CEI Technical StrategyBased Upon Factual Evidence

(Facts are full paragraphs and conclusions or strategies are indented.)

Joe Papp started his work in Quebec, making a submarine. Photos indicate an elaborate, turbine or jet-like engine was built for the boat. Though possibly a hoax, it is unlikely a hox because of the unfavorable circumstances for deriving publicity from the way he handled the situation. He preferred a large measure of anonymity and the press he received was very negative. The elaborate construction of the machine under financial hardship is hardly indicative of a hoax when he easily could have worked as a mechanic to obtain a normally prosperous life. Photos from a chase boat show the submarine in apparent operation on the St. Lawrence River. Recent evidence on the Internet of stories of the “Squall,” a Russian torpedo that uses super-cavitation at unheard-of speeds vindicates the Papp submarine hull design. The sinking of the Russian submarine in the Arctic Ocean by just such a torpedo misfiring is also supportive evidence.

Cecil Baumgartner witnessed the Roser engine run many times in 1968, running indoors and on a conference room table. He says it was as silent as a sewing machine. He observed no hoax mechanisms, though he did not examine the engine by disassembly.

Cecil describes in detail (Infinite Energy Issue #51 telephone interview with Gene Mallove, witnessed by Ken who was present in Gene’s office) the TRW-Navy cannon shot, desired to measure the energy produced by the Papp process. The destruction of the cannon exhibited far more energy release than anticipated by the testers. The cannon detonation was witnessed by many through TRW plus a Navy munitions group that inspected the cannon before and after transport to the Mohave Desert site. An 8 mm home movie was made into a DVD, showing the site preparation, explosion, and aftermath. The movie is overexposed in many places, but key views are clearly present. Infinite Energy Magazine sells this DVD through their website, www.infinite-energy.com.

Several people have come forth with first-hand testimony of the operation of the Papp engine, beyond those enumerated here. Heinz has records of these people and Ken has some records in his CEI notebooks, currently not available for this writing. The stories are consistent; there are no contradictions that have been identified.

The public display in Torrance in 1968, when Feynman interfered, was witnessed by many. The engine ran on a test stand in a parking lot, unloaded, but at an estimated speed of 3000 rpm according to Cecil, indicated by the radiator fan that Papp left on to give visual indication of operation. This first engine ran faster than the later engines. Cecil says the rheostat or variac in the controls was the speed controlling instrument; a variac is seen in the photograph of the Roser engine in Infinite Energy Issue #51.

Cecil recalls TRW officials present at the Torrence demonstration had a contract in hand, intended to be signed by Papp that day, for at least $1 million. As a result of the

explosion, the signing did not happen. Cecil says a review meeting of middle management at TRW a few days later is when TRW stopped their involvement. Those managers had no prior involvement and thus knew nothing of Papp. They chose to discontinue the TRW involvement because of the explosion and death, suspecting a hoax plus not wanting to get involved in any liability.

Feynman’s interference gives key historical evidence. Feynman pulled the wall plug that energized the control circuitry of the engine. The engine continued to run at high speed, though started running rough like it was running on only 3 of its 4 cylinders. Feynman expected the engine to stop, but it did not even slow down for about two minutes or more when Papp reinserted the plug and the engine exploded. Papp sued Feynman and his employer, CalTech; Feynman and Caltech settled with Papp out of court. Cecil says the Roser engine was controlled from 120 VAC because it drew enough power that a 12 VDC automotive alternator did not have enough power; they are typically 1 hp or less. Roser and Papp ordered a 24 VDC truck alternator, but it did not arrive in time for the demonstration, so 120 VAC wall current was used instead.

Based upon the operating conditions, Ken estimates the controls of the Roser engine and possibly the Rohner engines draw about 1 kW of power to operate the engine at high speed.

Feynman’s failed attempt to expose a hoax is prime evidence that it was not a hoax. The engine did not slow down when the power cord was pulled. The engine was built from a 4 cylinder Volvo engine, where the engine block was unmodified; only the cylinder heads were modified. There was no room inside the engine to insert a motor or a battery to run the motor for more than a few seconds. The speed of the engine, even idling, required several hp to operate; there is no way the 100 foot extension cord with 120 VAC could provide the power to spin the engine at that speed, and there was no electric motor of sufficient size to accept that power even if the extension cord could provide it. The starter of a typical automotive engine is rated for nearly 1 hp, short term use and can only crank an engine to less than 100 rpm, certainly not 3000 rpm! If there wasn’t even a truck alternator on the engine, there certainly wasn’t an electric motor capable of high speed rotation of the engine.

Since someone was killed in the explosion, there was a forensics investigation according to Cecil. No records of the investigation were found to validate his statement. Cecil recounts the investigation found no evidence of explosives. If there were any evidence of deception in the engine and its demonstration, there is no way Feynman and Caltech would have settled out of court; they were left “without a leg to stand on.” Since Feynman was sharp enough to figure out the Challenger space shuttle disaster, his inability to produce any plausible explanation for the Papp engine and its explosion makes his interference good supporting evidence that the Papp engine is real.

Bob Rohner and his brothers witnessed many of the later engines in operation. Bob came into the picture when a Noble Corporation engine had a twisted crankshaft.

The twisted crankshaft is evidence of engine operation. How else could a stout crankshaft be bent?

Bob repaired (or replaced) the crankshaft and thus secured Joe’s admiration for Bob’s ability. Since that time, the Rohners observed many engines. Bob said to Ken that what convinced him there was no hoax was when one of his engines developed a clunking sound. One hermetically sealed cylinder set was removed from the engine while the repair work was performed. The oil sump was hitting the crank and was bent out of the way. The cylinder assembly was dropped back in and after the bolts were tightened, the engine ran immediately; this was the convincing evidence to Bob.

The involvement of TRW and Convair indicate there was good evidence that the engines ran, otherwise these businesses would never have been involved as extensively as they were.

The Roser engine that exploded in 1968 operated without coils and capacitors in the cylinders.

The coils and capacitors are not essential to the P2T process.

Cecil suggested to Joe Papp that coils and capacitors be added to the cylinders to capture electrical energy because Joe said the reaction created electrons.

The statement of created electrons supports Bill Harrington’s hypothesis that beta decay is occurring.

The coils and capacitors are merely assisting the alternator by capturing electrical energy directly.

Why did Papp install the coils and capacitors inside the cylinders? They are more easily installed away from the engine, just like the major resistors and the rest of the engine controls.

The inclusion inside the engine block is essential to their function. They must be receiving the plasma event energy.

Cecil says the Roser engine pieces were shattered like glass.

This is indicative of a change in the metallurgy, possibly caused by P2T.

Cecil did research on hardening and annealing of metals with electric charge. Samples were placed under high voltage in presumably capacitive conditions for some excess charge to accumulate on the heated metal object. The object was allowed to cool with the applied voltage and annealing or hardening resulted, depending on the polarity of the voltage/charge. Cecil talks about altered physical properties caused by electric charge.

This could explain the glass-like shards of the Roser engine, that an excess or depletion of electrons in the metal, leaving the metal with altered physical properties during the explosion.

More will be stated about alterations in physical properties by electric charge, below.

Bob Rohner says the engines whined at slow speed, sounding like DC servomotors under pulse width modulated partial power. Bill says the cylinder coils and capacitors form a resonance in the kilohertz region. Bill says Bob told him the caps are bifilar-wound foils. Joe spoke of the electrical controls reaching 1 kV during operation.

The whining sound is the sound of the LRC circuits ringing, since the caps are not encapsulated. The coils might not be encapsulated either, allowing both to create sound with current flow.

1 kV is possible with the cap and coil resonance during operation, as energized by the P2T event.

Slow engine operation (100 rpm) was smooth. Even at high speeds, the engine sounded like a sewing machine.

Percussive cylinder events from P2T do not happen. This is unlike internal combustion engine events or even steam engine expansion strokes that still have initial pressure spikes. This weighs in against the thermodynamic transduction hypothesis. The automotive ignition that triggers P2T only occurs at certain points in the cycle, not corresponding to any pressure spikes to be seen in or heard in the engine motion.

The plasma discharge is ostensibly located in the space between the 4 electrodes and is not distributed throughout the chamber like an internal combustion engine event. The engine does not reject as much heat as internal combustion engines. The Rohner engine designs have a 3:1 compression ratio.

The plasma hot spot in a tiny volume between the electrodes can be the only place in the captive gases that gets hot, and here is where any thermodynamic expansion takes place, if there is any significant pressure-volume work done in the P2T process. This hot spot can easily expand a thousand times and cool commensurately with high conversion efficiency to mechanical motion, easily done with a 3:1 overall “compression” ratio, leaving the gas relatively cool and not requiring much heat to be rejected to complete the cycle. The hot gases do not touch the cylinder walls, so convective and conductive heat losses are negligible. Radiative losses can be high.

The peripheral noble gas mixture compresses during the piston downstroke by the high temperatures of the discharge that cause the hot gases to expand and push on the

non-ionized gases. Some heat from this compression will transfer to the engine block.

Papp called for polished cylinder walls. He even rinsed the parts with Freon-type solvents according to Bob. Some sort of solvent rinse is seen in the engine prep video in the Florida garage.

Reflection of radiation from the P2T event could keep the engine block from absorbing significant energy as heat, further explaining the “cold” operation of the engine.

Papp called for polished tantalum plates on the pointed electrodes. Bill says the buckets produce soft x-rays.

The tantalum reflectors might keep some of the x-rays in the hot spot or mirror them to the other bucket for increased activation of the x-ray mechanism.

Jimmy Sabori says the engine during the dynamometer test ran warm to the touch but not so hot that you could not hold your hand on it for several seconds.

This tactile sensation corresponds to about 150ºF.

If the discharge reaches 10,000K (a very real possibility for electric discharges, according to USD Physics Professor Daniel Sheehan, who obtained his PhD in plasma physics), and the rejection temperature of the engine is 340K (153ºF), the Carnot efficiency is 96.6%. The dynamometer test measured about 100 hp, which is about 75 kW. 97% efficiency at 75 kW mechanical output corresponds to a heat rejection of 1.6 kW.

1.6 kW of heat could easily have been radiated by the Florida Rohner/Papp engine at 150ºF. It could easily radiate 2 or 3 kW at that temperature, especially painted black for good emissivity. The relative lack of heat rejection still could be within the limits of Carnot, even considering practical losses that decrease the maximum practical efficiency of the engine. Thermodynamic operation cannot be dismissed by the operating temperatures.

Bill says Bob deliberately left out video sections of Papp at the glovebox where the buckets were seen to be smoking.

The smoking is indicative of metallic rubidium use in the buckets.

Walter Bachmann, a former National Semiconductor forensics technician, says metallic rubidium forms an amalgam with aluminum. The buckets are made of aluminum. Rubidium has an isotope that is an alpha emitter with a 10 billion year half life like thorium.

Metallic rubidium can migrate to the surface of the buckets, presenting alpha emission directly to the gas mixture.

Mark Hugo obtained bright flashes that moved the spring-loaded piston using only pure argon or argon and helium. He does not have gas treatment capability.

Gas treatment might not be necessary. Mark’s discharges have not been proven to be “over-unity,” entraining another energy source than used to excite the plasma. If Mark’s displays are OU and gas treatment does do something, gas treatment might merely boost the process by increasing the rate or extent of reaction.

Mark told Ken on the phone in 2004 while on CEI payroll that if you try everything in the first patent, something will work. Mark was sharing information but being deliberately secretive.

The first patent refers to mesothorium as a substitute for thorium. Mesothorium is radium. Joe says in The Fastest Submarine that he buried a jar of his magic material in a field outside of his garage/workshop in Quebec for safety. (Health safety or merely security/secrecy?) Mark does his experiments in an alcove of his basement, with the test apparatus closely surrounded on 3 sides by cinderblock walls (see the photo in Infinite Energy Issue #51), and he and operates the experiments remotely.

Bill thinks the buckets form a soft x-ray parametric amplifier, where alpha emissions from thorium or rubidium excite the sulfur or phosphorous atoms into fluorescence in the 2 keV range, which then emit those x-rays through the aluminum bucket walls into the plasma to further ionize the plasma discharge.

It is possible Joe smuggled radium from Hungary.

Mark might be using radium since he does the experimentation in his basement surrounded by thick walls and stays away from the apparatus. More likely he is using thorium or rubidium with inclusions of phosphorous or sulfur. As stated above, the tanalum plates on the pointed electrodes might reflect x-rays; they are geometrically positioned to reflect from one bucket to the other, possibly pumping each bucket’s fluorescence.

Mark also told Ken in 2004 that he uses burnt camping lantern mantles as his source of thorium. He uses sources from Asia, as US sources no longer use thorium in the recipe.

Lantern mantles contain thorium and cerium oxides, which have extremely high melting points and produce very high color temperature visible light when heated. Metallic thorium is not necessary.

Several engines from the Papp era exist in various locations. The one that ran for an extended period of time in Papp’s Florida garage, including the dynamometer run, is

located in the Los Angeles area. Bob Rohner says the LA engine is still unmodified from the Papp days.

CEI has been in contact with Larry Bonnell in LA. It has been discussed to bring him and his engine into CEI. Than engine should be analyzed for its bucket contents and cylinder wall conditions for forensic evidence that can define any of the operating conditions that the engine had while it was running.

The 3 Papp patents divulge details of engine and single event device construction and operation.

All of the patent details must be examined. Details will be identified and discussed, below.

One obvious path of R&D is to follow the patent recipes exactly in a Rohner engine to see what occurs. This requires the construction and use of a gas treatment system.

Infinite Horizons (the San Jose group) has a modernized gas lab. As far as CEI knows, IH is not actively using the equipment.

CEI might be able to buy the IH gas lab and also hire Todd Tieu who worked most closely with the gas lab. The second major R&D path should be defining the gas treatment process and determining if it even is necessary; the first major path is replicating the original engine recipe.

Jimmy Sabori has a gas lab in his shop in San Jose. It is composed of glass tubing and vessels, many of which are broken. There was dust on everything, including his Rohner engine, indicative of no recent activity in the lab. The gas lab is in serious disrepair, as seen by Heinz, Ken, and Jerry in January of 2004. At that time, Jimmy discussed with the 3 from CEI the possibility of entering into contract with CEI to assist the Papp engine development. Jimmy failed to disclose that he was being funded by David Helvey, a serious lapse of integrity; Heinz and Ken discovered this funding while talking privately to David at a later time. David put $150k into Jimmy over a 2 year period, during which the visit to his lab occurred.

The needed repairs to the Sabori gas lab and the question as to whether this gas lab ever produced working gas mixtures makes the acquisition of this gas lab highly unfavorable. Hiring Jimmy is not recommended due to his apparent lack of technical knowledge (despite his experience with Papp in his final years) and his deceit. Based upon the funding, the lack of disclosure of the funding, and the dust on the equipment in his lab, Jimmy is misrepresenting himself and is not to be trusted.

During the Rohner and Bonnell era of Papp engine development, other engines were developed that were single cylinder, clear-wall devices.

This is a good idea, as the P2T process can be studied more easily and quickly. Going even further, a moving piston is not necessary for much of the testing. The third major path of R&D is to use this method.

The first method is only technical. The second and third are where the scientific investigations are done. What is learned in the second and third paths will assist the first.

Bob has a wealth of information and experience to convey to the staff.

A 3-day conference is suggested for Bob and possibly Tom and John to inform us of what they know. This should be one of the first orders of business when funding arrives. All other R&D plans may be altered based upon the information received.

Cecil Baumgartner has a wealth of information and experience to convey to the staff. Craig suggests that Ken interview Cecil and record the conversation. Cecil did Papp-type experiments and did research with metal hardening and annealing with high voltage.

Cecil should be interviewed and recorded, also early in the R&D plan, possibly attending the conference with the Rohners wherein Cecil will be given his time before the group. Maybe the conference should be extended to 4 days.

There are many people involved in the CEI efforts. The people who have directly contributed to unfunded CEI activities so far are Heinz Klostermann, Jerry Parker, Bob Rohner, Tom Rohner, Mike McKubre, Fran Tanzella, Ron Schilling, Ken Rauen, Kam Au, Anneliese Klostermann, Cecil Baumgartner, Klaas Bol, Phil Kirkeby, David Thibert, Gregg Carse (now dissociated from us), Firth Griffith, Craig Lundquist, Brian Kryska, Bill Harrington, Achim Wiedermann, and Ned Britt. When funding arrives, it is unlikely that all of the above will be put on salary.

The debriefing of the Rohners and Cecil, plus the large number of other people involved, bring up the need for a Scientific Advisory Board to make sure that all of the potential science and technology issues are addressed without having to resort to an unduly large staff. The SAB members who are not salaried employees can be retained as consultants, managing the financial resources of CEI better while still compensating those who contribute to CEI’s wellbeing. We might invite others such as Mark Hugo and Todd Tieu to participate in the SAB. Gregg Carse might also be encouraged to return. Phil Kirkeby has been uncooperative recently and might be excluded from the SAB.

The work that Ken did with Jerry’s funding in 2004 resulted in many operating parameters being dismissed for not producing the desired P2T behavior. The testing was guided by a limited budget for tools and materials, the patents, and some statements made by those who worked with Papp, such as Bob, Cecil, and Jimmy Sabori. An Excel file was created that tabulates the test results in a matrix for comparison. In summary, lacking a gas lab, the working fluids in the engine of air, argon, or the patent mixture

specified in patent #4,428,193 did not produce P2T events with thorium oxide in mineral oil or metallic rubidium in the buckets. Testing in single-event, clear test cylinders was done also, including 27 MHz RF, and capacitive discharge as an exceptional method merely for exploratory purposes.

RF on the electrodes produced beautiful, visible discharges under vacuum but did not appear to be doing anything useful. No P2T event was observed when used with thoriated buckets.

Capacitive discharge is a classical method of creating high temperature plasmas. It also is a way that the energy input to the discharge is readily measured. Though capacitive discharge is not part of the Papp recipe, it can function as another means by which to understand the science. It might be an alternate means to produce a P2T in combination with activated buckets. Many potential ignition combinations were identified, described below.

There was one test event that produced a flash that was clearly more than what is expected from an automotive spark ignition system. It occurred in a clear cylinder with machined parts prepared by Chris Rothe at Heinz’s direction. The central, single bucket electrode was filled with 4% thoriated tungsten rods and the gas was pure argon at one atmosphere. The Rohner engine ignition timing was used with the engine spun at about a 100 Hz rate to produce periodic automotive sparks in the adjacent clear cylinder tester. An incandescently heated tungsten filament according to the first two patents was included in the apparatus. The filament apparently failed at the end of a test run (when the incandescent power supply was shut off first) and a bright, prolonged flash (approximately half a second) ensued, lighting up the room. It melted the tungsten rod electrode nearest to the broken filament in such a way that the melting occurred through the electrode, not just on the side of the arc to the central bucket, across which was the 70 VDC supply. A control test was done to determine if the anomalous discharge was only due to the shorting of the 70 VDC power supply. The bucket was emptied and a pre-broken filament was cantilevered over the bucket from one of the radial tungsten rod electrodes. Mechanical agitation was used to spring the filament over the gap and touch the bucket. An arc was produced, but it was not as bright, lasted milliseconds like a camera flash, and did less damage to the electrodes and barely melted the edge of the nearest tungsten rod to the filament. Admittedly, this control experiment was with a cold tungsten filament, but its conductivity was higher than the experiment’s glowing filament and should have drawn a larger initial current. The anomalously melted electrode was positive, so by standard welding theory, the thermal and kinetic energy of electrons in a welder’s arc dissipates much of its energy by crashing into the anode. Normally, welding with a tungsten electrode is done with the tungsten as the cathode, having negative polarity, so the stick erodes as little as possible.

Bill Harrington proposes the P2T plasma condition might produce electron clusters like the work of Ken Shoulders. Such electron clusters are known to last hundreds of milliseconds. Bill postulates the electron clusters contribute to the catalysis of the energy release in the P2T process.

In light of Bill’s hypothesis, the anomalous arc seen by Ken may indeed have been a P2T event. The melting observed seems to be similar to the melting of the IH test under Mike and Fran’s auspices, in that melting was significant. No energy measurement was done, but the physical evidence is similar. The dwell time of the electron clusters also fits with the prolonged glow seen by Ken that distinctly does not fit the control test flash. If this anomalous flash can be classified as a P2T event, however small and impractical, it compares with the work of Mark Hugo who obtained flashes that moved pistons with untreated argon or argon/helium.

Ken also sees this anomalous event as not necessarily a P2T, but as a manifestation of the bizarre physics of electron clusters or electric charge. Melting of alumina by Ken Shoulders implies a temperature gradient of millions of degrees per millimeter, an unheard-of gradient. I propose that relativistic effects altered the state of the associated condensed matter that resulted in an apparent melting. Ken can show photographic evidence of inexplicable conditions (from another source) caused by a particle beam traveling almost at the speed of light, distorting spacetime in its vicinity. Electron cluster behavior aside, mere electric charge can effect physical properties, as Cecil demonstrated with his patented metal hardening and annealing process. Also, Erwin Saxl, a Princeton PhD who studied under Einstein, published research on electric effects on a torsion pendulum (in Nature and Phys Rev D) inside a Faraday cage where the period of the pendulum changed with an applied electric field to the pendulum. The point of mentioning relativistic effects is that the conditions of P2T might require relativistic effects, thus explaining the conditions that classical physics would dismiss.

“Pair production” of virtual particles around an atom in extreme conditions, such as gamma ray bombardment, is evidence of stressed spacetime. The unusual conditions of P2T could be creating similar, strange phenomena that do not fit our usual models of physical behavior. Ken suggests we look at the stressed spacetime idea.

The amount of thorium oxide that can be packed inside one Rohner bucket is less than one microcurie of radioactivity. Naturally occurring thorium is only thorium 232, an alpha emitter with a 10 billion year half life. Alpha particles will not penetrate the thick aluminum Rohner buckets.

The thorium disintegrations do not contribute directly to the pre-ionization of the noble gas mixture. The daughter product of the alpha decay is not known to the writer, Ken, and its ability to contribute to the pre-ionization is not identified.

Bill proposes the alpha decay of thorium or rubidium in close proximity to sulfur or phosphorous causes those atoms to ionize with an energy of 2 keV, allowing them to fluoresce at that energy, providing soft x-rays that penetrate the aluminum bucket and influence the noble gas mixture. Mark Hugo also told Ken cryptically in 2004 (repeated from above) that “if you try everything in the first Papp patent, you will find something that works.”

From the poor results with thorium and rubidium, coupled with Mark Hugo’s cryptic hint, and the fact that Mark gets apparent P2T discharges without gas treatment, and the fact that the first patent mentions mesothorium which is an archaic name for radium, Heinz and I decided to file a provisional patent application for higher activity radioactive charges, stipulating a millicurie or more of charge in the buckets.

Since radionuclides other than thorium and rubidium may be use by CEI, a handling license must be obtained. Klaas had such credentials when he was in the Navy. By current regulations, thorium can be possessed and consumed at a rate of #15 per year without a license. Heinz found a commercial source of metallic radionuclides in Massachusetts; details are not currently available as of this writing but are in Ken’s CEI notebooks and in Heinz’ records. Ken recalls strontium 90 and iridium 192 as possible sources. Direct exposure of the noble gas mixture is possible with these ionizing sources.

This is an area of experimentation that deviates from the Papp recipes but could give us valuable insight into the P2T process. Caution must be part of the planning so that uncontrolled or excessive P2T events do not happen. All radionuclide use must be monitored and investigated by instrumentation. UV protection is needed, too. Consult with Stanford, SLAC, LLNL, UC Berkeley, and others.

Cecil speculates that the quiet time in Papp’s life immediately following the Roser engine explosion may have been to find a better way to control the P2T process for stability and safety. This was also just before and right around the time of the Leeland engine and Convair’s involvement. Recent communication with someone (Ken does not remember, but Heinz might) told Heinz and/or Ken that the Leeland engine did run.

Ken spent a day at the Terman Engineering Library at Stanford during 2004, studying plasma generation. Radionuclide source energies used for ionization of gases are optimum in the range of 50-100 keV; more energy is not as effective in terms of generating more ions, and less energy is also less effective. Inductively and capacitively-coupled RF are other common forms of creating plasmas. Both Bob and Jimmy speak of adding RF to the engine, mostly as a means of controlling speed. It is unclear in the second engine patent what the speed controlling device is, drawn as a foot pedal. The Roser engine had a variac. Bob and Jimmy say the Papp engine wanted to run at a constant speed and the engine had to be fiddled with to get it to run faster or slower.

One of the provisional patents Heinz and Ken applied for as “Noble Gas Fuel Engine With Improved Ionization Control” described a number of ignition scenarios:

“Ignition or triggering of the PPD [pulsed plasma discharge] is accomplished by eight possible means along with the radionuclide pre-ionization. The first is by automotive style high voltage spark while the low voltage DC power supply is continuously connected to the high current-carrying electrodes in the chamber; this follows the Papp configuration most closely. The second is by switching the low voltage DC power supply to the high current-carrying electrodes while exceptionally high irradiation is

used. The third means is by simultaneous triggering of automotive spark and switching the DC power supply to the high current electrodes. The fourth means is by automotive spark while RF excitation and the low voltage DC power supply are connected. The fifth means is by pulses or bursts of RF energy from RF amplifiers, with the high current electrodes continuously connected to the DC supply. The sixth means is by automotive spark and RF pulses while the low voltage DC power supply is connected. The seventh means is by switching the spark, RF, and low voltage DC supply simultaneously. The eight means is by switching the spark and DC while the RF is continuous. The various ignition means carry the plasma from the normal glow regime into the arc regime. Normal glow can be created from isotopic irradiation alone or in combination with RF excitation.”

The other provisional patent Heinz and Ken applied for regarded the transduction means, introducing turbine expander use as an engine and compressor use as a gas or liquid pump, and introducing a solid-state engine device based upon piezoelectric transduction of P2T pressure pulses. Of course, these applications depend upon thermodynamic operation which may not be the case.

A patent was issued in 1976, resembling the Papp engine: US #3,977,191 authored by Britt. It only speaks of electric energy input to effect gas expansion, used as a high Carnot efficiency airplane engine without any radionuclide sources.

This is the closest invention Ken has found to the Papp engine.

For the second engine patent, Papp wrote a letter to his attorney, Senniger. That document is 82 pages long and is the most significant writing by Papp that CEI has in its possession. Excerpts of that paper are highlighted here for pertinent information to direct or R&D strategy.

On page 3 Papp says, “Naturally the lowest atom number gases need less energy for excitement.” Papp immediately thereafter says, “This is the main part of my invention.”

Assuming first ionization potentials are what he is referring to, he is wrong. Helium has a higher value than any of the other noble gases.

If total ionization is what he is referring to, then he is correct. Bill and Ken suspect that the magic of P2T includes bare nuclei in the plasma. It is Ken’s supportable contention that relativistic effects (distortion of spacetime as described by GR) are also caused by electric charge; see the work of Erwin Saxl in the pages of Nature and Physical Review D, regarding a charged torsion pendulum wherein the period of oscillation changed with applied voltage within a Faraday cage. Full or nearly full ionization of the gases might be needed for P2T energy releases. This implies extremely high temperatures, but not so high as required by hydrogen hot fusion.

On page 3 Papp also says, “The layering which is created inside the cylinder between the plasma gases and the cylinder wall…”

By itself, this statement is nonsense. Taken as an explanation for the relative lack of cylinder wall heating, his groping for an explanation makes sense. The plasma event is localized in the center of the cylinder and will not have the same thermal effects on the cylinder as a cylinder-wide combustion event.

There is a reason for some stratification to take place, but not throughout the cylinder. When the plasma starts to form, the lower atomic number elements will diffuse in and out of the plasma more quickly. As the hot plasma channel from the arc grows (not to be confused with magnetic pinch contraction), only the lighter and more easily ionized atoms around the plasma sheath will be able to join the hot plasma by diffusion from the unionized gas reservoir. This will create a localized stratification of elements around the central plasma core. The plasma core is expected to be dominantly helium with some neon and argon. The lesser ionized areas surrounding it will have higher and higher concentrations of the heavier noble gases until the distance away from the plasmoid core is too far for the short duration of the plasma could allow for rearrangement of the gas concentrations in the entire cylinder. Light elements diffuse into the plasma while the heavier ones are pushed out. Ease of full ionization might increase this effect.

Radon is not used because it is too hard to ionize, according to Papp on page 13.

Total ionization is likely the issue.

Again on page 3, Papp states, “…the result of the heat which is pressure through the gas layering moving a piston type of engine.”

This indicates Papp believed the transduction process was primarily a thermodynamic one. Papp could be very wrong, but his ideas were so detailed that we cannot dismiss Papp’s error so quickly. Maybe it was deliberate deception. We must still be open to the idea that the engine is thermodynamic, in part.

Yet another page 3 entry is, “…I have to use energy just for excite the gases, I mean shrink the gases in every magnetic field and ignite the gases through a very short fission for a monosecond fusion.”

Papp triggers nuclear events by ionization. It is interesting that he speaks of a fission event preceding and causing a fusion event. What is the significance of the magnetic field? Maybe he is just referring to the pinch effect of a magnetic field upon a plasma current.

Short duration explosions in the microsecond range should result in percussive pressure surges just like internal combustion engines. ICEs cannot run at very low speeds because of lugging, the result of too much time between pulses for smooth rotation of the engine. Such lugging never happened in the Rohner engines. If Papp

is correct that the energy release is extremely swift, then there must be a mechanism to smooth out the transduction process.

Bob speaks of smooth rotation at low speed, with only a whining sound such as a DC motor would make from a pulse width modulated supply. Bill says this whine is due to audio frequency resonance of the caps and coils from induced electric fields in the caps from the beta particle stream, causing current-induced magnetic forces that produce vibration of the cap and coil components. Ken did a resonance calculation on the measured capacitance and inductance values and found the frequency to be in the audio range. Bill also says beta decay, through electron cluster catalysis, takes place over a long discharge period for each cycle, placing a stream of electrons axially due to the magnetic field confinement created by the toroidal shape of the electron cluster, thus allowing an electromagnetic transduction means to take place in the cylinder as the piston moves because the cylinder is actually a telescopic, compound cylinder structure partly attached to the moving piston. This is what Bill calls the Magnetic Expulsor mechanism.

Here is one explanation for the slow and smooth operation of the engine. Right now, no other explanation has been put forth. Aside from the details of how a receiving force is applied to the sliding piston/cylinder and the reason for the formation of a toroid as a quasi-stable structure for the electron cluster, the physics are plausible. As for toroid formation, it is merely an observed fact in Shoulders’ experimental results; it is not speculation on Bill’s part.

On page 6 Papp states, “The hydrogen atom need less excitement for plasma power than any other gases or any other material, but I can’t use hydrogen because hydrogen does not belong to the inert gas family.”

Why are inert gases preferred? Why does hydrogen not work and helium does? Does an alpha particle perform some special part in a high temperature plasma? In the work of Mitsubishi, alpha particles seem to be incorporated in the transmutation of heavy metals when deuterium gas passes through such metal foils at elevated temperatures. It also is possible that Papp is hiding the truth or did not know the truth that hydrogen, through deuterium, could be present in the helium gas (which was true of the supplies in his day) that as a contaminant was accomplishing the magic as fusion into helium.

This could also explain in part why Heinz asserts that air can be used, as air contains traces of the inert gases beyond the 1% argon, and air also contains a trace of diatomic hydrogen. In the least, the piston Papp engine could tolerate some leaks because the fuel is still present in every measure of air on the planet.

On page 19, four levels of ionization are spoken of: high voltage spark, high current arc, RF, and radionuclide emission.

A similar paper to the Senniger document was incorporated into the second engine patent as an addendum. Excerpts from that paper follow.

On page 9 Papp states, “The critical thing is to separate the gas from the cylinder wall during the pre-excitation phase …” “… all of the world’s scientists … are working to keep the plasma alive for an indefinite period … they are facing tremendous problems.” “If the scientists did not work on lengthening the life span of the plasma, and if they were satisfied with the nano-second plasma …, then the energy of the future could be solved.” “…I have found the method by which I can maintain an unstable condition between cycles that reduces the energy input to ignite the plasma.”

This is an important reason why CEI can pursue a nuclear energy source on such a small scale relative to the traditional, expensive, drawn-out, hot fusion programs. CEI is also not tapping the same type of nuclear reaction, so the conditions can be very different than the $50 billion hot fusion research.

In the section describing the drawings, Papp states, “Two electrodes… with two opposing condenser plates [the pointed electrodes], … During discharge between the two electrodes [assumed to be the same, pointed electrodes], a simultaneous discharge occurs between the anodes and cathodes. The discharge occurs in the exact center at the point of intersection (focus) of the two rays,” and “The anode and cathode containers emit rays as a result of pulsing, strong currents. As a result, the alpha, beta, and gamma ray particles of the radioactive charge are amplified and exit from the containter…”

Could Papp’s use of the word “rays” indicate he knew of EM radiation from the buckets? This fits with Bill’s parametric amplifier hypothesis.

Mike mentioned at the first meeting with Gregg Carse in 2004 that he knows of an SRI International study that was done with prolonged electric discharges in a mixture of heavy noble gases that showed isotopic rearrangement.

He hypothesizes this could be the energy source of Papp. CEI has two hypothetical energy sources to examine from a scientific point of view: induced beta decay and neutron rearrangement.

Gregg Carse alerted us to the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite is identifying terrestrial gamma ray sources that correspond to intense thunderstorms.

We now have a natural phenomenon to associate with P2T. The only known sources of gamma rays are nuclear reactions. The presence of gamma rays above thunderstorm clouds indicates electric fields and/or discharges can cause exothermic nuclear reactions. The mean free path of the atmosphere at 50,000 feet above sea level is about one micron, so the simple explanation of gamma ray emission a la the x-ray machine phenomenon of an electron falling through an electric field is not a viable explanation. Some other mechanism causes the gamma rays.

Related to this and other topics in search of an explanation for P2T, it is suggested that gas discharge tube behavior (such as thyratrons) be studied. Maybe excess heat

has not been studied in those devices. Discharge a capacitor bank through a thyratron inside a calorimeter.

Ken does not currently have access to his CEI notebooks to look for other facts and clues. There could be more to add to this list.