107 [

m/s

]

Pa]

024

J v x

1

3

Pa]

024

J v x

1

3

PF

- PP

- π [

MP

0

1

2

PF

- PP

- π [

MP

1

2

P 0

2

3

[MPa

]

0

2

3

MPa

]

0

1

0 0.5 1 1.5

P P [

0

1

0 0.5 1 1.5

P P [

中空糸長手方向中空糸長手方向Z [m] Z [m]SOE BOE

中空糸長手方向中空糸長手方向Open End

CloseEnd

OpenEnd

OpenEndSOE BOE

Design of a LargeDesign of a Large--sized RO Module for sized RO Module for Seawater DesalinationSeawater DesalinationSeawater Desalination Seawater Desalination

Relationship between element length and permeate water flow rate

80

p g pin BOE and SOE element

(DO=0.28m, PF=5.5MPa, CF=35kg/m3, RC=30%, T=25 deg.C)

60

70

80

40

50

60

m3 /d

] BOE

20

30

40

QP

[m

SOE

0

10

20

00.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

L [m]

Design of a LargeDesign of a Large--sized RO Module for sized RO Module for Seawater DesalinationSeawater Desalination

Relationship between element length and volume efficiency of module

Seawater Desalination Seawater Desalination

Relationship between element length and volume efficiency of modulein BOE and SOE

(DO=0.28m, PF=5.5MPa, CF=35kg/m3, RC=30%, T=25 deg.C)

Optimum300

m3 ]

Optimum

200

m3 /d

) / m BOE

100

/ V M

O [

(

SOE

0

QP

/

00.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

L [m]

LargeLarge--sized RO Module for Seawater sized RO Module for Seawater DesalinationDesalinationDesalination Desalination

New (BOE)size: 11 inch X 4 5msize: 11 inch X 4.5mproduction:100m3/d

Conventional (SOE)Conventional (SOE)size: 11 inch X 3mproduction: 50m3/d

The Present The Present -- Major Seawater Desalination plant Major Seawater Desalination plant sing TOYOBO memb anesing TOYOBO memb ane

Rabigh (Saudi Arabia)


g ( )

- 218,000m3/dayStart 2008- Start 2008

The Present The Present -- Major Seawater Desalination plants Major Seawater Desalination plants sing TOYOBO memb anesing TOYOBO memb ane

Tanajib- 6,000m3/day

Tanajib- 6,000m3/dayHaqlHaql


DubaDuba

6,000m /day- Start 2001

6,000m /day- Start 2001






YanbuYanbu

66 ,700m /day(90,900m3/day)

- Start 2007

66 ,700m /day(90,900m3/day)

- Start 2007

Bahrain- 45 500m3/day

Bahrain- 45 500m3/day- 128,000m3/day

- Start 1998- 128,000m3/day- Start 1998

Yanbu- 50 400m3/day

Yanbu- 50 400m3/day

- 45,500m3/day- Start 2005- 45,500m3/day- Start 2005Solution provider

Others → TOYOBOTOYOBO50,400m /day

- Start 200650,400m /day

- Start 2006

Rabigh- 218,000m3/day

Rabigh- 218,000m3/day


St t 1989 1994


St t 1989 1994

Shuqaiq(Saud Arabia）- 240,000m3/day- Start 2010

Shuqaiq(Saud Arabia）- 240,000m3/day- Start 2010

, / y- Start 2008

, / y- Start 2008

- Start 1989,1994- Start 1989,1994 Al Birk- 2,200m3/day- Start 2001

Al Birk- 2,200m3/day- Start 2001

The past & presentThe past & presentp pp pYear 1980 - 2008Year 1980 2008

- The reliability of the seawater RO was proved

- Bio-fouling problem was solved

- Large-sized RO module was developed

The futureThe futureEnlargementg

- High-pressure pump- Energy recovery equipment (PX,DWEER)Energy recovery equipment (PX,DWEER)- 16-inch RO modules

EnvironmentEnvironment- Simulation about diffusion of brine

Natural power sourcesNatural power sources- Solar cell power generation- Windmill- Windmill

Membrane filtration pretreatmentC t d ti- Cost reduction

JDA JDA (Japan Desalination Association)(Japan Desalination Association)

Ace Water Treatment Co., Ltd. Mitsubishi Rayon Engineering Co., Ltd.

Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation

DMW Corporation

Mitsui Bussan Plant & Project Corporation

Nihon-netlon Co., Ltd.

Dow Chemical Japan Limited

Ebara Corporation

Nitto Denko Corporation

Sasakura Engineering Co.,Ltd

Fujikasui Engineering Co., Ltd.

Hitachi Plant Technologies, Ltd.

Suido Kiko Kaisha, Ltd.

Sumitomo Corporation

Hitachi Zosen Corporation

Itochu Corporation

K b t C ti

Tokyo Polymer Co., Ltd.

Tokyo Printing Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd.

T I d i IKubota Corporation

Kyowa Kako Co., Ltd.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd

Toray Industries, Inc.

Toyobo Co., Ltd.

Wate Re se P omotion CenteMitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Water Re-use Promotion Center

The presentThe presentSeawater RO membranes in Saudi ArabiaSeawater RO membranes in Saudi Arabia-- Seawater RO membranes in Saudi ArabiaSeawater RO membranes in Saudi Arabia

Plant capacity : more than 30,000m3/day

Toray

Plant capacity : more than 30,000m /day

Toray18%

TOYOBOTOYOBO82%

IDA Worldwide Desalting Plants Inventory and others


3030MGPD(MGPD(113113,,600600mm33/day) Jeddah RO Plants/day) Jeddah RO Plants


Phase 1 Phase 2

Product Flow Rate more than 56,8000m3/day More than 56,800m3/day

Membrane Guarantee － 5 year （10%／year replacement）

Seawater TDS 43,300mg/l. 43,300mg/l

RO Module TOYOBO HM10255: 1480pcs. TOYOBO HM10255 :1480pcs.

Owner SWCC, KSA SWCC, KSA

Constructor/Consultan MHI / Bechtel MHI

Start-up April, 1989 March, 1994

tly3

term

itte

nt

MCFRO Module

DMF

orin

e

ula

nt

FeC

l 3

cid

SBS(

Int

)P P

Ch

lo

Coa

gu Ac

Open Sea Intake

PIntake Pond Filtered Water Tank Product Water TankH.P Pump

cedt workshopcedt workshop - kaukau.edu.sa/files/19500/files/50167_seawater desalination by ro...

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