celb30090 cell prof. jeremy c. simpson lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf ·...

22
CELB30090 Advanced Cell Biology Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2 The endomembrane system

Upload: trankhue

Post on 04-Jun-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

CELB30090Advanced Cell Biology

Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson

Lecture 2The endomembrane system

Page 2: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Today’s lecture ...

Overview of internal membranes

Importance of subcellular compartmentalisation

Introduction to the ER

The Golgi complex

The endosomal‐lysosomal system

Peroxisomes

Page 3: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The endomembrane system in cells

Page 4: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The endomembrane system in cells

Page 5: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The segregation of distinct biochemical reactions into separate membrane enclosed entities (organelles) results in a dramatic enhancement in efficiency

Key points about subcellular membranes and their organisation

Division into subcellular compartments allows pathways to be established (eg: secretory pathway)

Proteins requiring transport between compartments must have appropriate signals that can be read by the cell

Cells have evolved mechanisms that allow compartments to communicate with each other

Allows conflicting reactions to be carried out in the same cell (eg: protein synthesis and protein degradation)

A typical animal cell contains ca. 10 billion protein molecules that need to be co‐ordinated if the cell is to function correctly

Page 6: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Internal protein transport pathways in cells

Gated transport

Via protein channels or poreseg: nuclear import and exportLecture 12

Transmembrane transport (translocation)

Via protein translocation channelseg: protein entry into the ERLecture 3

Vesicular transport

Via membrane ‐bounded intermediateseg: transport from ER to GolgiLectures 4‐7

Page 7: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The endomembrane system in cells

Relative volumes occupied by the major intracellular compartments in a liver cell (hepatocyte)

The endomembrane system occupies a significant cell volume

Page 8: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The endomembrane system in cells

Relative amounts of membrane types in two kinds of eukaryotic cells

Cell type and role determines relative abundance of organelles

Page 9: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The endomembrane system in cells

Lipid composition is highly variable between organelles

Page 10: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Possible evolution of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells

Invagination of the plasma membrane

Pinching off would resultin a double membrane

surrounding the ‘nucleus’

‘ER’ would be continuouswith the ‘nuclear envelope’

Engulfment ofa bacterium

Mitochondria lumenremains isolated from rest of endomembrane

system

Mitochondria haveseparate genome

Page 11: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The endomembrane system in cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Lecture 3)

Smooth ER – lipid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis*, detoxification, storage of calcium ionsRough ER – protein synthesis, translocation, folding, glycosylation, antigen processing*

Golgi complex / apparatus (Lecture 2)

protein modification by glycosylation, completion of sphingomyelin and glycolipid synthesis

Endosomes (Lecture 7)

protein sorting between endo‐ and exocytic routes, sorting of receptors and ligands, signalling 

Lysosomes (Lectures 2 and 7)

degradation processes, organelle turnover, antigen processing*, fertilisation* 

Peroxisomes (Microbodies) (Lecture 2)

synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of fatty acids, synthesis of plasmalogens*, photorespiration in plants 

* in specific cell types

Page 12: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Co‐ordination of the endomembrane system using vesicular transport

Secretory pathway / Biosynthetic pathway / Anterograde pathway / Exocytic pathway

Endocytic pathway / Retrograde pathway

Page 13: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The Golgi complex

discovered by Camillo Golgi (Italian biologist, b. 1843) ‐ inventor of new types of staining procedures that he hoped might reveal the organization of nerve cells within the central nervous system

applied a silver nitrate‐based stain for several days to cerebellum nerve cells and saw darkly staining reticular network near the cell nucleus (Nobel Prize in 1906)

characteristic morphology ‐ flattened, disk‐like membranous cisternae with dilated rims and associated vesicles & tubules

cisternae, typically 0.5 ‐ 1.0 µm diamater, are arranged in orderly stack like pancakes

usually <8 cisternae are present per stack, but may have a few to several 1000 distinct stacks per cell, depends on cell type

mammalian cell Golgi stacks are interconnected by membranous tubules to form a single, large ribbon‐like complex situated adjacent to the cell's nucleus

10 µm

Page 14: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The Golgi complex

Golgi cisternae polarized ‐ cis face (entry face closest to ER)‐ trans face (exit face at opposite end of stack; closer to plasma membrane)

new materials enter cis face and pass to trans face where they exit Golgi complex from the trans Golgi network (TGN)

mechanism of transport through the Golgi is still strongly debated (Lectures 4 and 5) 

intrinsically linked to the cytoskeleton, motor proteins and matrix proteins

Page 15: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

The Golgi complex

‐ receives newly synthesised proteins from the ER, and processes them by proteolysis, amino acid modification (eg: hydroxylation), and by modifying their carbohydrate chains

‐ the Golgi complex is wholly responsible for O‐linked glycosylation events

‐ sialyltransferase is only found in trans end of Golgi stack and adds sialic acid residues to the terminal of the chains

‐ other sugars are added sequentially by various glycosyltransferases (eg: N‐acetylglucosamine)

‐ as glycoproteins pass though cis &medial Golgi cisternae, most of the mannose residues are removed from the core oligosaccharides

Page 16: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Endosomal‐lysosomal system

Gruenberg J and Stenmark H (2004) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:317‐323

endosome carrier vesicle /multivesicular body)

‐ provides a link between the secretory and endocytic pathways

‐major role in cargo sorting, recycling and degradation (Lecture 7) 

Page 17: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Lysosomes

‐ typically contain at least 50 different hydrolytic enzymes made in RER and targeted for lysosomes

‐ can hydrolyze virtually every type of biological macromolecule, resulting in low MW products that can be transported across the lysosomal membrane into cytosol

‐ acidic interior (pH 4.6) maintained by proton ATPase pumps

10 µm

‐ lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive nor uniform, they are dynamic organelles capable of rapid fusion andfission, often clustered in the peri‐nuclear area of the cell

‐ highly variable size range (25 nm to > 1 µm diameter)

Page 18: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Lysosomal functions

‐ general role in degradation of materials brought into cell 

‐ specialised role in fertilization ‐ sperm head contains specialized lysosome (acrosome)

‐ organelle turnover (autophagy)

Page 19: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Peroxisomes

‐ surrounded by only a single membrane, and do not contain DNA or ribosomes

‐ synthesis of plasmalogens – important phospholipid component of myelin sheaths

‐ contain high concentrations of oxidative enzymes, such as catalase and urate oxidase, that are used to detoxify cells

10µm

Light microscope

‐ present in all eukaryotic cells

Electron microscope

‐ typical diameter of 0.1 – 1.0 µm

Page 20: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Peroxisomes

‐ contain high concentrations of oxidative enzymes, such as catalase and urate oxidase, that are used to detoxify cells

phenolsformic acidformaldehydealcohols

‐ ca. 25% of the ethanol we drink is oxidised to acetaldehyde in this way

‐ oxidation reaction is particularly important in liver and kidney cells, where the peroxisomes detoxify various toxic molecules that enter the bloodstream

Page 21: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Peroxisomes

peroxisome biogenesis is not yet fully understood – likely a combination of being derived from the ER and self assembly

defects in peroxin proteins (eg: Pex2) cause severe disease (eg: Zellweger syndrome) 

at least 23 ‘peroxins’ so far identified participate in import

peroxisome targeting signal: ‐Ser‐Lys‐Leu‐COO‐ (hydroxylated, positive, hydrophobic)

Page 22: CELB30090 Cell Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson Lecture 2simpsonlab.pbworks.com/f/02-endomembranes.pdf · Prof. Jeremy C. Simpson. Lecture 2. ... ‐lysosomal morphology is neither distinctive

Key take home point

Subcellular compartmentalisation allowseukaryotic cells to carry out more complexactivities with a higher degree of efficiency