cefeina universidad de barcelona

7/23/2019 Cefeina Universidad de Barcelona

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cefeina-universidad-de-barcelona 1/56

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D>@<= %@M %===M CM<, <@ B@=< I<= I<O< < C@@=, C=<O< C=< (I3C)

P-& #$ D-. E#-# E''

CRM FH HJ



A* A#* ,!

D>@<= %@M %===M CM<, <@ B@=< I<= I<O< < C@@=, C=<O< C=< (I3C)

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ISBN: 978-84-695-1140-4

N R$&'-: 2012629

E!'$ %$& e" C$*- #$ I*%-"'* C% S#

M&!, 2012

*. F 171, 08035 BF, .E-: @I.I

CRM FH HJ



E- #$'$- $ ''-D-. E#-# E''

D@=@ CM< 'N= E, '% I< <@@ D B@-=< C==@<=@ < 'N= H=> G<@ CN.

E FF G >G M GHF GFHG G H I JFG. E GH FH, GI T GIQG I I GIS FFF, G GF IGHF J.

*F HFF, GHP HHH F I I FJT FT GIS M IFH H I FIF G IF. EGH GHIT GFJG GIG; , HG IFG, TG M HFPGH G>G GH GH. G F GHG LHFG, HG GGHQ I G HG TG - QGHG, FG, H.- I IFF IGHF FF H I H J I GIG IGG FG.

E GH J G GI T I GIS I MH. E FF G I FG FFF, G HF FGHIFG H I G GH IFH R. APG, FNG H F.EGH HF IF I UF HF FG F GIF GIG>HJG. E G IHG, G GF I GH H G HF 7 M 8 FG. EG IFT R GIS I FHN IGHF FF GHF FFG

F FHF I IJ R GFHG.

E GH GF GIS FJ GF G.'I H GF HJR I FF G FF H. D , G -G G 90 SG, FG F 30 SG. HF IGHF J GHGH U GHFG I G FF, F I G FHN 60 SG IJ. I J G GHF GFHG, FH GF I JJG IFHIGHF R, G F FHF FHG RGG M HG.

F GIS IFH R, G LGH HR, G GI F F- G JH. HF GIS G I, H GHIG

H GHRIG I G H FH, FN GH GH GF IG G FF. EG FHH I G H GH H,FI I H G I G G H HJ F G;F G G F> M FH I GHIT GH, G IF, F HLHGG HFQG GIF JFGG IFFG, GF, GLT GIS G GI JH.

4



CafE+na y rEndiMiEnto Cognitivo

5

PG FH I GH GJFT. E IFFH M GLT GIS. GIS... HF GIS. EGH FT, I F H JH, G U F HR I M G GHFF. E IFFH FII H HFT I GHG . CGIHH, G G F G FG GFG, GH H HFT M IFFHJFP IGHF FF FFG. *F HFF, G G F G FGGIHG, GI GFP I GFG HFG GG, GJFG HT I GHG , F G FFG.

D> IM F I F GIF I I GH FH G FGF F G FG GFG, HQ G F IG GF-G GF FHG GIGHG I G MIFP >FF GH J, GFI G IGG F JH.

R G I GHG GIGHG GHJG, IHN IH G I H, FGH G Q, HQ G. ELH HF> F F FGF A A, I H F F-F, G FH HG HRG IRJG GF GH GIGH, GIG FH-FRGHG M GIG G.

DGHG M MG G GIHG GFG, I F FH GIH HF> HR:

E =<= =@= M< >@= <= =@ @<<= =-<=, @ <O<. < L =<< 100 M<.

' < =<@@ = M< <@=@ 200 , =-@ <@ 200-400 >@=@ 400 .

! M< >== <=<@@ < , >, , @@ .

E < < <= @. ' =@ @><, << = = < < <@ >@@ = 30-45 <=.

' = < =@<= = <@ 3 6 =@.

E< >=@< @< < @= =O< <@ <=; @, < @O< =. E<@ , <<-@=. < = =@, 65-70 N= > @@ 8 =@ < -<@ =@<=. C <= =<=@ @O< M< < @>= @ < =<<.



E < @= M< > <@ = >== < =@<=,<= >@= >=@ "<@= '< >N= O< == @-= <= >@ = =<=<, <, = =<= < -=, <= < L= >= M= == >M=.

A < L, M< >== <=<@@ = @= @- < @ = <L= =< < >=<@ = = @-=O= <= =. % @ <= =< =@M @== < < @<= <@= @<< >=O-. I<= =< = @<= >=@=O= <= < >@<> >=>=O (>@O<, >=, .) = <@ <@=O, == <, <= @ =<@<= = M<.

' =<= M< @ =@ =<@ = < >@@>O<L, =< <= >@ = 400 M (@= L).

! M< < >= =<@<=<, < < < @<< >=O < =< @ =<=. =< @=<@=@ @=<< @: >>, <=<=, < << >.

!= >= = @= M< =< >== < >@= >=<. E<@= @< <= < = @@, <=<= @@O<

@=<<. E< = >@ <= =, =< <@@>O< =<= >@= => @O< < >== >=.

E =<= M< >@= = <== @ =@ @<<==<=, <O<, @ =<<@O< <= =< = < = <=>@< = 400 (4 L M) < = <@ 3 6 =@ < <@ N= <=@<=.

!= <= =<= M< < =<O< =< > <@L,>= >@ >=O< < M= =@ = >=@.

E< <@, = <= < @ <=< /= >===@ =<= = M< =< >@=@ = <= < < =< L O<, == = = < @<@ <= <= >@O< N=. %=@ = <= @ >< P < = @-=@ @< @ @< >@== <=@<=.

6



E =<= < =<@= L, , < < O< <=< <-= =@ =@<=. ! O< = <=< @=<= =< > >@< >@O< L =<= == <-<= == , < >, @=@= =<= >=O= == >@=-= < <@ A@. ! > <=< L <=>@=@ < C.

! <=< >= >@ >@<@ @L == @-= =@<=, <@ = ' #@== C<@. E=@ < =@ >@==@ >@ <<=.

#=@< L = == =< P@ (=). ! = < <= >=< < >@<> <@M <@= ' #@== C<@ < = >== =@ =<O<, < > >@ O< @ >@< =@.

! M< = =< << = <L@= < =>@O< =< <@O< < =. != <= =@< ><< @ <O< =<, >@< =@.

! @=<O< =<@ L = < = (= P@ >=<< < =@ @= >@>=< @@=@ = M<-@= O= @= @@=@ < >@O< = =<=) -

<= >@ <@= =@<=.

G G, IG, FH J FNG HRG I M IG -F Q, GI F F HJ: R.

E H LIGHJ GIGH, GHIG HRG IG MFFG J I, G FH FF GI IG, FH G GHIGGFHG HFFH M GI G FG I G.

E H F FH T F G IG M FHFRGHG Q, >IH G G FG GI IG, G FH GF HGHG

I IHNT F, IQG FJF HG G G I FJ GI GI FN.


7



8

\



CR M FH HJ

1 #HFIT ..........................................................................................................................%*!# 10

2 FR R .........................................................................................%*!# 13

3 EHG R GH FJG CHF (C)...............%*!# 16

4 EJIT FH HJ.................................................................%*!# 21

5 EHG R HFG HT M GHFG ..............%*!# 24

6EHG R HFG F

M IG >IHJG ....................................................................................................%*!# 29

7 CR M GH GI>HJ ..........................................................................................%*!# 33

8 CR HFG GIGHG ........................................................%*!# 39

9 G F I IG FGG .................................................%*!# 43

10 FG .............................................................................................................................%*!# 46


9



10

#HFIT1




11

R F FH IGHF J H M, H F, G GIG-H GHJ PG IHN. 'G FGG I GI

F >IGHF GI HJT JG IG I THG.

R G FGH I JF G, Q, HQ G F-

FGG . IFGG GHIG G HFG F NF G HG

R T M HFG GHG IHIG. BI FH G HF-

>G LGHHG I GI R FI G GF

FH HJ, G G UHG QG G IH FG

UHG HFG I I IF G FGIHG M LF IG G

NG GGHHG. EHF G, GG M F GHFT R,

G FHFRGHG G FHHG IH GI R (PH GI R M JG GI) M G FIGHG GRG G

I G HU G G (J HJT, FJT GIS, H.).

C G, H M F GHFT R G I H

J. GI GFF GG >G R IG FFG 200 , -

FG HF 200-400 M JG IG GIFFG 400 . ,

LGH I GG FG IHG FH

HFNT G GG. *F I PI FP

G GH I I Q H 100 R,

II G IM JF H

Q M GI F FFT. MFR HF-

>G HRG G GIG GHIG GG

HF 100-400 . F PG HI GHFF R G I U

GHFT (F I), M G GG G F J GH I

T G GI GIF R G HIFRGHG T.

APG, G JGHG G IHN FF FFG G,

PGIG, HHG, FFG M G R IF I Q (GFGG, HF,

GHHP, H.), I HQ I FFG , I G G FG PG IG GI. *F HF , G IM HI I GG G G HF>G -

HRG G GHF I U H, HFG I G GIFG R GI-

F GIG FHG IFH R. EGHG GHG HTG H

FNT G FGIHG G G J F.

GF GI F

I GG 200-400 R(HF 2-4 HNG R)



12

*IGH I GI R G IM HI J H, HF JFFHH G PH GI I H G FHHG. EGH

FI HFJFG GF G FH LGH HG GG HFIG

GI R. AGR, G GFF THGG ZFIFT

GRF GH[ I GH I G GIFG HIG -

R F HG HJG HJG M IHIG FFG FG

S FIG F IG GI IFH FR HIF. G

GIFG GH THGG G I GI R GH

GFF GH HJ GH HFG I H G FG

GHF, FGHIF G G HJG FH GIG JG F-

G (FG H ., 2003; $G & FG 2005; FG 2007).

MFR GHIG, G F, GIGHH THGG ZFIFT

GRF GH[. OGHG J HG GHJG R

U IG FRG FG G GI GIFG HIG

(CFGHF H ., 2005; G H ., 2005; CG & H, 2006; KHH & H,

2006, 2007; F HF IG HF>G I GH

GH GH GIG GIGG). E JF I

GI R FI HG GG

HG FG GF FH HJ HG

HFG JG. FF, F GHIG

FRG G FHF I G

GH F R G I GI GHFT FI HG

GHJG FH. GI, G I GI R IG

GIFG HIG HQ J HG GHJG GI >IT.

HFF IF, GHFT R JIG GIFG HIG

I G GH GH G F GR G HG -

GG. *F FINF GH GH I GIHFG LH FJGT

H (2002).

ELGH JG HRG I GI R FI HG

GG HG FG GF FH HJ




13

FR R

2



14

G FHFRGHG FTG R I GIGH P -> M J GIF (A & *FH, 2011). I GFT, HFG GHFT

F JR F, G FP M H NPG G PLG JG GF

(PL) FHF G 30-45 IHG HFG GI M IFT GI H

FG (H1/2) G HF G 3 M G 6 FG.

GHFIM MFR H>G FFG M

HFJG FFF HP I -

, I L GI HIF

GH FJG CHF (C). HN

F HG R, FIQG GH

FG GIGHG HQ HJ FT, GI JFGT H, I F IFT H FG. ELGH FHHG

FG FH HNT HF JIG, HF G GH

I GI HF. *F T FG G IHN F-

H JR LFT F, HFJQG F.

FH I R I HF HG GHJG F-

G, PG F F 'GHF GS GI IHNT

PF F GHG G, GH, H HH

IHG, HH G QGHG H RG GRI (A & *FH, 2011). AGR,

LGH FFG FQIHG I H F T LIG-

JH R (*FFHV DIFJH FHFV). GG GHFF PF G

IM >, I PL F GH 1200 , FHF FG-

FHF GU GF FHI. APG, G IFGG G PFG -

T HHF, QG, HFS, F>H IGIF HQH I

H R S, HF G HG FTG

I G (JF IF 1). R FGH G HFG, G

G GI GI >IH MFR PFG IHNG HIH

HFHH IFGG FIGHG HTG. #IG G HFH-

HG GFTG G G FG GHTG (FGT,GGG, H.) FG IFTG, G G, GI FG

HF IG R.

E PL J GFT R G N G 30-45 IHG

M GI H IF HF 3-6 FG




15

F'&- 1. A<= >@>@= @L= =@= < E>N =< M<< = =< =< =@= >@<>= = (<<=@=, <L-

=, <@N, @< @ = <L=) >@ >=<@ O<.

G$*-'" C$-"' D' (&/#)

CR DIFJH FHFV, *FFHV 'PL. 1200

CR AV, AGV, BF CRV, 'IM JF

(S CFHV,CGFV, FV, GU FF

HFG FG FV, #JV, IFFV, '>FV,

HJG) HV, *V, V

GI R G FN F IHGHF G FGFT

Q G G> I G GIF GG 400 R. E GI -

R GG >G FG IHG G GF FGG, G FGG

F GI M I G I HF G G G HJG

HH FH M F N, G HFG FIGH-

G, JFG F GH HF>.

R H G HFG, G LGH IG FIGHG

HTG G I G G> JHF GI GI. OGHG G G HFG

FJGIFG M GHFHGHG FJG, G, G, G M

GI PH. Q G F JHF IG R FG

12 SG M G G GI F, HH FI G M FH

HG F>IG G F H GHIG G GG I FH HG

FIGHG GI GIF. E IG HG FIGHG, GI -

F R I HF HG GG GF J HH

JIG >TJG G JN. G GG HG JFGG

R G G M G F H, HF G PG FIHG G

IHI FFH, G M FFHT GHFHGH. E G IFN I G, HFFIT GI G FI H

FGT H.



16

EHG R GH FJG

CHF (C)

3




17

R FI G FH HJ FI G I GIGHGHJ. EGH G, H HIF C, G G G-

HFIHIFG M LG FGGG FGH HG G G

HJG. WIQ G/G T HJ C I G LI GIG -

G?

E G T R GGH I G FHFG

G H A1 M A2A (F H ., 1999). G G I GIGH

HFGGF C I I HU HFGH G>G GIF HJ

R GHN IG. G FHFG G GHP -

H GHFIG F Q, I F H GHFIHIFG FI-G F >IT G G HJG G ,

FHN FF, FHN F M HP. E I G FHFG

G, F HH, I QGH G I G

FHFG M HU C. E FJFH F-

HG FG HFGGT HJ

G GGHG IFHFGGT I G

FHFG GRG. OGHG G FFQF-

, QF, QF M GFHQF

(F H ., 2005). E FH, I HG IR GF G

FHFG A1, I G GHIG G IFG FGPHG GFG, G

HFI I MF FT GHG IFHFGGFG I G FI

I IT (JF IF 2). E I HG IR GF G F-

HFG A2A, GHIG IFG GHGPHG FHFG, H I G

FHFG H 2 FH GI HJ (JF IF 3) M FG

PG FT.

GHIT G GGHG FFQF M QF G F F-

HG FH, HT M FGF FT IJ (F-

N>), G GH GH GHIG HFG F> GHG FJT GIS. T GF HJ QF-

G G GHP G H FJHJ IFFHHF GFFF

F *FG, HH JFG I>FG GF I QGHG

G M GH HFHH F GHFTG (FFQ, 2009).

R I G FHFG G, GHI IF-

HFGGT M >F GH FH, HT M FN>



F'&- 2. "<= O< M< =@ = @>=@ <=< >= A1 < ' #@== C<@ @>=< <@<@ < = <-

@=@<=@ <=@@<< (#A), =< (AC), =>< (DA) @==<<

(5-H). "== A< & %@ (2011).

F'&- 3. "<= O< M< =@ = @>=@ <=< >=

A2A < ' #@== C<@ @>=< <@<@ =<O<

=>< (DA), =<= @>=@ >= 2 (D2). "==

A< & %@ (2011).

18

Neurona postsináptica

Cafeína(Antagonista químico A1)

Respuesta NA, DA,5-HT y ACh

DA

DA

DA

NA

NANA

NA

ACh

ACh ACh

ACh

5-HT

5-HT

5-HT

Neurona presináptica

Receptor presináptico A1

Neurona postsináptica

Respuesta DA

DA

D2

Receptorpostsináptico A2A

Receptorpostsináptico A2A

Cafeína(Antagonista químico A2A)

+




19

HT HJ QF G G T G G I G GIGHG GHJG HU GF G GHFIHIFG FFG

FGGG FIFN M T, I FIF GR M IG.

F, F HJ QF GF I HI

IM GIFF I FI R, IG GHF GG JG. A JG

HQFG IG G T Q R, F U -

GIG JG LGJG G FGG IGHF

QF HF FHH IGJ,

I G GH HFH T. A -

F I GI IG HFG GIGHG

GHJG (, H, G, H.), -GI R G FJ GIG HJG RGG, GTG GG

G IG G G G TGHG RG T. AGR, G IG

TGHG I HI IHN G FGG GI -D'-#- M C#E-

10- H TGH GRF GH

R M H ' (FNT 'I I) GF R -

HF HFR G G. E G I FPH R G GF-

J FG T FG GH R, F J I QGH

G. C GIF JFGG LFHG H, GI F R

GFFG I I PH M I T.

H, HJT GGH GFHQF G L G GG G

GI R GH P. F, QGHG G GHG M

I HG GHIG JG HT H M G GF G -

G I G H H HG R G G IHN PF

H GIG FGHG FQIHG. GHFT R FIG-

HG RG PG GJFG, I GF FGT MF, FGIH I GHFH

HFQIH GIH F GIF FJFHF GHHR G HG.

E GI FH Q, PG, H T HLH GF FG I G J HH HF>G LFHG GHIG RG

(H H ., 2002; !F & GFH, 2010). T G HLHG, HQ

G THFG FR, G F FJ-

HJ FT QHG HJG GG J>H LHG M, IM

G, HFF HJ HT FI F

' GF R HF HFR G



20

Polaridad

No polaridad

Radicales libres“peligrosos”

Radicales libres“amigos”

Moléculas establessin actividad

Antioxidantes

ANF. HLH Q G IG GIFF JH CM GF IHHT, HLH I IGHF FG FI F

HIF F HFF FIT LGJ FG FG (JF IF 4). G F-

G FG G G GHFQG LHJ, I F>I I I-

H GHHG GGHG FG, HF G I GH F GI MF

JIF C M GIG IG IG, G IFG. GHFQG LHJ

G J, GT I F>IF HJ G IFG, G FIF GI

IFH G GIG JGHFG I G I FJF. E HG

G FG IFFHJG, IP G GI F M H,

G GG JNG G FI IFH IF (IFFT) GJ F-

I F GHFQG LHJ.

APG, GI HLHG FGIH G GHIG PG H-

G I G I HJF GHFQG LHJ, IG G I LGH

I J FH HJ (. >. Q LPG) RG

(FPH FHJ HG). HJ HLH Q, >IH F -

G T HGH G FHFG G (F, 2009), H-

Q GFR G LHJ G HG I F GI GI I F

FG GIFF JFGG HG PF (F, GT, R M ).

F'&- 4. AO< = <=<. != <=< <@< = @ @

@>=< @L ==, ><= M =< >=@ << <-

@= @@ @, = <= >@-

< L. E @L == < ' #@== C<@ >@

@<<= =<= , < = @=, = =< >==M <@=<@.

"== A< & %@ (2011).



EJIT FH HJ

4


21



G JGHG I HFI GHI FH HJ G-F HFG FH I G GGG M G JIF J-

HH >IT. E FGIH P F IFGG HJG. >IT

HJ GI GIF IGH F JFGG G (.>. HT,

HF HF, FN>, F, IG >IHJG) M FNT I

HF, F G I G, F JFG G. JIT >-

IT G I FNF FHF FGHF J (H FGIGH)

M/ FGT (FGIGHG FFHG, FFFG M GIG), G IG H FIQ

FG F I GHFT R.

APG, II M HG HFG IFGTG GHFNG G-G HI, GF LGH GG FGH GI GG. IH-

NT GHG HFG FGIH LHFH GG F JIT G

G HT, F M FN> IG >IHJG F -

HHF G HTG I G G FNF I L R. -

F, I G JIG GG QGHG GI FHF JG

FH GFG HF F F. IHNT HFG G-

RG I G IHN JGHT GFT FGIH PG GG M

UH F JIF G HG GG GI

R FH HJ. *F I F-

FH GHG HFG G I GI GF

IM GG, I IH LHFT G

FGIHG HG G G HJG

IG M GG G I G J GHG

G JIG GI J F. E IHIF GFR HFGH F I GIFN

GH GHI F HFIF HFG PG FRGHG, FR GF -

IG J>IG GHFN IT, G IG, PG, FH J-

IT FFN FH (H FGH M FGIGH,

FGT, FHT, H).

*F HF , JF JI G IM FHH I JIG G-

HG IHIG M FH HJ. OGH I FIF I J

JF GFGT G HG, I G IH HT FGIHG

GHRGHH GHJG II G GHIG G F I I

HF IFGG HFG JIG (, GL, J GHIG, H.) I

22

*F GHIF G HG R FH HJ G IHN

HFG GRG GGG MG JIF >IT



G I IF FH HJ G JIG. JF- JI G N IHNT GSG G FHG. OGHG

G I T LH I FNG G FPHFG TG,

F F FHG GG >IT HJ I HFIF HG

H M/ FN> GG HFF GHFF M I GI I JF-

F F F HT FGIHG JPG M G (H H .,

2007; A H ., 2008).

LGH FHG FG I FH GHHG IG IFG -

HJ I FG F G HF IH S-

GH GHI (A H ., 2008; H H ., 2007). GH I JFT HF-JI FH HJ, H

F R, I JFF I 20% HF F M >F FGHF. D I

F, F R IM FR MFR GIGHG M, F

HH, R. F, G GHIG I H IH F

R I G GHF R G H IG I JU GIG GG

HG GF GHG H FJT GIS. E G UHG QG, H-

R F (HIHG, HFG M JGFHG) G GHF FI

HFF GHHG HFG IH T M HJ (A H

., 2008,) M G GF GI GFT JGHT G HG

R FH HJ.

A GF G IHG I GI JGHT FH HJ

F M G HG R QGH FHIF, GI HFQG, HH G

FGHJ H PG , G I HFQG M

GFF I IHIF G G JFH GIFNG M FIFGG F JNF

GH GHI.


23



24

EHG R HFG HT

M GHFG

5




25

G HFG HT GGH FIG FHHJG M THG I F GIFNT IGH F G FHIG M HJG.

OGHG H F U I FFN

J FGIGH (H FT). E

G GHIG G J HT GG-

H, I G F FIFF

HF I GH HT FHG JHG

GHRIG IFH I H F (. >.

UGI JGI, GIGHHIT RHG, H.), M G H FT (G M

T). MFR HF>G I FF HFG HT GIG G-

HIG H G HFG GHFT R FT (FF G F HJ). E F GHG HFG G G I G-

MF J I GI FH >F HFG GI R.

E G HFG HT GGH G GFJ PG J HH F -

T IJ FT FGIGH, GR I FGT GIFF

(PG FIGHG FFHG, G GG FFFG) HFG GI R.

EGH G, R HFT F >IT GH

H HFG M F I G IH FH

HT JGI (BFIMQ H ., 2010). E G GFJ HH GG >G -

FG JG (BF & H, 2001; CG & H, 2006; KHH &

H, 2007; FJFHG H ., 2008; H, 2009), GR GIFG -

HIG R (CFGHF H ., 2005; AHHK H ., 2007; FF & $I

2009) M GIFG (CFGHF H ., 2005; G H ., 2005).

R HQ GHF HG GG G HFG H

FT, HH G (HT GHRIG FGHG I I)

T (F H FGHT JFG GHRIG I), G

FPHF >IT PG GG J FGIGH (J DI

H ., 2005; AHHK H ., 2007; H, 2009; A & FF-!FIG, 2010). EG GFJ I G FHHG G GIFG -

HIG HIG R (G H ., 2005). GHFT -

R, , FH HG H FHT G HFG

HT YGFT FT G I G H GHJ-

HY (BFIMQ H ., 2010,) H HFG I FIF

IFGG GHIG HRG J- I GI R >F

FH HFG HT



JGI-G (A & FF-!FIG 2010). EGH FGIH G H GG GHF M GI HI R G FHHG.

E G HFG I FIF J HT GHFT R

GG FF 200 GI FIF G FHG JIG

GIFG GIFG >G HG R (FJFHG H .,

2008; A & FF !FIG 2010; BFIMQ H ., 2010). E GIFG -

HIG GG HJ F I G GFJ HG GHJG G 400

(BFIMQ H ., 2010). A GHG GG, G G >IT HFG

HT G GIFFG G GIFG HIG JG HG

R I IG GIFG GG FG (AHHK H .,2007), II HJR I F IF IH LHJ GH F-

GIH.

G HG R GF HT G JIG H HQG

IFGTG M IF, I FF FT GF G -

GG IFG I GIM G HG IHIG GFJG. E F-

F GHI I G IHNT FG QH

I (') F JIF G HG FFG

GI R GG > (100 ) I-

FH >IT I HF HT GGH-

, G GFJT I HJ

IF IFH FH II FIR >F FH

HF (GHHHF H ., 2008). EGH G, II G JIG HFG GI

R FNF HF I I G , HJ FF

I F GFFF F GI >IT, GI FIFGG, I F.

G HFG GHFG G IG I F GH GHFN

I, , F >, F HG G G F GGH (H-

) HGH Z*IFI F[, I GGH GF NG I HF PG FP G. LGH IG GHIG LFHG I L

H R GHF FHHG GG. MFR

JIG HFG G F H FT JH IFH

>IT HFG HGH HT. AIG HF>G H FG G-

HJG >IG HFG GHFT R JFGG GG

26

R >F IT M >IT HFG GRG FH-

JG M HFG JIG GG




27

FT >TJG GG (CG & H 2006; A & FF-!FIG 2010), II FF & $I (2009) GFJ I >F >IT

I HF H GI 280 R FT -

. APG, R >F FH HF HFG FRGHG

GFHIF JIG IHG HFG (I H ., 2006), IT

JIG GG (BF & H 2001; * H ., 2006) M >IT HFG

GRG FHJG M HFG (!GH H ., 2010).

G G GI R IT G G HFQG -

F T I > JRIG F HI GFP. BF

& H (2001) GHIF GH GH I HF IT GI FHF. GFJF I HFG GI R G JIG FN

I IT G JHG J-

H, PG GH, FG M GIF FT

IG I GI . APG,

GHF I H G FT H

F GH IFH 1 F (JF IF 5). E G-

HI PG FH * H . (2006) G JT

G FG IT HIF

I IHGH IFH 200 , F G HG GHFT

I HN Q (200 ) FNT I GGH FJ 30 IHG

GH I Q G. G FFFG IT (FINF R

HF FFG) G FI> 75% FHHG I HF Q

FT 66% G I F GGH M GT 13% G I GI-

F Q G.

FG GH R G JIGFN I IT PG GH,

FG M GIF FT



F'&- 5. %@O< < < @ =<O< 10 < @<< =@ @ =<= M< = >=. *=@ >=@< <@=@

100 << =@ >@O< (<= @@=@) @>= M< . "==

B@ & ' (2001).

E F, G G G HFG HG M/ GHFG GI

GG >G R G GIFFG G G JIG G GHIG

QH HJT, G G GI>HG HG (H H ., 2005;

J DI H ., 2005; FJFGH H ., 2008; !GH H ., 2010) I

FF GH FJT GIS

(MHH H ., 2004; GGH H ., 2005; F

H ., 2006; F H ., 2006; ' H ., 2007;

I H ., 2007). C GIF MHH H . (2004)

GFFFG PG HF>G G

(. >. IHFG, HF>FG HIF -

HIF FHHF), JI IH M GIF F N IG R GHFH F GF G QHG FH FJG F

GIS GIH M G HFGHFG FH F.

28

C a m b i o

e n l a p r e c i s i ó n

Tarea de conducción

Cafeína

90

10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min

94

98

102

106

Placebo

G HG GHJG RG GIFFG GI>HG HG

I FF GHG FJT GIS




29

EHG R HFG F

M IG >IHJG

6



G HFG F GGH FGHT I HF I GI>H FFF HFGIFF I HF H, IGF F FGF

I >F I G I FGHF F IH ( FIHG FHG)

F. EGHG HFG G F IT

M IFT Q F-

T. E G HFG F H FH

N HFJ H HF FGHT M

FIF G FH M -

H H (. >. FIF GHG FG

UFG). G HFG F HF> G IG I FIF I MF

IFT Q FT, II QGH G HQ H, M - FT G F FH N F F FGJF U

FIFH G HF (. >. FHQH, FNH JF M F-

GT). H, HG G HFG F F N, G I HF-

J HF FGHT M FIF G G JFGG FG RG IG

GG; IFT Q FT G F M H.

EGHG UHG GI IFG G HFRG HFG HJG GG

G HF>G I GHI HG GI R, F G IHG

HTG I FH GI JIT.

MFR HF>G IG GFJ I GHFT R

>F J FGT G HFG FN> M F GI-

>HG GG FGHFG G IG HJT ( & FHM,

2005; G H ., 2005; CG & HH, 2006; FJFGH H ., 2008; A &

FF-!FIG 2010). E G H GG IHN

M I G FHHG G GIFG HIG HIG R.

F, JIG I G G HFG HJT

GHIG GHFGHG GR G H HG GHJG GI R

GHG HFG (F H ., 2002; !GH H ., 2010).

D G , G FGIHG H FH G GHFT

R GI>HG GG >IT HFG F HF>

HF JF M G (G H ., 2005; FG H ., 2009). E ,

G HF>G I LF H R >IT HFG F

HF> HF IQF GR H HG GHJG GI GHFT

30

E G HFG HJT GHIG GHFGHG R H HG GHJG

G HFG F



(G H ., 2005; G H ., 2009), HH FHHG GIFG -HIG HIG R (JF IF 6). *I I

HF GHG HFG G I H J IH GHFF FGIHG G-

HJG. G GHIG I IHN ' J IG G

HJ IF FG GH R IFH FNT

HFG F HF> (GHHHF H ., 2010). AGR, IG

HG GHJG R GHG >IT (J M F-

GT), G GFJ I HJ FF G FG FG -

F HF> M G IG >IHJG (FHN FFH FGHF M

I GF F) I F GIFN F FF F

LHG (GHHHF H ., 2008, 2010).

F'&- 6. E= M< < = @> < @ =@

@= =< @ <L@= = < =<=@ <= =<=@ -

. ' @>@< = <@ @<<= < >L =<= >-

= = M< (75 150 ), = < <=. "== H .

(2005).


31

C a m b i o e n e l t i e m p o d e r e a c c i ó n

Memoria de trabajo

Consumidores

-50

-30

-40

Placebo

75 mg

150 mg

-20

-10

0

No consumidores



G IG >IHJG G GF FGG F GIFF I G F HF HJ, GIT M FT IH (BFIMQ H .,

2010). H FHH G G F F G -

FG, GR F FIF I FT I G HFF.

DG FIG IFGTG I JU HF F G HF HF

M HGH FHG GG. E GHG HFG GHFT GG >G

R FGH G FH HFT

GI R G JIG (I H ., 2007; FJFGH H ., 2008; -

G H ., 2009; A & FF-!FIG 2010; BFIMQ H ., 2010). T G GFJ

I JH> GHFT R GG FHF 200 -

GIFG HIG (BFIMQ H 2010) M 400 GIFG -HIG (BFIMQ H 2010).

32




33

CR MGH GI>HJ

7



34

JIT GH GI>HJ G JIG I FNFG H IF JF IGHFG IHJIT. EHF G GHFIHG PG IH-

NG GHI G HG R G EG

HF (E), *F ' HHG (*') M G GG T-JGIG

(EA). G G G GHF GGG G HG GI R.

G EA G I GHFIH FGIGH FP I H F F-

T, G G G FN G FHG. IHNT I >IH

8 EA (JF IF 7), IHF G I F FT GT

HJT GI>HJ (FH, JFG, G M F) M IHF G I

F H GI>HJ (HH, , FG M HG), FHF F I M H GH GI>HJ (A H ., 2008). C

G G 100 HI M G GH JI I FI HF

"" (NIF) M "IM" (F) GI FT GH I G IHF

H FGF (IHIG I I GF HF 0 M 100). C

FI IHF GG G H I IHIT , IM G -

IF, G GIHG TFIG: HJT = (FH) + (JFG) + 200 -

(G) - (F)/4; H = (HH) + () + 200 - (F) -

(HG)/4. C G I HQ GFFG JIH F HF-

F GI GG FGH JF T I G GHI.

F'&- 7. C=<<= A<O= * (EA*) >@ O< O<

= =. ! =< = <= @ < 100 .

!= = @, =@==, <= =@= >@<< <O< -

O< , <@ = =<<=, =, >@= <= =.

C $ $*"$*- $* $$ $*?

'IMAFH

DFG

FG

CHH

CG

C

DF



G HG R GH GI>HJ IG G GHI I-FGG HF>G M FIGHG. G FGIHG G JGHG IGHF

I GI R G G F G. G GI>HG -

GH I G IHF PG FH, HG M JFGG, GR PG G

HFFG M HJG F HF>. *F -

HF, G FT GI>HJ G-

, H, G M H HJ. E G

GFJ GHFIH

T IHN F JIF GH GI>HJ M

I F JF GG (BF & H 2001;

CFGHF H ., 2005; G H ., 2005; CG & HH 2006; KHH & H2007; H 2002; 2009; A H ., 2008; BFIMQ H ., 2010,). E F -

G F I G FI I H GG-H, MF GG H GIFF,

G F GG PG HJ HF 100-400 .

G HG GG R GF G JIG GI>HJG G GIFFG

GHFT GG >G G G JIG G HFG HJT,

G G GI>HG HG (H H ., 2005; FJFGH H ., 2008) M HF-

>FG GHIT FJT GIS (MHH H ., 2004; * H

., 2006; GGH H ., 2005; F H ., 2006; F H ., 2006). APG, I-

I G HG GHJG R GF HJT GI>HJ M H G F-

I HH GIFG HIG HIG, G GIFG

HG JG R G G I GH FF MFG G

GG GI (FG H ., 2003; KHH & H 2006; AHHK H ., 2007).

G JF G I GI R FIN HG -

JFGG FT GH GI>HJ, G H GFF

FR R. EHF G GH PG FIHG H

FHF G, HGT M FJGG, M GF. Q I F-

IF I HF F I GH FNT G HFG HG, FGR I F>IF FH G G JU HFG H HF F-

GT. G HG JFGG G GFJ GG GHFT GG -

JG R JIG JIFG FT GHG HG JFGG

(H 2002; CG & H 2006; AHHK H ., 2007).


35

FG GH R G JIGG IHF PG FH, HG,

JFGG M HJG F HF>



JGHT A H . (2008) FGIH HFQG FI FH LGH I H GHJ GH GI>HJ FP HFG GI HH I Q

R (100 ) I G (G 5 ) JIG

GG. APG, GHI G JT G HIFRGHG FGH

GHFT R, IHNPG Q GFGG HH F I HR R

F G. G G G HIF HG M GIQG (10, 20 M

30 ) GI. GHFT Q

R FI> HG GHIHG (F G-

M MF HJT) HG G FGHFG GH-

GI, HFG I Q G GT

FI> >FRG FGHF H GHFF GI (10 ). C G , R -

N L FF G 30-45 HFG GI GI. OGH G H I G

GH HFGIFFF F F JF GIG HG FG, F I

MFR GHIG G FGHFG GH-GI HFGIFFG HF 30-120

. F, 50% L G N M G 10 GH-GI M

I GF GIH F I I FFG HG FG M, F HH,

I FGIGH FP. G FGIHG IGHF HFQG JIF G HG HG

G 30 IHG HFG GI R GR G Q G M

I, II F , HQ FH U GH GI>HJ.

Q GFFFG HF>G I JU G LGH FGIGH FP

FH HFG >IT >HJG.

E FGIGH GI>HJ FP G HG HJFG GI HH Q

R G LGH FG HF GLG (A H ., 2008).

FGIGH Q R G GIFF G FG M Q G G

I>FG. IF 8 IGHF FGH T FJ GI

G M IF 9 HJT GI>HJ F G 3 FGHFG GH-GI

HIG (10, 20 M 30 ) F M I>FG. AII GL G I HF I

HF IFGG FG FH HJ, MFR HF>GGF G HG IHIG R II IM FHHG G

GLG N G GG FG HF G. PG HG IH

I G I>FG IGHF F FT GHFT GIG-

HG GHIHG ('IF H ., 2006) M F GG G HG GHJG

R GF FH HFG HJG (BFIMQ H ., 2010), G JH

36

GHFT Q RFI> HG GHIHG (FG M MF HJT)

HG G FGHFG GH-GI




37

I G FINF GH GH. *F G G HF IH GHFI G I>FG, M I LGH J I FH HJ G

>F IFH G IH G HFG HT M G JIHF G

F (G-FHN & CFG-CFF 2008).

F'&- 8. C= < O< =<=< <@ < =<= =

10, 20 30 < >L =<= < L >@= =< M< (A) = <=

(B) < =@ @ O<. ' O E '=<=< '<=@

><O< = S1- " <= =, , @, =>< >@=T

S7- C < N=, =<= <= N=, <> >@ >@<@ -

>@=T. D= @=@= A< . (2008).

C a m b i o d e p u n t u a c i ó n

Figura 8A. Café con cafeína

Hombres

-1,15

Post-10 Post-20 Post-30

-0,65

-0,9

-0,4

0,1

-0,15

Mujeres

C a m b i o

d e p u n t u a c i ó n

Figura 8B. Café descafeinado

Hombres

-1,15


-0,65

-0,9

-0,4

0,1

-0,15

Mujeres



F'&- 9. C= < O< O< <@ < =<= = 10, 20 30 < >L =<= < L >@= =< M< (A) = -

<= (B) < =@ @ O<. ! O< O =< @-

> 4 E A<O= * <= = < O@: (@)

+ (=@==) + 200 - (<=) - (=@=)/4. D= @=@= A< . (2008).

38

C a m b i o d e

p u n t u a c i ó n

Figura 9A. Café con cafeína

Hombres

1,5


4,5

3

6

7,5

10,5

9

Mujeres

C a m b i o d e p u n t u a c i ó

n

Figura 9B. Café descafeinado

Hombres


Mujeres

1,5

4,5

3

6

7,5

10,5

9




39

CR HFG GIGHG

8



LFG IR G G FQHG, M I QGHG H >IH R HFG GIGHG GGHIHG, HIF, G

HG FTH FJHG F GIF HG GH-

IHG GRIG M RGG GIFFG, F HQ FGG FHG

G GI G J M/ HI H. CHFFG GH FH

IG, F GF I H FGH IGHF H I GI IH

F FR C (F & FMGH, 1992), G F GI I

IH, M IM GH T R GI GF IM F-

IH. F HI GIF R G H FFGG I

GI MFR H JG JG IG M R >G GG (42 F

NUF + 30 R F H). Q GI SFG NUF G FFG Q M HQ II H >, HF 8 M 20 F. GG HJ F J-

F HG IG T GHF LIGJH G > (<25

F) IHG >TJG M J (50-75 F) G ('GGF, 2004). IG

H HG GHJG GF T, G F >IT HFG

FN> M F (H H ., 2005; M H ., 2006).

*FT>H, LGH IM G HF>G IG I JGHI H

T R M IG FH HJ G -

MFR T QGH G F HI GIF R. AGR, GHI

T ZPHG M HHIG G GSG FH GI Q[, F-

N 2011 F CHF #FT CQ M I I IGHF 3.000

FGG H EGS, G J I 90% G GIFG

Q IF M G 66% H F NUF (HH://KKK.G.G/). G

FGIHG GHIG GI>HG IHG GG, G THG HJ-

T, I R M IG G H HG GQFG -

FT GHFT GIGH G. G G G GFJ

GH HFG HT GGH, FN> M F (M &

M, 2004; H H ., 2006; A & FF-!FIG 2010).

AGG, H IHNT HQ G HG JG, G

J I F R M IG FI I >F HJ -

FF FH HFG HT ( H ., 2005). *F HF , IH-

N HQ ', G GFJ HG GG GI

G GIGHG HFG HT GGH H (FF-!FI-

40



G H ., 2010), IH G PFG FFG I GIGHH HT M F HF> (F HJT FHN FH HF

M FHN FFH NIF) FGH GI>HG I HF ,

R IG GG (JF IF 10). G GHG >IT HF,

, IF GFG H GI.

F'&- 10. V@ =< @@ =@ < >@ @-

O< < @ <O< =< =>@<= @@= = >@=

=<= =< @= @ =<= >=, =, M< = = + -

M<. "== '@@-G@= . (2010).


41

P"$!

%@

%=

G"

%@

%=

C%$*

%@

%=

G" + C%$*

%@

%=

0

5

10

15



42

F, GFFFG PG JGHG F JIF F HG GHG FTG GHFT R M IG M GI H

GF IH. *I I H G JH>G GIF G I -

H J H NUF M > R. AGR, AFG & F (2006)

GFJF I GHG G FH G HFG I FR LHG

FH IF JF. APG, T HQ I F-

IF HG GQFG GF HJ G FIHG QFG, I-

H G FG FFNHG GI M FG GFFF I HFT

LGJ GI ( H ., 2009).

I, PG, I I GH LGJ NUF GI I HF FGI FG GFFF G M GRF HT. A GF HG

FHG GHIG GG-FGIGH I JU R GG IG

IHNF F GIF G HG GQFG, FT G GH

U G I F IG GG >G (<25 F) R I GF T

PG G G G IG F IHF IGHF FH HJ,

G IHG >TJG. I GI I GMI I G S Q F

S, HF I Q HQ I FN Q HFG HG

R. EGHG G UHG, PG, GI I I T G G FIFF -

HF I I FHT FG G HG -

JFGG, G HJ RG (JF RGG PG, IFG HF> IFGG

M/ UG), G GIFG GHFQG, I G I HF I F GFHT.

FHH GH I I GIH FHT F>I F-

H HJ IHG >TJG M GG M, MF , SG M G

I IGHF MF JIF GFHFG (!F> & !F>, 2007;

F, 2007). I GH FHT G I HF FHHF FH FG

GIFF HG FG GFFF HRG, FIJ I GFF

HH HFG RGG HG M >F FT GHF G -

JIG (HN & BFFIH, 2005; & K, 2007). AII IG PGIJFG F HFG FH G I, JG IHNF HFG G I

H HG G (GG, FFHG, R, H.) I FIF

HG PG GG JN I FGIH PG HFHJ GI GI F GF,

F I HFG IG. E G HF F G GG JG IG,

FT G I G I IGF H F GI.




43

GF I IG FGG

9



44

E IG R GG GH 400 , IJH 4 QG, I GFI GHFH N M GIF >FF IGHF HJ, M I GI

H FG FI FHG FH, HT M -

HFT, GR GH P.

G G GI R G GIFFG G HFG

HJT FT G GFJG G THG.

>G G HFG FG H (GHIF F I L-

, FFF IG GG, H.) GHG FJT GIS G

FIG F HF> HIFG M, IM G, IFH HIF HIF.

R G I GHIH GH FJG CHF, F G

I G N FJFHF F H GHIG LHFG - I GF

QF GIS- IFH I FR H IM F. E IF

M H G G GF QF I GIS M -

R G I GHFH I G MI , F FF PG G G

GIHJG M FH I HFH G G HJG.

E HFT GI R PG I F HF PL -

G F IG IFH R F HF FH M JHF

GI HIF HFG GFHG IFH FG

FRG. G G G GF /G /G , FF

G G F GF M F JHH G HG

IFG IFH G FG FHG GR F FGHIFF FG.

E GI HIF R JIG G HFG GF-

HG F G G-HG G I GHFH N F IHF

J HJT M FF JHH. AH IFT

H R (3-6 FG), QGH GIFG FF H

HFJ FF I G HFG GFHG M JHF FHF -GIG G QGH F I HFF IFT

GIS GHFF.




45

T R M IG H H G GGIGHG HT GGH, FN> M F. G>

G IGF NUF FIT, GG >G, F JHF G M GR-

F HT. I GMI I IM Q FH M HG -

IG G GIGHG F NF R. E GIG GHFFG

SF NUF Q HQ I FGIHF PG N F GIF G HG

GHIHG HJG. GIG FFGG R FG -

F FT, M I GI H IG G J.

EG JH IF J FHT FI GHG HFG

F>I HJ H M, GI JN, GHFQG FH FG G-FHT FG. AII FG G F, G -

JH JF FHFG F R. E GHIG HFG

HJT I Q HQ , I FN Q I FFG R

I GFFG GHFHG IHNF IM JPG.

FG MF G G GIF HI R M GIF I

HFT I I JHF GI GI I GIF GI PH.

U FIT GFP I HH HF FHF HF, M I

G H HNT FG GIM

M I F>IF T M HH GIS.

A G T HGH GR R G HFIM -

T FHHF GFFF QHG HJG. QGH G GI H

Q, G GI PG GI HJ HLH IM GHJ F FJF

GHFQG LHJ JFGG GGHG FG, HF G I GH G-

H FJG CHF. E FGIH I HF FHHF F J>H L-

HG.



46

FG10




47

A<, A., #, *. & C, H. (2008). C=< @ < @< >==.I<: !L, A.!. (E.). %@=@ < @< @ @@. #= '< %@,

I<., # =@, >>. 141-161.

A<, A. & %@, G. (2011). %=@==M. D = <= O< -

@ @>L. 2Q EO<. B@=<: "@ "L B==.

A<, A., %@, G., F@, ". & '<-@, ". (2008). E@ = <

< < = =< , < <@ @<. %@=@ < #-

@=>=>@== & B== %@, 32, 1698-1703.

A<, A. & '@@-G@=, J.". (2010). E = < < =, =< <

=<, =< =< >@=@<. H< %=>@==. C< < E-

>@<, 25, 310-317.

A<@=<, C. & H=@<, J. (2006). A @ =<<, = < @< = <=

>< =@< . H< %=>@==. C< < E-

>@<, 21, 299-303.

A==, A. '., H, '. & @@, %. (2007). D@< @>=<< = < <

>@ = < < =@ < @@ < =<@.

%=>@==, 190, 469-77.

B@, C. & ', A. (2001). = < =< @<,

@< < < <=<. H< %=>@==. C< < E>-

@<, 16, 523-531.

B@<L, .., "=<, C.., !@<, H.. & =@, H.A. (2010). C< =

<=< <=@ <=<. B@< < C=<=<, 72, 181-188.

B@<L, .., "=<, C.., !@<, H.., G, G.E. & =@, H.A. (2010). A

< =<>=< << =<@= = <=<. B@< <

C=<=<, 72, 186-192.



C, E. & , H. (2006). ', =@, < >== = < < , <=<><< < @. %=>@==, 185, 514-523.

C@=>@, G., '@<, D. & ', A. (2005). E = < < <=<-@<

=<@. H< %=>@==. C< < E>@<, 20, 47-53.

F@@L, '. (2009). ! M< < <@ %@<=<. "< CM<, 131,

710-715.

F@<=, . (2009). CL <@. "< CM<, 131, 633-635.

F@=, B.B., BK, ., H=<, J., #, A., @, E.E. (1999). A=< = <

< @< > @@< = =@ =<@ = >@ .

%@== , 51, 83-133.

F@=, B.B., C<, J-F., C<, .A., '<<<=<, %. & *=, J-". (2005). A-

<=< < @< <=<. I<@<=< = #@===, 63, 191-270.

G=<, E.., <, ., <, D., @@, ., C>, B., =@<, C., =@,

!., =, D., =, J., G@, B.'., <, ., I, J.!., '><=, "., ',

A.E. & A<=<=, J. (2010). I<@<=< = = >=@ <@=< >==< <: -

< < >@=@<. J=@< = I<@<=< '= = '>=@ #@=<, 7,

>://.<.=/=<</7/1/5.

G=@=<, ".H. & @, . (2010). E = =@=< < =< @ -

< < = = = < >=>@=< < @=. J=@< = A@-

@ < F== < C@, 58, 5828-5833.

G@<<, A.C. & G@<<, #.. (2007). D@=< < =< >@=@<.

J=@< = A@< C= = #@=<, 26, 549'-554'.

H@@, %.. & J<=, !.". (2009). C< >< << <

=@ = <. %=>@==, 207, 335-342.

48



H, C.F., <<, D.$., <, .A. & '=, A.B. (2005). C=< < == >@=< = < < =<@ < <=<-=<@ = -

<. %=>@==, 179,: 813-825.

H, %. & ', A. (2006). A = < < =<@ @<

>@< = @@ =<>=<. H< %=>@==. C< < E>@-

<, 21, 167-180.

H, %. & ', A. (2007). E = @> = = < =< >@=@<

< @<: < < =<@ <. H< %=>@==. C-

< < E>@<, 22, 339-350.

H=@=@, E., B<=, '., ', J., J<<, ., $@, "., A@=, J., C@@, .

& G=<, ". (2008). C< >@= > < =< >@=@< @<

@. "< & '< < '>=@ & E@, 40, 1841-1851.

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@ >@=@<: =< =< >>@= =@. %@=<

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'>, 29, 841-847.


49



=@, "., %, A. & < < H, C. (2006). = < @ <=< @<, =< >@=@< < @ =<= @< >.

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'84.

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#, F., #@<, "., G<<, I., D=, C. & '<, C. (2002). C= @<<

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50



$, A. & H@, !.. (2005). = < < >< =< <=< < =@. H< %=>@==. C< < E>@<, 20, 193-202.

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51



', A. (2002). E = < =< < =@. F== < C ==-=, 40, 1243-1255.

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@. >://@@<.@../@/@:6833/*@.>

52




53

*< D<<, H., !=@, ".". & <, I. (2005). = < =< =< >@=@< < ==@ . %=>@==, 180, 539-547.

<<, #.J., =@, .D. & B<, .J. (2005). %@=@< < @<

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@> < <@=< =@ @<->-><< >@=@< @-

=< @< < <. '>, 27, 374-381.

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